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The $Zα^2$ correction to superallowed beta decays in effective field theory and implications for $|V_{ud}|$
Authors:
Zehua Cao,
Richard J. Hill,
Ryan Plestid,
Peter Vander Griend
Abstract:
Superallowed ($0^+\rightarrow0^+$) beta decays currently provide the most precise extraction of quark mixing in the Standard Model. Their interpretation as a measurement of $|V_{ud}|$ relies on a reliable first-principles computation of QED radiative corrections expressed as a series in $Zα$ and $α$. In this work, we provide the first model-independent result for two-loop, $O(Zα^2)$, long-distance…
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Superallowed ($0^+\rightarrow0^+$) beta decays currently provide the most precise extraction of quark mixing in the Standard Model. Their interpretation as a measurement of $|V_{ud}|$ relies on a reliable first-principles computation of QED radiative corrections expressed as a series in $Zα$ and $α$. In this work, we provide the first model-independent result for two-loop, $O(Zα^2)$, long-distance radiative corrections where the nuclei are treated as heavy point-like particles.
We use renormalization group analysis to obtain new results at $O(Zα^3)$ for the coefficient of double-logarithms in the ratio of the maximal beta energy to the inverse nuclear size, $\Em/R^{-1}$. We use the Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg theorem to obtain new results at $O(Z^2α^3)$ for the coefficient of logarithms in the ratio of maximal beta energy to the electron mass, $\log(2\Em/\me)$. We identify a structure-dependent, and therefore short-distance, contribution to the traditional $Zα^2$ correction that should be revisited.. We provide the first comprehensive update to the long-distance corrections in almost forty years and comment on the impact of our findings for extractions of $|V_{ud}|$. We find that shifts in the long-distance corrections are $2.5\times$ larger than past estimates of their uncertainty, $1.5\times$ larger than the statistical uncertainty from the combined fit of superallowed decays, and about $1/2$ the size of estimated systematic error, which stems dominantly from nuclear structure effects.
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Submitted 7 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Probing the light charged Higgs boson, pseudoscalar Higgs boson, and $Z^\prime$ boson in the $U(1)_F$ model at the LHC
Authors:
Zhan Cao,
Zhong-Jun Yang,
Jin-Lei Yang,
Tai-Fu Feng
Abstract:
In this papar, we study the production and decay of a charged Higgs boson, a pseudoscalar Higgs boson, and a $Z'$ boson at the LHC within the flavor-dependent model (FDM), at the LHC. Considering the constraints from perturbative unitarity and experimental measurements (e.g., the flavor physics data, higgs signal strengths, electroweak precision observables), we investigate the relevant processes…
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In this papar, we study the production and decay of a charged Higgs boson, a pseudoscalar Higgs boson, and a $Z'$ boson at the LHC within the flavor-dependent model (FDM), at the LHC. Considering the constraints from perturbative unitarity and experimental measurements (e.g., the flavor physics data, higgs signal strengths, electroweak precision observables), we investigate the relevant processes by analyzing several common LHC search channels. Motivated by the excess in $t \to b\bar{b}c$ reported by ATLAS, which suggests a charged Higgs boson with a mass near 130 GeV and consistent with B-anomaly expectations, we perform a dedicated simulation for a charged Higgs around this mass. Our results support the experimental hint and predict that this particle has a high discovery potential at the future High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In contrast, for the pseudoscalar and $Z'$ bosons predicted in our model, they remain beyond the reach of current experiments as well as the expected sensitivity at a 14 TeV collider with an integrated luminosity of 300 fb$^{-1}$.
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Submitted 29 October, 2025; v1 submitted 26 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Lepton flavor violating decays of Higgs boson in the NB-LSSM
Authors:
Cai Guo,
Xing-Xing Dong,
Shu-Min Zhao,
Zhan Cao,
Jia-Peng Huo,
Jin-Lei Yang,
Tai-Fu Feng
Abstract:
Lepton flavor violation (LFV) represents a clear new physics (NP) signal beyond the standard model (SM). NB-LSSM, the next to minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM with local B-L gauge symmetry, includes three Higgs singlets and three generations of right-handed neutrinos in the basis of MSSM, motivated by the new definition of SM-like Higgs resultly from the introducing of three Higgs single…
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Lepton flavor violation (LFV) represents a clear new physics (NP) signal beyond the standard model (SM). NB-LSSM, the next to minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM with local B-L gauge symmetry, includes three Higgs singlets and three generations of right-handed neutrinos in the basis of MSSM, motivated by the new definition of SM-like Higgs resultly from the introducing of three Higgs singlets which mix with the two Higgs doublets at the tree level in the NB-LSSM. We calculate LFV processes $h\rightarrow l_i l_j$ in the mass eigenstate basis and the electroweak interaction basis separately, and the latter adopts the mass insertion approximation (MIA) method. In the suitable parameter space, we obtain the reasonable numerical results. At the same time, the corresponding constraints from the LFV rare decays $l_j\rightarrow l_iγ$ are considered to analyze the numerical results.
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Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 9 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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A general Fourier expansion of post-Newtonian binary dynamics based on quasi-Keplerian framework
Authors:
Xiaolin Liu,
Zhoujian Cao
Abstract:
We have introduced a new Fourier-expansion technique for computing gravitational-wave emission from non-spinning binaries in the post-Newtonian framework. Using this approach, we derived the full set of 3PN dynamical quantities and gravitational-wave Fourier modes and have released the corresponding numerical code as open source. Furthermore, applying the method to the tail contribution of the ene…
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We have introduced a new Fourier-expansion technique for computing gravitational-wave emission from non-spinning binaries in the post-Newtonian framework. Using this approach, we derived the full set of 3PN dynamical quantities and gravitational-wave Fourier modes and have released the corresponding numerical code as open source. Furthermore, applying the method to the tail contribution of the energy flux, we found that it can be resummed into an exceptionally compact expression. These advances pave the way for more convenient and accurate frequency-domain waveform modeling in the future.
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Submitted 14 August, 2025; v1 submitted 12 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Factorization and resummation of QED radiative corrections for neutron beta decay
Authors:
Zehua Cao,
Richard J. Hill,
Ryan Plestid,
Peter Vander Griend
Abstract:
Details of the two-loop analysis of long-distance QED radiative corrections to neutron beta decay are presented. Explicit expressions are given for hard, jet, and soft functions appearing in the factorization formula that describes the small mass/large energy limit. Power corrections, cancellation of singularities in the small mass expansion, renormalization scheme dependence, and bound state effe…
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Details of the two-loop analysis of long-distance QED radiative corrections to neutron beta decay are presented. Explicit expressions are given for hard, jet, and soft functions appearing in the factorization formula that describes the small mass/large energy limit. Power corrections, cancellation of singularities in the small mass expansion, renormalization scheme dependence, and bound state effects are discussed. The results impact the determination of $|V_{ud}|$ from the measured neutron lifetime.
