WO2003038620A2 - Procede de memorisation de donnees avec correction d'erreur - Google Patents
Procede de memorisation de donnees avec correction d'erreur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003038620A2 WO2003038620A2 PCT/FR2002/003758 FR0203758W WO03038620A2 WO 2003038620 A2 WO2003038620 A2 WO 2003038620A2 FR 0203758 W FR0203758 W FR 0203758W WO 03038620 A2 WO03038620 A2 WO 03038620A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- word
- code
- read
- bits
- error
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/08—Error detection or correction by redundancy in data representation, e.g. by using checking codes
- G06F11/10—Adding special bits or symbols to the coded information, e.g. parity check, casting out 9's or 11's
- G06F11/1008—Adding special bits or symbols to the coded information, e.g. parity check, casting out 9's or 11's in individual solid state devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/70—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
- G06F21/71—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information
- G06F21/75—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information by inhibiting the analysis of circuitry or operation
- G06F21/755—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information by inhibiting the analysis of circuitry or operation with measures against power attack
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the organization of a memory associated with error correction means.
- each memory point ensures the storage of data bits by acting on an increasingly small number of charge carriers. Consequently, each memory point is more and more likely to be affected by an error, that is to say by an inversion of the memorized data (passage from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0), in particular as a result of particle irradiation.
- error correction codes have been developed, each memory word being associated with an error correction code. When reading the content of a word and the associated error correction code, and calculating a syndrome between the stored word and the error correction code, this syndrome makes it possible to determine whether the word is affected of an error or not, to determine the location of the error and to correct this error.
- error correction codes examples include the Hamming code and the Reed-Solomon code. It will be noted that a distinction is made between simple error detection codes, for example the association with a word of a parity bit, which allow to detect the existence of an error, error correction codes which make it possible to determine the location of the error and therefore to correct it.
- error correction codes An obvious disadvantage of using error correction codes is the amount of bits they require. For example, for words longer than four bits, a Hamming code requires n + 1 bits to allow the correction of an error, and only of an error, in a word of 2 n bits. This means that for an eight (2 3 ) bit word, four bits of code will be required, and even five bits if a parity code is added to the error correction code. For a 64 (2 5 ) bit word, five or six bits of error correction code will be required. It is clear that the relative area occupied by the part of the memory allocated to the error correction code depends on the length of the stored words and decreases when this length increases.
- the present invention provides a data storage method allowing error detections and corrections in a memory organized to read and write words of a first number (m) of bits and possibly to modify only part of such a word, comprising the following steps: associating an error detection and correction code with a group of a second number ( ⁇ l) of words; and at each partial writing in the group of words: - calculate a new code of the modified group of words, - carry out a verification operation and, if an error appears, carry out an error correction of the modified word and / or of the new code .
- the present invention also relates to a memory for the implementation of the method.
- the present invention also provides a method of memorizing data allowing detections and error corrections in a memory whose words are divided into several fields, the writing operations being able to be carried out on all of the bits of one or several fields, comprising the following steps: associate an error correction code, said field code, with each field of a word, and when writing in one or more fields of a word, activate a writing in the corresponding field code or codes, the values to be written in each field code being calculated from the values of the bits to be written in the corresponding field.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate structures of memory blocks according to the present invention.
- the present invention provides for associating with a group of k words, that is to say a set of km bits, a unique EC error correction code.
- a unique EC error correction code is used for a set of km bits and no longer k error correction codes each of which corresponds to a set of m bits.
- this greatly reduces the size occupied in memory for error correction.
- an error detection code ED is added to each word of m bits, for example, in the case where there cannot be more than one error per word, a single bit of parity.
- an error detection code for example a parity code, ED
- word may be interpreted as designating a short word or a long word.
- word For example, if in a system we are supposed to use a memory whose word is 4 bits, we must provide 3 additional bits per word to implement the Hamming code. To reduce this cost, it is advantageous to introduce long words and to maximize their size to minimize the cost of the code, but one does not want to use long words of very large size to avoid a very high consumption during a reading.
- One can choose for example long words of 64 bits (r 16).
- groups of an even larger size for example groups of 4 long words). In this case, we will associate a parity bit per long word, and a Hamming code (9 bits) per group of words.
- the number of bits of a word in a memory is generally determined according to functional constraints and operating speed of the system in which the memory is inserted. For the implementation of the present invention, we will modify the memory to increase the size of the word that we will be able to read during a reading cycle. Long words are thus obtained composed of r words of m bits which can be read in a single cycle.
