WO2018035585A1

WO2018035585A1 - Differential-cycle heat engine with four isobaric processes, four adiabatic processes and a method for controlling the thermodynamic cycle of the heat engine

Info

Publication number: WO2018035585A1
Application number: PCT/BR2017/000091
Authority: WO
Inventors: Marno Iockheck; LUIS Mauro MOURA; Saulo Finco
Original assignee: Associacao Paranaense De Cultura - Apc
Priority date: 2016-08-26
Filing date: 2017-08-11
Publication date: 2018-03-01
Also published as: BR102016019857A8; BR102016019857B1; BR102016019857A2

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat engine and the eight-process thermodynamic cycle thereof, and more specifically to a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each operating a four-process thermodynamic cycle interdependently with the other, forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operating with gas, the circuit of this binary system being closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, also referred to as a binary thermodynamic system, this system carrying out a thermodynamic cycle comprising eight processes so that, at any moment of the cycle, same is running two simultaneous, complementary and interdependent processes, four of the processes being "isobaric" and four of the processes being "adiabatic" with variable mass transfer, which may be zero or partial.

Description

"DIFFERENTIAL CIRCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABACTIC PROCEDURES AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE"

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[001] The present invention relates to a thermal motor and its eight-process thermodynamic cycle, more specifically a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each operating a four-process but interdependent thermodynamic cycle. If, forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this binary system is closed in differential configuration, based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system or can also be called binary thermodynamic system, this system performs a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it executes at any moment of the cycle, two simultaneous and interdependent complementary processes, four of which are "isobaric" and four "adiabatic" processes with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the nineteenth century in the early days of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all known motor cycles to date.

The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the development of motors.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a system where energy and matter can enter and leave this system. Examples of an open thermodynamic system are the Atkinson cycle Otto-cycle internal combustion engines, Sabieshe-cycle Diesei-cycle Otto-cycle internal combustion engine, Rankine-cycle exhausted Brayton-cycle internal combustion engines from steam to the environment. The matter that enters these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The matter that comes out of these systems is the combustion or working fluid exhaust, gases, waste, the energy that comes out of these systems is the mechanical working energy and part of the heat dissipated.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system. Examples of closed thermodynamic systems are external combustion engines such as the Stiring cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energy that comes out of this system is the mechanical working energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter comes out of these systems, as they occur in the open system.

Both systems, open and closed, as input they have at time (ti) the temperature (Tq), mass (m1) and the number of mol (n1) and at output at time (t2) both have the temperature (Tf), the mass (m1) and the number of mol (nl), the mass is constant, the difference between them is that in the open system the mass (m1) goes through the system and in the closed system the mass (m1) remains in the system as shown in figure 1.

THE CURRENT STATE OF TECHNIQUE

Motors known to date are based on open thermodynamic systems or closed thermodynamic systems, they have their thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and a single process occurs at a time until the cycle is completed, as can be seen from the pressure / volume graph in figure 2. So are the Otto, Aikinson, Diesel, Sabaihe, Brayton, Rankine, Stiriing, Ericsson cycle engines and Carnot's ideal theoretical cycle.

[008] The internal working gas energy of motors based on open and closed systems is not constant during their cycle, the equation representing internal energy is given in equation (a)

In equation (a), (U) represents the internal energy in "Joule", (r?) Represents the number of mol, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (7) represents the gas temperature. in "Kelvin" and (y) represents the adiabatic coefficient of expansion,

[010] Since only one process occurs at a time in motors designed with the concept of open or closed system, the internal energy varies over time, since the product: number of moi (n) by temperature (7), ( T) is not constant during the cycle because temperature (7) is a process variable and the number of mol (n) is a process constant.

[01 1] The current state of the art that characterizes all engines is further characterized by the property where the process output, the work, is a direct consequence of the input of energy, heat or combustion, ie when more work is required. If more heat is injected or more combustion is promoted, all the processes that form the engine cycle are equally influenced. In other words, the engines are controlled by direct power. For example, in internal combustion engines, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, to get more power, more fuel, more oxygen is injected and thus more work is done, more rotation. For greater power with constant speed, gearboxes or speed transformation are normally used. By analogy, such technologies can be compared in terms of direct current motors, which, to increase horsepower, increase the motor supply voltage.

