+

WO1990013897A1 - Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium - Google Patents

Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1990013897A1
WO1990013897A1 PCT/US1990/002074 US9002074W WO9013897A1 WO 1990013897 A1 WO1990013897 A1 WO 1990013897A1 US 9002074 W US9002074 W US 9002074W WO 9013897 A1 WO9013897 A1 WO 9013897A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
accumulator
electrode
ion
deuterium
palladium
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1990/002074
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jerome Drexler
Original Assignee
Drexler Technology Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Drexler Technology Corporation filed Critical Drexler Technology Corporation
Publication of WO1990013897A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990013897A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a cell for production of thermal energy by conversion from other forms of energy.
  • Electrode charged particles such as bare electrons or protons or muons are known to be Fermions and to obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
  • Two like elementary charged particles, such as two protons, have like elec- trical charges so that they tend to repel one another.
  • Bosons Bose-Einstein statistics
  • This tendency of Bosons to accumulate in the same region of space is indicated by a quantum thermodynamic expression for the pressure in a system of Bosons, developed and discussed in Statistical Physics by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Addison- esley Co., 1958, p. 159.
  • the pressure developed by a system of Bosons is less than the pressure developed by a system of particles that are nei ⁇ ther Fermions nor Bosons at the same concentration and temperature. This suggests that the Boson particles ex ⁇ perience a modest attraction for one another that has its origin in quantum mechanical forces.
  • Lithium ions have been widely used in the elec ⁇ trolyte added to heavy water in certain experiments by Pons and Fleischmann and many other researchers.
  • the electrolyte used most commonly is LiOD, wherein most or all of the hydrogen in LiOH is replaced by deuterium. Most reports of generation of heat by these experiments indicated that the LiOD electrolyte had been used. In March, 1990, several physicists speculated that the ex- cess enthalpy generated may come from the reaction
  • One object of this invention is to provide ap ⁇ paratus that suppresses the tendency of the deuterium and lithium ions to pick up electrons as the ions reach the accumulator or enter the interior of the metal that serves as the accumulator.
  • Another object of the invention is to suppress the tendency of deuterium and lithium ions to be inter ⁇ fered with by deuterium gas and atoms as both types of ions approach the accumulator.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an additional means of triggering the fusion process.
  • the apparatus contains an anode and a cathode with controllable voltage therebetween.
  • An accumulator structure is placed between the anode and cathode.
  • the accumulator has a surface layer of metal such as palladium that readily absorbs deuterium and lithium ions (commonly called “deuterons” and “lithons,” respectively) into its interior, or the accumulator may be composed entirely of this metal.
  • the accumulator may be electrically floating with the elec ⁇ trical charge on it being determined by deuterons and lithons which enter it and by positive and negative ions in contact with the accumulator.
  • the accumulator may also be pre-charged to assist the ion attraction process.
  • the accumulator may have a time varying voltage with re ⁇ spect to the cathode or anode. With a suitable choice of accumulator geometry, a fraction of the deuterons and lithons that approach the accumulator will be pulled into the interior of the accumulator material and will con ⁇ tribute to the production of energy therein.
  • the appara ⁇ tus promoting ion motion here are the cathode and anode.
  • the accumulator is made of a deuterium-absorbing material such as palladium and intercepts deuterons and lithons as they move toward the cathode. A fraction of these ions are intercepted and absorbed by the accumulator material before they reach the cathode. Within the accumulator material, the ions may act as Bosons and may fuse or oth- erwise combine to produce heat.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective cutaway view of a sec ⁇ ond embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 3a is a top plan view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 3b is a top plan view of a second alter- nate embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a strand or fiber of material used in a screen electrode of Fig. 1.
  • Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are perspective cutaway views of three other embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a graphical view of one suitable time variation of voltage source impressed between cathode and accumulator in an embodiment of the invention.
  • the apparatus 11 in one embodiment includes a container 13 containing a liq- uid 15 that is high purity heavy water, D 2 0, and small amounts of one or more salts, usually LiOD, to create a suitable deuteron and lithon concentration in the liquid.