- a memory normally provided for words of m bits cannot make readings on r words of m bits, which is necessary if one wants to use long words. It is therefore necessary to modify the memory which normally results in an extension of the system design time. Nevertheless, we find more and more, in known memory generators, memories with maskable operations. We can then choose such a memory using words of rm bits, so that we can do the reading on the long word, as well as maskable writing operations which will make it possible to write on the m bits of a short word or on a subset of these bits in the case where the original memory makes it possible to make maskable operations on a subset of the m bits of the word.
- a first way of calculating the new error correction code consists in taking into account the comparison between each bit of the initial word or of the corrected word and each bit of the newly written word as well as the old value of the code. This can be done in a conventional way by exclusive OR gate networks (XOR). It will be noted that this method is suitable for rewriting a complete word in place of the preexisting word or for rewriting only a few bits of a word (masked writing).
- the group contains a single short or long word
- the write operation is performed on a subset of bits of the word (maskable operation) or of the long word (maskable or non-maskable operation)
- the calculation of the new code is done in a second way, directly from the values of the written bits and the values of the bits not affected by writing (unwritten). In this case, the unwritten bits of the word read must be corrected, if necessary. The correction will be made using the word read and its code. This correction is carried out in order to calculate the new code using correct values in the unwritten bits of the word read.
- the operation to modify the error correction code in this second way requires that a reading (of a word or of an unwritten part of a word) be carried out before each writing.
- certain memories for example cache memories
- the techniques presented do not introduce a reduction in system performance.
- reading several words before writing is interesting because we can store these words in a buffer and, if we have just read one of these words, we can read very quickly by reading the word in the buffer.
- the imperatives of reducing the cost of the code combine with the imperatives of increasing the speed.
- the cycle comprising a reading followed by a writing exists in a standard manner for reasons specific to the operation of the memory.
- the operation of the memory is modified in order to be able to read and write sequentially a word or a part of it in the same memory access cycle. This is possible, because, the word being selected at the start of the cycle, the read amplifiers are first activated in order to be able to read the word, and then the write amplifiers are activated for all the bits of the word or of a part thereof. of these, to perform a non-maskable or maskable writing.
- This modification eliminates the read cycle which must precede a write cycle, but the cycle time will be extended.
- the present invention also aims to optimize the speed of reading / writing.
- the actions in the following list are carried out.
- the word is read, modified and written (actions 1, 4 and 6).
- the modification consists in substituting, for a part of the word read, data already ready, there is no delay induced by the modification.
- the word read must be checked by its code and corrected if an error is detected.
- These operations require time to be completed and may introduce an additional delay between the operation reading and writing. This is particularly true if reading and writing are performed in the same cycle, since the data is written immediately after reading.
- there may be a certain time available between the instant of reading the data and the instant of writing for example the data may be available before the end of the reading cycle).
- this time can be very short, or even zero.
- the data to be written must be placed at the inputs of the memory for a certain period of time, before the start of the writing cycle (set-up time).
- the modified word (or the values of the modified bits) will be written before the end of the verification and correction of the data read.
- This verification will be carried out in parallel with the writing and in the event of error detection, the corrected read data is rewritten.
- the values of the bits in writing positions are replaced in the corrected word by the new values to be written in these positions.
- an additional cycle d 'writing is only added when an error is detected.
- the first way of calculating the new code uses the code read to calculate the code to be written, and introduces a delay between the moment when the code is read and the moment when the new code is ready for writing.
- the second way of calculating the new code calculates the code to be written from the bits to be written in the word and the bits read in the unwritten positions of the word. You can then read the word and start calculating the new code before reading the old word code.
- Separate memories are used for the data words and for the corresponding error correction codes.
- the operations will be shifted in time with respect to the operations in the word memory. In this way, there is time to calculate the new code beforehand and to write the new code, without introducing any delay between reading the old code and writing the new one. In this way, the duration of the code memory cycle will not be affected.
- this offset between the cycles of the two memories can delay the correction of errors in the word and in its code, because the code is read with a delay compared to the reading of the corresponding word. Note however that the delay in reading the code will not be entirely added to the time required to correct the word.
- the calculations required for the correction of the word read can begin before reading the code, because the first part of these calculations uses only the word read.
- the correction usually begins with the calculation of the code of the word read in order to then compare it with the code of this word stored in the code memory.
- the correction of the word can introduce a delay in reading.
- the readings introduced before a writing to allow the calculation of the new code can be used as the readings introduced before a writing to allow the calculation of the new code
- the readings carried out in a normal reading cycle can be avoided by using the technique described above to avoid the delay in writing the word.
- this technique we will calculate the code before correcting a possible error in the word read, and we will write it in the memory of the code without waiting for the word to be corrected.