[012] The current state of the art comprises a series of motors of Internal combustion and external combustion, most of these engines require a second auxiliary engine to take them from, to operation. Internal combustion engines require compression, mixing fuel with oxygen and a spark or pressure combustion, so a normally electric auxiliary starter motor is used. External combustion engines such as the Stirling or Ericsson cycle in turn also require high power auxiliary engines, as they must overcome the resting state under pressure to start operating. One exception is the Rankine cycle engine, which can start via the camshaft to provide the steam pressure to the motive power elements.

[013] The current state of the art comprises a number of engines, most of them dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example internal combustion engines, each requiring its own specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, fuel flexibility is quite limited. In this category, of the engines based on open and closed systems, the most flexible engine is the Rankine, external combustion engine, the Stirling or Ericsson, also external combustion, these are more flexible in their source.

The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and therefore the need for oxygen.

[015] The current state of the art comprises a series of cycle engines, most of which require high operating temperatures, especially internal combustion engines, usually operating with working gas at temperatures above 1500 ° C. External combustion engines or engines operating from external heat sources, such as Rankine and Stirling cycle, are typically designed to operate at working gas temperatures between 400 ° C and 800 ° C. In addition to motors based on open and closed systems, they often require high temperatures to operate, all of them have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b),

[016] In equation (b), (q) is the yield, (Τf) is the cold source temperature and (Tq) is the hot source temperature, both in "Kelvin".

[017] The current state of the art, based on open and closed systems, comprises basically six motor cycles and some versions thereof: Atkinson cycle Eight cycle, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle similar Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stiding cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle diesel, ideal theoretical reference for open and closed engine based engines. The latest developments in the current state of the art have been presented through innovations by joining more than one old cycle into combined cycles, ie: new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycle machine operating on fossil fuels, gas or oil. and a heat-dependent Rankine cycle machine rejected by the Brayton cycle machine. Or the same philosophy, combining a diesel engine with a Rankine cycle engine or an Otto cycle engine, also joining it with a Rankine cycle engine.

[018] The current state of the art has a number of limitations and also offers a number of problems. Most engines, such as Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe and Brayton internal combustion engines, require specific fuels for each concept. , for example: gasoline, diesel, gas, kerosene, coal, and high calorific power, need to work at high temperatures and consequently, for many years, has been relying on fossil fuels, bringing severe damage to the climate and the environment, that is, they are characterized by non-sustainability. The thermodynamic system under which these engines are designed brings as a limitation of efficiency the Carnot theorem which, due to its principle, imposes the efficiency limit as a direct and exclusive function of temperatures, according to equation (b).

[019] Most current engines require refined fuels and pollutants that have a detrimental effect on the climate and the environment and thus compromise sustainability. One of the latest technologies developed to minimize impact was the joining of two old engine concepts, the Brayton cycle engine and the Rankine cycle engine, forming a system composed of two combined cycles, such that the heat waste The first machine is used by the second machine to improve the efficiency of the set, but the use of fossil fuels and their effects remain. The combined cycle continues to be characterized by an open engine concept and an independent closed engine concept, ie it is classified as a combined system, two completely independent cycles, not characterized as a hybrid or binary system.

[020] The other engines, Stirling and Ericsson cycle, are engines under the closed system concept, are of external combustion or external heat source. Because of their properties, although they have the simplest motor concepts, they are difficult to build. They require married design parameters, that is, they work well, with good efficiency, only in their specific operating regime, temperature, pressure, load, outside the central point of operation their efficiencies drop sharply, or do not operate. Therefore they are machines very little used for industrial or popular use.

[021] Carnot's ideal motor, figure 3, while considered the ideal motor, most perfect to date, it is in theory and within open and closed system concepts considering all ideal parameters, for example. This is the reference to date for all existing engine concepts. The Carnot Engine is not found in practical use because the actual materials do not possess the properties required to make the Carnot Engine a reality, the physical dimensions for the Carnot Cycle. If it were to be performed as in theory, it would be unfeasible in a practical case, so it is an ideal Engine in open and closed system concepts, but in the theoretical concept.

