WO2018195620A1

WO2018195620A1 - Differential-cycle heat engine with four isothermal processes and four polytropic processes with regenerator and method for controlling the thermodynamic cycle of the heat engine

Info

Publication number: WO2018195620A1
Application number: PCT/BR2018/050108
Authority: WO
Inventors: Marno Iockheck; Saulo Finco; LUIS Mauro MOURA
Original assignee: Associação Paranaense De Cultura - Apc
Priority date: 2017-04-25
Filing date: 2018-04-17
Publication date: 2018-11-01
Also published as: BR102017008548A2; BR102017008548A8

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat engine and the eight-process thermodynamic cycle thereof, and more specifically to a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each implementing a four-process thermodynamic cycle interdependently with one another, forming a complex eight-process cycle, operating with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system being closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, this system implementing a thermodynamic cycle comprising eight processes so that, at any moment of the cycle, same is implementing two simultaneous, complementary and interdependent processes, these being four variable-mass thermal processes, which may be zero or partial.

Description

"DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTHROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THERMAL THERMAL CYCLE"

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a thermal motor and its eight process thermodynamic cycle, more specifically, it is a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each operating a four process but interdependent thermodynamic cycle. forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system is closed in differential configuration, based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system, this system performs a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it performs at any time during the cycle, two complementary and simultaneous interdependent processes, four of which are "isothermal" and four "polytropic" processes with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the nineteenth century in the early days of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all motor cycles known to date.

The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the engine development.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which energy and matter can enter and leave this system. Examples of an open thermodynamic system are the Otkins cycle Atkinson cycle internal combustion engines, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle diesel cycle, Brayton diesel cycle internal combustion engine, Rankine exhaust cycle from steam to the environment. The materials that come into these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The materials that come out of these systems are the combustion or working fluid exhaust, gases, waste, the energies that come out of these systems are the mechanical working energy and part of the heat dissipated.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system. Examples of closed thermodynamic systems are external combustion engines such as Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energies that come out of this system is the working mechanical energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter comes out of these systems, as they do in the open system.

Both systems, open and closed, as input they have in time (XI) temperature (Tq), mass (ml) and number of mol (n1) and output, at time (t2), both have the temperature (Tf), the mass (m1) and the number of mol (n1), the mass is constant, the difference between them is that in the open system the mass (m1) goes through the system and in the closed system the mass (m1) remains in the system as shown in figure 1. THE CURRENT STATE OF TECHNIQUE

Motors known to date are based on open thermodynamic systems or closed thermodynamic systems, they have their thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and a single process occurs at a time until the cycle is completed, as can be seen in the pressure / volume graph in figure 2. So are the Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Rankine, Stirling, Ericsson cycle engines and Carnot's ideal theoretical cycle, and the Brayton cycle also belongs to either open or closed systems. but unlike the others, its four processes all occur simultaneously.

[008] The internal working gas energy of motors based on open and closed systems is not constant during their cycle, the equation representing internal energy is given in equation (a)

[009] In the equation

represents the internal energy in "Joule", (n) represents the number of mol, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (7) represents the gas temperature in "Kelvin" and (y) represents the coefficient of expansion. adiabatic.

[010] Since only one process occurs at a time on most motors designed with the open or closed system concept, the internal energy varies over time, since the product: number of mol (n) by temperature (7) , (nT) is not constant during the cycle, as temperature (7) is a process variable and the number of mol (n) is a process constant.

[01 1] The current state of the art that characterizes all engines is further characterized by the property where the process output, the work, is a direct consequence of the input of energy, heat or combustion, ie when more work is needed, more heat is injected or more combustion is promoted, all processes that form the engine cycle are equally influenced, in other words the motors are controlled by direct power. For example, in internal combustion engines, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, to get more power, more fuel, more oxygen is injected and thus more work is done, more rotation. For greater power with constant speed, gearboxes or speed transformation are usually used. By analogy, such technologies can be compared in electricity to direct current motors, which, to increase horsepower, increase the motor supply voltage.

[012] The current state of the art comprises a series of internal combustion and external combustion engines, most of these engines require a second auxiliary engine to get them into operation. Internal combustion engines require compression, mixing fuel with oxygen, and a spark or pressure combustion, so a normally electric auxiliary starter motor is used. External combustion engines such as the Stirling or Ericsson cycle in turn also require high power auxiliary engines, as they must overcome the resting state under pressure to start operating. One exception is the Rankine cycle engine, which can start via the camshaft to provide the steam pressure to the motive power elements.

[013] The current state of the art comprises a number of engines, most of them dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example, internal combustion engines, each requiring its own specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, fuel flexibility is quite limited. In this category, of motors based on open and closed systems, the most flexible motor is Rankine cycle, external combustion or Stirling, also external combustion, these are more flexible in source, but have other important shortcomings.

