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WO1991002359A1 - Accumulateur reparti de conversion d'energie - Google Patents

Accumulateur reparti de conversion d'energie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991002359A1
WO1991002359A1 PCT/US1990/002073 US9002073W WO9102359A1 WO 1991002359 A1 WO1991002359 A1 WO 1991002359A1 US 9002073 W US9002073 W US 9002073W WO 9102359 A1 WO9102359 A1 WO 9102359A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
liquid
spaced apart
electrodes
electrode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1990/002073
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English (en)
Inventor
Jerome Drexler
Original Assignee
Drexler Technology Corporation
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Drexler Technology Corporation filed Critical Drexler Technology Corporation
Publication of WO1991002359A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991002359A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a cell for production of thermal energy by conversion from other forms of energy.
  • Electrode charged particles such as bare electrons or protons or muons are known to be Fer ions and to obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
  • Two like elementary charged particles, such as two protons, have like elec- trical charges so that they tend to repel one another.
  • Lithium ions have been widely used in the elec ⁇ trolyte added to heavy water in cold fusion experiments by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann and many other researchers.
  • the electrolyte used most commonly is LiOD. All reports of generation of excess enthalpy indicated that the LiOD electrolyte had been used. In March 1990 several physicists speculated that the excess enthalpy generated by cold fusion may have come from the nuclear reaction
  • the 22.4 MeV are carried by the kinetic energy of the two helium nuclei which would dissipate their kinetic energy in the palladium lattice. It is known that some metals will readily ac ⁇ cept substantial amounts of hydrogen or its isotopes into the interior of such metals and that such metals can be used to filter hydrogen isotopes from a stream of other substances.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,065 granted Septem- ber 27, 1988 to R. Penzhorne et al., it is disclosed that a hot palladium membrane will filter tritium and deu ⁇ terium from CO molecules. The palladium membrane dis- closed by Penzhorne et al. was used to filter exhaust gas from a fusion reactor.
  • the deuterons and lithons that pick up electrons or other negatively charged particles at the accumulation struc ⁇ ture will no longer behave as Bosons and may not manifest the desirable feature of high density accumulation within the palladium interior or lattice unless they separate from the negative charge and return to positive ions within the lattice.
  • One object is to create an accumulator struc ⁇ ture for the deuterons and lithons, which avoids the presence of (bubbling) deuterium gas at its surface that may in turn interfere with the uniform flow of those deu ⁇ terons and lithons entering the accumulation structure.
  • Another object is to greatly increase the sur ⁇ face area of the accumulation structure to increase the rate at which the fusion process may proceed.
  • Another object is to increase the probability that at any short time interval, at least some portion of the accumulator structure will meet the conditions for lithium-deuteron fusion. Another object is to provide an apparatus that encourages nuclear reactions such as Li 6 + D —> 2He 4 + 22.4 MeV within a deuterated palladium lattice in order to generate excess thermal energy.
  • Another object is to provide for electrical charge neutralization so that absorption or adsorption of positively charged deuterium or lithium ions on or within the accumulation structure will not cause later-arriving ions to be repelled from this structure.
  • apparatus containing high purity heavy water in which most of the hydrogen ions in the substance are replaced by ions of the hydro- gen isotope deuterium.
  • the apparatus enhances deuterium ion and lithium ion formation by use of an LiOD electro ⁇ lyte containing a substantial amount of Lithium 6.
  • Two electrodes, a cathode and an anode, are placed in the liquid, with the first electrode being spaced apart from and surrounding the second electrode within the liquid.
  • a cylindrically shaped anode may surround a rod-like cathode, with the rod longitudinal axis being approximately parallel to the axis of the anode cylinder.
  • a plurality of sheets of material such as planar disks, which are not electrically conductive, are immersed in the liquid at positions between the two electrodes, with each sheet having a surface layer that includes an elec ⁇ trically non-conductive matrix and particulates of a hy- drogen-permeable metal.
  • the sheets are approximately parallel to and spaced apart from each other and spaced apart from a first electrode and are adjacent to and sur ⁇ round a plane of material in a second electrode.
