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WO1991018396A1 - Accumulateur au deuterium pour la conversion d'energie - Google Patents

Accumulateur au deuterium pour la conversion d'energie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991018396A1
WO1991018396A1 PCT/US1991/003280 US9103280W WO9118396A1 WO 1991018396 A1 WO1991018396 A1 WO 1991018396A1 US 9103280 W US9103280 W US 9103280W WO 9118396 A1 WO9118396 A1 WO 9118396A1
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Prior art keywords
electrodes
liquid
electrode
deuterons
accumulator
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Application number
PCT/US1991/003280
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English (en)
Inventor
Jerome Drexler
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Jerome Drexler
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Publication date
Application filed by Jerome Drexler filed Critical Jerome Drexler
Priority to JP91510416A priority Critical patent/JPH05507353A/ja
Publication of WO1991018396A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991018396A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a cell for production of thermal energy by conversion from other forms of ener ⁇ gy-
  • Electrode charged particles such as bare electrons or protons or muons are known to be Fermions and to obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
  • Two like elementary charged particles, such as two protons, have like elec- trical charges so that they tend to repel one another.
  • Bosons Bose-Einstein statistics
  • This tendency of Bosons to accumulate in the same region of space is indicated by a quantum ther odynamic expression for the pressure in a system of Bosons developed and discussed in Statistical Physics by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Addison-Wesley Co., 1958, p. 159.
  • the pressure developed by a system of Bosons is less than the pressure developed by a system of particles that are nei ⁇ ther Fermions nor Bosons at the same concentration and temperature.
  • Lithium ions have been widely used in the elec ⁇ trolyte added to heavy water in certain experiments in ⁇ volving palladium by Pons and Fleischmann and many other researchers.
  • the electrolyte used most commonly is LiOD, wherein most or all of the hydrogen in LiOH is replaced by deuterium. Most reports of generation of heat by these experiments indicated that the LiOD electrolyte had been used. In March, 1990, several physicists speculated that the excess enthalpy generated may come from the re ⁇ action
  • the excess energy of 22.4 MeV is carried by the kinetic energy of the two helium nuclei, and is dissipated in the host lattice used, which is usually palladium.
  • a metal such as palladium is chosen as an accumulation structure ("accumulator") for deuterium ions (“deuterons”) or lithium ions (“li- thons”)
  • those deuterium ions or lithium ions that pick up electrons or other negatively charged particles at the accumulator will no longer behave as Bosons and may not manifest the desirable feature of high density accumula- tion within the palladium interior or lattice unless they separate from the negative charge and return to positive ions within the lattice.
  • the lithons that pick up an electron at the palladium cathode in the prior art can deposit as lithium atoms on the palladium which can in- terfere with the fusion process.
  • One object of this invention is to provide an apparatus that encourages a nuclear reaction within a deuterated palladium lattice to generate excess thermal energy. Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus that suppresses the tendency of the deuterium ions and lithium ions to pick up electrons as the ions approach the accumulator or as they enter the interior of the metal that serves as the accumulator. Another object of the invention is to suppress the electrolysis process, which produces unwanted deute ⁇ rium and oxygen gas, consumes energy, and creates bubbles that disrupt ion flow. Another object is to greatly increase the sur ⁇ face area of the accumulation structure to increase the rate at which the fusion process may proceed.
  • Another object is to provide for electrical charge neutralization so that absorption or adsorption of positively charged deuterium ions and lithium ions on or within the accumulator will not cause later-arriving deuterium ions to be repelled from this structure.
  • the apparatus includes a first and second electrode, each being spaced apart from the other and being electrically insulated from the liquid in which they are immersed by means of an insulating coating on the electrodes.
  • the electrodes are not insulated from the liquid, but are connected to an alter ⁇ nating voltage source through a large capacitor in one variation and directly to the voltage source in another variation.
  • the voltage between the two electrodes is sequentially switched from positive to negative and back again as with a square wave or sine wave.
  • An ion accumu ⁇ lator is placed in the liquid between the first and sec- ond electrode and the accumulator is electrically float ⁇ ing; that is, the accumulator is isolated from the volt ⁇ age source on the first and second electrodes, except for the electrical conductivity of the liquid.
  • This accumu ⁇ lator comprises a three-dimensional matrix of suspended particulates, each of which has a surface layer of metal that readily absorbs deuterons and lithons into its inte ⁇ rior, or the accumulator particulates may be composed entirely of such material.
  • a metal examples include palladium and titanium, where palladium is preferred for excess power generation and titanium may be preferred for tritium production.