- We correct the word read in parallel, and only in the rare situation where we have detected and corrected an error we recalculate the code using correct data and rewrite it in the code memory. In this case, a signal is activated which indicates to the system that the memory is not accessible.
- a memory using dual-port the first port to take readings and the second of writes. If the cycle i of the memory is a read cycle, the read operation will be performed by the first access. If cycle i is a writing cycle, we will read by the first access the word or the long word concerned by writing during cycle i, then we will perform 1 writing during cycle i + 1 by the second access, leaving the first access available to do the normal operation corresponding to the cycle i + 1. This operation must be read, because even if the normal operation of the cycle i + 1 is a writing, we have seen that the writing will be carried out at the following cycle (i + 2), while during the cycle i + 1 we will read the word concerned by the writing.
- Second embodiment of a writing According to a second embodiment of the present invention, it is sought to avoid reading bits at bit positions where one must then write to avoid the abovementioned drawbacks of the first embodiment. For this, each time we want to make a masked writing in a short word, or a masked or non-masked writing in a word of a long word, we simultaneously write the writing positions and read the other word positions (short or long).
- Many existing memories can be adapted to the implementation of the present invention. For example, it is relatively simple to modify an existing memory so that, each time you address a word, connect the bit positions in which you want to write to a write amplifier and the other bit positions of the same word. to a sense amplifier.
- the new error correcting code (and the new error detecting code if applicable) is calculated, using the value of the bits to be written and the value of the other bits of the word, or of the word long according to the second variant of code calculation implementation presented above.
- the invention also provides for detecting and correcting an error in the bits read before using them to calculate the new code.
- the code associated with the word is capable of detecting and correcting an error in the unwritten positions of the word read without knowing the value of the written positions.
- This second embodiment applies more particularly in the case where the words are short and / or where a masked writing is made, that is to say where a writing is made only in certain bits of a word. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, we want to write in the two bit positions marked with a cross of the second word, or in a "short word" constituting an element of a "long word”.
- the bits read are considered and all the possible values are given to the bits modified by the write operation.
- the word syndrome (short or long) is determined using its error correction code. It is clear that, among all the possible values, there is the value of the initial bits. Then, for this value, if there is no error in any of the bits read from the word, the syndrome will indicate a zero error. It will then be known that the new error correction code can be validly calculated from the newly written bits and the read bits. If the minimum of the number of errors detected is not zero, we will know that there is an error in the unwritten bits of the word or long word, and for this minimum value, we will correct an error before proceed with the calculation of the new code as indicated above.
- the code associated with the word is capable of detecting an error in the bits read from the word, combined with any error in the bits targeted by the writing, of distinguishing the word which contains only the error in the bits read, words which contain the error in the bits read as well as any errors in the bits intended for writing, and to correct the error in this word.
- the code associated with the word can detect any error of multiplicity less than or equal to q + t, and among any group of errors whose multiplicities are greater than 0 and less than or equal to q + t, can distinguish the error with the smallest multiplicity, and can correct in a word or long word any error whose the multiplicity does not exceed t.
- the word code is used to check all the words using all the possible values for the positions of the word targeted by the writing as well as the values read in the other positions of the word or long word. If this check indicates a word without error, then the bits read contain no error. The values of the bits read, the values of the bits written and the code read are therefore used to calculate the new code. If on the other hand this verification does not find a word without error, then there is an error in the bits read and it must be corrected before calculating the new code.
- memories are used such that at each writing cycle, one writes either on a single bit of the word (short or long) or on all the bits of the word (case of memories having one-bit words in which long words are formed comprising r one-bit words, r> l, or in the case of memories using m-bit words, comprising either writes operating on all the bits of the word, or maskable writes operating on a single bit of the word).
- the errors taken into account are errors affecting a single bit of the word or of the long word.
- the error correction code associated with the word or the long word is a simple error correction code capable of distinguishing double errors from simple errors (for example, Hamming code increased by the parity bit of the word or long word and its code).
- the new code of the word or long word is calculated in a standard way.
- we check with the code two words or long words one is formed by associating the bits read with the value 0 for the bit to write, the other is formed by associating the bits read with the value 1 for the bit to write. If one of these checks does not detect an error, then the bits read are correct and can be used to calculate the code.
- the word for which a simple error has been detected contains the correct value for the bit targeted by the writing.
- the bits read obtained in the corrected word, the values to be written in the bit targeted by the writing and the old code are then used to calculate the new code.
- the writes can be done on all the bits of a word with m bits of a long word, or on a subset of these bits (masked writing) .
- the errors taken into account can affect a single word of a long word.