  • the plurality of sheets may be a group of ap- proximately planar disks, with each disk surrounding a rod-like second electrode and with the plane of each disk being oriented approximately perpendicular to the longi ⁇ tudinal axis of the second electrode.
  • each sheet is covered with a material that includes metal particulates of deuterium ion permeable and lithium ion permeable material such as palladium.
  • the ion permeable palladium particulates (hereinafter called "metallites”) may be suspended in a gelatin-like matrix material such as photographic gelatin derived from cattle bones or non- organic gelatin derived from polyvinyl alcohol, where this material is typically between 10 ⁇ m and 1,000 ⁇ m thick, although greater thicknesses are possible.
  • the metallites may be at the surface of a solid dielectric, plastic, ceramic or other similar material so that at least one surface of each of the surface-mounted metallites is exposed directly to deuterium ions in the liquid.
  • the plurality of sheets are positioned so that a deuteron and lithon that is ini- tially positioned adjacent to the first electrode must pass adjacent to at least one of the plurality of sheets in order to reach the second electrode.
  • two electrodes are simply spaced apart with the plurality of sheets positioned between the two elec ⁇ trodes.
  • the metallites are electrically con ⁇ ducting, each sheet taken as a whole is not electrically conducting. Each sheet should, therefore, not signifi ⁇ cantly alter the electrical field in the liquid that would be present without these sheets.
  • any electrically non-conductive matrix may be used to hold the palladium particulates provided it permits the deu ⁇ terons and lithons to pass through.
  • a deuterium will become accelerated and final reach a uniform velocity by the electrical field produced by the electrodes and will strike and penetrate one of the palladium metallites so that the metallite acquires an electrical charge of +1.
  • one of the negatively charged OD ⁇ radical ions will become at ⁇ tracted by and attached to the positively charged metal ⁇ lite so that the metallite now acquires an electrical charge of 0.
  • the deuteron and the OD ⁇ ion thus become attached to the metallite, but not necessarily to one another.
  • the palladium metallites become deuterated and may be referred to as p -palladium.
  • This process may take place in the cell or the metallites may be pre-charged in another cell first.
  • At least 65% of the interstitial sites in the palladium should be filled with D and preferably since the solution also contains lithium ions from the ionization of LiOD, lithons will also strike the metallites and penetrate them creating a positive charge, which will be neutralized by other OD ⁇ radical ions become attracted to and become attached to the metallite.
  • the Li 6 ions are Bosons and the deuterium ions are Bosons. Thus they need not satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle inside the palladium lattice and come very close together and fuse. Excess energy in the form of thermal energy is removed by the liquid. An external heat exchanger captures this energy.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective cutaway view of a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional side view of one of the sheets in Fig. 1 for the first embodiment of the inven- tion.
  • Fig. 3 is a sectional cutaway side view of sur ⁇ face-mounted metallites according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are perspective cutaway views of other embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig. 4a is an enlarged view of a portion of an open mesh cylinder used in the embodiment of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 5a is an enlarged view of a portion of a rod surface used on the embodiment of Fig. 5.
  • the apparatus 11 in one embodiment includes a container 13 containing a liq ⁇ uid 14 of high purity heavy water, D 2 0, an amount of LiOD in an electrolyte in a concentration of 0.1 M to 1.0 M, preferably closer to the 0.1 M range to ionize and in ⁇ crease the conductivity of the liquid. It is important that the electrolyte contain at least seven percent of Li 6 with the remainder being Li 7 . A higher percentage of Li 6 would be preferable.
  • a cathode 15 and an anode 17 are immersed in the liquid and spaced apart from each other and are connected by a controllable voltage source 19, that imposes a negative electrical voltage -V ca on the cathode 15 relative to the electrical voltage of the anode 17.
  • the D 0 and LiOD molecules in the liquid 14 are ionized into negatively charged deuterium oxide ions OD ⁇ , which are generally drawn toward the anode 17, and positively charged deuterons D + and lithons Li + which are generally drawn toward the cathode 15.
  • the cathode 15 may be a rod-like, electrically conducting material that has a longitudinal axis AA oriented as shown in Figure 1.