  • the apparatus promoting ion motion includes the first and second electrodes whose sequential voltage switching cause the ions to move back and forth through the accumulator par- ticulate matrix.
  • the accumulator attraction to deuterons and lithons is not diminished by accumulation of the deuterium gas and atoms as in the prior art.
  • a fraction of the deuterons and lithons are intercepted and absorbed by the palladium accumulator material each time the ions pass through the accumulator.
  • the deuterons and lithons may act as Bosons and may fuse or otherwise combine to produce heat.
  • the accu ⁇ mulator includes a distribution of particulates of palla- diu or palladium composites suspended in a three-dimen ⁇ sional matrix. There are a number of ways to accomplish this.
  • a cylindrically shaped first elec ⁇ trode may surround a rod-like second electrode, with the rod longitudinal axis being approximately parallel to the axis of the first electrode cylinder.
  • a plurality of sheets of material such as planar disks, which are not electrically conductive, is immersed in the liquid at positions between the two electrodes, with each sheet having a surface layer that includes an electrically non ⁇ conductive matrix and particulates of a deuterium- absorbing metal such as palladium suspended in it.
  • the sheets are approximately parallel to and spaced apart from each other, are spaced apart from a first electrode, and are adjacent to and surround a plane of material in a second electrode.
  • the plurality of sheets may be a group of approximately planar disks, with each disk surrounding a rod-like second electrode and with the plane of each disk being oriented approximately perpen ⁇ dicular to the longitudinal axis of the second electrode.
  • the surface of each sheet is covered with a material that includes metal particulates of a material that absorbs both deuterons and lithons such as palladium.
  • the deu ⁇ teron and lithon absorbing metal particulates may be suspended in a gelatin ⁇ like matrix material such as photographic gelatin derived from cattle bones or nonorganic gelatin derived from polyvinyl alcohol, where this material is typically be ⁇ tween 10 ⁇ m and 1,000 ⁇ m thick, although greater thick ⁇ nesses are possible.
  • the metallites may be mounted at the surface of a solid dielectric, plastic, ceramic or other similar material so that at least one surface of each of the surface-mounted metallites is ex ⁇ posed directly to deuterium ions in the liquid.
  • the plurality of sheets is positioned so that a charged particle that is initially positioned adjacent to the first electrode must pass adjacent to at least one of the plurality of sheets in order to reach the second electrode.
  • two elec ⁇ trodes are simply spaced apart, with the plurality of sheets being positioned between the two electrodes. Al ⁇ though the separated metallites are electrically conduct- ing, each sheet taken as a whole is not electrically con ⁇ ducting. Each sheet should, therefore, not significantly alter the electrical field in the liquid that would be present without these sheets.
  • any electri ⁇ cally non-conducting matrix may be used to hold the palladium particulates provided it permits the deuterons and lithons to pass through.
  • a deuteron will become accelerated by the electrical field produced by the electrodes and may strike and penetrate one of the metallites so that the metallite acquires an electrical charge of +1.
  • a lithium ion Li + and a deuterium-containing ion such as 0D ⁇ , are produced by the ionization and a single lithium ion becomes accelerated by the electrical field and strikes and penetrates one of the metallites. Fol ⁇ lowing this event, one of the negatively charged OD "" ions will become attracted by and attached to the positively charged metallite so that the metallite now acquires an electrical charge of 0.
  • a second posi ⁇ tively charged deuterium ion or lithon may strike the metallite so that the electrical charge on the metallite again becomes positive.
  • the deuterium ions and lithium ions thus become attached to the same metallite, but not necessarily to one another.
  • the palladium metallites become deuterated and may be referred to as ⁇ palladium. This process may take place in the cell, or the metallites may be precharged in another cell first. At least 65% of the interstitial sites in the ⁇ palladium should be filled with deuterons, and preferably about 85%.
  • the solution also contains lithium-6 ions from the ionization of LiOD, lithons will also strike the metallites.
  • the lithium-6 ions are Bosons and the deute ⁇ rium ions are Bosons. Thus, they need not satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle inside the palladium lattice. Therefore, these ions can come very close together and may fuse within the lattice.
  • the deuterons and li ⁇ thons in the metallite fuse thermal energy is generated which is removed by the liquid. An external heat ex ⁇ changer captures this energy.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective cutaway view of a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates several suitable forms for a time-varying voltage difference imposed between two electrodes in Figs. 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a side view of one of the sheets in
  • Fig. 1 for the first embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a cutaway side view of surface- mounted metallites according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are perspective cutaway views of other embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig. 5a is an enlarged view of a portion of an open mesh cylinder used in the embodiment of Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 6a is an enlarged view of a portion of a rod surface used on the embodiment of Fig. 6.
