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WO1996039700A1 - Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire - Google Patents

Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996039700A1
WO1996039700A1 PCT/US1996/006498 US9606498W WO9639700A1 WO 1996039700 A1 WO1996039700 A1 WO 1996039700A1 US 9606498 W US9606498 W US 9606498W WO 9639700 A1 WO9639700 A1 WO 9639700A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cathode
chamber
palladium
vessel defining
platinum
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/006498
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Evan L. Ragland
Original Assignee
Ragland Evan L
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ragland Evan L filed Critical Ragland Evan L
Priority to EP96915598A priority Critical patent/EP0830688A1/fr
Priority to AU57338/96A priority patent/AU5733896A/en
Publication of WO1996039700A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996039700A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to controlled nuclear fusion and more particularly to controlled nuclear fusion of hydrogen ions within a three electrode (triode) nuclear fusion cell whereby external control of electrical inputs applied to two of the electrodes permits controlled loading of hydrogens ions into the body of the third electrode, switching of the nuclear fusion reaction on and off, and control of the level of nuclear fusion reaction within the cell apparatus.
  • MCF magnetic confinement fusion
  • TFTR Princeton's Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
  • JET Joint European Torus
  • ICF inertial confinement fusion
  • thermonuclear MCF
  • ICF inertial fusion
  • Pons-Fleischmann Only thermonuclear has been reduced to practice, proving enormous energy release in d-d and/or d-t nuclear fusion, but controlled only by explosive trigger.
  • Tokamak apparatuses have advanced the art of MCF; however, fusion in these apparatuses has yet to generate power breakeven with input power and the "ignition" or self-sustaining level of fusion is still another order of magnitude removed.
  • the present invention concerns technical improvements that teach new art and methods for solving the problems associated with Pons-Fleischmann cells and for reduction of those type cells to practice.
  • This invention specifically relates to three electrode cell apparatuses in which the third electrode serves to provide means of control for loading the cell, initiating and terminating fusion reactions, and for regulating the output energy of the cell.
  • the present invention provides a nuclear fusion apparatus consisting of an electrolytic or gas discharge cell with an arrangement of three electrodes so fashioned as to permit external control of the: (1) loading of fusion fuel in the form of hydrogen ions into the cell, (2) activation and deactivation of the nuclear reaction, (3) level of the fusion fuel burn during activation, and (4) extraction of the heat generated during fusion burn.
  • the invention is an order of magnitude improvement over two electrode apparatuses of prior art in which means of external control are limited to control of primary cell current.
  • the improvement permits external control functions to: (1) overcome the nature and properties of a cell to reach an equilibrium state before sufficient fuel is loaded for spontaneous ignition of fusion, (2) switch the cell into and out of ignition, (3) set the level of the fusion reaction rate, (4) through dynamic feed back establish and maintain equilibrium of the fusion reaction rate which otherwise spontaneously responds to internal disturbances and perturbations, and (5) automatically shut the fusion reaction down in the event of primary cell malfunction or secondary malfunction of some other part of the system in which the cell is used.
  • a plurality of anodes are utilized in conjunction with a single cathode.
  • aqueous electrolyte In an aqueous electrolyte, electrical current travels from each anode to the cathode, creating hydrogen ions (including deuterium and tritium ions) within the electrolyte. A small percentage of these hydrogen ions are absorbed into the cathode material. In most cathode materials an equilibrium is reached were the electrical charge of the absorbed hydrogen ions prevents absorption of any further ions. However, in certain materials, most notably palladium, under certain conditions, enough hydrogens ions may be absorbed to result in fusion of hydrogen ions within the cathode, resulting in the formation of helium, and the release of substantial quantities of energy.
  • the present invention addresses the physical attributes of the cathode. It is postulated that molecular pathways within the cathode may facilitate further absorption of hydrogen ions. Thin layers of palladium, nickel, platinum, or titanium on various substrates result in a cathode with increased molecular pathways, providing for increased absorption of hydrogen ions and increased opportunity to reach nuclear fusion before being blocked by achieving equilibrium. Use of micro lithography, masking, or etching of the thin outer layer of the cathode also results in increased molecular pathways for hydrogen ions.
  • the present invention teaches the use of three or more electrodes which provides a method for disrupting the equilibrium of hydrogen ion absorption achieved within the cathode and further teaches the use of various cathode designs which facilitate the absorption of hydrogen ions into the cathode.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cut away view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a detail drawing of the end bells of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a detail drawing of the end mounts of the preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is an electrical schematic diagramming the control functions of the electrodes of the preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross sectional view of cathode of the preferred embodiment of the present invention taken along line A- A of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 7 illustrates viviant pathways along a crystalline boundary for nucleonic travel