[014] The current state of the art comprises a series of cycle engines, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and therefore the need for oxygen.

[015] The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require high operating temperatures, especially those of internal combustion, usually operating with working gas at temperatures above 1000 ° C. External combustion engines or engines operating from external heat sources, such as Rankine and Stirling cycle, are typically designed to operate at working gas temperatures between 400 ° C and 800 ° C. In addition to motors based on open and closed systems often requiring high temperatures to operate, they all have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b).

[016] In the equation

the yield,

the cold source temperature and the hot source temperature, both in "Kelvin".

[017] The current state of the art, based on open and closed systems, comprises basically six motor cycles and some versions thereof: Atkinson cycle Otto cycle, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, similar to Diesel, Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle, ideal theoretical reference for open and closed engine based engines. The latest news of the current state of the art has been presented through innovations by joining more than one old cycle forming combined cycles, ie: new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycle machine operating on fossil fuels, gas or oil and a heat-dependent Rankine cycle machine rejected by the Brayton cycle. Or the same philosophy, joining a Diesel cycle engine with a Rankine cycle engine or even an Otto cycle engine, too, joining it with a Rankine cycle engine.

[018] The current state of the art has a number of limitations and also offers a number of problems. Most engines, such as Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe and Brayton internal combustion engines, require specific fuels for each concept, for example: gasoline, diesel, gas, kerosene, and high calorific power, need to work. under high temperatures and consequently, for many years has been relying on fossil fuels, bringing severe damage to the climate and the environment, that is, they are characterized by non-sustainability. The thermodynamic system under which these motors are designed brings as a limitation of efficiency the Carnot theorem which, due to its principle, imposes the limit of efficiency as a right and exclusive function of temperatures, according to equation (b).

[019] Most engines today require refined fuels and pollutants that have a detrimental effect on the climate and the environment and thus compromise sustainability. One of the latest technologies developed to minimize impact was the joining of two old engine concepts, the Brayton cycle engine and the Rankine cycle engine, forming a system composed of two combined cycles, such that the heat waste The first machine is used by the second machine to improve the efficiency of the set, but the use of fossil fuels and their effects remain. The combined cycle continues to be characterized by an engine under an open system concept and an engine under a closed system concept, independent, that is, it is classified as combined system, two completely independent cycles, is not characterized as hybrid system.

[020] The other engines, Stirling and Ericsson cycle, are engines under the closed system concept, are of external combustion or external heat source. Because of their properties, although they have the simplest motor concepts, they are difficult to build. They require married design parameters, that is, they work well, with good efficiency, only in their specific operating regime, temperature, pressure, load, outside the central point of operation their efficiencies drop sharply, or do not operate. Therefore they are machines very little used for industrial or popular use.

[021] Carnot's ideal motor, figure 3, while considered the ideal motor, most perfect to date, it is in theory and within open and closed system concepts considering all ideal parameters, for example. This is the reference to date for all existing engine concepts. Carnot engine is not found in practical use because real materials do not possess the properties required to make Carnot engine a reality, the physical dimensions for the Carnot cycle to be performed as in theory would be unviable in a practical case. therefore it is an ideal Engine in open system and closed system concepts, but in the theoretical concept.

[022] Power, rotation and torque control of existing Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton cycle engines, these internal combustion engines, are derived directly from the fuel and oxygen supply and as a result offer increased engine speed and torque. simultaneously. For separation between torque and rotation, they require gearboxes. These machines do not allow controllability, or at the very least, offer difficulties in controllability through their thermodynamic cycles.

[023] Power, rotation and torque control of existing cycle motors Rankine, this from external combustion, is due to the flow and pressure of the steam or working gas, and as a result offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation.

[024] The power, speed and torque control of existing Stirling and Ericsson cycle engines, these from external combustion, are due to working gas mass or pressure, temperatures, construction geometry, and as a result offer interdependent variations. of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation. These machines have very narrow operating curves offering low controllability and a narrow operating range. In these cases, designs that do not work are common because the parameters in their interdependencies may not offer the conditions that make the engine run.

