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WO2018195620A1 - Moteur thermique à cycle différentiel faisant intervenir quatre processus isothermes et quatre processus polytropiques avec régénérateur, et procédé de commande pour le cycle thermodynamique de ce moteur thermique - Google Patents

Moteur thermique à cycle différentiel faisant intervenir quatre processus isothermes et quatre processus polytropiques avec régénérateur, et procédé de commande pour le cycle thermodynamique de ce moteur thermique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018195620A1
WO2018195620A1 PCT/BR2018/050108 BR2018050108W WO2018195620A1 WO 2018195620 A1 WO2018195620 A1 WO 2018195620A1 BR 2018050108 W BR2018050108 W BR 2018050108W WO 2018195620 A1 WO2018195620 A1 WO 2018195620A1
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Prior art keywords
cycle
processes
thermodynamic
temperature
regenerator
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PCT/BR2018/050108
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English (en)
Portuguese (pt)
Inventor
Marno Iockheck
Saulo Finco
LUIS Mauro MOURA
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Associação Paranaense De Cultura - Apc
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Priority claimed from BR102017008548-1A external-priority patent/BR102017008548B1/pt
Application filed by Associação Paranaense De Cultura - Apc filed Critical Associação Paranaense De Cultura - Apc
Publication of WO2018195620A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018195620A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/045—Controlling
    • F02G1/047—Controlling by varying the heating or cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
    • F02G1/055—Heaters or coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
    • F02G1/057—Regenerators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a thermal motor and its eight process thermodynamic cycle, more specifically, it is a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each operating a four process but interdependent thermodynamic cycle. forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system is closed in differential configuration, based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system, this system performs a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it performs at any time during the cycle, two complementary and simultaneous interdependent processes, four of which are "isothermal” and four "polytropic" processes with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.
  • thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the nineteenth century in the early days of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all motor cycles known to date.
  • thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the engine development.
  • the open thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which energy and matter can enter and leave this system.
  • Examples of an open thermodynamic system are the Otkins cycle Atkinson cycle internal combustion engines, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle diesel cycle, Brayton diesel cycle internal combustion engine, Rankine exhaust cycle from steam to the environment.
  • the materials that come into these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas.
  • the energy that enters these systems is heat.
  • the materials that come out of these systems are the combustion or working fluid exhaust, gases, waste, the energies that come out of these systems are the mechanical working energy and part of the heat dissipated.
  • the closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system.
  • Examples of closed thermodynamic systems are external combustion engines such as Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, Carnot cycle.
  • the energy that enters this system is heat.
  • the energies that come out of this system is the working mechanical energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter comes out of these systems, as they do in the open system.
  • thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and a single process occurs at a time until the cycle is completed, as can be seen in the pressure / volume graph in figure 2. So are the Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Rankine, Stirling, Ericsson cycle engines and Carnot's ideal theoretical cycle, and the Brayton cycle also belongs to either open or closed systems. but unlike the others, its four processes all occur simultaneously.
  • the current state of the art comprises a series of internal combustion and external combustion engines, most of these engines require a second auxiliary engine to get them into operation.
  • Internal combustion engines require compression, mixing fuel with oxygen, and a spark or pressure combustion, so a normally electric auxiliary starter motor is used.
  • External combustion engines such as the Stirling or Ericsson cycle in turn also require high power auxiliary engines, as they must overcome the resting state under pressure to start operating.
  • One exception is the Rankine cycle engine, which can start via the camshaft to provide the steam pressure to the motive power elements.
  • the current state of the art comprises a number of engines, most of them dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example, internal combustion engines, each requiring its own specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, fuel flexibility is quite limited.
  • internal combustion engines each requiring its own specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, fuel flexibility is quite limited.
  • motors based on open and closed systems the most flexible motor is Rankine cycle, external combustion or Stirling, also external combustion, these are more flexible in source, but have other important shortcomings.
  • the current state of the art comprises a series of cycle engines, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and therefore the need for oxygen.
  • the current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require high operating temperatures, especially those of internal combustion, usually operating with working gas at temperatures above 1000 ° C.
  • External combustion engines or engines operating from external heat sources such as Rankine and Stirling cycle, are typically designed to operate at working gas temperatures between 400 ° C and 800 ° C.
  • Rankine and Stirling cycle are typically designed to operate at working gas temperatures between 400 ° C and 800 ° C.