- a code called "calculation code” capable of calculating the values of the bits of a word, using the values of the bits of the other words of the long word, as well as a code called "correction code” capable detect and correct an error in a word of the long word combined with the error introduced into another word of the long word (the word to be written) when this word is calculated using the calculation code and the other words of the long word which then include the wrong word.
- the calculation code can detect its own errors. If errors are detected in this code, we will consider that there is no error in the words read from the long word (since it is assumed that an error cannot affect two words of the long word nor a word and code). This avoids introducing an error in the bits read by trying to correct them with an incorrect calculation code.
- the calculation code has m bits.
- the position bit i of this code is equal to the parity of the position bits i of all the words of the long word.
- a bit is associated with it which calculates its parity (it can be observed that the parity of the calculation code is also the parity of the long word).
- the nature of the correction code will be specified later.
- a double error correction code can be used as the correction code. This code makes it possible to detect a double error and if necessary to correct it. We will then use the correct read bits and the written bits to calculate the new codes.
- a double error correction code is much more expensive than the Hamming code. To reduce the cost, we will use the Hamming code. It detects a double error, but is in principle unable to correct it. Nevertheless, it is observed that the double errors considered affect a position of a known word (the word targeted by the writing) and the same position of an unknown word.
- each word targeted by the writing it is possible for each word targeted by the writing to calculate beforehand the syndromes of the Hamming code for all double errors having this property. There are am (rl) pairs of errors and corresponding syndromes for each word targeted by the writing. We can then create an array and store for each syndrome the corresponding double error. Then, when correcting a double error, we calculate its syndrome and we look in the table for the double error corresponding to this syndrome. The positions of the word indicated by this double error are then corrected to correct it. Nevertheless, some of these double errors can have the same syndrome, the Hamming code is then increased by adding additional bits making it possible to differentiate the syndromes for these double errors. Often a single additional bit will suffice, but more bits may be required in some cases. A more economical way is to develop a dedicated code capable of detecting and correcting single errors as well as double errors above. A computer program can be developed to automatically generate this type of code.
- read positions 1) write the new values in the writing positions of the word (short or long) and read at the same time the other positions of this word (hereinafter "read positions"), 2) read the error correction code of the word (hereinafter "code"),
- the code memory Since the code memory is smaller than the data memory, it will be faster. In this case, provision may be made to perform a read operation followed by a code write operation for the duration of a single write cycle of the data memory. These two operations can be done in a single cycle of the code memory (read-write cycle), or in two cycles of this memory. If this first approach is not possible, we will use a two-access memory for the code, making it possible to carry out in the same cycle a read operation from the first access and a write operation from the second access .
- a third solution can be applied in the case where the word is composed of several fields and each partial writing operation is always carried out on all of the bits of different fields concerned by this writing.
- the error correction code will be stored in another memory, the operation of which is offset from the memory of the data and error detection codes.
- the fields read will be verified by the error detecting codes, and the new error correcting code will be calculated before starting the operation cycle in the memory of the error correcting codes. If no error is detected in the fields read, then the error correction code thus calculated is written into the code memory.
- the second embodiment of the present invention has the advantage over the first of not adding cycle time in the event that no error is detected. Of course, if an error is detected, it will be necessary to carry out the error correction but this also occurs in the case of a memory with conventional error correction code.
- each word is partitioned into several fields, the writings being able to be made on all the bits of one or more fields of the word and a field code is associated with each field.
- Field codes can be stored in the same memory as the data fields or in a separate memory.
- the memory or memories are organized so that, each time one or more data fields are selected for writing, the corresponding field code or codes are selected. Thus, with each writing, the values of the bits of the data to be used are used. write in the selected fields to calculate the values of the corresponding field codes.