[022] Power, speed and torque control of existing Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayion cycle engines, these internal combustion engines, derive directly from the fuel and oxygen supply and as a result offer increased engine speed and torque. simultaneously. For separation between torque and rotation, they require gearboxes. These machines do not allow controllability, or at least offer difficulties in controllability through their thermodynamic cycles,

[023] The power, speed and torque control of existing Rankine cycle engines, which are external combustion, are due to the flow and pressure of steam or working gas, and as a result offer interdependent variations in speed and torque simultaneously, There is no separate controllability between torque and rotation.

[024] The power, speed and torque control of existing Stiriing and Ericsson external combustion cycle engines are due to working gas mass or pressure, temperatures, construction geometry, and as a result offer interdependent variations. of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation. These machines have very narrow operating curves offering low controllability and a narrow operating beech. In these cases, designs that do not work are common because the parameters in their interdependencies may not offer the conditions that make the engine run.

[025] The current state of the art has recently revealed some references that already have similar concepts of the hybrid or binary system, are engines that have characteristics of having two interdependent thermodynamic cycles constituting a complex cycle formed by eight processes, always with two processes. operating simultaneously on a system formed by two integrated subsystems. The patent "PI 1000624-9" registered in Brazil defined as "Thermomechanical Energy Converter" consists of two subsystems operating through a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes and four isochoric processes without regeneration. The 'PCT / BR2013 / 000222' patent registered in the United States of America defined as "Carnot thermodynamic cycle thermal control machine and control process" which consists of two subsystems and operates in each subsystem, one cycle. formed by two isothermal processes of two adiabatic processes A. Patent "PCT / BR2014 / 000381" filed in the United States of America defined as "Differential thermal machine with eight thermodynamic transformation cycle and control process" which consists of two subsystems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes.These references differ from the present invention as to the thermodynamic processes that form their cycles, each cycle gives the engine its own characteristics.The concept of hybrid or binary thermodynamic system provides the basis for the development of a new motor family In each case, each engine will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that make up their respective thermodynamic cycles, such as the Otto engine and the diesel engine, both internal combustion engines, are engines based on the open thermodynamic system, but are distinct engines. and what distinguishes them are details of their thermodynamic cycles, the Otto engine cycle consists basically of an adiabatic compression process, an isocoric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an isocoric exhaust process and the diesel engine cycle. It consists of an adiabatic compression process, an isobaric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an Isocoric exhaustion process, so they differ in only one of the processes that form their cycles, sufficient to give each one properties and specific and different uses. Gives Similarly, the concept of a hybrid or binary system provides the basis for a new family of thermal motors made up of two subsystems and these will operate with so-called differential cycles consisting of processes where two simultaneous processes will always occur, each having its own particularities which will characterize each of the motor cycles.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[026] The major problems of the state of the art are, therefore, the difficulty of current technologies to meet sustainable projects, due to the dependence on fossil fuels, pollutants, with severe impacts on the environment and climate, low efficiency, limited exclusively to temperatures. , demonstrated by Carnot's theorem, low level of contriability due to limitations in the variability of the parameters of models based on open and closed thermodynamic systems, lack of flexibility regarding energy sources, many require refined and specific fuels, high air dependence ( oxygen) for combustion and many of them rely on a second engine to drive them into operation (a starter).

[027] The aim of the invention is to eliminate some of the existing problems and minimize other problems, but the major objective was to develop new motor cycles based on a new thermodynamic system concept so that the efficiency of the motors would not be more dependent. temperatures only and whose energy sources could be diversified and which would allow the design of engines for environments even without air (oxygen). The characteristic hybrid or binary system concept that underlies this invention eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and their potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials where the mass of the gas is constant and for this reason they cancel out in the equations, hybrid or binary systems the mass is not necessarily constant, so no they cancel out and their efficiencies depend on the potentials from which the driving force originates, that is, the pressures. The hybrid system concept provides dependent potentials proportional to the product of the working gas mass by temperature. As in the hybrid system, unlike the open and closed systems, the mass is variable, its efficiency becomes a non-temperature-dependent but mass-dependent function and for a differential cycle motor composed of four isobaric processes, four adiabatic processes. , with mass transfer between its subsystems during adiabatic processes, the efficiency is demonstrated as presented in equation (c) and figure 4.