  • the anode 17 surrounds the cathode 15, is also composed of electrically conducting material, and may be formed as a helix, as a collection of approximately concentric rings, or as an open mesh cylindrical surface that con ⁇ tains certain openings.
  • the anode metal should be chosen so as not to react with the electrolyte or heavy water. Care should be taken to prevent ordinary water from get ⁇ ting into the heavy water since this can stop the fusion process.
  • the rod-like cathode 15 is surrounded by a plu ⁇ rality of adjacent sheets or planar disks, several of which are shown as 21, 23, 25, 27, that are spaced apart from each other and from the anode 17 and from the cath ⁇ ode 15.
  • the anode 17, which may be coaxial with the cathode 15, may be a helical wire wrapped about an open insulative form or may be a tubular member with slits therein. In either case, the anode 17 should allow for easy ion flow therethrough.
  • Each sheet 21, 23, 25, 27 is oriented approximately parallel to each of the other sheets, and each sheet has a surface layer that include a gelatin-like matrix in which metallites are suspended.
  • the gelatin-like substance may be any of organic gelatin derived from cattle bones or nonorganic gelatin derived from polyvinyl alcohol and may have a thickness typically between 10 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m. Greater thicknesses are also feasible.
  • the gelatin matrix itself should be permeable to deuterium ions, lithium ions and to the OD " ions, so that all these ions may easily move through the gelatin matrix to reach the submerged or exposed surfaces of all the palladium metallites contained in the gelatin.
  • the metallite may be surface mounted on sheets 21, 23, 25 and 27 in Fig. 1, as shown in Figs. 3a and 4a.
  • the apparatus may include a heat exchanger de ⁇ vice 29 associated with the metallites for conversion or accumulation of thermal energy produced in such metal ⁇ lites.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates one of the sheets 21, 23, 25, 27 from Fig. 1 in a sectional side view, showing a surface layer including a gelatin-like matrix 31 of a certain thickness d 2 that is mounted on a structural sub ⁇ strate 33 of an electrically nonconducting material that provides support for the gelatin.
  • a plurality of partic ⁇ ulates 35 of palladium metal are distributed throughout the gelatin-like matrix 31, as a part of the surface lay ⁇ er.
  • the diameters d- ⁇ of the particulates or metallites are preferably less than the thickness d 2 of the gelatin layer 31.
  • the gelatin may be mounted on both sides of the substrate 33, as shown in Fig. 2, or on one side of the substrate.
  • the palladium metal particulates' diameter d- ⁇ may range from 0.005 mm to 10 mm. and larger, particular ⁇ ly when the metallites are surface mounted.
  • the particu ⁇ lates need not all have the same diameters.
  • the volume fraction of metallites in the surface layer may be be ⁇ tween 10 percent and 90 percent.
  • the surface layers of the sheets 21, 23, 25, 27 form an accumulation structure for the deuterons and lithons that are present through the ionization of liquid 14. Under some circumstances, the metal particu ⁇ lates or metallites can accumulate deuterons and lithons more efficiently than a continuous structure of the pal ⁇ ladium metal or a cathode of the metal.
  • the total surface area of this collection of par ⁇ ticles, relative to the surface area of the gelatin vol ⁇ ume, may be made as large as desired by making the parti ⁇ cle diameters smaller and smaller. For example, consider spherical metal particles where these sphere diameters d- ⁇ are 0.005 mm and the gelatin-like layer has a thickness d 2 of 0.2 mm. In this situation, the ratio of total sur ⁇ face area of the spheres to the surface area of the gela ⁇ tin-like matrix may be larger than 30.
  • the metal- lite surface area presented for absorption of deuterons and lithons may be made very large compared to the said cathode used in the prior art.
  • deuterium gas bubbles are created by the electrolysis process at the cathode surface which make the velocities and kinetic energies of the entering deuterons and li ⁇ thons less uniform.
  • the deuterons and lithons may enter the palladium with more uniform kinetic energies respectively.
  • the very large number of accumu- lator palladium particulates increases the probability that during any short time interval at least some of the particulates will meet the condition of lithium-deuterium fusion.