  • motors based on open and closed systems often requiring high temperatures to operate, they all have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b).
  • the current state of the art based on open and closed systems, comprises basically six motor cycles and some versions thereof: Atkinson cycle Otto cycle, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, similar to Diesel, Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle, ideal theoretical reference for open and closed engine based engines.
  • the latest news of the current state of the art has been presented through innovations by joining more than one old cycle forming combined cycles, ie: new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycle machine operating on fossil fuels, gas or oil and a heat-dependent Rankine cycle machine rejected by the Brayton cycle.
  • Carnot engine is not found in practical use because real materials do not possess the properties required to make Carnot engine a reality, the physical dimensions for the Carnot cycle to be performed as in theory would be unviable in a practical case. therefore it is an ideal Engine in open system and closed system concepts, but in the theoretical concept.
  • thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes.
  • PCT / BR2014 / 000381 United States Patent of America defined as "Differential Thermal Machine with Eight Thermodynamic Transformation Cycle and Control Process” which consists of two subsystems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes.
  • thermodynamic processes that form their cycles, each cycle gives the engine its own characteristics.
  • the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system provides the basis for the development of a new family of thermal engines, each engine will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that constitute their respective thermodynamic cycles, such as the Otto engine and the Diesel engine.
  • the Otto engine cycle is basically constituted by an adiabatic compression process, an isocoric combustion process, a process adiabatic expansion and an isochoric exhaust and the diesel engine cycle consists of an adiabatic compression process, an isobaric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an isocoric exhaust process, so they differ in only one of the processes that form their cycles, enough to give each one, specific and different properties and uses.
  • hybrid system provides the basis for a new family of thermal motors consisting of two subsystems and these will operate with so-called differential cycles formed by processes where two simultaneous processes will always occur, each having its own particularities which will characterize each one. one of the motor cycles.
  • the aim of the invention is to eliminate some of the existing problems and minimize other problems, but the major objective is to develop new motor cycles based on a new thermodynamic system concept so that the efficiency of the motors is no longer dependent. temperatures only and whose energy sources can be diversified and which allow the design of engines for environments even without air (oxygen).
  • the concept of the hybrid system the very characteristic that underlies this invention, eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and its potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials.
  • ⁇ q) is the yield
  • ⁇ Tq) is the temperature of the isothermal heating process
  • 77 is the temperature of the isothermal cooling process
  • all temperatures in "Kelvin” is the number of moles of subsystem 1, indicated by region 21 in Figure 4
  • (n2) is the number of moles of subsystem 2, indicated by region 23 of Figure 4.
  • thermodynamic cycles Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine and the Carnot cycle perform one process at a time sequentially, as shown in Figure 2, referenced to the mechanical cycle of the driving force elements.
  • its control is a direct function of the power supply
  • the hybrid system differential cycles perform two processes at a time, figure 5, enabling the control of the thermodynamic cycle separated from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and In this way the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle and not the other way around.
  • Differential oxide motors are characterized by having two subsystems, forming a hybrid system, represented by (21 and 23) of figure 4, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute two simultaneous and interdependent processes. .
  • a hybrid system with properties of both open and closed systems simultaneously, it is said that the system performs a compound thermodynamic cycle, Figure 5, that is, always executes two simultaneous processes (26 and 27) of the figure. 5, interdependent, including with mass transfer. Therefore they are completely different motors and cycles from motors and cycles based on open or closed systems.
  • Figure 6 shows the relationship between the hybrid system and the differential thermodynamic cycle.
  • thermodynamic system is new, it is formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is exchange of matter and energy and both provide out of bounds, energy in the form of work and heat dissipated part of the energy .
  • This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of thermal motors.
  • the present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical either for use in power generation or other use as mechanical force for movement and traction.
  • Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: the total flexibility as to the energy source (heat), the independence of the atmosphere, does not need atmosphere for a differential cycle motor to operate, the flexibility regarding the temperatures, the motor of Differential cycle can be designed to operate over a very wide temperature range, well above most motors based on open and closed systems, even a differential cycle motor can be designed to operate with For both temperatures below freezing, it is sufficient that design conditions promote expansion and contraction of the working gas, and that the materials chosen for its construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at design temperatures.
  • the differential system engine based on the hybrid system concept may be constructed of materials and techniques similar to conventional engines and Stirling cycle engines, as it is a closed-loop gas engine considering the complete system, that is, the complete system is formed by two integrated thermodynamic subsystems, 31 and 37, forming a hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem is formed by a chamber, 33 and 35, containing working gas and each of these are formed by three sub-chambers.