[028] In equation (c), (η) is the yield, (T1) is the initial temperature of the high temperature isobaric process, (72) is the final temperature of the isobaric process of alia temperature, this temperature tends to equalize with the hot source temperature (Tq), (73) is the starting temperature of the low temperature isobaric process, (74) is the final temperature of the low temperature isobaric process, this temperature tends to equalize with the cold source temperature (77), all temperatures in "Kelvin", (n1) is the number of moles of subsystem 1, indicated by region 21 of Figure 4, (n2) is the number of moles of subsystem 2, indicated by region 23 of Figure 4. 4

[029] The high temperature dependence of most engines of the current state of the art also leads to the dependence on high calorific fuels, making it difficult to use clean sources which normally offer lower temperatures. The concept of differential cycle under the hybrid system, and workflow whose processes do not require physical phase switching, eliminates this requirement of high temperature dependence. The concept differentiates where the cycle always operates two processes at a time, (26 and 27 ) of Figure 5. simultaneously and interdependent, enables machines that can operate at low temperatures and as a consequence, renewable clean sources such as thermoseal, geothermal, become fully viable and their efficiencies now have mass, or number of moles, as shown in equation (c), as a parameter for obtaining better efficiencies, even with relatively low temperature differentials.

[030] The main known thermodynamic cycles, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe. Brayton, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine, and the Carnot cycle perform a single process at a time sequentially, as shown in Figure 2, referenced to the mechanical cycle of the driving force elements, their control being a direct function of the power supply's power. Instead, the hybrid or binary differential cycles perform two processes at a time, Figure 5, enabling the control of the thermodynamic cycle separate from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and thus the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle. and not the other way around.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[031] Differential cycle motors are characterized by having two subsystems forming a hybrid or binary system, represented by (21 and 23) of Figure 4, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute two simultaneous processes. and interdependent. Otherwise, considering a hybrid or binary system with properties of both open and closed systems simultaneously, it is said that the system performs a compound thermodynamic cycle, Figure 5, that is, always executes two simultaneous processes (26 and 27). Figure 5, interdependent, including mass transfer. Therefore they are completely different motors and cycles from motors and cycles based on open or closed systems. Figure 6 shows the relationship between the hybrid or binary system and the differential thermodynamic cycle.

[032] The concept of hybrid thermodynamic system is new. It is characterized by a binary system, formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is exchange of matter and energy and both supply out of their limits, energy in the form of work and part of the energy in the form of heat dissipated. This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of thermal motors.

[033] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical either for use in power generation or other use as mechanical force for movement and traction. Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: the total flexibility as to the energy source (heat), the independence of the atmosphere, does not need atmosphere for a differential cycle motor to operate, the flexibility regarding the temperatures, the motor of Differential cycle can be designed to operate over a very wide temperature range, well above most motors based on open and closed systems, including a differential cycle motor can be designed to operate at both temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, It is sufficient that the design conditions promote the expansion and contraction of the working gas and it is sufficient that the materials chosen for its construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at design temperatures. Other important advantages that distinguish the differential-cycle motor based on the hybrid or binary system is its controllability due to the ease of modulation of thermodynamic processes and engine designs that do not require the use of starters, or at least these would be small, due to the ease of generating a York by the force differential provided by the system formed by two conversion chambers, that is, two subsystems. Therefore, the advantages found include the flexibility of the sources, promoting the use of clean and renewable sources as the operational advantages, and can theoretically operate in any temperature range and its rotation and torque control property.

[034] The differential-cycle engine based on the hybrid or binary system concept may be constructed from materials and techniques similar to conventional and Stirling-cycle engines, as it is a closed-loop gas engine considering the system. complete, this is. The complete system is formed by two integrated thermodynamic subsystems, 31 and 37, forming a binary or hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem formed by a chamber 33 and 35 containing working gas and each of these are formed by three sub-chambers. one heated, 33 with 39 and 35 with 42, one cold, 33 with 41 and 35 with 310, and one isolated, 33 with 32 and 35 with 36, connected to these two chambers is a driving force element 38 between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, 34 so the subsystems are open to each other, between the complete system and the external environment, it is considered closed, these two subsystems simultaneously execute each other, a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a cycle differential thermodynamic, 61, single, of eight processes, four of which are isobaric, (ab), (1-2), (cd) and (3 ~ 4), four adiabatic, (bc), (2-3), (of ) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer This closed-circuit concept of working gas with respect to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases leaks may be allowed, provided they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted, which are similar in this respect to Stirling cycle engine design technologies. The working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be various, each will provide specific characteristics, as the gases may be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.