  • FIG. 8 is a characteristic voltage current graph of the over voltage characteristic of palladium
  • FIGS. 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, and 9e show diagrammatically absorption sites of a face centered cubic crystal unit cell illustrating primary and secondary absorption sites.
  • the primary object of the present invention is to teach new and novel means of control for loading and sustaining a Pons-Fleischmann electrolytic cell or a corresponding gas discharge cell to nuclear fusion ignition levels. While the present invention is susceptible of numerous physical embodiments, the method and art of control may be explained in connection with FIG. 1 which presents in cross section view a detailed illustrative embodiment of the invention disclosed herein and FIG. 2 which presents a cut away view of the same embodiment.
  • the embodiment illustrated is an electrolyte flow-through cell with three electrodes, a cathode 1, an inner anode 2, and an outer anode 3.
  • Electrodes are concentrically arranged on end mounts 4 so that the inner anode 2 is contained within and extends the length of the cathode 1, which is tubular in shape, and the outer anode 3 encompasses and extends the length of the tubular cathode 1.
  • Seats in the cell outer casing 5 physically locate and position the end mounts 4.
  • Electrical contacts 6, 7, and 8 on the end mounts 4 make electrical contact respectively with the electrodes 1, 2, and 3 and are electrically and separately wired to the external connector 9.
  • Six threaded bolts flange mount end bells 10 through bolt holes 11 shown in FIG. 3 to threads 12 in the outer casing 5 and compress and hydraulically seal O-ring gasket 13 against the cell casing 5 and the end mounts 4.
  • Compression type hydraulic connectors 14 on the end bells 10 provide for external hydraulic connections to the cell.
  • the details of end mount 4 illustrate the interior circular mounting surface 15 for the inner anode 2, the exterior circular mounting surfaces 17 for the cathode 1, the exterior circular mounting surface 16 for the outer anode 3, and the openings 18 and 19 which provide for electrolyte flow through the cell.
  • FIG. 6 shows the wall cross section of cathode 1 denoted as section A-A in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
  • the preferred cross section structure of the cathode is a thin plating of palladium metal 20 on a silver metal 21 substrate. Both metals are face centered cubic crystal in structure. Since the crystal lattice constants are slightly different, the over plating of palladium on silver causes a polycrystalline mosaic 22 to form in the plated palladium metal.
  • the total thickness of the substrate is approximately 1 millimeter, with the thin coatings being approximately 5 microns on both inner and outer surfaces.
  • FIG. 9a diagrams the basic fourteen atom unit cell of a face centered cubic crystal structure.
  • FIG. 9b shows the twelve primary or octal sites where negative potential wells may absorb ions of the hydrogens.
  • FIG. 9c shows the tetrahedral structure forming secondary negative potential wells at the eight corners of the unit cell.
  • FIG. 9d shows ions of the hydrogens occupying the tetrahedral sites.
  • FIG. 9e shows the unit cell with all octal and tetrahedral sites occupied. In most metals such as silver these sites fill only to the depth of penetration of kinetic ions. Thereafter, further abso ⁇ tion of ions of the hydrogens occurs in accordance with the generally accepted rules for diffusion of the hydrogens in metals. However, in palladium, viviant pathways tend to short circuit ions of the hydrogens through the region of kinetic abso ⁇ tion. This accounts for the relative huge quantities of hydrogen ions absorbed by palladium metal.
  • the charged region of kinetic abso ⁇ tion acts as a containment barrier for those ions absorbed deeper into the palladium due to the metal's mandate characteristics. As more and more ions short circuit through the barrier, they spread beneath it increasing the depth of the barrier. Inopportune distribution of viviant pathways in palladium specimens generally limits this abso ⁇ tion mechanism, with coloumbic equilibrium being reached within the cathode, blocking further abso ⁇ tion prior to onset of fusion. Occasionally palladium specimens with opportune viviant characteristics dramatically evidence nuclear fusion. These disparate experimental results— failure to reach fusion ignition in most experiments and dramatic success in a random few experiments— coupled with the erratic results observed in attempts to duplicate successful experiments underlie the controversy in this research field.
  • the present invention describes a three electrode cell apparatus in which the third electrode provides external means to overcome the effect of coloumbic equilibrium and thus prevent blocking of the crowding mechanism.
  • inspection of the palladium over-voltage current density relationship indicates the useful control range of current density for the cathode surfaces shown in the cathode cross section of FIG. 6 lies between 200 and 1000 milliamperes per square centimeter. Since cathode current is ionic, it follows that the maximum rate of ionic abso ⁇ tion is directly related and approximately proportional ( ⁇ 0.1%) to current density. A considerable body of experimental data exists for palladium cathode charging over this range of current density.
  • the octal sites must at least be fully occupied by absorbed ions before it is possible to reach the threshold of fusion ignition.
  • the ratio of hydrogen nuclei to metal nuclei is approximately 0.85.