  • each subsystem has a regenerator, 310 and 314, either active or passive, between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, 34, so the subsystems are open to each other between and the complete system and external environment is considered closed, these two subsystems simultaneously execute each one of them is a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a unique 82 differential thermodynamic cycle of eight processes, four of which is isothermal, (ab), (1-2), (cd) and (3-4), four polytropic, (bc), (2-3), (da) and (4- 1), with variable mass transfer.
  • This closed-circuit concept of working gas with respect to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases leaks may be permitted provided they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted and are similar in this respect to Stirling cycle engine design technologies.
  • the working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be various, each will provide specific characteristics, as the gases may be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.
  • Conversion chambers items that characterize the hybrid system, may be constructed of various materials, depending on design temperatures, working gas used, pressures involved, environment and operating conditions. These chambers each have three sub-chambers and these should be designed keeping in mind the requirement of thermal insulation to minimize the flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for the overall efficiency of the system.
  • These chambers have internal elements that move the working gas between the hot, cold, and insulated sub chambers where they exist, these elements can be of various geometric shapes, depending on the requirement and design parameters, could for example be in shape. discs in cylindrical or other form allowing the working gas to be controlled in a controlled manner between the sub chambers.
  • the mass transfer element 34 interconnects the two chambers 33 and 35, this element is responsible for the transfer of part of the working gas mass between the chambers that occurs at a specific time during the polytropic processes.
  • This element may be designed in Depending on the requirements of the project, it may be operated by the simple pressure difference, ie valve-shaped, or may operate in a forced manner, for example in turbine, piston or other geometrical form allowing it to operate. perform mass transfer of part of the working gas.
  • the active regenerators 310 and 314 operate with a specific working gas and this gas stores the energy of the engine gas during polytropic temperature lowering processes through internal expansion and regenerates, ie returns this energy to engine gas during polytropic processes of temperature rise through compression.
  • This regenerator is called an active regenerator because it performs its regeneration process dynamically through moving mechanical elements and its own working gas, unlike known passive regenerators, which operate by thermal exchange between the gas and a static element, operant by conducting heat between the gas your body. In the event that the use of a passive regenerator is considered in the project, it usually operates by conducting heat exchange between the working gas and the elements forming the regenerator. Passive regenerators do not use gas and moving elements.
  • the driving force element, 312 is responsible for performing mechanical work and making it available for use.
  • This driving force element operates by the working gas forces of the engine, this element may be designed in various ways, depending on the design requirements, may for example be turbine shaped, cylinder piston shaped, connecting rods, crankshafts, in the form of a diaphragm or otherwise permitting work to be performed from gas forces during thermodynamic conversions.
  • Figure 1 represents the concept of open thermodynamic system and the concept of closed thermodynamic system
  • Figure 2 represents the characteristic of all thermodynamic cycles based on open and closed systems
  • Figure 3 shows the original idea of Carnot's thermal machine, conceptualized in 1824 by Nicolas Sadi Carnot;
  • Figure 4 represents the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system
  • Figure 5 represents the characteristic of differential thermodynamic cycles based on the hybrid system
  • Figure 6 shows the hybrid thermodynamic system and a differential thermodynamic cycle and the detail of the two simultaneously occurring thermodynamic processes
  • Figure 7 shows the mechanical model consisting of the two thermodynamic subsystems that form a thermal motor under the concept of hybrid system and its active regenerator;
  • Figure 8 shows the motor indicating the phase at which one of the regenerators, element 310, equalizes its temperature to the hot source temperature
  • Figure 9 shows the motor indicating the phase at which the second regenerator, element 314, equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source
  • Figure 10 shows one of the subsystems, group 31, performing the process high temperature isothermal of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the low temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle;
  • Figure 11 shows one of the subsystems, group 31, performing the polytropic temperature-lowering process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the polytropic temperature-raising process of the thermodynamic cycle;
  • Figure 12 shows in turn the first subsystem group 31 performing its low temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem group 37 performing the high temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle;
  • Figure 13 shows the first subsystem, group 31, performing the polytropic temperature raising process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the polytropic temperature lowering process of the thermodynamic cycle;
  • Figure 14 shows the ideal thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator
  • FIG. 15 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat transfer process for its respective active regenerator
  • Figure 16 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat regeneration process by its respective active regenerator
  • Figure 17 shows the ideal differential thermodynamic cycle composed of two high temperature isothermal processes, two low temperature isothermal processes two temperature lowering, heat transfer, two temperature increasing polytropic processes, heat regeneration, and the thermodynamic processes of the active regenerator;
  • Figure 18 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant having geothermal energy as its primary source
  • Figure 19 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant having thermosolar energy as its primary source
  • Figure 20 shows an example of differential cycle engine application for a combined system design, forming a combined cycle with an open system internal combustion engine.