[035] Conversion chambers, items that characterize the hybrid or binary system, may be constructed of various materials, depending on design temperatures, working gas used, pressures involved, environment and operating conditions. These cameras each have. Three sub-chambers and these should be designed keeping in mind the requirement of thermal insulation between themselves to minimize the direct flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for overall system efficiency. These chambers have internal elements that move working gas between hot, cold and insulated sub-chambers, these elements can be of various geometric shapes, depending on the requirement and design parameters, could for example be disc-shaped, cylindrical or otherwise working gas movement in a controlled manner between the sub chambers.

The mass transfer element 34 interconnects the two chambers 33 and 35, this element is responsible for the transfer of part of the working gas mass between the chambers that occurs at a specific time during the acliabatic processes. This element may be designed in various ways depending on the requirements of the project, may operate by simple pressure difference, ie valve-shaped, or may operate in a forced manner, for example turbine, piston-shaped or in another geometric shape allowing it to perform the mass transfer of part of the working gas.

[037] The driving force element, 38, is responsible for performing mechanical work and making it available for use. This driving force element operates by the working gas forces of the engine, this element may be designed in various ways depending on the design requirements, it may for example be turbine shaped, cylinder piston shaped, connecting rods, crankshafts, in the form of a diaphragm or otherwise permitting work to be performed from gas forces during thermodynamic conversions.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[038] The attached figures show the main characteristics and properties of the old concepts of thermal machines and the proposed innovations based on the hybrid or binary system, being represented as follows:

Figure 1 represents the concept of open thermodynamic system and the concept of closed thermodynamic system;

Figure 2 represents the characteristic of all thermodynamic cycles based on open and closed systems; Figure 3 shows the original idea of Carnot's thermal machine, conceptualized in 1824 by Nicolas Sadi Carnot;

Figure 4 represents the concept of hybrid or binary thermodynamic system;

Figure 5 represents the characteristic of differential thermodynamic cycles based on hybrid or binary system:

Figure 6 shows the hybrid or binary thermodynamic system and a differential thermodynamic cycle and the detail of the two simultaneously occurring thermodynamic processes;

Figure 7 shows the mechanical model consisting of the two thermodynamic subsystems that form a thermal motor under the concept of hybrid or binary system;

Figure 8 shows one of the subsystems, group 31, performing the high temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the low temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 9 shows one of the subsystems, group 31, performing the adiabatic thermodynamic cycle expansion process and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the adiabatic thermodynamic cycle compression process;

Figure 10 shows in turn the first subsystem group 31 performing its low temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem group 37 performing the high temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 11 shows the first subsystem, group 31, performing the adiabatic thermodynamic cycle compression process and the second subsystem, group 37, performing the adiabatic thermodynamic cycle expansion process;

Figure 12 shows the ideal differential thermodynamic cycle composed of two high temperature isobaric processes, two low temperature isobaric processes two adriatic expansion processes, two adiabatic compression;

Figure 13 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant using geothermal energy as its primary source;

Figure 14 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant having thermosound energy as its primary source;

Figure 15 shows an example of differential cycle engine application for a combined system design, forming a combined cycle with an open system internal combustion engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[039] The differential cycle motor consisting of two high temperature isobaric processes, two low temperature isobaric processes, two adiabatic expansion processes, two adiabatic compression processes is based on a hybrid thermodynamic system, or can also be termed a hybrid system. binary thermodynamic by having two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform an interacting thermodynamic cycle, which can exchange heat, work and mass as shown in figure 4. In 22, figure 4, the hybrid system is shown or binary, consisting of two subsystems indicated by 21 and 23.