- the invention is susceptible to various variants and modifications which will appear to those skilled in the art.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02793205A EP1573541A2 (fr) | 2001-11-02 | 2002-10-31 | Procede de memorisation de donnees avec correction d'erreur |
US10/494,080 US7124348B2 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2002-10-31 | Data storage method with error correction |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR01/14231 | 2001-11-02 | ||
FR0114231A FR2831970A1 (fr) | 2001-11-02 | 2001-11-02 | Procede de memorisation de donnees avec correction d'erreur |
FR02/08626 | 2002-07-09 | ||
FR0208626A FR2831971A1 (fr) | 2001-11-02 | 2002-07-09 | Procede de memorisation de donnees avec correction d'erreur |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003038620A2 true WO2003038620A2 (fr) | 2003-05-08 |
WO2003038620A3 WO2003038620A3 (fr) | 2006-08-10 |
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ID=26213242
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR2002/003758 WO2003038620A2 (fr) | 2001-11-02 | 2002-10-31 | Procede de memorisation de donnees avec correction d'erreur |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7124348B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1573541A2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2831971A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2003038620A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (17)
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JP2006190425A (ja) * | 2005-01-07 | 2006-07-20 | Nec Electronics Corp | 半導体記憶装置 |
DE602006020010D1 (de) * | 2005-12-19 | 2011-03-24 | St Microelectronics Sa | Schutz der Ausführung eines DES-Algorithmus |
US8196011B2 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2012-06-05 | Hitachi Ulsi Systems Co., Ltd. | Error detection and correction circuit and semiconductor memory |
US7724593B2 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2010-05-25 | Rao G R Mohan | Memories with front end precharge |
US8291379B2 (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2012-10-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Runtime analysis of a computer program to identify improper memory accesses that cause further problems |
US20080168331A1 (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-10 | Thomas Vogelsang | Memory including error correction code circuit |
US8271648B2 (en) * | 2007-04-03 | 2012-09-18 | Cinedigm Digital Cinema Corp. | Method and apparatus for media duplication |
CN101473383B (zh) * | 2007-04-26 | 2014-03-12 | 艾格瑞系统有限公司 | 具有错误校正能力和高效率的部分字写操作的存储器设备 |
US7995409B2 (en) * | 2007-10-16 | 2011-08-09 | S. Aqua Semiconductor, Llc | Memory with independent access and precharge |
US8095853B2 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2012-01-10 | S. Aqua Semiconductor Llc | Digital memory with fine grain write operation |
US9164834B2 (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2015-10-20 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor memory devices, memory systems including the same and method of writing data in the same |
US9569308B1 (en) | 2013-07-15 | 2017-02-14 | Rambus Inc. | Reduced-overhead error detection and correction |
US9985655B2 (en) * | 2015-09-01 | 2018-05-29 | International Business Machines Corporation | Generating ECC values for byte-write capable registers |
US9766975B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2017-09-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Partial ECC handling for a byte-write capable register |
US10176038B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2019-01-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Partial ECC mechanism for a byte-write capable register |
US10198315B2 (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2019-02-05 | Sandisk Technologies Llc | Non-volatile memory with corruption recovery |
US20170286216A1 (en) * | 2016-04-01 | 2017-10-05 | Intel Corporation | Energy efficient read/write support for a protected memory |
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US3573728A (en) * | 1969-01-09 | 1971-04-06 | Ibm | Memory with error correction for partial store operation |
US3814921A (en) * | 1972-11-15 | 1974-06-04 | Honeywell Inf Systems | Apparatus and method for a memory partial-write of error correcting encoded data |
EP0491073A1 (fr) * | 1990-12-18 | 1992-06-24 | Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme Aktiengesellschaft | Méthode et procédé de protection de données dans des unités de mémoire |
WO2001014971A1 (fr) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-03-01 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Systeme et procede de detection d'erreurs type double bit et de correction de telles erreurs imputables a des defaillances de composants |
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US4277844A (en) * | 1979-07-26 | 1981-07-07 | Storage Technology Corporation | Method of detecting and correcting errors in digital data storage systems |
US5357529A (en) * | 1992-04-24 | 1994-10-18 | Digital Equipment Corporation | Error detecting and correcting apparatus and method with transparent test mode |
US5841795A (en) * | 1996-02-12 | 1998-11-24 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Error correction codes |
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2002
- 2002-07-09 FR FR0208626A patent/FR2831971A1/fr active Pending
- 2002-10-31 EP EP02793205A patent/EP1573541A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-31 US US10/494,080 patent/US7124348B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-31 WO PCT/FR2002/003758 patent/WO2003038620A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3573728A (en) * | 1969-01-09 | 1971-04-06 | Ibm | Memory with error correction for partial store operation |
US3814921A (en) * | 1972-11-15 | 1974-06-04 | Honeywell Inf Systems | Apparatus and method for a memory partial-write of error correcting encoded data |
EP0491073A1 (fr) * | 1990-12-18 | 1992-06-24 | Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme Aktiengesellschaft | Méthode et procédé de protection de données dans des unités de mémoire |
WO2001014971A1 (fr) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-03-01 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Systeme et procede de detection d'erreurs type double bit et de correction de telles erreurs imputables a des defaillances de composants |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7124348B2 (en) | 2006-10-17 |
FR2831971A3 (fr) | 2003-05-09 |
WO2003038620A3 (fr) | 2006-08-10 |
EP1573541A2 (fr) | 2005-09-14 |
FR2831971A1 (fr) | 2003-05-09 |
US20050028061A1 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
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