  • the differential-cycle motor consisting of two high temperature isothermal processes, two low temperature isothermal processes, two heat transfer polytropic processes, two active or passive regenerative heat regeneration processes is based on a thermodynamic system. hybrid because it has two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform a thermodynamic cycle that interact with each other, and can exchange heat, work and mass as shown in Figure 4.
  • Figure 4 the hybrid system composed of two subsystems is shown. indicated by 21 and 23.
  • FIG. 6 shows again the hybrid thermodynamic system and differential thermodynamic cycle, detailing in this case the processes that when in one of the subsystems, at time (t1) the cycle operates with mass (m1), number of moles. (n1) and temperature (Tq), at the same time, simultaneously, in the other subsystem, the cycle operates with mass (m2), number of mol (n2), temperature (Tf).
  • FIG. 7 shows the engine model based on the hybrid system containing two subsystems indicated by 31 and 37.
  • Each subsystem has its thermomechanical conversion chamber, 33 and 35, a driving force element, 312, an active regenerator, 310 and 314, their drive shafts respectively 38, 39, 311 and 313, 315, 316.
  • a mass transfer element 34 Connecting between the subsystems for mass transfer processes, there is a mass transfer element 34.
  • Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the process responsible for generating the initial operating state of the regenerators 310 and 314.
  • the regenerators are both equalized with the source temperature. hot (Tq).
  • Tq hot
  • Figure 8 while one of the subsystems, 31, performs its high temperature isothermal process, its respective regenerator is mechanically pressurized through transmissions 38, 39 and 31 1, equalizing with the working gas temperature of the subsystem. 31 at (Tq), shown in the graph of figure 14 along the path indicated at 71.
  • Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show how the eight processes, four isothermal and four heat transfer and heat regeneration polytropic processes occur mechanically.
  • subsystem 31 exposes working gas to the hot source at the temperature (Tq) indicated at 317, this subsystem performs the high temperature isothermal process and simultaneously the subsystem indicated by 37 exposes working gas to the cold source. , at the temperature (Tf) indicated at 318, and at this time simultaneously, this subsystem performs the low temperature isothermal process.
  • FIG 11 1 and 13 are shown how subsystems process their respective polytropic processes with or without mass transfer and with regeneration after subsystem 31
  • the gas is exposed to a thermally insulated region, indicated by 32, the gas, initially at the hot temperature (Tq), yields heat to the regenerator 310 which part of the hot state expands the internal gas.
  • Tq hot temperature
  • subsystem 37 simultaneously receives part of the working gas mass of subsystem 31, and the heat regeneration of regenerator 314 occurs simultaneously, bringing cold temperature (Tf) gas to a warmer temperature at which the high temperature isothermal process is initiated by pressurizing the regenerator's internal gas by the mechanical energy in the axes obtained in the expansion process, ending the polytropic regeneration process.
  • subsystem 37 has a larger mass than subsystem 31. But in polytropic processes, the driving force elements also perform compressions and expansions, and there is a sharing in the heat and energy process between the gas as the regenerator and with the elements of driving force simultaneously.
  • the polytropic process in this cycle motor has intermediate characteristics between isochoric and adiabatic processes and can be described by expression (d). [046] At the limit where ⁇ k ⁇ + ⁇ ), the polytropic process gains isochoric characteristics, and at the limit where (k ⁇ ⁇ ), the polytropic process gains isentropic or adiabatic characteristics, so in practical projects the parameter (k ) will be greater than ( ⁇ ), the adiabatic coefficient of expansion, and the slope of the pressure variation curve with volume will be between the isochoric process slope and the adiabatic process slope.