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Submitted 7 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Ultra-high-energy $γ$-ray emission associated with the tail of a bow-shock pulsar wind nebula
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
F. Aharonian,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
W. Bian,
A. V. Bukevich,
C. M. Cai,
W. Y. Cao,
Zhe Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
A. M. Chen,
E. S. Chen,
H. X. Chen,
Liang Chen,
Long Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. Chen,
S. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen
, et al. (274 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of an unidentified point-like ultra-high-energy (UHE) $γ$-ray source, designated as 1LHAASO J1740+0948u, situated in the vicinity of the middle-aged pulsar PSR J1740+1000. The detection significance reached 17.1$σ$ (9.4$σ$) above 25$\,$TeV (100$\,$TeV). The source energy spectrum extended up to 300$\,$TeV, which was well fitted by a log-parabola f…
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In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of an unidentified point-like ultra-high-energy (UHE) $γ$-ray source, designated as 1LHAASO J1740+0948u, situated in the vicinity of the middle-aged pulsar PSR J1740+1000. The detection significance reached 17.1$σ$ (9.4$σ$) above 25$\,$TeV (100$\,$TeV). The source energy spectrum extended up to 300$\,$TeV, which was well fitted by a log-parabola function with $N0 = (1.93\pm0.23) \times 10^{-16} \rm{TeV^{-1}\,cm^{-2}\,s^{-2}}$, $α= 2.14\pm0.27$, and $β= 1.20\pm0.41$ at E0 = 30$\,$TeV. The associated pulsar, PSR J1740+1000, resides at a high galactic latitude and powers a bow-shock pulsar wind nebula (BSPWN) with an extended X-ray tail. The best-fit position of the gamma-ray source appeared to be shifted by $0.2^{\circ}$ with respect to the pulsar position. As the (i) currently identified pulsar halos do not demonstrate such offsets, and (ii) centroid of the gamma-ray emission is approximately located at the extension of the X-ray tail, we speculate that the UHE $γ$-ray emission may originate from re-accelerated electron/positron pairs that are advected away in the bow-shock tail.
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Submitted 24 February, 2025; v1 submitted 21 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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The Fermi function and the neutron's lifetime
Authors:
Peter Vander Griend,
Zehua Cao,
Richard Hill,
Ryan Plestid
Abstract:
The traditional Fermi function ansatz for nuclear beta decay describes enhanced perturbative effects in the limit of large nuclear charge $Z$ and/or small electron velocity $β$. We define and compute the quantum field theory object that replaces this ansatz for neutron beta decay, where neither of these limits hold. We present a new factorization formula that applies in the limit of small electron…
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The traditional Fermi function ansatz for nuclear beta decay describes enhanced perturbative effects in the limit of large nuclear charge $Z$ and/or small electron velocity $β$. We define and compute the quantum field theory object that replaces this ansatz for neutron beta decay, where neither of these limits hold. We present a new factorization formula that applies in the limit of small electron mass, analyze the components of this formula through two loop order, and resum perturbative corrections that are enhanced by large logarithms. We apply our results to the neutron lifetime, supplying the first two-loop input to the long-distance corrections. Our result can be summarized as \begin{equation*}
τ_n \times |V_{ud}|^2\big[1+3λ^2\big]\big[1+Δ_R\big]
=
\frac{5263.284(17)\,{\rm s}}
{1 + 27.04(7)\times 10^{-3} }~, \end{equation*} with $|V_{ud}|$ the up-down quark mixing parameter, $τ_n$ the neutron's lifetime, $λ$ the ratio of axial to vector charge, and $Δ_R$ the short-distance matching correction. We find a shift in the long-distance radiative corrections compared to previous work, and discuss implications for extractions of $|V_{ud}|$ and tests of the Standard Model.
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Submitted 18 August, 2025; v1 submitted 29 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Space-borne Interferometers to Detect Thousands of Memory Signals Emitted by Stellar-mass Binary Black Holes
Authors:
Shaoqi Hou,
Zhi-Chao Zhao,
Zhoujian Cao,
Zong-Hong Zhu
Abstract:
The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity, degenerate vacua, and asymptotic symmetries; its detection is considered challenging. We propose using the space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs), typically targeted by ground-based detectors. We use DECIGO detector as an example. Over 5 years, DECIGO is estimated to detec…
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The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity, degenerate vacua, and asymptotic symmetries; its detection is considered challenging. We propose using the space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs), typically targeted by ground-based detectors. We use DECIGO detector as an example. Over 5 years, DECIGO is estimated to detect $\sim$2,036 memory signals (SNRs $>$3) from stellar-mass BBHs. Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation. Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model (Power Law + Peak mass, DEFAULT spin, Madau-Dickinson merger rate). The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity. The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO's bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs. This substantial, conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics. DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets. Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from $\sim 10^4 M_\odot$ binaries.
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Submitted 15 August, 2025; v1 submitted 26 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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Constraints on Ultra Heavy Dark Matter Properties from Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with LHAASO Observations
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
F. Aharonian,
Q. An,
Axikegu,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
J. T. Cai,
Q. Cao,
W. Y. Cao,
Zhe Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
A. M. Chen,
E. S. Chen,
Liang Chen,
Lin Chen,
Long Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen
, et al. (255 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this work we try to search for signals generated by ultra-heavy dark matter at the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) data. We look for possible gamma-ray by dark matter annihilation or decay from 16 dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the field of view of LHAASO. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are among the most promising targets for indirect detection of dark matter which have low fluxes…
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In this work we try to search for signals generated by ultra-heavy dark matter at the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) data. We look for possible gamma-ray by dark matter annihilation or decay from 16 dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the field of view of LHAASO. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are among the most promising targets for indirect detection of dark matter which have low fluxes of astrophysical $γ$-ray background while large amount of dark matter. By analyzing more than 700 days observational data at LHAASO, no significant dark matter signal from 1 TeV to 1 EeV is detected. Accordingly we derive the most stringent constraints on the ultra-heavy dark matter annihilation cross-section up to EeV. The constraints on the lifetime of dark matter in decay mode are also derived.
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Submitted 12 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
R. Abbott,
H. Abe,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
V. B. Adya,
C. Affeldt,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. Aguilar,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu,
S. Albanesi
, et al. (1778 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we prese…
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Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM.