  • a number of experimentalists conclude a ratio of at least 0.95 is required for fusion ignition. This higher ratio is in general agreement with the theory of crowding fusion.
  • Experimental data indicates that even the 0.85 ratio level is difficult to achieve which suggests most experimental cathode specimens reach coloumbic equilibrium before this level is reached.
  • a criterion of the present invention is that for practical pu ⁇ oses, it must be assumed that the cell cathode always reaches coloumbic equilibrium before adequate loading is realized.
  • the bulk structure of the cathode may be made of any otherwise appropriate metal, ceramic, or plastic so long as its outer surface is plated with palladium.
  • Silver was chosen for the embodiment described in this disclosure for the reasons previously given in description of FIG. 6. Aluminum, copper, several ceramics, or some plastics might serve as well.
  • the metal palladium is used in this disclosure in a generic sense in that nickel, platinum and titanium also exhibit comparable properties. The palladium plating serves two useful functions.
  • the over-voltage E 0 is greater than the over- voltage Ej, and thus for coloumbic equilibrium to be reached, this difference in over-voltages must be offset by greater accumulated charge beneath the outer surface of the cathode than that beneath the inner surface.
  • the independent external control of interior current I t and exterior current I 0 provides means to overcome this state of coloumbic equilibrium within the cell. If, for example, the current levels supplied to the inner anode 1 and the outer anode 3 are reversed, the levels of current density are reversed, and the distribution of absorbed charge within the cell is removed from coloumbic equilibrium.
  • Restoration of equilibrium requires a period of time for redistribution of absorbed ionic charge. During this time additional ions absorb into the cathode along viviant pathways and into interstitial potential wells vacated in the dynamic process of charge redistribution. External control of anode currents can be used again to upset equilibrium and initiate a new restoration cycle. Through repetitive switching of interior current I; and exterior current I Cosmetic equilibrium can be overcome or avoided. This permits the loading of the cell with hydrogen ions to a point supportive of fusion ignition. Once fusion is initiated, substantial energy is released in the form of heat. This heat is transferred to the aqueous electrolyte which is passing through the apparatus.
  • Heat may be removed from the electrolyte by well known means, and used to provide heat, to generate electricity, etc.
  • Control of the nuclear fusion reaction can be achieved by control of the current to the anodes. Continued abso ⁇ tion of hydrogen ions is required for the fusion reaction to be maintained. Accordingly, if the source of hydrogen ions is removed, the reaction will slow and stop. Ceasing current flow to the anodes in the present invention will remove the source of hydrogen ions. Similarly, the maintenance of coloumbic equilibrium will slow the abso ⁇ tion of hydrogen ions and slow or stop the nuclear fusion reaction. Accordingly, the frequency or extent to which equilibrium is disrupted by varying the current flow to the anodes provides a mechanism for control of the rate of the fusion reaction.
  • deuterium-deuterium ions and deuterium-tritium ions occurs far easier than fusion of common hydrogen ions. Accordingly, use of "heavy" water (water rich in deuterium and/or tritium isotopes) will increase the number of deuterium/tritium ions absorbed into the cathode, and increase the likelihood of reaching nuclear fusion prior to blocking of the reaction.
  • the apparatus of the present invention is susceptible of numerous physical embodiments. Description of the flow through a tubular cathode cell embodiment was preferred because of the relatively complex structure of the cell and the anticipated general application of this embodiment.
  • Other flow through cells can be designed using the three electrode control structure and art disclosed in this patent which utilize cathode and double anode structures of various configurations and different materials.
  • the art can also be applied in vat and self contained modular design. It is an applicable improvement in electrolytic fusion cell designs using natural water, heavy water, and natural water containing enhanced proportions of heavy water. It is an applicable improvement in electrolytic fusion cell designs using other electrolyte materials in which the electrolysis process frees hydrogen ions for cathodic or anodic attraction and abso ⁇ tion.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil et un procédé pour le contrôle de la fusion d'ions hydrogène. L'appareil utilise trois électrodes ou davantage dans une cellule à électrolyse, de préférence une seule cathode avec deux anodes qui dirigent le courant vers différentes faces de la cathode. Le courant appliqué aux anodes est modifié de manière à perturber l'équilibre d'absorption des ions hydrogène dans la cathode, ce qui provoque une augmentation de l'absorption des ions hydrogène et une surpopulation d'ions hydrogène au niveau de la cathode. L'absorption des ions hydrogène par la cathode est ensuite augmentée en préparant la cathode d'une manière qui permet d'avoir des trajets moléculaires à travers la cathode, comme par exemple par l'application d'une couche épitaxiale de palladium ou d'un autre métal sur différents substrats, par microlithographie, par l'application d'un masque ou par attaque chimique de la cathode.
PCT/US1996/006498 1995-06-05 1996-05-08 Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire WO1996039700A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96915598A EP0830688A1 (fr) 1995-06-05 1996-05-08 Appareil a triode pour controler une fusion nucleaire
AU57338/96A AU5733896A (en) 1995-06-05 1996-05-08 Triode apparatus for control of nuclear fusion