  • the graph in figure 14 clarifies how the active regenerator works, the curve indicated by 71 shows the initial process for conditioning the regenerator operation, the curve indicated by 72 shows the regenerator process in operation with the motor cycle, occurs. alternately and sequentially the heat transfer from the engine gas to the regenerator, from the hot temperature (Tq) to the temperature (Tf) and regeneration when the process occurs in reverse, from the temperature (Tf) to the temperature (Tq). ). These processes always occur during the engine cycle polytropic processes.
  • Curve 71 of Figure 14 is an adiabatic process and its unit energy (Joule) is represented by the following expression:
  • Curve 72 of Figure 14 is also an adiabatic process and its unit energy (Joule) is represented by the following expression:
  • the first term of energy is the internal energy of gas itself. shown by ⁇ W 71 ) and remains indefinitely in the regenerator, the second term is the engine cycle adiabatic energy in the polytropic processes, corresponds to the sum of the energies of the regenerator gas expansion and the motor gas expansion itself, the Parameters (Tq) and (77) are replaced by the parameters of the respective range in which heat transfer to the regenerator and regeneration occur, both are equal.
  • FIG. 15 shows in 73 the processes that form the cycle of one of the subsystems.
  • Process (bc) of the cycle shown at 73 is polytropic and starts at point (b) at hot temperature (Tq) with (n1) mol of gas and proceeds to point (c), transferring part of the gas mass equivalent a (n1 -n2) mol of gas to the other subsystem and transferring its heat (energy) to the regenerator and departs simultaneously to the engine motive power element, reaching point (c) at a colder temperature of onset of the isothermal process (Tf) and with (/? 2) mol of gas.
  • Graph 75 shows the process in which the regenerator removes heat from the subsystem gas by expanding the internal gas from the active regenerator.
  • Fig. 16 shows at 77, simultaneously with the cycle shown in Fig. 15, the processes forming the cycle of the other subsystem comprising the motor concept formed by two interdependent subsystems.
  • the polytropic process (bc) shown in figure 15 in the first subsystem is of lowering the gas temperature, its energy is transferred to the active regenerator and the driving force element, while simultaneously occurs in the second subsystem a polytropic process (4-1) of temperature growth, shown in figure 16, the gas mass equivalent to (n1 - n2) mol of gas of the first subsystem is transferred from point (b) shown in 73 to the second subsystem, indicated in detail 78, Figure 16, which starts this polytropic process with (n2) mol of gas at (4) and arrives at (1) with (n1) mol of gas at the hot temperature (Tq) received from the stored energy of the active regenerator and the engine driving force element whose curve of the regenerator portion of its process is indicated at 76.
  • Tq hot temperature
  • Figure 17 shows the complete eight-process ideal engine differential cycle based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system, where two simultaneous engine processes always take place, exemplified by indications 86 and 88, to form the complete cycle. eight processes and two process cycles in each of the two active regenerators.
  • the sequence (1 -2-3-4-1) shows the processes of one of the subsystems that form the engine cycle
  • the sequence (abcda) shows the processes of the other subsystem
  • 83 shows the processes of the other active regenerator, all interdependent.
  • Process (bc) is a polytropic temperature lowering, which occurs simultaneously with process (4-1), which is also polytropic, but with a temperature increase, in process (bc) heat transfer (energy) from the engine gas to the engine power element and also the engine gas to the regenerator shown in 83, in an adiabatic process indicated by curve 89, simultaneously in process (4-1) heat (energy) regeneration for the incoming engine gas occurs of the motive force element of the motor and the regenerator shown in 81, also in an adiabatic process indicated by curve 84, simultaneously simultaneously during the engine cycle polytropic processes and during the adiabatic processes of the active regenerators, the transfer of mass, leaving mol of gas in the process (bc), to the other
  • Processes (2-3) and (d-a) are identical to processes (b-c) and (4-1).
  • Process (c-d) is low temperature isothermal and occurs simultaneously with process (1-2), high temperature isothermal.
  • the (da) process is polytropic with temperature increase (regeneration), with mass increment and occurs simultaneously with the (2-3) process of temperature reduction (heat transfer to the regenerator), with mass reduction, thus finalizing the process.
  • thermodynamic cycle with eight motor processes, always two simultaneous and the cycles of the two active regenerators, each with two adiabatic processes. The sum of the working gas mass of the two subsystems that make up the engine is always constant.
  • isothermal motor cycle processes (1-2), (ab), (3-4) and (cd) are performed with gas confined to a geometry characterized by a thermal property. wherein the gas has temperature isonomy such that it tends to equalize with hot or cold elements throughout the isothermal process, that is, an isothermal process.