  • the apparatus 11 in one embodiment includes a container 13 containing a liquid 14 that contains substantial amounts of high puri ⁇ ty heavy water D 2 0 and an amount of LiOD electrolyte in a concentration of between 0.1M and 1.0M, preferably closer to 0.1M, to ionize and create a large ion population and an increase in electrical conductivity of the liquid. It is important that the LiOD contains at least seven per ⁇ cent of lithium-6 with the remainder being lithium-7. A higher percentage of lithium-6 is preferred.
  • An electri ⁇ cally insulated electrode 15 and a second electrically insulated electrode 17 are immersed in the liquid and spaced apart from each other and are connected by a volt ⁇ age source 19, that imposes a time-varying electrical voltage V 12 (t) on the first electrode 15 relative to the electrical voltage of the second electrode 17.
  • the D 2 0 molecules in the liquid 14 are partly decomposed, by ac- tion of the electrolyte, into negative ions OD ⁇ , which are drawn toward the second electrode 17, when a positive voltage appears there, and positively charged deuterons D + and lithons Li + , which are drawn toward the first electrode 15, when a negative voltage appears there.
  • the first electrode 15 may be a rod-like, electrically conducting material, coated with an insulator such as varnish, glass, plastic or ceramic, that has a longitudinal axis AA oriented as shown in Figure 1.
  • the second electrode 17 radially sur ⁇ rounds the first electrode 15, is also composed of elec- trically conducting material and coated with an insula ⁇ tor, and may be formed as a helix, as a collection of approximately concentric rings, or as an open mesh cylin ⁇ drical surface that contains certain openings, or as a tube with or without apertures.
  • the insulators coating electrodes 15 and 17 each create an electrical capacitor with one conductor being, for example, electrode 15, and the other conductor being the ionized liquid.
  • a thin metal coating, prefera ⁇ bly gold, silver or platinum may optionally coat the in- sulator to form a more obvious capacitor. If a low fre ⁇ quency voltage is applied across electrodes 15 and 17, most of the voltage would drop across the high impedance capacitance at 15 and at 17 and very little voltage drop would occur across the low impedance ionized liquid.
  • external capacitors may be connected in par ⁇ allel with the capacitance at 15 and 17 to reduce the voltage drop across the insulator coating.
  • the electrodes are not insulated from the liquid, but are connected to an alternative voltage source through a large capacitor to minimize the impedance in series with the liquid. Preferably such electrodes are covered with gold, silver or platinum.
  • the rod-like first electrode 15 is surrounded by a plurality of adjacent sheets or planar disks, sever- al of which are shown as 21, 23, 25, 27, that are spaced apart from each other, from the second electrode 17 and from the first electrode 15.
  • the second electrode 17, which may be coaxial with or radially surround the first electrode 15, may be a helical wire wrapped about an open insulative form, may be a tubular member with or without apertures therein, may be a plurality of electrically connected rings, or may be a mesh cage configuration.
  • Each sheet 21, 23, 25, 27 is oriented approximately par ⁇ allel to each of the other sheets, and each sheet has a surface layer on one or both sides that includes a gela ⁇ tin-like, electrically non-conductive matrix in which metallites are suspended.
  • the gelatin-like substance may be any of organic gelatin derived from cattle bones or nonorganic gelatin derived from polyvinyl alcohol and may have a thickness typically between 10 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m. Greater thicknesses are also feasible.
  • the matrix itself should be permeable to deuterons and lithons, and possi- bly to 0D ⁇ ions, so that the deuterons and lithons may easily move through the gelatin-like matrix to reach the submerged or exposed surfaces of all the metallites con ⁇ tained in the matrix.
  • This composite structure will be referred to as a deuteron/lithon accumulator.
  • the metallites may be surface mounted on sheets 21, 23, 25 and 27 in Fig.
  • the apparatus may include a heat exchanger device 29 associated with the metallites for conversion or accumu ⁇ lation of thermal energy produced in such metallites.
  • Fig. 2a, 2b and 2c illustrate a variety of time-varying voltages that are suitable for the voltage difference V 12 (t) imposed by the voltage source 19 be ⁇ tween the first and second electrodes 15 and 17. These voltages include, but are not limited to: (a) rectangular wave; (b) trapezoidal; (c) triangular; (d) sawtooth; and (e) sinusoidal.