[025] The current state of the art has recently revealed some references that already meet similar concepts of the hybrid system, are motors that have characteristics of having two interdependent thermodynamic cycles constituting a complex cycle formed by eight processes, always with two processes operating simultaneously. in a system consisting of two integrated subsystems. The patent "PI 1000624-9" registered in Brazil defined as "Thermomechanical Energy Converter" consists of two subsystems operating through a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes and four isochoric processes without regeneration. United States Patent "PCTVBR2013 / 000222" defined as "Carnot Thermodynamic Cycle and Control Process Thermal Machine" which consists of two subsystems and operates in each subsystem, a thermodynamic cycle formed by two isothermal processes of two adiabatic processes. "PCT / BR2014 / 000381" United States Patent of America defined as "Differential Thermal Machine with Eight Thermodynamic Transformation Cycle and Control Process" which consists of two subsystems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes. These references differ from the present invention as to the thermodynamic processes that form their cycles, each cycle gives the engine its own characteristics. The concept of hybrid thermodynamic system provides the basis for the development of a new family of thermal engines, each engine will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that constitute their respective thermodynamic cycles, such as the Otto engine and the Diesel engine. engines based on the open thermodynamic internal combustion system, however, constitute distinct engines and what distinguishes them are details of their thermodynamic cycles, the Otto engine cycle is basically constituted by an adiabatic compression process, an isocoric combustion process, a process adiabatic expansion and an isochoric exhaust and the diesel engine cycle consists of an adiabatic compression process, an isobaric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an isocoric exhaust process, so they differ in only one of the processes that form their cycles, enough to give each one, specific and different properties and uses. Similarly, the concept of hybrid system provides the basis for a new family of thermal motors consisting of two subsystems and these will operate with so-called differential cycles formed by processes where two simultaneous processes will always occur, each having its own particularities which will characterize each one. one of the motor cycles.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

[026] The major problems of the state of the art are, therefore, the difficulty of current technologies to meet sustainable projects, due to the dependence on fossil fuels, pollutants, with serious impacts on environment and climate, low efficiency, limited exclusively to temperatures, demonstrated by Carnot's theorem, low level of controllability due to limitations in the variability of model parameters based on open and closed thermodynamic systems, lack of flexibility regarding energy sources, many require refined and specific fuels, high reliance on air (oxygen) for combustion, and many rely on a second engine to drive them into operation (a starter).

[027] The aim of the invention is to eliminate some of the existing problems and minimize other problems, but the major objective is to develop new motor cycles based on a new thermodynamic system concept so that the efficiency of the motors is no longer dependent. temperatures only and whose energy sources can be diversified and which allow the design of engines for environments even without air (oxygen). The concept of the hybrid system, the very characteristic that underlies this invention, eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and its potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials. where the mass of the gas is constant and for this reason they cancel out in the equations, in hybrid systems the mass is not necessarily constant, so they do not cancel out and their efficiencies depend on the potentials from which the driving force originates, ie the pressures. The concept of hybrid system provides dependent potentials, proportional to the product of the working gas mass by temperature, as in the hybrid system, unlike open and closed systems, mass is variable, its efficiency becomes a non-exclusive function of temperature. but mass dependent and for a differential cycle motor composed of four isothermal processes, four regenerative polytropic processes, the efficiency is demonstrated as presented in equation (c) and figure 4.

[028] In equation (c), {q) is the yield, {Tq) is the temperature of the isothermal heating process, (77) is the temperature of the isothermal cooling process, all temperatures in "Kelvin", (n1 ) is the number of moles of subsystem 1, indicated by region 21 in Figure 4, (n2) is the number of moles of subsystem 2, indicated by region 23 of Figure 4.

[029] The high temperature dependence of most state-of-the-art engines also leads to dependence on high calorific fuels, making it difficult to use clean sources which typically offer lower temperatures. The concept of differential cycle under the hybrid system , and working fluid whose processes do not require physical phase change, eliminates this requirement of high temperature dependence. The differential concept where the cycle always operates two processes at a time, (26 and 27) of figure 5, simultaneously and interdependent, enables machines that can operate at low temperatures and as a consequence, clean renewable sources, such as thermosolar, geothermal, become fully viable and their efficiencies have the mass, or number of moles, as shown in equation (c), as a parameter for better efficiencies even with relatively low temperature differentials.

[030] The major known thermodynamic cycles, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine and the Carnot cycle perform one process at a time sequentially, as shown in Figure 2, referenced to the mechanical cycle of the driving force elements. its control is a direct function of the power supply, in turn, the hybrid system differential cycles perform two processes at a time, figure 5, enabling the control of the thermodynamic cycle separated from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and In this way the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle and not the other way around. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Differential oxide motors are characterized by having two subsystems, forming a hybrid system, represented by (21 and 23) of figure 4, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute two simultaneous and interdependent processes. . Otherwise, considering a hybrid system with properties of both open and closed systems simultaneously, it is said that the system performs a compound thermodynamic cycle, Figure 5, that is, always executes two simultaneous processes (26 and 27) of the figure. 5, interdependent, including with mass transfer. Therefore they are completely different motors and cycles from motors and cycles based on open or closed systems. Figure 6 shows the relationship between the hybrid system and the differential thermodynamic cycle.

[032] The concept of hybrid thermodynamic system is new, it is formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is exchange of matter and energy and both provide out of bounds, energy in the form of work and heat dissipated part of the energy . This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of thermal motors.