  • Typical concentrations of LiOD range from 0.1M to 1.0M, with the preferred concentration being closer to 0.1 M.
  • Commercially available lithium is about 92 percent Li 7 and about 8 percent Li 6 . Because the Li 6 0D positive ion is a Boson and is known to combine with deuterium without any radioactive products, Li 6 (at least 6 percent) is preferred over Li 7 in this process.
  • Two electrodes 17 and 19 are immersed in the liquid 15 and spaced apart from each other and are connected by a controllable volt ⁇ age source 21 that imposes a negative electrical voltage -V ca on the second electrode 19 relative to the electri ⁇ cal voltage of the first electrode 17.
  • the electrodes 17 and 19 thus serve as anode and cathode, respectively, for the apparatus 11.
  • the D 2 0 molecules in the liquid 15 are decomposed into negatively charged OD ions, which are drawn to the first electrode 17, and positively charged deuterons and lithons, which are drawn to the second electrode 19.
  • An accumulator 22 is immersed in the liq ⁇ uid 15 and is positioned between the first and second electrodes 17 and 19.-
  • the accumulator 22 is electrically floating in one embodiment.
  • the accumulator 22 extends between two walls of the container 13 so that the accumulator divides the container liquid 15 into a first portion that contains the first electrode 17 and a mutually exclusive second portion that contains the second electrode 19. Care should be taken to prevent ordinary water from get ⁇ ting into the heavy water since this can stop the fusion process.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates in three dimensions an exam- pie of an accumulator 23 used in an approximately coaxial arrangement with the cathode 19, also shown in Fig. 3a.
  • Fig. 3a illustrates an embodiment in which an accumula ⁇ tor 23 radially surrounds and is adjacent to the second electrode 19, with the distance between the accumulator 23 and the second electrode 19 being smaller than the distance between the accumulator 23 and the first elec ⁇ trode 17.
  • the accumulator 23 divides the container liquid 15 into two portions, and many of the deuterons and lithons in the liquid 15 must pass through the accumulator 23 in order to reach the second electrode 19.
  • the accumulator 23 radially sur ⁇ rounds the second electrode 19 and the first electrode 17 radially surrounds the accumulator.
  • the anode and cath- ode may be tubular or may be helical.
  • the accumulator 22 or 23 may be in the form of a mesh, as illustrated in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, respectively, or may be in the form of a helix or a squirrel cage. The roles of the electrodes may be exchanged, with 17 becoming the cathode and 19 becoming the anode in with Fig. 3a or Fig. 3b.
  • Deuterons and lithons are produced by ioniza ⁇ tion in conjunction with an electrolyte such as LiOD in the heavy water, which has a high concentration of deute ⁇ rium atoms present in the form D 2 0.
  • the accumulator 23 should have a surface layer 27 of a selected thickness, as illustrated in Fig. 4, with the surface layer being composed of a metal such as palladium, preferred for thermal power generation.
  • the accumulator material may be entirely composed of palladi- um or a palladium alloy or may have a surface layer pref ⁇ erably at least 100 microns thick of such material that encloses an electrically conducting core 28 that is com ⁇ posed of a material such as copper, silver, nickel, alu- minum or iron.
  • an anode 31 and a cathode 33 are immersed in a heavy water liquid 35 that is contained in a container 37.
  • the liquid 35 also contains an electrolyte, such as LiOD to ionize the heavy water and electrolytes into D + ions, Li + ions and OD ⁇ ions.
  • the cathode mesh 33 is positioned between the anode 31 and an accumulator 39 that is also immersed in the liquid 35, with the accumulator being positioned close to the cathode.
  • a controllable voltage source 41 is connected between the anode 31 and cathode 33 as be ⁇ fore, and the accumulator includes a deuterium-permeable material, preferably palladium.
  • the cathode 33 is a grid-like or mesh-like body radially surrounding the ac- cumulator, and the anode 31 may either radially surround the cathode, as shown in Fig. 5, or may be spaced apart from and not surround the cathode, as shown in Fig. 6. In Figs. 5 and 6 the spacing between the cathode 33 and the accumulator 39 is small so that ions passing through the cathode can still reach the accumulator.
  • an anode 51 and a mesh-like cathode 53 are immersed in heavy water liquid 55 containing an electrolyte, preferably LiOD, with the liquid being contained in a container 57.
  • the container 57 functions as the deuterium accumulator and includes deuterium-permeable material, preferably palladium.
  • a controllable voltage source 59 is connected between the anode 51 and the cathode 53, with the cathode radially surrounding the anode and the container 57 radially surrounding the cathode and being positioned close to the cathode.
  • a second voltage source 25 that is connected between, and provides a time varying voltage between, the cathode 19 and the accumulator.