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Submitted 5 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Songzhan Chen,
Ruoyu Liu,
Ruizhi Yang
Abstract:
Ultra-High Energy (UHE, $>$0.1\,PeV) $γ$-ray Astronomy is rapidly evolving into an expanding branch of the $γ$-ray astronomy with the surprising discovery of 12 PeVatrons and the detection of a handful of photons above 1 PeV. Nearly all known celestial object types that have emissions in the TeV band are found also emitting UHE photons. UHE $γ$-rays have a well-defined horizon inside our galaxy du…
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Ultra-High Energy (UHE, $>$0.1\,PeV) $γ$-ray Astronomy is rapidly evolving into an expanding branch of the $γ$-ray astronomy with the surprising discovery of 12 PeVatrons and the detection of a handful of photons above 1 PeV. Nearly all known celestial object types that have emissions in the TeV band are found also emitting UHE photons. UHE $γ$-rays have a well-defined horizon inside our galaxy due to the absorption of infrared and cosmic microwave backgrounds in the universe. With the last 30 years, traditional cosmic ray (CR) detection techniques allow the detection of UHE $γ$-rays, and opened up the last observation window. For leptonic sources, UHE radiation is in the deep Klein-Nishina regime which is largely suppressed. Therefore UHE $γ$-ray detection will help to locate and identify hadronic radiation sources, tracing the historic pursuit for the origin of CRs around the knee of the spectrum. The Crab Nebula is again the focus of attention with measured photon emissions above 1\,PeV. In the absence of hadronic processes, this may indicate the existence of an extreme accelerator of e$^+$/e$^-$. Utilization of the CR extensive air shower detection techniques broadens the field of view of the source observations, enabling the measurement of UHE radiation surrounding the sources. These observations can probe the particle propagation inside and outside the accelerators and the subsequent injection/escape into the interstellar medium.
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Submitted 2 October, 2023;
originally announced October 2023.
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Neutron Star vs Quark Star in the Multimessenger Era
Authors:
Zheng Cao,
Lie-Wen Chen
Abstract:
Neutron stars (NSs) which could contain exotic degrees of freedom in the core and the self-bound quark stars (QSs) made purely of absolutely stable deconfined quark matter are still two main candidates for the compact objects observed in pulsars and gravitational wave (GW) events in binary star mergers. We perform a Bayesian model-agnostic inference of the properties of NSs and QSs by combining mu…
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Neutron stars (NSs) which could contain exotic degrees of freedom in the core and the self-bound quark stars (QSs) made purely of absolutely stable deconfined quark matter are still two main candidates for the compact objects observed in pulsars and gravitational wave (GW) events in binary star mergers. We perform a Bayesian model-agnostic inference of the properties of NSs and QSs by combining multi-messenger data of GW170817, GW190425, PSR J0030+0451, PSR J0740+6620, PSR J1614-2230, PSR J0348+0432 as well as ab initio calculations from perturbative quantum chromodynamics and chiral effective field theory. We find the NS scenario is strongly favored against the QS scenario with a Bayes factor of NS over QS $\mathcal{B}^\text{NS}_\text{QS} = 11.5$. In addition, the peak of the squared sound velocity $c_s^2 \sim 0.5c^2$ around $3.5$ times nuclear saturation density $n_0$ observed in the NS case disappears in the QS case which suggests that the $c_s^2$ first increases and then saturates at $c_s^2 \sim 0.5c^2$ above $\sim 4n_0$. The sound velocity and trace anomaly are found to approach the conformal limit in the core of heavy NSs with mass $M \gtrsim 2M_{\odot}$, but not in the core of QSs.
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Submitted 31 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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The First LHAASO Catalog of Gamma-Ray Sources
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
F. Aharonian,
Q. An,
Axikegu,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
J. T. Cai,
Q. Cao,
W. Y. Cao,
Zhe Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
A. M. Chen,
E. S. Chen,
Liang Chen,
Lin Chen,
Long Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen
, et al. (255 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the first catalog of very-high energy and ultra-high energy gamma-ray sources detected by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The catalog was compiled using 508 days of data collected by the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) from March 2021 to September 2022 and 933 days of data recorded by the Kilometer Squared Array (KM2A) from January 2020 to September 2022.…
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We present the first catalog of very-high energy and ultra-high energy gamma-ray sources detected by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The catalog was compiled using 508 days of data collected by the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) from March 2021 to September 2022 and 933 days of data recorded by the Kilometer Squared Array (KM2A) from January 2020 to September 2022. This catalog represents the main result from the most sensitive large coverage gamma-ray survey of the sky above 1 TeV, covering declination from $-$20$^{\circ}$ to 80$^{\circ}$. In total, the catalog contains 90 sources with an extended size smaller than $2^\circ$ and a significance of detection at $> 5σ$. Based on our source association criteria, 32 new TeV sources are proposed in this study. Among the 90 sources, 43 sources are detected with ultra-high energy ($E > 100$ TeV) emission at $> 4σ$ significance level. We provide the position, extension, and spectral characteristics of all the sources in this catalog.
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Submitted 27 November, 2023; v1 submitted 26 May, 2023;
originally announced May 2023.
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STCF Conceptual Design Report: Volume 1 -- Physics & Detector
Authors:
M. Achasov,
X. C. Ai,
R. Aliberti,
L. P. An,
Q. An,
X. Z. Bai,
Y. Bai,
O. Bakina,
A. Barnyakov,
V. Blinov,
V. Bobrovnikov,
D. Bodrov,
A. Bogomyagkov,
A. Bondar,
I. Boyko,
Z. H. Bu,
F. M. Cai,
H. Cai,
J. J. Cao,
Q. H. Cao,
Z. Cao,
Q. Chang,
K. T. Chao,
D. Y. Chen,
H. Chen
, et al. (413 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII,…
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The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII, providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter (charge-parity violation), in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions, as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the Standard Model. The STCF project in China is under development with an extensive R\&D program. This document presents the physics opportunities at the STCF, describes conceptual designs of the STCF detector system, and discusses future plans for detector R\&D and physics case studies.