  • the voltage difference V 12 (t) should be positive for one fraction of the time and negative for a second fraction of the time, but these two fractions need not be equal.
  • the voltage difference V 12 (t) may also be approximately zero for a third fraction of the time.
  • V 12 (t) The peak positive and negative values of V 12 (t) need not have the same magnitude. Where the voltage difference V 12 (t) is alternatingly positive and negative during different time intervals, the positively charged deuterons D + and lithons Li + will be swept through the accumulator toward the second electrode 17 and toward the first elec ⁇ trode 15 during these different time intervals. A por- tion of these ions will thereby become adsorbed on or absorbed within the surface layer of the accumulator with each sweep through of these ions.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates one of the sheets 21, 23, 25, 27 from Fig. 1 in a side view, showing a surface lay- er including an electrically non-conducting gelatin-like matrix 31 of a certain thickness d 2 that is mounted on a structural substrate 33 of an electrically nonconducting material that provides support for the matrix but has only a minor effect on the local electrical field.
  • a plurality of particulates 35 of deuterium-permeable metal are distributed throughout the matrix 31, as a part of the surface layer.
  • the diameters ⁇ - ⁇ of the particulates or metallites are preferably less than the thickness d 2 of the matrix layer 31.
  • the matrix may be mounted on both sides of an electrically non-conducting substrate 33, as shown in Fig. 3, or on one side of the substrate.
  • the metal which must absorb both deuterons and lithons is preferably palladium or palladium composites, and the representative diameter d- j ⁇ of the particulates may be from 0.005 mm to 10 mm. and larger, particularly when the metallites are surface mounted.
  • the volume fraction of metallites in the surface layer may be be ⁇ tween 10 percent and 90 percent.
  • the surface layers of the sheets 21, 23, 25, 27 form an accumulation structure for the deuterons and lithons that are present through electrolyte-induced ionization of the liquid 14.
  • the metal particu ⁇ lates or metallites can accumulate deuterons and lithons more efficiently than a continuous structure of the deuterium/lithium permeable metal or an electrode of the metal.
  • the total surface area of this collection of particles, relative to the surface area of the matrix volume may be made very large, by making the particle diameters smaller and smaller.
  • Metallites per ⁇ mit the use of more than one type of deuterium permeable materials to be used in the same apparatus. That is, metallites might be chosen from two or more metals if other metals or composites matching the performance of palladium are found.
  • a deuteron D + senses the presence of the instantaneous negative voltage electrode and moves toward that electrode. In doing so, the deuteron must pass adjacent to a surface layer of one or more of the sheets 21, 23, 25, 27, and the passing deuteron may be- come adsorbed on or absorbed within one of the metallites in the surface layer of that sheet. The metallite that has absorbed the deuteron then acquires an electrical charge of +1 and can attract an adjacent negatively charged 0D ⁇ ion to its surface.
  • the net electrical charge of the metal ⁇ lite becomes zero. Lithon accumulation would occur in the same manner.
  • the deuterons and lithons attracted to the metallite can easily pass into the interior of the metallite, but OD " ions will generally remain on or adja ⁇ cent to the surface of the metallite.
  • the steps of at ⁇ traction of positively charged deuterons, which are ab ⁇ sorbed by the metallite, and negatively charged ions, which remain on or adjacent to the surface of the metal- lite, can be repeated many times so that the density of deuterons and lithons within the metallite can increase to whatever density can be accepted by the bulk metal in the interior of the metallite.
  • the two electrodes create an electric field, and a separate accumulator structure accumulates the deuterons and lithons.
  • the deuteron/li- thon permeable particulates 37 are held at the surface of solid dielectric, ceramic or insulating polymer material
  • the thickness of the surface layer that holds the metallites is preferably 25 microns or greater.
  • An area density of the metallites 37 in the range of 30- 90 percent should be sufficient to attract an appreciable number of deuterium ions to the surfaces of the metal ⁇ lites over the area of each sheet.
  • the electrodes 15 and 17 are not electrically insulated from the electrolyte, and deuterium atoms and molecules and oxygen atoms and mole ⁇ cules are alternatingly produced adjacent to, and combine with each other adjacent to, each of these electrodes as the voltage difference V 12 (t) changes sign periodically.
  • V 12 (t) the voltage difference
  • two electrically insulated electrodes 43 and 45 of opposite polarity are spaced apart and positioned within a con ⁇ tainer 47 that contains a liquid 49 with a high purity heavy water therein.