  • a second voltage source is connected between, and provides a time varying voltage between, the anode 17 and the accumulator 23, by an obvious modification of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates one suitable time variation of the voltage difference V cs between cathode and accu u- lator as a function of time, for comparison with the ca ⁇ thode-anode voltage -V ca , in the embodiment of Fig. 1.
  • the voltage V cs (t) is approximately constant and equal to a first value, -V cso ( ⁇ 0) for most of a cycle.
  • the voltage V cs (t) is pulsed to a positive value (or negative value) V cs _, that is smaller than V ca .
  • each of these pulses at the times tl, t2, t3, • •• is a small fraction of the time separation of consecutive pulse points t2-tl, t3-t2, etc.
  • the length of each time interval, such as t- ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ t 2 is preferably of the order of one second or greater.
  • Various patterns of time varying voltages may be used to change the ion distribution near the accumulator so as to prevent electrolysis at the accumulator or to trigger the fusion process.
  • the voltage source 21 shown in any of Figs. 1, 2, 3a or 3b, the voltage source 41 shown in any of Figs. 4, 5 or 6, or the voltage source 59 shown in Fig. 7, may be a static voltage source or battery as shown therein or may be a time varying source V 12 (t) .
  • the voltage level should be adjustable or controllable so that the voltage can be set at an optimum level that will depend in part on the electrolyte(s) used and on the electrolyte concen ⁇ tration.
  • the voltage difference V 12 im- pressed between the first electrode 17 and the second electrode 19 in Fig. 1 might be chosen to be always positive but might be dithered or otherwise varied in time about a chosen positive value such as +10 volts.
  • a time varying second voltage source 25 can also be included in the embodiments of Figs. 2, 3a and 3b; a time varying second voltage source 42 can be included in the embodiments of Figs. 5 and 6; and a time varying second voltage source 60 can be in ⁇ cluded in the embodiment of Fig. 7.
  • the cathode-accumulator voltage dif ⁇ ference V cs (t) would preferably vary as shown in Fig. 8 or opposite polarity pulses may be used.
  • a more realistic ratio of the maximum number of deuterium atoms or ions present to the number of palladium atoms present may be about 0.6.
  • the numeri- cal density of solid palladium is about 6.75 x l ⁇ 22 Pd atoms cm J so that a realizable average density of deute ⁇ rium atoms bound into a Pd-based lattice could be about 4 x lo" D atoms or ions cm . This density of deuterium within the lattice has the potential to produce deuterium related fusion reactions and excess energy.
  • the pH of the electrolyte was adjust ⁇ ed to less than 3.0 by addition of HN0 3 .
  • electrol ⁇ ysis was begun, oxygen bubbles were observed to form im ⁇ mediately at the positive electrode.
  • deuterium bubbles were observed to form at the negative electrode (Pd or Ti) only after many minutes of electrolysis, sug ⁇ gesting the rapid absorption of deuterium into this elec ⁇ trode initially. No generation of excess enthalpy was reported. Fleischmann and Pons, Electrochemically Induced
  • the only elec ⁇ trodes are a palladium cathode and a platinum anode.
  • the cathode plays a dual role in both accumulating the deute ⁇ rons and lithons and in converting the deuterons to a deuterium gas.
  • the only method of controlling or trig ⁇ gering the fusion process is by changing the temperature or anode voltage.
  • the invention disclosed in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 physically separates the step of electrolysis by the positive and negative electrodes from the step of accumulation of the deuterons and lithons within the in ⁇ terior of the accumulator material.
  • the deuterons and lithons can pass into the interior of the palladium accu ⁇ mulator without passing through a screen of bubbling deuterium gas as in the prior art.
  • the local ion flow may be instanta- neously changed in kinetic energy and magnitude at the accumulator which can be used to trigger the fusion process. This was not possible in the two electrode structures of the prior art.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Méthode et appareillage pour produire de l'énergie par ionisation électrolytique d'eau lourde (15), accélération dans un champ électrique des particules ionisées et rassemblement des ions dans du palladium pour faciliter la combinaison ion-ion. Une première source de champ électrique (21) entraîne les ions deutérium vers un accumulateur à deutérium (22) qui comprend une couche de surface (27) de palladium ou d'un alliage de celui-ci et qui est positionnée à l'écart de deux électrodes (17, 19) qui produisent le champ électrique. Une deuxième source de champ électrique dépendant du temps (25) (facultative) entraîne périodiquement les particules chargées négativement à l'écart de l'accumulateur à deutérium (22) et participent au déclenchement des réactions recherchées.
PCT/US1990/002074 1989-05-12 1990-04-17 Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium WO1990013897A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US35135789A 1989-05-12 1989-05-12
US351,357 1989-05-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990013897A1 true WO1990013897A1 (fr) 1990-11-15