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Submitted 5 October, 2023; v1 submitted 28 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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The $Z_{cs}$ states and the mixture of hadronic molecule and diquark-anti-diquark components within effective field theory
Authors:
Ze-Hua Cao,
Wei He,
Zhi-Feng Sun
Abstract:
In this work, we construct the Lagrangian describing meson-diquark interaction, such that the diquark-anti-diquark component as well as the molecular component is introduced when studying the $Z_{cs}$ states. In this way, the problem is solved that if only considering the $\bar{D}^{(*)}D_s^{(*)}$ components, the potentials are suppressed by OZI rule. Through solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we…
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In this work, we construct the Lagrangian describing meson-diquark interaction, such that the diquark-anti-diquark component as well as the molecular component is introduced when studying the $Z_{cs}$ states. In this way, the problem is solved that if only considering the $\bar{D}^{(*)}D_s^{(*)}$ components, the potentials are suppressed by OZI rule. Through solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we find that the $Z_{cs}(4000)^+$ can be explained as the mixture of $\bar{D}^{*0}D_s^+$ and $\bar{A}_{cs}S_{cu}$ components. Besides, for the $\bar{D}^{*0}D_s^{*+}/\bar{A}_{cs}A_{cu}$ system, the pole of $4208\pm 13i$ MeV on the second Riemann sheet is predicted, whose mass agrees with that of $Z_{cs}(4220)^+$ while the width is much smaller than $Z_{cs}(4220)^+$. Due to the large error of the $Z_{cs}(4220)^+$'s width, further measurements are expected. In addition, several other poles of different spins are predicted.
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Submitted 26 June, 2022; v1 submitted 23 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Gyrohydrodynamics: Relativistic spinful fluid with strong vorticity
Authors:
Zheng Cao,
Koichi Hattori,
Masaru Hongo,
Xu-Guang Huang,
Hidetoshi Taya
Abstract:
We develop a relativistic (quasi-)hydrodynamic framework, dubbed the gyrohydrodynamics, to describe fluid dynamics of many-body systems with spin under strong vorticity based on entropy-current analysis. This framework generalizes the recently-developed spin hydrodynamics to the regime where the spin density is at the leading order in derivatives but suppressed by another small parameter, the Plan…
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We develop a relativistic (quasi-)hydrodynamic framework, dubbed the gyrohydrodynamics, to describe fluid dynamics of many-body systems with spin under strong vorticity based on entropy-current analysis. This framework generalizes the recently-developed spin hydrodynamics to the regime where the spin density is at the leading order in derivatives but suppressed by another small parameter, the Planck constant $\hbar$, due to its quantum nature. Our analysis shows that the complete first-order constitutive relations of gyrohydrodynamics involve seventeen transport coefficients and are highly anisotropic.
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Submitted 21 June, 2022; v1 submitted 16 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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The Gravitational-Wave Physics II: Progress
Authors:
Ligong Bian,
Rong-Gen Cai,
Shuo Cao,
Zhoujian Cao,
He Gao,
Zong-Kuan Guo,
Kejia Lee,
Di Li,
Jing Liu,
Youjun Lu,
Shi Pi,
Jian-Min Wang,
Shao-Jiang Wang,
Yan Wang,
Tao Yang,
Xing-Yu Yang,
Shenghua Yu,
Xin Zhang
Abstract:
It has been a half-decade since the first direct detection of gravitational waves, which signifies the coming of the era of the gravitational-wave astronomy and gravitational-wave cosmology. The increasing number of the detected gravitational-wave events has revealed the promising capability of constraining various aspects of cosmology, astronomy, and gravity. Due to the limited space in this revi…
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It has been a half-decade since the first direct detection of gravitational waves, which signifies the coming of the era of the gravitational-wave astronomy and gravitational-wave cosmology. The increasing number of the detected gravitational-wave events has revealed the promising capability of constraining various aspects of cosmology, astronomy, and gravity. Due to the limited space in this review article, we will briefly summarize the recent progress over the past five years, but with a special focus on some of our own work for the Key Project ``Physics associated with the gravitational waves'' supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. In particular, (1) we have presented the mechanism of the gravitational-wave production during some physical processes of the early Universe, such as inflation, preheating and phase transition, and the cosmological implications of gravitational-wave measurements; (2) we have put constraints on the neutron star maximum mass according to GW170817 observations; (3) we have developed a numerical relativity algorithm based on the finite element method and a waveform model for the binary black hole coalescence along an eccentric orbit.
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Submitted 3 November, 2021; v1 submitted 17 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
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Constraints on dark photon dark matter using data from LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
R. Abbott,
T. D. Abbott,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adams,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. B. Adya,
C. Affeldt,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
K. Agatsuma,
N. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu,
S. Albanesi,
A. Allocca,
P. A. Altin,
A. Amato
, et al. (1605 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a search for dark photon dark matter that could couple to gravitational-wave interferometers using data from Advanced LIGO and Virgo's third observing run. To perform this analysis, we use two methods, one based on cross-correlation of the strain channels in the two nearly aligned LIGO detectors, and one that looks for excess power in the strain channels of the LIGO and Virgo detectors.…
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We present a search for dark photon dark matter that could couple to gravitational-wave interferometers using data from Advanced LIGO and Virgo's third observing run. To perform this analysis, we use two methods, one based on cross-correlation of the strain channels in the two nearly aligned LIGO detectors, and one that looks for excess power in the strain channels of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. The excess power method optimizes the Fourier Transform coherence time as a function of frequency, to account for the expected signal width due to Doppler modulations. We do not find any evidence of dark photon dark matter with a mass between $m_{\rm A} \sim 10^{-14}-10^{-11}$ eV/$c^2$, which corresponds to frequencies between 10-2000 Hz, and therefore provide upper limits on the square of the minimum coupling of dark photons to baryons, i.e. $U(1)_{\rm B}$ dark matter. For the cross-correlation method, the best median constraint on the squared coupling is $\sim2.65\times10^{-46}$ at $m_{\rm A}\sim4.31\times10^{-13}$ eV/$c^2$; for the other analysis, the best constraint is $\sim 2.4\times 10^{-47}$ at $m_{\rm A}\sim 5.7\times 10^{-13}$ eV/$c^2$. These limits improve upon those obtained in direct dark matter detection experiments by a factor of $\sim100$ for $m_{\rm A}\sim [2-4]\times 10^{-13}$ eV/$c^2$, and are, in absolute terms, the most stringent constraint so far in a large mass range $m_A\sim$ $2\times 10^{-13}-8\times 10^{-12}$ eV/$c^2$.
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Submitted 6 May, 2024; v1 submitted 27 May, 2021;
originally announced May 2021.