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US46119395A 1995-06-05 1995-06-05
US08/461,193 1995-06-05

Publications (1)

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WO1996039700A1 true WO1996039700A1 (fr) 1996-12-12

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AU (1) AU5733896A (fr)
WO (1) WO1996039700A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003041086A1 (fr) * 2001-11-05 2003-05-15 Clean Energy Pte Ltd Production d'energie et de matieres par synthese nucleaire
WO2007144925A1 (fr) * 2006-06-16 2007-12-21 Enea matériaux stratifiés de métal avec inclusions de matériau diélectrique pour l'amélioration et lE coNTRÔLe du champ électrique d'interface et leur processus de fabrication
DE102020007914A1 (de) 2020-12-30 2022-06-30 Christoph Methfessel Verbessertes Reaktionsverhalten von Wasserstoff und Deuterium in Metallen

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5198692A (en) * 1975-02-26 1976-08-31 Hikarienerugiiryono mizubunkaisochi
DE3912320A1 (de) * 1989-04-14 1990-10-18 Siemens Ag Einrichtung zur kalten kernfusion sowie elektrode dafuer
WO1990013127A1 (fr) * 1989-04-18 1990-11-01 Ceramatec, Inc. Appareil electrolytique pour la dissociation de composes contenant des isotopes d'hydrogene
WO1990013897A1 (fr) * 1989-05-12 1990-11-15 Drexler Technology Corporation Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium
JPH04136786A (ja) * 1990-09-28 1992-05-11 Toshiba Corp 常温核融合装置
US5314569A (en) * 1990-02-23 1994-05-24 Thomson-Csf Method for the controlled growth of crystal whiskers and application thereof to the making of tip microcathodes

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5198692A (en) * 1975-02-26 1976-08-31 Hikarienerugiiryono mizubunkaisochi
DE3912320A1 (de) * 1989-04-14 1990-10-18 Siemens Ag Einrichtung zur kalten kernfusion sowie elektrode dafuer
WO1990013127A1 (fr) * 1989-04-18 1990-11-01 Ceramatec, Inc. Appareil electrolytique pour la dissociation de composes contenant des isotopes d'hydrogene
WO1990013897A1 (fr) * 1989-05-12 1990-11-15 Drexler Technology Corporation Cellule de conversion d'energie au deuterium-lithium
US5314569A (en) * 1990-02-23 1994-05-24 Thomson-Csf Method for the controlled growth of crystal whiskers and application thereof to the making of tip microcathodes
JPH04136786A (ja) * 1990-09-28 1992-05-11 Toshiba Corp 常温核融合装置

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 7642, Derwent World Patents Index; Class L03, AN 76-78273X, XP002007947 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 407 (P - 1411) 27 August 1992 (1992-08-27) *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003041086A1 (fr) * 2001-11-05 2003-05-15 Clean Energy Pte Ltd Production d'energie et de matieres par synthese nucleaire
WO2007144925A1 (fr) * 2006-06-16 2007-12-21 Enea matériaux stratifiés de métal avec inclusions de matériau diélectrique pour l'amélioration et lE coNTRÔLe du champ électrique d'interface et leur processus de fabrication
DE102020007914A1 (de) 2020-12-30 2022-06-30 Christoph Methfessel Verbessertes Reaktionsverhalten von Wasserstoff und Deuterium in Metallen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU5733896A (en) 1996-12-24
EP0830688A1 (fr) 1998-03-25

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