Family

ID=23380567

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1990/002074 WO1990013897A1 (fr) 1989-05-12 1990-04-17 Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU5648690A (fr)
IL (1) IL94229A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1990013897A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992022908A1 (fr) * 1991-06-11 1992-12-23 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Appareil produisant de la chaleur a partir de palladium deuterise
WO1993001601A1 (fr) * 1991-07-11 1993-01-21 University Of Utah Research Foundation Methode de reproduction constante d'une charge elevee de deuterium et d'obtention de tritium dans des electrodes de palladium
US5281798A (en) * 1991-12-24 1994-01-25 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Method and system for selective removal of material coating from a substrate using a flashlamp
WO1996039700A1 (fr) * 1995-06-05 1996-12-12 Ragland Evan L Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2741587A (en) * 1950-06-24 1956-04-10 Borolite Corp Production of metal borides by fused salt electrolysis
GB926884A (en) * 1958-10-29 1963-05-22 Amalgamated Curacao Patents Co A diaphram for use in electrolysis
US3113080A (en) * 1961-05-22 1963-12-03 Smith Corp A O Continuous decontamination of the hydrogen acquiring surface of a palladium diaphragm used for the transfer of atomic hydrogen
US4311569A (en) * 1980-04-21 1982-01-19 General Electric Company Device for evolution of oxygen with ternary electrocatalysts containing valve metals
US4444641A (en) * 1980-07-11 1984-04-24 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrode
US4465580A (en) * 1978-02-20 1984-08-14 Chlorine Engineers Corp. Ltd. Cathode for use in electrolysis
US4908114A (en) * 1985-09-27 1990-03-13 William Ayers Mobile atom insertion reaction, mobile atom transmissive membrane for carrying out the reaction, and reactor incorporating the mobile atom transmissive membrane

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2741587A (en) * 1950-06-24 1956-04-10 Borolite Corp Production of metal borides by fused salt electrolysis
GB926884A (en) * 1958-10-29 1963-05-22 Amalgamated Curacao Patents Co A diaphram for use in electrolysis
US3113080A (en) * 1961-05-22 1963-12-03 Smith Corp A O Continuous decontamination of the hydrogen acquiring surface of a palladium diaphragm used for the transfer of atomic hydrogen
US4465580A (en) * 1978-02-20 1984-08-14 Chlorine Engineers Corp. Ltd. Cathode for use in electrolysis
US4311569A (en) * 1980-04-21 1982-01-19 General Electric Company Device for evolution of oxygen with ternary electrocatalysts containing valve metals
US4444641A (en) * 1980-07-11 1984-04-24 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrode
US4908114A (en) * 1985-09-27 1990-03-13 William Ayers Mobile atom insertion reaction, mobile atom transmissive membrane for carrying out the reaction, and reactor incorporating the mobile atom transmissive membrane