[040] In figure 6 the hybrid or binary thermodynamic system is shown again and the thermodynamic cycle differentiates, in this case detailing the processes that when in one of the subsystems, at time (t1) the cycle operates with mass (ml), number mol (n1) and temperature (Tq), at the same time, simultaneously, in the other subsystem, the cycle operates with mass (m2), number of mol (n2), temperature (Tf). In a machine based on a hybrid or binary system composed of two subsystems, the sum of the working gas mass is always constant (m1 + m2 = cte), but not necessarily constant in their respective subsystems, there may be exchange between them. of mass.

[041] Figure 7 shows the engine model based on the hybrid system. or binary, containing two subsystems indicated by 31 and 37. Each subsystem has its thermomechanical conversion chamber, 33 and 35, a driving force element, 38. Connecting between the subsystems for mass transfer processes, there is an element of mass transfer 34.

Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 show how the eight processes, four isobaric and four mass transfer adiabatic, occur mechanically. In Figure 8, subsystem 31 exposes the working gas to the hot source at the temperature (Tq) indicated at 39, and that subsystem performs the high temperature isobaric process and simultaneously the subsystem indicated by 37 exposes the working gas to the cold source. , at the temperature (Tf), indicated at 310, and at this time simultaneously, this subsystem executes the low temperature isobaric process. These processes alternate between the subsystems as shown in figure 10. After completion of the isobaric processes, figures 9 and 11 show how the subsystems process their respective adiabatic processes with or without mass transfer after subsystem 31 finishes their process. isobaric, the gas is exposed to a thermally insulated region, indicated by 32, the gas, initially close to the hot temperature (Tq), expands into the conversion chamber, turning the gas heat into kinetic energy into an adiabatic process tending to At cold temperature (Tf), the internal energy of the gas becomes mechanical energy. At the same time, part of the working gas of subsystem 31 with higher pressure is transferred to subsystem 37 at lower pressure through the mass transfer element indicated in 34, thus the adiabatic process of subsystem 31 was concurrently enhanced, while subsystem 37 receives part of the working gas mass of subsystem 31, and an adiabatic compression process also occurs simultaneously, bringing the gas from the near-cold (Tf) temperature to a warmer temperature, at the end of this process the high isobaric process begins. temperature and during this process subsystem 37 becomes larger than subsystem 31. [043] Figure 12 shows the ideal eight-process full engine differential cycle based on the concept of hybrid or binary thermodynamic system, where two simultaneous engine processes always occur, exemplified by indications 64 and 65, until the cycle is formed. of eight processes. At 61, sequence (1 -2-3-4-1) shows the processes of one of the engine cycle subsystems, the sequence (abcda), all interdependent.

[044] In Figure 12, at 61, the curve indicated by 63 shows the processes (abc) of one of the subsystems, process (a ~ b) is high temperature isobaric where energy enters the system shown in 67, occurs simultaneously with the low temperature isobaric process (3-4) whereby the unused energy shown in 68 of the curve indicated by 82 of the other subsystem occurs. Process (bc) is adiabatic of expansion, occurs simultaneously with process (4-1), also adiabatic, but of compression, in process (bc) occurs the heat transfer (energy) of the engine gas to the shaft, transforming If in kinetic energy, simultaneously in process (4-1) occurs the transfer of kinetic energy to the engine gas received from the shaft, also in an adiabatic process, while simultaneously during the adiabatic processes of the motor cycle, the transfer of mass, leaving (nl - n2) mol of gas in the adiabatic expansion process (bc) to the other subsystem during the adiabatic compression process (4-1). Processes (2-3) β (d-a) are identical to processes (b-c) and (4-1). Process (c-d) is low temperature isobaric and occurs simultaneously with process (1-2), high temperature isobaric. The (da) process is adiabatic with mass increment and occurs simultaneously with the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) with mass reduction, thus ending the thermodynamic cycle with eight engine processes, always two simultaneous, the The sum of the working gas mass of the two subsystems forming the engine is always constant.