[033] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical either for use in power generation or other use as mechanical force for movement and traction. Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: the total flexibility as to the energy source (heat), the independence of the atmosphere, does not need atmosphere for a differential cycle motor to operate, the flexibility regarding the temperatures, the motor of Differential cycle can be designed to operate over a very wide temperature range, well above most motors based on open and closed systems, even a differential cycle motor can be designed to operate with For both temperatures below freezing, it is sufficient that design conditions promote expansion and contraction of the working gas, and that the materials chosen for its construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at design temperatures. Other important advantages that distinguish the differential-cycle engine based on the hybrid system is its controllability due to the ease of modulation of thermodynamic processes and designs of engines that do not require the use of starters, or at least these would be small. , due to the ease of generating a torque through the force differential provided by the system formed by two conversion sub-chambers, that is, two subsystems. Therefore, the advantages found include the flexibility of the sources, promoting the use of clean and renewable sources as the operational advantages, and can theoretically operate in any temperature range and its rotation and torque control property.

[034] The differential system engine based on the hybrid system concept may be constructed of materials and techniques similar to conventional engines and Stirling cycle engines, as it is a closed-loop gas engine considering the complete system, that is, the complete system is formed by two integrated thermodynamic subsystems, 31 and 37, forming a hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem is formed by a chamber, 33 and 35, containing working gas and each of these are formed by three sub-chambers. , one heated, 33 with 317 and 35 with 42, one cold, 33 with 41 and 35 with 318, and one isolated, 33 with 32 and 35 with 36, or in some cases, nonexistent, connected to these two chambers there is a driving force element 312, each subsystem has a regenerator, 310 and 314, either active or passive, between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, 34, so the subsystems are open to each other between and the complete system and external environment is considered closed, these two subsystems simultaneously execute each one of them is a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a unique 82 differential thermodynamic cycle of eight processes, four of which is isothermal, (ab), (1-2), (cd) and (3-4), four polytropic, (bc), (2-3), (da) and (4- 1), with variable mass transfer. This closed-circuit concept of working gas with respect to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases leaks may be permitted provided they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted and are similar in this respect to Stirling cycle engine design technologies. The working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be various, each will provide specific characteristics, as the gases may be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.

[035] Conversion chambers, items that characterize the hybrid system, may be constructed of various materials, depending on design temperatures, working gas used, pressures involved, environment and operating conditions. These chambers each have three sub-chambers and these should be designed keeping in mind the requirement of thermal insulation to minimize the flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for the overall efficiency of the system. These chambers have internal elements that move the working gas between the hot, cold, and insulated sub chambers where they exist, these elements can be of various geometric shapes, depending on the requirement and design parameters, could for example be in shape. discs in cylindrical or other form allowing the working gas to be controlled in a controlled manner between the sub chambers.

[036] The mass transfer element 34 interconnects the two chambers 33 and 35, this element is responsible for the transfer of part of the working gas mass between the chambers that occurs at a specific time during the polytropic processes. This element may be designed in Depending on the requirements of the project, it may be operated by the simple pressure difference, ie valve-shaped, or may operate in a forced manner, for example in turbine, piston or other geometrical form allowing it to operate. perform mass transfer of part of the working gas.

[037] The active regenerators 310 and 314 operate with a specific working gas and this gas stores the energy of the engine gas during polytropic temperature lowering processes through internal expansion and regenerates, ie returns this energy to engine gas during polytropic processes of temperature rise through compression. This regenerator is called an active regenerator because it performs its regeneration process dynamically through moving mechanical elements and its own working gas, unlike known passive regenerators, which operate by thermal exchange between the gas and a static element, operant by conducting heat between the gas your body. In the event that the use of a passive regenerator is considered in the project, it usually operates by conducting heat exchange between the working gas and the elements forming the regenerator. Passive regenerators do not use gas and moving elements.

[038] The driving force element, 312, is responsible for performing mechanical work and making it available for use. This driving force element operates by the working gas forces of the engine, this element may be designed in various ways, depending on the design requirements, may for example be turbine shaped, cylinder piston shaped, connecting rods, crankshafts, in the form of a diaphragm or otherwise permitting work to be performed from gas forces during thermodynamic conversions.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[039] The attached figures demonstrate the main features and properties of the old concepts of thermal machines and the proposed innovations based on the hybrid system, in which they are represented:

Figure 1 represents the concept of open thermodynamic system and the concept of closed thermodynamic system;

Figure 2 represents the characteristic of all thermodynamic cycles based on open and closed systems;

Figure 3 shows the original idea of Carnot's thermal machine, conceptualized in 1824 by Nicolas Sadi Carnot;

Figure 4 represents the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system;

Figure 5 represents the characteristic of differential thermodynamic cycles based on the hybrid system;

Figure 6 shows the hybrid thermodynamic system and a differential thermodynamic cycle and the detail of the two simultaneously occurring thermodynamic processes;

Figure 7 shows the mechanical model consisting of the two thermodynamic subsystems that form a thermal motor under the concept of hybrid system and its active regenerator;