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GW190814: Circumstantial Evidence for Up-Down Quark Star
Authors:
Zheng Cao,
Lie-Wen Chen,
Peng-Cheng Chu,
Ying Zhou
Abstract:
Within a confining quark matter model which considers phenomenologically the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom as well as the chiral symmetry restoration and quark deconfinement at high baryon density, we find that if the up-down quark matter ($ud$QM) is more stable than nuclear matter and strange quark matter (SQM), the maximum mass of static quark stars with $ud$QM is $2.87M_{\odot}$ unde…
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Within a confining quark matter model which considers phenomenologically the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom as well as the chiral symmetry restoration and quark deconfinement at high baryon density, we find that if the up-down quark matter ($ud$QM) is more stable than nuclear matter and strange quark matter (SQM), the maximum mass of static quark stars with $ud$QM is $2.87M_{\odot}$ under agreement with both the constraints on star tidal deformability from gravitational wave signal GW170817 and the mass-radius of PSR J0030+0451 and PSR J0740+6620 measured by NICER. In contrast, the conventional strange quark star with the SQM that is more stable than nuclear matter while the nuclear matter is more stable than $ud$QM, has a maximum static mass of only $1.87M_{\odot}$ and its radius significantly deviates from NICER's constraint. Our results thus provide circumstantial evidence suggesting the recently reported GW190814's secondary component with a mass of $2.59^{+0.08}_{-0.09}M_\odot$ could be an up-down quark star.
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Submitted 27 September, 2022; v1 submitted 2 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Self-consistent approach for measuring the energy spectra and composition of cosmic rays and determining the properties of hadronic interactions at high energy
Authors:
Andrea Addazi,
Andy Buckley,
Jose Bellido,
Zhen Cao,
Ruben Conceição,
Lorenzo Cazon,
Armando di Matteo,
Bruce Dawson,
Kasumasa Kawata,
Paolo Lipari,
Analiza Mariazzi,
Marco Muzio,
Shoichi Ogio,
Sergey Ostapchenko,
Mário Pimenta,
Tanguy Pierog,
Andres Romero-Wolf,
Felix Riehn,
David Schmidt,
Eva Santos,
Frank Schroeder,
Karen Caballero-Mora,
Pat Scott,
Takashi Sako,
Carlos Todero Peixoto
, et al. (3 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Air showers, produced by the interaction of energetic cosmic rays with the atmosphere, are an excellent alternative to study particle physics at energies beyond any human-made particle accelerator. For that, it is necessary to identify first the mass composition of the primary cosmic ray (and its energy). None of the existing high energy interaction models have been able to reproduce coherently al…
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Air showers, produced by the interaction of energetic cosmic rays with the atmosphere, are an excellent alternative to study particle physics at energies beyond any human-made particle accelerator. For that, it is necessary to identify first the mass composition of the primary cosmic ray (and its energy). None of the existing high energy interaction models have been able to reproduce coherently all air shower observables over the entire energy and zenith angle phase space. This is despite having tried all possible combinations for the cosmic ray mass composition. This proposal outlines a self-consistent strategy to study high energy particle interactions and identify the energy spectra and mass composition of cosmic rays. This strategy involves the participation of different particle accelerators and astrophysics experiments. This is important to cover the entire cosmic ray energy range and a larger phase-space of shower observables to probe the high energy interaction models.
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Submitted 2 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Reduced-order surrogate models for scalar-tensor gravity in the strong field and applications to binary pulsars and GW170817
Authors:
Junjie Zhao,
Lijing Shao,
Zhoujian Cao,
Bo-Qiang Ma
Abstract:
We investigate the scalar-tensor gravity of Damour and Esposito-Farèse (DEF), which predicts non-trivial phenomena in the nonperturbative strong-field regime for neutron stars (NSs). Instead of solving the modified Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations, we construct reduced-order surrogate models, coded in the pySTGROM package, to predict the relations of a NS radius, mass, and effective scalar cou…
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We investigate the scalar-tensor gravity of Damour and Esposito-Farèse (DEF), which predicts non-trivial phenomena in the nonperturbative strong-field regime for neutron stars (NSs). Instead of solving the modified Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations, we construct reduced-order surrogate models, coded in the pySTGROM package, to predict the relations of a NS radius, mass, and effective scalar coupling to its central density. Our models are accurate at $\sim1\%$ level and speed up large-scale calculations by two orders of magnitude. As an application, we use pySTGROM and Markov-chain Monte Carlo techniques to constrain parameters in the DEF theory, with five well-timed binary pulsars, the binary NS (BNS) inspiral GW170817, and a hypothetical BNS inspiral in the Advanced LIGO and next-generation GW detectors. In the future, as more binary pulsars and BNS mergers are detected, our surrogate models will be helpful in constraining strong-field gravity with essential speed and accuracy.
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Submitted 4 September, 2019; v1 submitted 1 July, 2019;
originally announced July 2019.
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Photoproduction of J/$ψ$ in non-single-diffractive p+p collisions
Authors:
Zehua Cao,
Lijuan Ruan,
Zebo Tang,
Zhangbu Xu,
Chi Yang,
Shuai Yang,
Wangmei Zha
Abstract:
Recently, significant enhancements of J/$ψ$ production at very low transverse momenta were observed by the ALICE and STAR collaboration in peripheral hadronic A+A collisions. The anomaly excesses point to evidence of coherent photon-nucleus interactions in violent hadronic heavy-ion collisions, which were conventionally studied only in ultra-peripheral collisions. Assuming that the coherent photop…
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Recently, significant enhancements of J/$ψ$ production at very low transverse momenta were observed by the ALICE and STAR collaboration in peripheral hadronic A+A collisions. The anomaly excesses point to evidence of coherent photon-nucleus interactions in violent hadronic heavy-ion collisions, which were conventionally studied only in ultra-peripheral collisions. Assuming that the coherent photoproduction is the underlying mechanism which is responsible for the excess observed in peripheral A+A collisions, its contribution in p+p collisions with nuclear overlap, i.e. non-single-diffractive collisions, is of particular interest. In this paper, we perform a calculation of exclusive J/$ψ$ photoproduction in non-single-diffractive p+p collisions at RHIC and LHC energies base on the pQCD motivated parametrization from world-wide experimental data, which could be further employed to improve the precision of phenomenal calculations for photoproduction in A+A collisions. The differential rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of J/$ψ$ from photoproduction are presented. In comparison with the J/$ψ$ production from hadronic interactions, we find that the contribution of photoproduction is negligible.
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Submitted 24 October, 2018;
originally announced October 2018.