  • This geometry should be characterized by a large contact area and a small depth for the penetration of heat into the gas to produce thermal isonomy throughout the isothermal process.
  • the engine cycle (2-3) and (bc) polytropic processes are performed with the gas in a thermally insulated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the engine driving force element and the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform rapid adiabatic expansion by transferring the energy from the gas to the mechanical elements of the regenerator and the engine, storing the energy in the form of kinetic energy and in the engine cycle polytropic processes (4- 1) and (da) are also performed with gas in a thermally insulated region or in the transition between hot and cold engine areas, and in this process the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform a Rapid compression coupled with the adiabatic engine driving force element, transferring the kinetic energy of its elements back to the engine gas, raising its temperature, completing regeneration.
  • Table 1 shows process by process forming the differential cycle of eight thermal motor processes shown step by step, with four isothermal processes, four polytropic processes, and the thermodynamic cycle with two active regenerator adiabatic processes and transfer steps. pasta.
  • This differential cycle of an engine consisting of two subsystems based on the concept of hybrid system, whose pressure and volume curve is shown in figure 17, has eight processes, two isothermal processes of high temperature input energy, curves (1-2) and (ab) are represented by the expressions (g) and (h), two low temperature isothermal processes for disposing of unused energy, curves (3-4) and (cd) represented by expressions (i) and (j), two polytropic heat transfer processes (2-3) and (bc) by means of an active regenerator, represented by expressions (k) and (I), two polytropic processes of regeneration (4-1) and (da), represented by the expressions (m) and (n). Expressions consider the direction signal of the flow of energies.
  • the total input energy in the motor is the sum of the energies Q (i -2 ) and Q (ab) and is represented by the expression (o) below.
  • Hybrid based differential cycle motors operate on heat, do not require combustion, although they can be used, do not require fuel burning, although they can be used, so they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere.
  • the thermodynamic cycle does not require changing the physical state of the working gas. Due to their properties set out in this description, differential cycle motors can be designed to operate over a wide temperature range, exceeding most motor cycles. based on open or closed systems. Differential cycle motors are fully flexible in terms of their energy source (heat).
  • Figure 18 shows an application for the use of differential cycle motors for power generation from geothermal sources.
  • Figure 18 shows a ground heat transfer system 96 for a manifold 94, formed basically by a pump 97 which injects a fluid, usually water, through the duct 93. The heat in the manifold 94 is transferred to the differential cycle motor 91. , which discards part of the energy to the outside through the heat exchanger 95 and converts another part of the energy into work by operating a generator 92 which produces electricity.
  • FIG 19 shows another useful application for the differential cycle motor for producing heat from the sun's heat.
  • the sun's rays are collected through the concentrator 103, the energy (heat) is transferred to the element 104 which directs the heat to the differential cycle motor 101, which converts part of the energy into useful work to operate an electricity generator. , part of the energy is discharged to the external environment through the exchanger 105.
  • Figure 20 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines by forming combined cycles with them.
  • the heat rejected by exhausts 116 from internal combustion engines, indicated by 11, fuel-fed engines, 11, Brayton cycle, Diesel cycle, Sabathe cycle, Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle, is channeled to the power input ( heat) of the differential cycle engine 11 1 via a heat exchanger 1 13, promoting a heat flux, 1 1 11, from the internal combustion engine, 1 12, towards the differential cycle engine 1 1 1 and this converts part of this energy into useful mechanical force, 1113 which may be integrated with the mechanical force of the internal combustion engine, 1 1 12 generating a single mechanical force, 1 18, or directed to produce electrical energy.
  • Discharge of energy not converted by the differential cycle motor proceeds to the external medium indicated by 1 1 10. This application allows you to recover some of the energy that internal combustion engine cycles cannot use to perform useful work and thus improve overall system efficiency.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un moteur thermique et son cycle thermodynamique à huit processus, et plus particulièrement une machine thermique caractérisée par deux sous-systèmes thermodynamiques interconnectés, qui mettent chacun en oeuvre un cycle thermodynamique à quatre processus, mais qui sont interdépendants, formant un cycle complexe à huit processus, avec fonctionnement par gaz, le circuit de ce système binaire étant fermé en configuration différentielle, sur la base du concept de système thermodynamique hybride, ledit système réalisant un cycle thermodynamique comprenant huit processus de manière à exécuter, à tout moment du cycle, deux processus simultanés et interdépendants, complémentaires, quatre processus étant thermiques de masse variable, cette dernière pouvant être nulle ou partielle.