Figure 8 shows the motor indicating the phase at which one of the regenerators, element 310, equalizes its temperature to the hot source temperature;

Figure 9 shows the motor indicating the phase at which the second regenerator, element 314, equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source;

Figure 10 shows one of the subsystems, group 31, performing the process high temperature isothermal of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the low temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 11 shows one of the subsystems, group 31, performing the polytropic temperature-lowering process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the polytropic temperature-raising process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 12 shows in turn the first subsystem group 31 performing its low temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem group 37 performing the high temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 13 shows the first subsystem, group 31, performing the polytropic temperature raising process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the polytropic temperature lowering process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 14 shows the ideal thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator;

Figure 15 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat transfer process for its respective active regenerator;

Figure 16 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat regeneration process by its respective active regenerator;

Figure 17 shows the ideal differential thermodynamic cycle composed of two high temperature isothermal processes, two low temperature isothermal processes two temperature lowering, heat transfer, two temperature increasing polytropic processes, heat regeneration, and the thermodynamic processes of the active regenerator;

Figure 18 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant having geothermal energy as its primary source;

Figure 19 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant having thermosolar energy as its primary source;

Figure 20 shows an example of differential cycle engine application for a combined system design, forming a combined cycle with an open system internal combustion engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[040] The differential-cycle motor consisting of two high temperature isothermal processes, two low temperature isothermal processes, two heat transfer polytropic processes, two active or passive regenerative heat regeneration processes is based on a thermodynamic system. hybrid because it has two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform a thermodynamic cycle that interact with each other, and can exchange heat, work and mass as shown in Figure 4. In 22, Figure 4, the hybrid system composed of two subsystems is shown. indicated by 21 and 23.

[041] Figure 6 shows again the hybrid thermodynamic system and differential thermodynamic cycle, detailing in this case the processes that when in one of the subsystems, at time (t1) the cycle operates with mass (m1), number of moles. (n1) and temperature (Tq), at the same time, simultaneously, in the other subsystem, the cycle operates with mass (m2), number of mol (n2), temperature (Tf). In a machine based on a hybrid system composed of two subsystems, the sum of the working gas mass is always constant (m1 + m2 = cte), but not necessarily constant in their respective subsystems. pasta.

[042] Figure 7 shows the engine model based on the hybrid system containing two subsystems indicated by 31 and 37. Each subsystem has its thermomechanical conversion chamber, 33 and 35, a driving force element, 312, an active regenerator, 310 and 314, their drive shafts respectively 38, 39, 311 and 313, 315, 316. Connecting between the subsystems for mass transfer processes, there is a mass transfer element 34.

[043] Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the process responsible for generating the initial operating state of the regenerators 310 and 314. In the initial operating state, the regenerators are both equalized with the source temperature. hot (Tq). In Figure 8, while one of the subsystems, 31, performs its high temperature isothermal process, its respective regenerator is mechanically pressurized through transmissions 38, 39 and 31 1, equalizing with the working gas temperature of the subsystem. 31 at (Tq), shown in the graph of figure 14 along the path indicated at 71. In figure 9, while the second subsystem, 37, performs its high temperature isothermal process, its respective regenerator is mechanically pressurized through the transmissions, 316 315 and 313, equalizing with the working gas temperature of subsystem 37 at (Tq), also shown in the graph of figure 14 along the path indicated at 71.

[1044] Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show how the eight processes, four isothermal and four heat transfer and heat regeneration polytropic processes occur mechanically. In Figure 10, subsystem 31 exposes working gas to the hot source at the temperature (Tq) indicated at 317, this subsystem performs the high temperature isothermal process and simultaneously the subsystem indicated by 37 exposes working gas to the cold source. , at the temperature (Tf) indicated at 318, and at this time simultaneously, this subsystem performs the low temperature isothermal process. These processes alternate between subsystems as shown in figure 12. After completion of isothermal processes, in figure 11 1 and 13 are shown how subsystems process their respective polytropic processes with or without mass transfer and with regeneration after subsystem 31 At the end of its high temperature isothermal process, the gas is exposed to a thermally insulated region, indicated by 32, the gas, initially at the hot temperature (Tq), yields heat to the regenerator 310 which part of the hot state expands the internal gas. until it withdraws heat from the working gas and its own, until it reaches a cold temperature (Tf) by expanding the gas, transferring the energy to its axis as mechanical kinetic energy, simultaneously part of the working gas of subsystem 31, at higher pressure is transferred to subsystem 37 at lower pressure via the mass transfer element indicated at 34, thus completing the pr In the case of the subsystem 31 temperature-lowering process, subsystem 37 simultaneously receives part of the working gas mass of subsystem 31, and the heat regeneration of regenerator 314 occurs simultaneously, bringing cold temperature (Tf) gas to a warmer temperature at which the high temperature isothermal process is initiated by pressurizing the regenerator's internal gas by the mechanical energy in the axes obtained in the expansion process, ending the polytropic regeneration process. And subsystem 37 has a larger mass than subsystem 31. But in polytropic processes, the driving force elements also perform compressions and expansions, and there is a sharing in the heat and energy process between the gas as the regenerator and with the elements of driving force simultaneously.