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The impact of $S$-wave thresholds $D_{s1}\bar{D}_{s}+c.c.$ and $D_{s0}\bar{D}^*_{s}+c.c.$ on vector charmonium spectrum
Authors:
Zheng Cao,
Qiang Zhao
Abstract:
By investigating the very closely lied $D_{s1}\bar{D}_{s}+c.c.$ and $D_{s0}\bar{D}^*_{s}+c.c.$ thresholds at about 4.43 GeV we propose that the $ψ(4415)$ and $ψ(4160)$ can be mixing states between the dynamic generated states of the strong $S$-wave $D_{s1}\bar{D}_{s}+c.c.$ and $D_{s0}\bar{D}^*_{s}+c.c.$ interactions and the quark model states $ψ(4S)$ and $ψ(2D)$. We investigate the $J/ψK\bar{K}$ f…
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By investigating the very closely lied $D_{s1}\bar{D}_{s}+c.c.$ and $D_{s0}\bar{D}^*_{s}+c.c.$ thresholds at about 4.43 GeV we propose that the $ψ(4415)$ and $ψ(4160)$ can be mixing states between the dynamic generated states of the strong $S$-wave $D_{s1}\bar{D}_{s}+c.c.$ and $D_{s0}\bar{D}^*_{s}+c.c.$ interactions and the quark model states $ψ(4S)$ and $ψ(2D)$. We investigate the $J/ψK\bar{K}$ final states and invariant mass spectrum of $J/ψK$ to demonstrate that nontrivial lineshapes can arise from such a mechanism. This process, which goes through triangle loop transitions, is located in the vicinity of the so-called "triangle singularity (TS)" kinematics. As a result, it provides a special mechanism for the production of exotic states $Z_{cs}$, which is the strange partner of $Z_c(3900)$, but with flavor contents of $c\bar{c}q\bar{s}$ (or $c\bar{c}s\bar{q}$) with $q$ denoting $u/d$ quarks. The lineshapes of the $e^+e^-\to J/ψK\bar{K}$ cross sections and $J/ψK \ (J/ψ\bar{K})$ spectrum are sensitive to the dynamically generated state, and we demonstrate that a pole structure can be easily distinguished from open threshold CUSP effects if an exotic state is created. A precise measurement of the cross section lineshapes can test such a mixing mechanism and provide navel information for the exotic partners of the $Z_c(3900)$ in the charmonium spectrum.
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Submitted 24 December, 2018; v1 submitted 20 November, 2017;
originally announced November 2017.
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Search for Gamma Ray Bursts with the ARGO-YBJ Detector in Shower Mode
Authors:
B. Bartoli,
P. Bernardini,
X. J. Bi,
Z. Cao,
S. Catalanotti,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
S. W. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
A. D Amone,
Danzeng Luobu,
I. De Mitri,
B. D Ettorre Piazzoli,
T. Di Girolamo,
G. Di Sciascio,
C. F. Feng,
Zhaoyang Feng,
Zhenyong Feng,
W. Gao,
Q. B. Gou,
Y. Q. Guo,
H. H. He,
Haibing Hu,
Hongbo Hu,
M. Iacovacci
, et al. (47 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ARGO-YBJ detector, located at the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Laboratory (4300 m a. s. l., Tibet, China), was a full coverage air shower array dedicated to gamma ray astronomy and cosmic ray studies. The wide field of view (~ 2 sr) and high duty cycle (> 86%), made ARGO-YBJ suitable to search for short and unexpected gamma ray emissions like gamma ray bursts (GRBs). Between 2007 November 6 and 2013…
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The ARGO-YBJ detector, located at the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Laboratory (4300 m a. s. l., Tibet, China), was a full coverage air shower array dedicated to gamma ray astronomy and cosmic ray studies. The wide field of view (~ 2 sr) and high duty cycle (> 86%), made ARGO-YBJ suitable to search for short and unexpected gamma ray emissions like gamma ray bursts (GRBs). Between 2007 November 6 and 2013 February 7, 156 satellite-triggered GRBs (24 of them with known redshift) occurred within the ARGO-YBJ field of view. A search for possible emission associated to these GRBs has been made in the two energy ranges 10-100 GeV and 10-1000 GeV. No significant excess has been found in time coincidence with the satellite detections nor in a time window of one hour after the bursts. Taking into account the EBL absorption, upper limits to the energy fluence at 99% of confidence level have been evaluated,with values ranging from ~ 10-5 erg cm-2 to ~10-1 erg cm-2.
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Submitted 23 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
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The Gravitational-Wave Physics
Authors:
Rong-Gen Cai,
Zhoujian Cao,
Zong-Kuan Guo,
Shao-Jiang Wang,
Tao Yang
Abstract:
The direct detection of gravitational wave by Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory indicates the coming of the era of gravitational-wave astronomy and gravitational-wave cosmology. It is expected that more and more gravitational-wave events will be detected by currently existing and planned gravitational-wave detectors. The gravitational waves open a new window to explore the Univer…
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The direct detection of gravitational wave by Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory indicates the coming of the era of gravitational-wave astronomy and gravitational-wave cosmology. It is expected that more and more gravitational-wave events will be detected by currently existing and planned gravitational-wave detectors. The gravitational waves open a new window to explore the Universe and various mysteries will be disclosed through the gravitational-wave detection, combined with other cosmological probes. The gravitational-wave physics is not only related to gravitation theory, but also is closely tied to fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this review article, three kinds of sources of gravitational waves and relevant physics will be discussed, namely gravitational waves produced during the inflation and preheating phases of the Universe, the gravitational waves produced during the first-order phase transition as the Universe cools down and the gravitational waves from the three phases: inspiral, merger and ringdown of a compact binary system, respectively. We will also discuss the gravitational waves as a standard siren to explore the evolution of the Universe.
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Submitted 27 May, 2017; v1 submitted 1 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
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Open charm contributions to the E1 transitions of $ψ(3686)$ and $ψ(3770)\to γχ_{cJ}$
Authors:
Zheng Cao,
Martin Cleven,
Qian Wang,
Qiang Zhao
Abstract:
The E1 transitions of $ψ(3686)$ and $ψ(3770)\to γχ_{cJ}$ are investigated in a non-relativistic effective field theory (NREFT) where the open charm effects are included systematically as the leading corrections. It also allows a self-consistent inclusion of the $S$-$D$ mixing in the same framework. We are able to show that the open charm contributions are essential for understanding the significan…
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The E1 transitions of $ψ(3686)$ and $ψ(3770)\to γχ_{cJ}$ are investigated in a non-relativistic effective field theory (NREFT) where the open charm effects are included systematically as the leading corrections. It also allows a self-consistent inclusion of the $S$-$D$ mixing in the same framework. We are able to show that the open charm contributions are essential for understanding the significant discrepancies between the non-relativistic leading order calculations and the experimental data.