  • a deuterium ion D + senses the presence of the negatively charged cathode and moves to ⁇ ward the cathode. In doing so, the deuteron or lithon must pass adjacent to a surface layer of one or more of the sheets 21, 23, 25, 27, and the passing positive ion may become adsorbed on or absorbed within one of the met ⁇ allites in the surface layer of that sheet.
  • the metal ⁇ lite that has absorbed the deuteron or lithon then ac ⁇ quires an electrical charge of +1 and can attract an ad- jacent OD ⁇ ion to its surface.
  • the net electrical charge of the metallite becomes zero.
  • the deuterons and lithons can pass into the interior of the palladium metallite, but the OD ⁇ ions will generally remain on or adjacent to the surface of the metallite.
  • the steps of attraction of positively charged deuterons and lithons, which are absorbed by the metallite, and negatively charged ions, which remain on or adjacent to the surface of the metallite, can be re- peated many times so that the density of the deuterons and lithons within the metallite can increase to whatever density of these ions can be accepted by the bulk metal in the interior of the metallite.
  • the deuteron and lithon permeable particulates 37 are held at the surface of solid dielectric, ceramic or insulating polymer mate- rial 39 that overlies a substrate 40 and are thereby ex ⁇ posed directly to the adjacent liquid and to the deuteri ⁇ um ions therein.
  • Deuterons and lithons move to the sur ⁇ faces of the metallites and pass into the interior of the metallite, and adjacent OD ⁇ ions are attracted to the surface of the metallite in order to neutralize the net electrical charge on the metallite, as before.
  • the choice of suitable dielectric materials, plastics, ceram ⁇ ics and insulative polymers is limited only by the re ⁇ quirements that the dielectric material should not de- grade in the presence of the electrolyte and should not contaminate the electrolyte.
  • the thickness of the surface layer that holds the metallites is preferably 25 microns or greater.
  • An area density of the metallites 37 in the range of 30-90 per ⁇ cent should be sufficient to attract and absorb an appre ⁇ ciable number of deuterons and lithons to the surfaces of the metallites over the area of each sheet.
  • 41 shown in Fig.
  • the first electrode 43 may be rod- like, and the second electrode 45 may have a helical con ⁇ figuration or may consist of a collection of approximate ⁇ ly concentric rings, where the second electrode surrounds and is spaced apart from the first electrode in the liq ⁇ uid 49.
  • the rod-like first electrode 43 is also sur- rounded by one or more approximately concentric, open mesh cylinders 51, 53, 55 that are made of solid dielec ⁇ tric, plastic, ceramic, polymeric or other similar elec ⁇ trically non-conducting material.
  • the cylinders 51, 53, 55 surround the first electrode 43, are surrounded by the second electrode 45, and are spaced apart from both elec ⁇ trodes.
  • the non-conductive material of the cylinders 51, 53, 55 serves as a matrix and has metallites (not shown in Fig. 4) mounted thereon at the surfaces of the matrix material. These surface-mounted metallites behave in a manner similar to the behavior of the surface-mounted metallites discussed in connection with the second embod ⁇ iment above.
  • a heat exchanger 57 is provided to draw off the thermal energy produced by the remainder of the appa ⁇ ratus.
  • Metallites shown as circles in Fig. 4a, are mounted on the surfaces of this matrix material and are thus exposed to flow of deuterons and lithons that flow through the mesh apertures in re- sponse to the electrical field imposed by the electrodes 43 and 45 in Fig. 4.
  • a controllable voltage source 50 is connected between the two electrodes 43 and 45 in Fig. 4 to provide a voltage difference ⁇ N ca , and a heat exchang- er 57 is provided for energy conversion.
  • the voltages on the anode and cathode may be reversed and the principles of operation will remain the same.
  • two electrodes 63 and 65 of opposite polarity are spaced apart and positioned within a container 67 that contains a liquid 69 which is primarily heavy water and an elec ⁇ trolyte.
  • the first electrode 63 may be rod-like, and the second electrode 65 may have a helical configuration or may consist of plurality of approximately concentric rings, where the second electrode surrounds and is spaced apart from the first electrode in the liquid 69.