  • the electrodes are not insulated from the liquid, but are connected to an alternating voltage source through a large capacitor to minimize the impedance in series with the liquid.
  • such electrodes are covered with gold, silver or platinum. Deuterium ionization is again accomplished by adding an LiOD electrolyte to the liquid 49.
  • the first electrode 43 may be rod-like, and the second electrode 45 may have a helical configuration or may consist of a col ⁇ lection of approximately concentric rings or a tubular cylinder with apertures therein, where the second elec ⁇ trode surrounds and is spaced apart from the first elec- trode in the liquid 49.
  • the rod-like first electrode 43 is also radially surrounded by one or more approximately concentric, open mesh cylinders 51, 53, 55 that are made of solid dielectric, plastic, ceramic, polymeric or other similar electrically non-conducting material.
  • the mesh cylinders 51, 53, 55 which are part of the deuteron/li- thon accumulator, radially surround the first electrode 43, are surrounded by the second electrode 45, and are spaced apart from both electrodes.
  • the non-conductive material of the mesh cylinders 51, 53, 55 serves as a matrix and has metallites (not shown in Fig. 5) mounted thereon at the surfaces of the matrix material. These surface-mounted metallites behave in a manner similar to the behavior of the surface-mounted metallites discussed in connection with the second embodiment above.
  • a small region 51a of one of the cylinders 51 shown in greater detail in Fig.
  • Fig. 5a will consist of a first plurality of strands 51-1, 51-2, 51-3, 51-4 of electrically non-con ⁇ ducting material and a second plurality of transversely oriented strands 52-1, 52-2, 52-3, 52-4 of strands of this material.
  • Metallites shown as circles on Fig. 5a, are mounted on the surfaces of this matrix material and are thus exposed to deuterium ions that flow through the mesh apertures in response to the electrical field im ⁇ posed by the electrodes 43 and 45 on Fig. 5.
  • a voltage source 50 is connected between the two electrodes 43 and 45 to provide an alternating voltage difference V 12 (t) such as shown in Figs. 2a, 2b or 2c, and a heat exchanger 57 is provided for energy conversion.
  • V 12 (t) such as shown in Figs. 2a, 2b or 2c
  • a heat exchanger 57 is provided for energy conversion.
  • the deuterons and lithons cannot pick up free electrons when the electrodes
  • two electrically-insulated electrodes 63 and 65 of opposite polarity are spaced apart and positioned within a con ⁇ tainer 67 that contains a liquid 69 with a high purity heavy water therein.
  • the electrodes are not insulated from the liquid, but are connected to an alternating voltage source through a large capacitor to minimize the impedance in series with the liquid.
  • Pref ⁇ erably such electrodes are covered with gold, silver or platinum.
  • the first electrode 63 may be rod-like, and the second electrode 65 may have a helical configuration or may consist of plurality of approximately concentric rings, or a tube with or without slits or apertures where the second electrode radially surrounds and is spaced apart from the first electrode in the liquid 69.
  • the rod-like first electrode is also radially surrounded by one or more approximately concentric rings (not explicit ⁇ ly shown) , each ring including a plurality of rods 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 that are oriented more or less parallel to the first electrode 63.
  • Each of the rods 71, 73,..., 87 is made of solid, electrically non- conducting material, such as a dielectric, plastic, ceramic or polymer material, and each such rod has a plu ⁇ rality of metallites mounted on its surface.
  • the non ⁇ conducting rods 71, 73,..., 87 are spaced sufficiently close together that the gap or distance between two such adjacent rods in the same ring is of the order of 10-1000 ⁇ m.
  • the two electrodes 63 and 65 are connected by a voltage source 89 that provides an alternating voltage difference V 12 (t) such as shown in Fig. 2a, 2b or 2c.
  • V 12 (t) such as shown in Fig. 2a, 2b or 2c.
  • FIG. 6a illustrates in more detail a small re ⁇ gion 81a on one of the non-conducting rods 81 with metal ⁇ lites (shown as small circles or spheres on Fig. 6a) sur ⁇ face mounted on the rod 81.
  • the surface-mounted metal ⁇ lites behave in a manner similar to the behavior of the surface mounted metallites discussed in connection with the second embodiment above.
  • the metallites are exposed to ions that flow around a non-conducting rod or between two such adjacent rods, in response to the electrical field imposed by the two electrodes.
  • a container 93 holds a liquid 99 with high purity heavy water therein, and two electrically insulated electrodes 95 and 97 are immersed in the liquid within the container and spaced apart from one another as shown.