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Submitted 20 October, 2016; v1 submitted 29 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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Study of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane with ARGO-YBJ
Authors:
B. Bartoli,
P. Bernardini,
X. J. Bi,
P. Branchini,
A. Budano,
P. Camarri,
Z. Cao,
R. Cardarelli,
S. Catalanotti,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
P. Creti,
S. W. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
A. D'Amone,
Danzengluobu,
I. De Mitri,
B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli,
T. Di Girolamo,
G. Di Sciascio,
C. F. Feng,
Zhaoyang Feng,
Zhenyong Feng,
Q. B. Gou,
Y. Q. Guo
, et al. (56 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The events recorded by ARGO-YBJ in more than five years of data collection have been analyzed to determine the diffuse gamma-ray emission in the Galactic plane at Galactic longitudes 25° < l < 100° and Galactic latitudes . The energy range covered by this analysis, from ~350 GeV to ~2 TeV, allows the connection of the region explored by Fermi with the multi-TeV measurements carried out by Milagro.…
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The events recorded by ARGO-YBJ in more than five years of data collection have been analyzed to determine the diffuse gamma-ray emission in the Galactic plane at Galactic longitudes 25° < l < 100° and Galactic latitudes . The energy range covered by this analysis, from ~350 GeV to ~2 TeV, allows the connection of the region explored by Fermi with the multi-TeV measurements carried out by Milagro. Our analysis has been focused on two selected regions of the Galactic plane, i.e., 40° < l < 100° and 65° < l < 85° (the Cygnus region), where Milagro observed an excess with respect to the predictions of current models. Great care has been taken in order to mask the most intense gamma-ray sources, including the TeV counterpart of the Cygnus cocoon recently identified by ARGO-YBJ, and to remove residual contributions. The ARGO-YBJ results do not show any excess at sub-TeV energies corresponding to the excess found by Milagro, and are consistent with the predictions of the Fermi model for the diffuse Galactic emission. From the measured energy distribution we derive spectral indices and the differential flux at 1 TeV of the diffuse gamma-ray emission in the sky regions investigated.
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Submitted 24 July, 2015;
originally announced July 2015.
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Wave-Packet Treatment of Neutrino Oscillation Based on the Solution to Dirac Equation
Authors:
Kelin Wang,
Zexian Cao
Abstract:
Flavor oscillation of traveling neutrinos is treated by solving the one-dimensional Dirac equation for massive fermions. The solutions are given in terms of squeezed coherent state as mutual eigenfunctions of parity operator and the corresponding Hamiltonian, both represented in bosonic creation and annihilation operators. It was shown that a mono-energetic state is non-normalizable, and a normali…
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Flavor oscillation of traveling neutrinos is treated by solving the one-dimensional Dirac equation for massive fermions. The solutions are given in terms of squeezed coherent state as mutual eigenfunctions of parity operator and the corresponding Hamiltonian, both represented in bosonic creation and annihilation operators. It was shown that a mono-energetic state is non-normalizable, and a normalizable Gaussian wave packet, when of pure parity, cannot propagate. A physical state for a traveling neutrino beam would be represented as a normalizable Gaussian wave packet of equally-weighted mixing of two parities, which has the largest energy-dependent velocity. Based on this wave-packet representation, flavor oscillation of traveling neutrinos can be treated in a strict sense. These results allow the accurate interpretation of experimental data for neutrino oscillation, which is critical in judging whether neutrino oscillation violates CP symmetry.
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Submitted 1 August, 2012; v1 submitted 22 July, 2012;
originally announced July 2012.
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Wave Packet for Massless Fermions and its Implication to the Superluminal Velocity Statistics of Neutrino
Authors:
Kelin Wang,
Zexian Cao
Abstract:
Non-dispersive wave packet for massless fermions is formulated on the basis of squeezed coherent states that are put in a form of common eigenfunction for the Hamiltonian and the helicity operator, starting from the Dirac equation. The wave packet thus constructed is demonstrated to propagate at a constant velocity as that of light. This explicit expression of wave packet for the massless fermions…
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Non-dispersive wave packet for massless fermions is formulated on the basis of squeezed coherent states that are put in a form of common eigenfunction for the Hamiltonian and the helicity operator, starting from the Dirac equation. The wave packet thus constructed is demonstrated to propagate at a constant velocity as that of light. This explicit expression of wave packet for the massless fermions can facilitate theoretical analysis of problems where a wave packet is of formal significance. Furthermore, extensive wave packet may result in a superluminal velocity statistics if determined from the time-of-flight measurement, as recently done on muon neutrinos, when a threshold particle flux or energy transfer, which is eventually referred to the propagation of wave packet, to invoke a detection event is assumed.
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Submitted 5 January, 2012;
originally announced January 2012.
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Testing Lorentz Invariance with Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Spectrum
Authors:
Xiao-Jun Bi,
Zhen Cao,
Ye Li,
Qiang Yuan
Abstract:
The GZK cutoff predicted at the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) spectrum as been observed by the HiRes and Auger experiments. The results put severe constraints on the effect of Lorentz Invariance Violation(LIV) which has been introduced to explain the absence of GZK cutoff indicated in the AGASA data. Assuming homogeneous source distribution with a single power law spectrum, we calculate t…
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The GZK cutoff predicted at the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) spectrum as been observed by the HiRes and Auger experiments. The results put severe constraints on the effect of Lorentz Invariance Violation(LIV) which has been introduced to explain the absence of GZK cutoff indicated in the AGASA data. Assuming homogeneous source distribution with a single power law spectrum, we calculate the spectrum of UHECRs observed on Earth by taking the processes of photopion production, $e^+e^-$ pair production and adiabatic energy loss into account. The effect of LIV is also taken into account in the calculation. By fitting the HiRes monocular spectra and the Auger combined spectra, we show that the LIV parameter is constrained to $ξ=-0.8^{+3.2}_{-0.5}\times10^{-23}$ and $0.0^{+1.0}_{-0.4}\times10^{-23}$ respectively, which is well consistent with strict Lorentz Invariance up to the highest energy.
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Submitted 4 May, 2009; v1 submitted 29 November, 2008;
originally announced December 2008.
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Erraticity Analysis of Soft Production by ECOMB
Authors:
Z. Cao,
R. C. Hwa
Abstract:
Event-to-event fluctuations of the spatial patterns of the final states of high-enery collisions, referred to as erraticity, are studied for the data generated by a soft-interaction model called ECOMB. The moments $C_{p,q}$ do not show simple power-law dependences on the bin size. New measures of erraticity are proposed that generalizes the bin-size dependence. The method should be applied not o…
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Event-to-event fluctuations of the spatial patterns of the final states of high-enery collisions, referred to as erraticity, are studied for the data generated by a soft-interaction model called ECOMB. The moments $C_{p,q}$ do not show simple power-law dependences on the bin size. New measures of erraticity are proposed that generalizes the bin-size dependence. The method should be applied not only to the soft production data of NA22 and NA27 to check the dynamical content of ECOMB, but also to other collision processes, such as $e^+e^-$ annihilation and heavy-ion collisions.