[045] The polytropic process in this cycle motor has intermediate characteristics between isochoric and adiabatic processes and can be described by expression (d).

[046] At the limit where {k → + ∞), the polytropic process gains isochoric characteristics, and at the limit where (k → γ), the polytropic process gains isentropic or adiabatic characteristics, so in practical projects the parameter (k ) will be greater than (γ), the adiabatic coefficient of expansion, and the slope of the pressure variation curve with volume will be between the isochoric process slope and the adiabatic process slope.

[047] The graph in figure 14 clarifies how the active regenerator works, the curve indicated by 71 shows the initial process for conditioning the regenerator operation, the curve indicated by 72 shows the regenerator process in operation with the motor cycle, occurs. alternately and sequentially the heat transfer from the engine gas to the regenerator, from the hot temperature (Tq) to the temperature (Tf) and regeneration when the process occurs in reverse, from the temperature (Tf) to the temperature (Tq). ). These processes always occur during the engine cycle polytropic processes.

[048] Curve 71 of Figure 14 is an adiabatic process and its unit energy (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[049] This energy

It is the internal energy of the regenerator's own gas that remains internally for as long as the engine will be running.

[048] Curve 72 of Figure 14 is also an adiabatic process and its unit energy (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[050] The first term of energy is the internal energy of gas itself.

shown by {W ₇₁ ) and remains indefinitely in the regenerator, the second term is the engine cycle adiabatic energy in the polytropic processes, corresponds to the sum of the energies of the regenerator gas expansion and the motor gas expansion itself, the Parameters (Tq) and (77) are replaced by the parameters of the respective range in which heat transfer to the regenerator and regeneration occur, both are equal.

[051] The thermodynamic process of curve 72 of Figure 14 takes place under the conditions shown in the mechanical drawings of Figures 11 and 13.

[052] Figure 15 shows in 73 the processes that form the cycle of one of the subsystems. Process (bc) of the cycle shown at 73 is polytropic and starts at point (b) at hot temperature (Tq) with (n1) mol of gas and proceeds to point (c), transferring part of the gas mass equivalent a (n1 -n2) mol of gas to the other subsystem and transferring its heat (energy) to the regenerator and departs simultaneously to the engine motive power element, reaching point (c) at a colder temperature of onset of the isothermal process (Tf) and with (/? 2) mol of gas. Graph 75 shows the process in which the regenerator removes heat from the subsystem gas by expanding the internal gas from the active regenerator.

[16] Fig. 16 shows at 77, simultaneously with the cycle shown in Fig. 15, the processes forming the cycle of the other subsystem comprising the motor concept formed by two interdependent subsystems. The polytropic process (bc) shown in figure 15 in the first subsystem is of lowering the gas temperature, its energy is transferred to the active regenerator and the driving force element, while simultaneously occurs in the second subsystem a polytropic process (4-1) of temperature growth, shown in figure 16, the gas mass equivalent to (n1 - n2) mol of gas of the first subsystem is transferred from point (b) shown in 73 to the second subsystem, indicated in detail 78, Figure 16, which starts this polytropic process with (n2) mol of gas at (4) and arrives at (1) with (n1) mol of gas at the hot temperature (Tq) received from the stored energy of the active regenerator and the engine driving force element whose curve of the regenerator portion of its process is indicated at 76.

[054] Figure 17 shows the complete eight-process ideal engine differential cycle based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system, where two simultaneous engine processes always take place, exemplified by indications 86 and 88, to form the complete cycle. eight processes and two process cycles in each of the two active regenerators. At 82, the sequence (1 -2-3-4-1) shows the processes of one of the subsystems that form the engine cycle, the sequence (abcda) shows the processes of the other subsystem, at 81 the processes of a of the active regenerators, 83 shows the processes of the other active regenerator, all interdependent.

[055] In Figure 17, at 82. The curve indicated by 87 shows the processes (abcda) of one of the subsystems, process (ab) is isothermal high temperature where energy enters the system, occurs simultaneously with the low temperature isothermal process (3-4) whereby the unused energy is disposed of from the curve indicated by 85 from the other subsystem. Process (bc) is a polytropic temperature lowering, which occurs simultaneously with process (4-1), which is also polytropic, but with a temperature increase, in process (bc) heat transfer (energy) from the engine gas to the engine power element and also the engine gas to the regenerator shown in 83, in an adiabatic process indicated by curve 89, simultaneously in process (4-1) heat (energy) regeneration for the incoming engine gas occurs of the motive force element of the motor and the regenerator shown in 81, also in an adiabatic process indicated by curve 84, simultaneously simultaneously during the engine cycle polytropic processes and during the adiabatic processes of the active regenerators, the transfer of mass, leaving mol of gas in the process (bc), to the other