  • the two electrodes 95 and 97 which are insulated from the liquid 99, are electrically connected by a voltage source 100 that provides a time varying voltage difference V 12 (t) between the two electrodes.
  • V 12 (t) a time varying voltage difference
  • such elec ⁇ trodes are not insulated from the liquid, but are con- nected to an alternating voltage source through a large capacitor to minimize the impedance in series with the liquid.
  • such electrodes are covered with gold, silver or platinum.
  • a plurality of sheets or plates form the deuteron/lithon accumulator and are positioned between the two electrodes 95 and 97 so that these sheets are approximately parallel to one another and spaced apart from each other, with each sheet being oriented so that its surface orientation of the electrodes, relative to the surface orientation, ranges from approximately parallel to approximately orthogonal.
  • a heat exchanger 110 is provided for energy conversion here.
  • Each sheet 101, 103, 105, 107 may have a surface layer of an elec ⁇ trically non-conductive material, onto which metallites are deposited or adhered, as by deposition in a non-con ⁇ ducting thin layer.
  • the manner of adhesion of small par ⁇ ticulates onto the surface of a support substrate is also known from the manufacture of fine abrasive sheets and saws.
  • Deuterons and lithons may be produced by LiOD electrolyte-assisted ionization of the heavy water, which has a high concentration of deuterium atoms present in the form D 2 0.
  • 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 may be of conventional design and materials with an approximately peak alternating current voltage difference -V ca in the range -100 to -1 volts impressed across the liquid and a higher peak voltage across the electrodes owing to the extra voltage drop across the capacitance at the two electrodes when they are insulated from the liquid.
  • a more realistic ratio of the maximum number of deuterium atoms or ions present to the number of palladium atoms present may be about 0.6.
  • the numeri ⁇ cal density of solid palladium is about 6.75 x 10 22 Pd atoms cm "3 so that a realizable average density of deute- rium atoms bound into a Pd-based lattice could be about 4 x 10 2 D atoms or ions cm -3 . This density of deuterons within the lattice has the potential for deuteron-related fusion reactions.
  • the pH of the electrolyte was ad ⁇ justed to less than 3.0 using the addition of HN0 3 .
  • oxygen bubbles were ob- served to form immediately at the anode.
  • hydrogen or deuterium bubbles were observed to form at the negative electrode (Pd or Ti) only after many minutes of electrolysis, suggesting the rapid absorption of deuterium into this electrode initially. No generation of excess enthalpy was reported.
  • the only elec- trodes are a palladium cathode and a platinum anode.
  • the cathode plays a dual role in both accumulating the deuterons and lithons and in converting the deuterons to a deuterium gas.
  • the invention disclosed herein physically sepa ⁇ rates the accumulation of the deuterons and lithons from the electrolysis function, whereas in the prior art these activities both take place at the cathode.
  • the invention includes a further step of suppressing or eliminating the electrolysis process.
  • the invention also takes the step of providing a palladium accumulator which does not pro ⁇ vide free electrons to the lithium ions. Thus the lithi ⁇ um ions do not deposit on the accumulator to the extent they do in the prior art.

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Abstract

Procédé et appareil (11) qui favorise l'ionisation d'électrolytes d'eau lourde d'une grande pureté (contenant du Li6OD), produisant ainsi des ions deutérium et lithium qui sont accélérés par une tension alternative. Ces ions sont projetés à travers un réseau de base (31) de matière particulaire suspendue absorbant le deutérium et le lithium (35) et recueillis à l'intérieur de ladite matière particulaire. Les électrodes (17, 15) sont espacées et immergées dans le liquide (14), avec une tension alternative entre elles. Le réseau de base de particules suspendues est situé entre les deux électrodes. Lorsque les ions de deutéruim et de lithium passent à travers le réseau de base de matière particulaire, une fraction des ions heurte la matière particulaire et est absorbée par elle. Les ions deutérium et lithium qui sont absorbés par la matière particulaire peuvent fondre ou encore se combiner pour produire de l'énergie sous forme de chaleur.
PCT/US1991/003280 1990-05-17 1991-05-10 Accumulateur au deuterium pour la conversion d'energie WO1991018396A1 (fr)

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JP91510416A JPH05507353A (ja) 1990-05-17 1991-05-10 エネルギー変換のための重水素蓄積器

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999049471A1 (fr) * 1998-03-20 1999-09-30 Araki, Masao Reacteur pour produire de l'energie et des neutrons par reaction electrolytique dans une solution d'eau legere ou d'eau lourde

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