  • the rod-like first electrode is also surrounded by one or more approximately concentric rings, each ring including a plurality Of rods 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 that are oriented more or less parallel to the first electrode 63.
  • Each of the rods 71, 73,..., 87 is made of solid, electrically non-conducting material, such as a dielectric, plastic, ceramic or polymer material, and each such rod has a plurality of metallites mounted on its surface.
  • the non-conducting rods 71, 73,..., 87 are spaced sufficiently close together that the gap or dis ⁇ tance between two such adjacent rods in the same ring is of the order of 10-1000 ⁇ m.
  • the two electrodes 63 and 65 are connected by a controllable voltage source 89 that provides a voltage difference V ca _.
  • the voltages on the anode and cathode may be reversed and the principle of operation will be the same.
  • a heat exchanger 90 is pro ⁇ vided for energy conversion.
  • Fig. 5a illustrates in more detail a small re- gion 81a on one of the non-conducting rods 81 with metal ⁇ lites (shown as small circles or spheres on Fig. 5a) sur ⁇ face mounted on the rod 81.
  • the surface-mounted metal ⁇ lites behave in a manner similar to the behavior of the surface mounted metallites discussed in connection with the second embodiment above.
  • the metallites are exposed to flow of deuterons and lithons that flow around a non ⁇ conducting rod or between two such adjacent rods, in re- sponse to the electrical field imposed by the two elec ⁇ trodes.
  • a container 93 holds a liquid 99 with high purity heavy water and an electrolyte therein, and two electrodes 95 and 97 are immersed in the liquid within the container and spaced apart from one another as shown.
  • the two electrodes 95 and 97 are electrically connected by a con ⁇ trollable voltage source 100 that provides a voltage dif ⁇ ference -V ca between the two electrodes.
  • a plurality of sheets or plates are positioned between the two electrodes 95 and 97 so that these sheets are approximately parallel to one another and are spaced apart from each other, with each sheet being oriented so that its surface orientation of the electrodes 95 and 97, relative to the surface ori ⁇ entation, ranges from approximately parallel to approxi ⁇ mately orthogonal.
  • a heat exchanger 110 is provided for energy conversion here.
  • Each sheet 101, 103, 105, 107 may have a surface layer onto which metallites are deposited or adhered.
  • the manner of adhesion of small particulates onto the surface of a support substrate is also known from the manufacture of fine abrasive sheets and saws. The absorption of deuterons and lithons into the particu- late metallites, and neutralization of the electrical charge on each metallite, proceeds as discussed in con ⁇ nection with the prior procedure.
  • Deuterium ions may be produced by ionizing heavy water, which has a high concentration of deuterium atoms present in the form D 2 0.
  • the two electrodes in Figures 1, 4, 5 and 6 may be of conventional design and materials, with a controllable voltage difference (static or time varying) -V ca in the range of -100 to -1 volts impressed between the cathode and the anode.
  • Reilly and Sandrock have discussed the use of metal hydrides as a storage medium for hydrogen and its isotopes in "Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides", Scien ⁇ tific American (February 1980), pp. 119-130.
  • the numeri ⁇ cal density of solid palladium is about 6.75 x 10 22 Pd atoms cm -3 so that a realizable average density of deute ⁇ rium atoms bound into a Pd-based lattice could be about 4 x ⁇ o 22 D atoms or ions cm " .
  • This density of deuterium within the lattice has the potential to produce deuteri ⁇ um-related fusion reactions and excess energy.
  • the invention disclosed herein physically sepa ⁇ rates the step of electrolysis by the positive and nega ⁇ tive electrodes from the step of accumulation of deuter- ons and lithons within the interior of the accumulator material.
  • the tendency of a metal particulate such as palladium to accumulate net positive electrical charge from absorption of the deuterons and lithons is self-reg ⁇ ulated by the negatively charged ions on the surface of the metal particulate.
  • the deuterons and lithons can pass into the palladium accumulator at a relatively uniform velocity and kinetic energy since there are no deuterium bubbles to disturb them.
  • the palladium particulates have a much greater area than an accumulator cathode in the prior art thereby potentially increasing the fusion process rate.