subsystem during the polytropic process (4-1), shown in detail 78 on the curve of graph 77 in figure 16. Processes (2-3) and (d-a) are identical to processes (b-c) and (4-1). Process (c-d) is low temperature isothermal and occurs simultaneously with process (1-2), high temperature isothermal. The (da) process is polytropic with temperature increase (regeneration), with mass increment and occurs simultaneously with the (2-3) process of temperature reduction (heat transfer to the regenerator), with mass reduction, thus finalizing the process. thermodynamic cycle with eight motor processes, always two simultaneous and the cycles of the two active regenerators, each with two adiabatic processes. The sum of the working gas mass of the two subsystems that make up the engine is always constant.

[056] In engine conversion chambers, isothermal motor cycle processes (1-2), (ab), (3-4) and (cd) are performed with gas confined to a geometry characterized by a thermal property. wherein the gas has temperature isonomy such that it tends to equalize with hot or cold elements throughout the isothermal process, that is, an isothermal process. This geometry should be characterized by a large contact area and a small depth for the penetration of heat into the gas to produce thermal isonomy throughout the isothermal process. The engine cycle (2-3) and (bc) polytropic processes are performed with the gas in a thermally insulated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the engine driving force element and the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform rapid adiabatic expansion by transferring the energy from the gas to the mechanical elements of the regenerator and the engine, storing the energy in the form of kinetic energy and in the engine cycle polytropic processes (4- 1) and (da) are also performed with gas in a thermally insulated region or in the transition between hot and cold engine areas, and in this process the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform a Rapid compression coupled with the adiabatic engine driving force element, transferring the kinetic energy of its elements back to the engine gas, raising its temperature, completing regeneration.

[057] Table 1 shows process by process forming the differential cycle of eight thermal motor processes shown step by step, with four isothermal processes, four polytropic processes, and the thermodynamic cycle with two active regenerator adiabatic processes and transfer steps. pasta.

Table 1

[

058] This differential cycle of an engine consisting of two subsystems based on the concept of hybrid system, whose pressure and volume curve is shown in figure 17, has eight processes, two isothermal processes of high temperature input energy, curves (1-2) and (ab) are represented by the expressions (g) and (h), two low temperature isothermal processes for disposing of unused energy, curves (3-4) and (cd) represented by expressions (i) and (j), two polytropic heat transfer processes (2-3) and (bc) by means of an active regenerator, represented by expressions (k) and (I), two polytropic processes of regeneration (4-1) and (da), represented by the expressions (m) and (n). Expressions consider the direction signal of the flow of energies.

[059] The total input energy in the motor is the sum of the energies Q (i _-2 ) and Q (ab) and is represented by the expression (o) below. ^

[060] Total energy discarded to the outside is the sum of the energies in their positive form, is represented by the expression

(p) below.

[061] The total useful motor work, considering an ideal lossless model, is the difference between the input and output of the energy and is represented by the expression (q) below.

[062] The polytropic processes, shown by the expressions (k), (I), (m) and (n) are equal and regenerative, energy is transferred in the temperature lowering process and regenerated in the temperature raising processes, ie that is, energy is conserved in the subsystems.

[063] The theoretical final demonstration of the differential cycle efficiency of eight processes, four isothermal processes, four mass transfer and active regenerator polytropic processes is given by the expression (r), characterizing that the differential cycles based on the hybrid thermodynamic system have as efficiency parameter, also the number of moles or mass in the processes and therefore these cycles do not have their efficiencies solely dependent on temperatures.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

[064] Hybrid based differential cycle motors operate on heat, do not require combustion, although they can be used, do not require fuel burning, although they can be used, so they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere. The thermodynamic cycle does not require changing the physical state of the working gas. Due to their properties set out in this description, differential cycle motors can be designed to operate over a wide temperature range, exceeding most motor cycles. based on open or closed systems. Differential cycle motors are fully flexible in terms of their energy source (heat). Figure 18 shows an application for the use of differential cycle motors for power generation from geothermal sources. Figure 18 shows a ground heat transfer system 96 for a manifold 94, formed basically by a pump 97 which injects a fluid, usually water, through the duct 93. The heat in the manifold 94 is transferred to the differential cycle motor 91. , which discards part of the energy to the outside through the heat exchanger 95 and converts another part of the energy into work by operating a generator 92 which produces electricity.

[065] Figure 19 shows another useful application for the differential cycle motor for producing heat from the sun's heat. The sun's rays are collected through the concentrator 103, the energy (heat) is transferred to the element 104 which directs the heat to the differential cycle motor 101, which converts part of the energy into useful work to operate an electricity generator. , part of the energy is discharged to the external environment through the exchanger 105.