[045] In engine conversion chambers, isobaric engine cycle processes (1-2), (ab), (3-4) and (cd) are performed with gas confined to a geometry characterized by a thermal inertia where the gas has a rate of change of temperature such that it tends to equalize with hot or cold elements only at the fin! of these processes, making the pressure relatively stable, that is, isobaric. This geometry shall be characterized by a depth not too small for the penetration of heat into the gas, or a gas displacement between the hot and cold elements not too fast to produce a rate of change in temperature throughout the isobaric process. that the pressure has a constant behavior. The engine cycle adiabatic processes (2-3) and (bc) are carried out with the gas in a thermally insulated region of the engine, and in this process the working gas will expand by transferring the gas energy to the engine mechanical elements. , storing energy in the form of kinetic energy and in adiabatic engine cycle compression processes (4-1) and (da) are also performed with gas in a thermally isolated region, and in this process the mechanical elements of the compression engine , transfer the kinetic energy back to the engine gas, raising its temperature, completing the process.

[046] Table 1 shows process by process that form the cycle differentiates! of eight heat engine processes shown step by step, with four isobaric processes, four adiabatic processes and mass transfer steps.

Table 1

[047] This differential cycle of an engine consisting of two subsystems based on the concept of hybrid or torque system, whose pressure and volume curve is shown in figure 12, has eight processes, two high temperature isobaric processes of energy input into the system, shown by 67, curves (1-2) and (ab) are represented by expressions (d) and (e), two low temperature isobaric processes of disposal of unused energy, shown by 88, curves (3-4) ) and (cd) represented by the expressions (!) and (g), the internal gas energy at point (2) of process (1-2) is represented by the expression (h), the internal gas energy at point (b) ) of process (ab) is represented by expression (i), the energy transferred with the gas mass from point (2) of process (1-2) is represented by expression (j). the energy transferred with the gas mass from point (b) of process (ab) is represented by expression (k), adiabatic expansion process (2-3) is represented by expression (i), process of adiabatic expansion (bc) is represented by the expression (m), the internal energy in gas at point (3) is the resultant energy of point (2) after mass transfer and adiabatic expansion represented by the expression (n) , the internal energy in gas at point (c) is that resulting from the energy of point (b) after mass transfer and adiabatic expansion, represented by the expression (o), the internal energy of gas at point (4) of the process (3-4) is represented by expression (p), the internal energy of gas at point (d) of process (cd) is represented by expression (q), the internal energy in gas at point (1) is that resulting from energy of point (4) after the introduction of mass and adiabatic compression, represented by the expression (r), the internal energy n The gas at point (a) is that resulting from the energy of point (d) after the introduction of mass and adiabatic compression, represented by the expression (s). Expressions consider sina! of the direction of the flow of energies.

Whereas (Tl - Ta) and (72 = 7b), the total input energy to the motor is the sum of the energies

is represented by the expression (!) below.

Whereas (73 = 7c) and {T4 ~ Td), the total energy discarded to the outside is the sum of the energies and in their form

positive, is represented by the expression (u) below.

[050] The total useful engine work, considering a lossless ideai model, is the difference between the input and output of the energy and is represented for expression (v) below.

The adiabatic expansion and compression processes shown by expressions (h) to (s) are equal, the energy is transferred in the expansion process and recovered in the compression process, ie the energy in the adiabatic processes is conserved. in the subsystems.

[052] The theoretical final demonstration of cycle efficiency differentiates! of eight processes, four isobaric processes, four adiabatic processes with mass transfer is given by the expression (x), characterizing that the differential cycles based on the hybrid or binary thermodynamic system have as parameter of efficiency, also the number of moios or mass in the processes. and therefore these cycles do not have their temperature dependent efficiencies exclusively.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

[053] Hybrid or torque based differential cycle motors operate on heat, do not require combustion, although they can be used, do not require fuel combustion, although they can be used, so they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere. The thermodynamic cycle does not require physical phase change of the working gas. For their properties set out in this description, differential cycle motors can be designed to operate over a wide temperature range, higher than most existing open or closed system based motor cycles. Differential cycle motors are fully flexible in terms of their energy source (heat). Figure 13 shows an application for the use of the differential cycle motor for power generation from geothermal sources. Figure 13 shows a ground heat transfer system 76 for a manifold 74, formed basically by a pump 77 that injects a fluid, usually water, through the duct 73. The collor 74 in the manifold 74 is transferred to the cycle motor. differential 71, which discards part of the energy to the outside through the heat exchanger 75 and converts another part of the energy into work by operating a generator 72 which produces electricity.