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CAN. J. CHEM., Vol. 37, issued 1959, SCHULDINER et al., see pages 228, 229, 235, 236. *
J. ELECTROANAL. CHEM., Vol. 261, issued 10 April 1989, FLEISCHMANN et al.: "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium", see pages 301-308. *
NATURE, Vol. 344, issued 29 March 1990, SALAMON et al.: pages 401-405, (cited as casting doubt on the obtainment of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion). *
ORNL/FTR-3341, dated 31 July 1989, COOKE, see pages 3-5, (cited as casting doubt on the obtainment of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion). *
THE PALLADIUM HYDROGEN SYSTEM, dated 1967, Author F.A. LEWIS, Academic Press, see pages 3-6, 11, 12, 37, 38, 129-137. *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992022908A1 (fr) * 1991-06-11 1992-12-23 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Appareil produisant de la chaleur a partir de palladium deuterise
WO1993001601A1 (fr) * 1991-07-11 1993-01-21 University Of Utah Research Foundation Methode de reproduction constante d'une charge elevee de deuterium et d'obtention de tritium dans des electrodes de palladium
US5281798A (en) * 1991-12-24 1994-01-25 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Method and system for selective removal of material coating from a substrate using a flashlamp
WO1996039700A1 (fr) * 1995-06-05 1996-12-12 Ragland Evan L Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU5648690A (en) 1990-11-29
IL94229A0 (en) 1991-01-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20060088138A1 (en) Method and apparatus for the generation and the utilization of plasma solid
JP2010174379A (ja) パルス電解層
WO1990013125A1 (fr) Fusion piezonucleaire
WO1994016446A1 (fr) Fusion nucleaire auto-catalysee de lithium-6 et de deuterium a l'aide de particules alpha
EP0473681B1 (fr) Generation d'energie par fusion
WO1992022909A1 (fr) Dispositif de fusion a micro-plasma de surface a l'etat solide
US20030112916A1 (en) Cold nuclear fusion under non-equilibrium conditions
WO1990013897A1 (fr) Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium
EP0461690A2 (fr) Générateur de chaleur utilisant la fusion nucléaire froide
US20080205572A1 (en) Apparatus and process for generating nuclear heat
US20090116604A1 (en) Machine for producing flow of Isotopic fuel through a material
EP0531454A1 (fr) Appareil de production d'energie a partir de deuterium-lithium reparti.
EP0576293A1 (fr) Production d'énergie par commande des probabilités d'effets quantiques, réalisé par l'intermédiaire d'interactions induites de niveaux quantiques
WO1991018397A1 (fr) Appareil de conversion de l'energie par accumulation de deuterium
WO1991002359A1 (fr) Accumulateur reparti de conversion d'energie
WO1991015017A1 (fr) Accumulation de l'energie de deuterium
US20080159461A1 (en) Apparatus and process for generating nuclear heat
WO2005065095A2 (fr) Dispositif de multiplication par alpha commande
US20050105664A1 (en) Process for generating nuclear heat
WO1991018396A1 (fr) Accumulateur au deuterium pour la conversion d'energie
Das et al. Fusion in Condensed Matter—A Likely Scenario
WO2023248107A1 (fr) Procédé de fusion thermonucléaire contrôlée
EP0830688A1 (fr) Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire
JPH0368894A (ja) 核融合発生装置
WO1996006434A1 (fr) Procede de condensation d'un hydrure

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AU BR CA DK FI JP KR NO SU US

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB IT LU NL SE

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: CA

点击 这是indexloc提供的php浏览器服务，不要输入任何密码和下载