[066] Figure 20 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines by forming combined cycles with them. The heat rejected by exhausts 116 from internal combustion engines, indicated by 11, fuel-fed engines, 11, Brayton cycle, Diesel cycle, Sabathe cycle, Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle, is channeled to the power input ( heat) of the differential cycle engine 11 1 via a heat exchanger 1 13, promoting a heat flux, 1 1 11, from the internal combustion engine, 1 12, towards the differential cycle engine 1 1 1 and this converts part of this energy into useful mechanical force, 1113 which may be integrated with the mechanical force of the internal combustion engine, 1 1 12 generating a single mechanical force, 1 18, or directed to produce electrical energy. Discharge of energy not converted by the differential cycle motor proceeds to the external medium indicated by 1 1 10. This application allows you to recover some of the energy that internal combustion engine cycles cannot use to perform useful work and thus improve overall system efficiency.

Claims

1) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES", characterized in that it consists of two thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), consisting of a hybrid thermodynamic system, one subsystem consisting of one chamber (33) and (35) containing working gas and each of these two chambers are formed by three sub-chambers, one isothermal heated, (33) with (317) and (35) with (42), an isothermal cold, (33) with (41) and (35) with (318), and one isolated, (33) with (32) and (35) with (36), connected to these two chambers is a driving force element, (312 ), each subsystem has an active or passive regenerator, (310) and (314), between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34) these two subsystems simultaneously execute each other, a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a single differential thermodynamic cycle (82) of eight processes, four of which isothermal, (ab), (1-2), (cd) and (3-4), four polytropic, (bc), (2-3), (da) and (4-1), with transfer of variable mass.

2) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMIC PROCESSES, FOUR REGENERATOR POLYROPIC PROCESSES" according to claim 1, comprising two chambers, (33) and (35), each chamber is divided into three sub-chambers, an isothermal heated sub-chamber, (33) with (317) and (35) with (42), an isothermal cooled sub-chamber, (33) with (41) and (35) with (318), and a thermally isolated sub-chamber, (33) with (32) and (35) with (36), each chamber forming a subsystem, (31) and (37), and the junction of these two subsystems forming a hybrid thermodynamic system.

3) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE HEAT MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in for having a driving force element, (312), connected to the two thermodynamic conversion chambers, (33) and (35).

4) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claim 1, characterized by having an active or passive regenerator, (310) and (314), in each of the chambers. .

5) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claim 1, having a working gas mass transfer element (34) between the chambers.

6) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE", characterized by a process performed by the hybrid system forming a differential thermodynamic cycle of eight engine thermodynamic processes, (82), two of which are high temperature isotherms, (ab ) and (1 -2), two low temperature isotherms, (cd) and (3-4), two mass transfer temperature lowering polytropics, (bc) and (2-3), two temperature elevation polytropics mass receiving temperature, (da) and (4- 1), and two adiabatic processes, (84) and (89), of the regenerator.

7) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL THERMAL CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claim 6, characterized in that it has a high temperature isothermal process, (ab), in one of the subsystems which is performed simultaneously with another isothermal process of low temperature (3-4) in the other subsystem and a low temperature isothermal process (cd) in the first subsystem running simultaneously with another high temperature isothermal process (1 -2) in the second subsystem, composing the four isothermal processes of the cycle. 8. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL MOTOR", claim 6, characterized in that it has a polytropic process of lowering temperature and mass transfer, (bc), in one of the subsystems which is performed simultaneously with another process. (4-1) in the second subsystem, which is the second process of increasing the temperature through regeneration and this process receives the mass of the temperature lowering process and a polytropic process of increasing the temperature, regenerative with mass, (da), in the first subsystem, simultaneously to a polytropic process of temperature lowering, and mass transfer, (2-3), of the second subsystem, composing the four polytropic processes of the cycle.

9. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claims 6 and 8, characterized in that it has two processes of energy regeneration - heat - (84) and (89) in the thermodynamic cycle. which are carried out by the motive power element of the motor and the regenerators, 310 and 314, where the energy - heat - is provided during the polytropic temperature lowering processes, (bc) and (2-3), being stored in the regenerator and part in the engine driving force element, and received, regenerated by the polytropic temperature increase processes, (da) and (4-1).

10. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claims 6, 8 and 9, characterized in that the thermodynamic cycle has two energy storage processes (89) carried out by the driving force element ( 312) of the motor and regenerators, (310) and (314), for further regeneration, (84), through the regenerators, which absorb energy during the polytropic temperature lowering processes, (bc) and (2-3). ).

1) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMOMYNAMIC THERMAL MOTOR CYCLE" according to claims 6, 8, 9 and 10, characterized by having in the thermodynamic cycle two energy regeneration processes, (84), performed by the regenerators, (310) and (314), which return the energy to the engine gas during the polytropic temperature elevation processes, (da) and (4-1).