[054] Figure 14 shows another useful application for the differential cycle motor for producing heat from the sun's heat. The sun's rays are collected through the concentrator 83, the energy (smaller) is transferred to the element 84 which directs the heat to the differential cycle motor 81, which converts part of the energy into useful work to operate an electricity generator. , part of the energy is discharged to the external environment through the exchanger 85.

[055] Figure 15 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines by forming combined cycles with them. The heat rejected by the exhaust, 96, of the internal combustion engines, indicated by 92, fuel-fed, 97, Brayton cycle, Diesel cycle, Sabathe cycle, Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle, is channeled to the input of energy (heat). of the differential cycle engine 91 via a heat exchanger 93 promoting a heat flow 91 1 of the internal combustion engine 92 towards the differential cycle engine 91 and this converts part of this energy into useful mechanical force, 913 which may be integrated with the mechanical force of the internal combustion engine, 912 generating a single mechanical force, 98, or directed to produce electrical energy. Discarding energy not converted by the differential cycle engine goes to the external environment indicated by 910. This application allows you to recover some of the energy that internal combustion engine cycles cannot use to perform useful work and thus improve the efficiency it generates. ! of the system.

Claims

1) "THERMAL ENGINE", characterized by being composed of two thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), configuring a binary or hybrid thermodynamic system, where each subsystem is formed by a chamber, (33) and (35), containing working gas and each of these two chambers are formed by three sub-chambers, one heated, (33 with 39) and (35 with 42), one cold, (33 with 41) and (35 with 310), and one isolated, ( 33 with 32) and (35 with 36), connected to these two chambers is a driving force element, (38), between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34), these two subsystems simultaneously execute each of them a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a single differential thermodynamic cycle (61) of eight processes, four of which are isobaric, (ab), (1-2), (c- d) and (3-4), four adiabatic, (bc), (2-3), (da) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer.

2) "THERMAL MOTOR" according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of two chambers, (33 and 35), each chamber is divided into three sub-chambers, one heated sub-chamber, (33 with 39) and (35 with 42). ), a cooled sub-chamber, (33 with 41) and (35 with 310), and a thermally isolated sub-chamber, (33 with 32) and (35 with 36), each chamber forming a subsystem, (31 and 37), and the junction of these two subsystems form a binary or hybrid thermodynamic system.

3. "THERMAL ENGINE" according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a driving force element, (33), connected to the two thermodynamic conversion chambers, (33 and 35).

A "THERMAL ENGINE" according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a working gas mass transfer element (34) between the chambers.

5) "THERMAL MOTOR THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE CONTROL PROCESS" for the control of the thermodynamic cycle of the thermal motor of claims 1 to 4, characterized by a process performed by the binary or hybrid system forming a differential thermodynamic cycle of eight engine thermodynamic processes, (81), two of which being high temperature isobarics, (ab) and (1 -2), two low temperature isobarics, (c ~ d) and ( 3-4), two mass transfer expansion adiaphatics, (bc) and (2-3) and two mass receiving compression adiabatic, (da) and (4-1).

6. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL MOTOR" according to claim 5, characterized in that it has a high temperature isobaric process, (ab), in one of the subsystems which is performed simultaneously with another isobaric process of low temperature (3-4) in the other subsystem and a low temperature isobaric process (cd) in the first subsystem running simultaneously with another high temperature isobaric process (1-2) in the second subsystem, composing the four isobaric processes of the cycle.

7) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL MOTOR" according to claim 5, characterized in that it has an adiabatic expansion (b ~ c) and mass transfer (66) process in one of the subsystems which is performed simultaneously to another adiabatic process, (4-1), in the second subsystem, this second process being compression by means of the kinetic energy stored in the adiabatic expansion process and this process receives the mass of the adiabatic expansion process, and a process adiabatic mass-increasing compression system (da) in the first subsystem simultaneously with an adiabatic mass expansion and transfer process (2-3) of the second subsystem, composing the four adiabatic processes of the cycle.

8. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claims 5, 6 and 7, characterized in that it has in the thermodynamic cycle, during adiabatic processes, the transfer of part of the mass (66) of one of the subsystems which would be running the adiabatic expansion process to the other subsystem which would be running the adiabatic compression process.