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Submitted 8 January, 1999;
originally announced January 1999.
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A Color Mutation Hadronic Soft Interaction Model -- Eikonal Formalism and Branching Evolution
Authors:
Zhen Cao
Abstract:
ECOMB is established as a hadronic multiparticle production generator by soft interaction. It incorporates the eikonal formalism, parton model, color mutation, branching, resonance production and decay. A partonic cluster, being color-neutral initially, splits into smaller color-neutral clusters successively due to the color mutation of the quarks. The process stops at hadronic resonance,…
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ECOMB is established as a hadronic multiparticle production generator by soft interaction. It incorporates the eikonal formalism, parton model, color mutation, branching, resonance production and decay. A partonic cluster, being color-neutral initially, splits into smaller color-neutral clusters successively due to the color mutation of the quarks. The process stops at hadronic resonance, $q\bar q$ pair, formation. The model contains self-similar dynamics and exhibits scaling behavior in the factorial moments, e.g. the intermittency.
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Submitted 2 September, 1998;
originally announced September 1998.
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A Color Mutation Model of Soft Interaction in High Energy Hadronic Collisions
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Rudolph C. Hwa
Abstract:
A comprehensive model, called ECOMB, is proposed to describe multiparticle production by soft interaction. It incorporates the eikonal formalism, parton model, color mutation, branching and recombination. The physics is conceptually opposite to the dynamics that underlies the fragmentation of a string. The partons are present initially in a hadronic collision; they form a single, large, color-ne…
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A comprehensive model, called ECOMB, is proposed to describe multiparticle production by soft interaction. It incorporates the eikonal formalism, parton model, color mutation, branching and recombination. The physics is conceptually opposite to the dynamics that underlies the fragmentation of a string. The partons are present initially in a hadronic collision; they form a single, large, color-neutral cluster until color mutation of the quarks leads to a fission of the cluster into two color-neutral subclusters. The mutation and branching processes continue until only $q\bar q$ pairs are left in each small cluster. The model contains self-similar dynamics and exhibits scaling behavior in the factorial moments. It can satisfactorily reproduce the intermittency data that no other model has been able to fit.
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Submitted 24 August, 1998;
originally announced August 1998.
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A New Method Of Distinguishing Models For The High-$Q^2$ Events At HERA
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Xiao-Gang He,
Bruce McKellar
Abstract:
Many explanations for the excess high-Q^2 $e^+p \to e^+X$ events from H1 and ZEUS at HERA have been proposed each with criticisms. We propose a new method to distinguish different models by looking at a new distribution which is insensitive to parton distribution function but sensitive to new physics.
Many explanations for the excess high-Q^2 $e^+p \to e^+X$ events from H1 and ZEUS at HERA have been proposed each with criticisms. We propose a new method to distinguish different models by looking at a new distribution which is insensitive to parton distribution function but sensitive to new physics.
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Submitted 2 July, 1997;
originally announced July 1997.
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Fluctuations of Spatial Patterns as a Measure of Classical Chaos
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Rudolph C. Hwa
Abstract:
In problems where the temporal evolution of a nonlinear system cannot be followed, a method for studying the fluctuations of spatial patterns has been developed. That method is applied to well-known problems in deterministic chaos (the logistic map and the Lorenz model) to check its effectiveness in characterizing the dynamical behaviors. It is found that the indices $μ_q$ are as useful as the L…
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In problems where the temporal evolution of a nonlinear system cannot be followed, a method for studying the fluctuations of spatial patterns has been developed. That method is applied to well-known problems in deterministic chaos (the logistic map and the Lorenz model) to check its effectiveness in characterizing the dynamical behaviors. It is found that the indices $μ_q$ are as useful as the Lyapunov exponents in providing a quantitative measure of chaos.
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Submitted 10 February, 1997;
originally announced February 1997.
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Fluctuations and Entropy Indices of QCD Parton Showers
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Rudolph C. Hwa
Abstract:
The branching processes in parton showers are studied in perturbative QCD for both quark and gluon jets. The emphasis is on the nature of fluctuations of both the parton multiplicities and the spatial patterns of the final states. Effective measures of such fluctuations are calculated from the data obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. The entropy indices are used to characterize chaoticity. Both…
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The branching processes in parton showers are studied in perturbative QCD for both quark and gluon jets. The emphasis is on the nature of fluctuations of both the parton multiplicities and the spatial patterns of the final states. Effective measures of such fluctuations are calculated from the data obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. The entropy indices are used to characterize chaoticity. Both running and fixed couplings are considered. The fixed coupling case is used to study the onset of chaos. Implications of the results are discussed.
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Submitted 1 May, 1996;
originally announced April 1996.
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Chaotic Behavior of Particle Production in Branching Processes
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Rudolph C. Hwa
Abstract:
The notion of chaotic behavior is examined for particle production in branching processes. Two types of branching are considered: non-Abelian gauge interaction and an Abelian cascade model. Properties of the production processes are investigated by Monte Carlo stimulation. The ``temporal'' behavior is studied by following the fluctuations in the multiplicities of each generation as the branching…
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The notion of chaotic behavior is examined for particle production in branching processes. Two types of branching are considered: non-Abelian gauge interaction and an Abelian cascade model. Properties of the production processes are investigated by Monte Carlo stimulation. The ``temporal'' behavior is studied by following the fluctuations in the multiplicities of each generation as the branching evolves. The ``spatial'' behavior is described in terms of the fluctuations of the normalized factorial moments from event to event. The information dimension and a new entropy index are determined. When all the measures are taken together, they collectively give a strong suggestion that the QCD branching process is chaotic, while the Abelian cascade model is not.
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Submitted 26 October, 1995;
originally announced October 1995.
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In Search for Signs of Chaos in Branching Processes
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
Rudolph C. Hwa
Abstract:
For systems that involve particle production through branching processes the concept of chaos is explored. The measures that can describe their behaviors are investigated. Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate events according to perturbative QCD and an Abelian model. It is shown how the measures proposed distinguish the two cases in ways that characterize the chaotic behavior.
For systems that involve particle production through branching processes the concept of chaos is explored. The measures that can describe their behaviors are investigated. Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate events according to perturbative QCD and an Abelian model. It is shown how the measures proposed distinguish the two cases in ways that characterize the chaotic behavior.
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Submitted 20 April, 1995;
originally announced April 1995.