PCT/BR2018/050108 2017-04-25 2018-04-17 Moteur thermique à cycle différentiel faisant intervenir quatre processus isothermes et quatre processus polytropiques avec régénérateur, et procédé de commande pour le cycle thermodynamique de ce moteur thermique WO2018195620A1 (fr)

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BR102017008548-1A BR102017008548B1 (pt) 2017-04-25 Motor térmico de ciclo diferencial composto por quatro processos isotérmicos, quatro processos politrópicos com regenerador e processo de controle para o ciclo termodinâmico do motor térmico
BRBR102017008548-1 2017-04-25

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Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2342103A1 (de) * 1973-08-21 1975-03-20 Hans Alexander Frhr Von Seld Regenerative waermekraftmaschine
US3928974A (en) * 1974-08-09 1975-12-30 New Process Ind Inc Thermal oscillator
WO1982003252A1 (fr) * 1981-03-23 1982-09-30 Mechanical Tech Inc Moteur stirling pourvu d'un echangeur de chaleur a ecoulement parallele
US4455825A (en) * 1983-03-01 1984-06-26 Pinto Adolf P Maximized thermal efficiency hot gas engine
US4676067A (en) * 1984-03-27 1987-06-30 Pinto Adolf P Maximized thermal efficiency crank driven hot gas engine
EP0411699A1 (fr) * 1989-08-02 1991-02-06 Stirling Thermal Motors Inc. Pompe à chaleur à cycle Stirling pour des systèmes de chauffage et/ou refroidissement
DE4024992A1 (de) * 1990-08-07 1992-02-13 Rabien Stirling Anlagen Verfahren zur umwandlung von waerme in kraft nach dem stirling-prinzip mit innerer verbrennung
DE19715666A1 (de) * 1997-04-15 1998-10-22 Moissis Papadopulos Verfahren zum Umwandeln von Wärme aus der Umgebung in Arbeit, und Heißgasmotor zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
US20050268607A1 (en) * 2002-09-02 2005-12-08 Jurgen Kleinwachter Thermohydrodynamic power amplifier
FR2963644A1 (fr) * 2010-08-06 2012-02-10 Jean Francois Chiandetti Moteur a cycle triangulaire ou trapezoidal ou a cycle combine 2 en 1 ou 3 en 1, mecanisme thermique optimal pour la conversion d'un flux thermique en une source thermique de meme temperature constante

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2342103A1 (de) * 1973-08-21 1975-03-20 Hans Alexander Frhr Von Seld Regenerative waermekraftmaschine
US3928974A (en) * 1974-08-09 1975-12-30 New Process Ind Inc Thermal oscillator
WO1982003252A1 (fr) * 1981-03-23 1982-09-30 Mechanical Tech Inc Moteur stirling pourvu d'un echangeur de chaleur a ecoulement parallele
US4455825A (en) * 1983-03-01 1984-06-26 Pinto Adolf P Maximized thermal efficiency hot gas engine
US4676067A (en) * 1984-03-27 1987-06-30 Pinto Adolf P Maximized thermal efficiency crank driven hot gas engine
EP0411699A1 (fr) * 1989-08-02 1991-02-06 Stirling Thermal Motors Inc. Pompe à chaleur à cycle Stirling pour des systèmes de chauffage et/ou refroidissement
DE4024992A1 (de) * 1990-08-07 1992-02-13 Rabien Stirling Anlagen Verfahren zur umwandlung von waerme in kraft nach dem stirling-prinzip mit innerer verbrennung
DE19715666A1 (de) * 1997-04-15 1998-10-22 Moissis Papadopulos Verfahren zum Umwandeln von Wärme aus der Umgebung in Arbeit, und Heißgasmotor zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
US20050268607A1 (en) * 2002-09-02 2005-12-08 Jurgen Kleinwachter Thermohydrodynamic power amplifier
FR2963644A1 (fr) * 2010-08-06 2012-02-10 Jean Francois Chiandetti Moteur a cycle triangulaire ou trapezoidal ou a cycle combine 2 en 1 ou 3 en 1, mecanisme thermique optimal pour la conversion d'un flux thermique en une source thermique de meme temperature constante

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BR102017008548A8 (pt) 2022-12-13

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