  • the particulate accumulator structure increases the prob ⁇ ability for any short time interval at least some of the particulates meet the conditions for lithium-deuterium fusion.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Cellule de production d'énergie thermique par absorption ou adsorption de deutérons et de lithons dans des particules (35) perméables aux ions de deutérium et perméables aux ions de lithium, supportée sur une surface d'un accumulateur (21) ou dans une matrice (31) analogue à de la gélatine de celui-ci. Les deutérons et les lithons sont produits par ionisation d'électrolyte dans un liquide (14) contenant de l'eau lourde très pure, et la charge électrique nette sur une particule (35) perméable aux deutérons et perméable aux lithons est régulée par l'accumulation de radicaux OD- à charge négative sur la surface des particules équilibrant les deutérons et les lithons à charge positive.
PCT/US1990/002073 1989-08-04 1990-04-17 Accumulateur reparti de conversion d'energie WO1991002359A1 (fr)

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US39032589A 1989-08-04 1989-08-04
US390,325 1989-08-04

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0531454A4 (en) * 1990-05-25 1993-09-15 Jerome Drexler Distributed deuterium-lithium energy apparatus

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US3131135A (en) * 1961-01-23 1964-04-28 Standard Oil Co Electrolysis of alkyl grignardcontaining electrolytes
US3920534A (en) * 1973-11-30 1975-11-18 Mead Corp Ion exchange membrane - cathode cartridge for an electrolytic cell
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US4457824A (en) * 1982-06-28 1984-07-03 General Electric Company Method and device for evolution of oxygen with ternary electrocatalysts containing valve metals
US4765874A (en) * 1984-06-27 1988-08-23 W. C. Heraeus Gmbh Laminated electrode the use thereof
US4877508A (en) * 1985-04-10 1989-10-31 Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. Highly durable cathode of low hydrogen overvoltage and method for manufacturing the same
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US3131135A (en) * 1961-01-23 1964-04-28 Standard Oil Co Electrolysis of alkyl grignardcontaining electrolytes
US3113080A (en) * 1961-05-22 1963-12-03 Smith Corp A O Continuous decontamination of the hydrogen acquiring surface of a palladium diaphragm used for the transfer of atomic hydrogen
US3920534A (en) * 1973-11-30 1975-11-18 Mead Corp Ion exchange membrane - cathode cartridge for an electrolytic cell
US4172774A (en) * 1975-10-30 1979-10-30 Clearwater Systems Inc. Method and apparatus for lessening ionic diffusion
US4165271A (en) * 1977-10-03 1979-08-21 Olin Corporation Diaphragms for use in the electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides
US4204922A (en) * 1977-12-06 1980-05-27 The Broken Hill Propietary Company Limited Simultaneous electrodissolution and electrowinning of metals from simple sulphides
US4288683A (en) * 1979-04-30 1981-09-08 General Electric Company Insulating porous matrices for electrode boilers
US4257864A (en) * 1979-08-02 1981-03-24 Gacki Leonard W Portable silver recovery unit
US4344831A (en) * 1980-09-12 1982-08-17 Weber Charles T Apparatus for the generation of gaseous fuel
US4430174A (en) * 1981-12-01 1984-02-07 Mitsui Aluminium Co., Ltd. Method for refinement of impure aluminum
US4457824A (en) * 1982-06-28 1984-07-03 General Electric Company Method and device for evolution of oxygen with ternary electrocatalysts containing valve metals
US4765874A (en) * 1984-06-27 1988-08-23 W. C. Heraeus Gmbh Laminated electrode the use thereof
US4877508A (en) * 1985-04-10 1989-10-31 Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. Highly durable cathode of low hydrogen overvoltage and method for manufacturing the same
US4908114A (en) * 1985-09-27 1990-03-13 William Ayers Mobile atom insertion reaction, mobile atom transmissive membrane for carrying out the reaction, and reactor incorporating the mobile atom transmissive membrane

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0531454A4 (en) * 1990-05-25 1993-09-15 Jerome Drexler Distributed deuterium-lithium energy apparatus

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