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WO1998018024A1 - Dispositif servant a mesurer des parametres electriques du sol - Google Patents

Dispositif servant a mesurer des parametres electriques du sol Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998018024A1
WO1998018024A1 PCT/US1997/019327 US9719327W WO9818024A1 WO 1998018024 A1 WO1998018024 A1 WO 1998018024A1 US 9719327 W US9719327 W US 9719327W WO 9818024 A1 WO9818024 A1 WO 9818024A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
soil
capacitor
earthquake
signal
conductive element
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1997/019327
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Mikhail Barbachan
Original Assignee
Echotec, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/736,134 external-priority patent/US5838157A/en
Priority claimed from US08/736,136 external-priority patent/US5783945A/en
Application filed by Echotec, Inc. filed Critical Echotec, Inc.
Publication of WO1998018024A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998018024A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/08—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices
    • G01V3/082—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices operating with fields produced by spontaneous potentials, e.g. electrochemical or produced by telluric currents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/01—Measuring or predicting earthquakes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
    • Y02A90/30—Assessment of water resources

Definitions

  • the invention relates to seismic measurement and, in particular, to electrical measurements of soil for earthquake prediction.
  • the electrical parameters of soil usually can be measured by a standard voltmeter including a pair of electrodes .
  • One such electrode should be placed underneath the soil, the second such electrode should be placed on the earth surface.
  • the intensity of the ground water evaporation is determined by the earth's surface temperature T g .
  • T g the earth's surface temperature
  • K there is a correlation K between the changes in the vertical component of the gradient of the electrical field U h associated with the ground water evaporation, and the changes in the earth's surface temperature T s .
  • the correlation factor K is positive.
  • the positive correlation K means that the more evaporation of the ground water from the earth surface takes place, the stronger is the vertical component of the gradient of electrical field U h .
  • the elastic deformation of the rocks during the earthquake preparation causes the redistribution of the ions between the ground water in the area between the layer of quartz containing rock and the earth's surface.
  • the redistribution of ions is related to the piezoelec- trie effect in the layer of quartz. Indeed, the piezoelectrical effect leads to such an ion concentration redistribution in the double electrical layers at the border where water contacts quartz, that some amount of the negatively charged ions leaves the quartz containing volume. The effect is proportional to the deformation speed. Therefore, the correlation factor K becomes negative.
  • the maximum amount of the charge redistribution in the diffused ground water occurs when that water changes its polarity from plus to minus. If this is the case, the correlation factor K becomes close to minus one. This corresponds to the extremum of the velocity of pressure and to the maximum of the piezoelectric effect in the layer of quartz associated with the earthquake preparation.
  • the correlation parameter K is a function of time r between the present moment and the time of the occurrence of the impending earthquake: K(r). It is also clear that the deformation of the quartz minerals is used to store the elastic energy released by an impending earthquake, and therefore can be used to predict the forthcoming earthquake.
  • the present invention is unique because it allows one to achieve the measurements of strong variations of the vertical gradient of the electrical field of the soil U h associated with the incoming earthquake.
  • One aspect of the present invention is directed to a device for measuring the vertical component U h of the electrical field gradient of the soil.
  • the device comprises: (1) at least two electrodes, the temperature sensor, and the humidity sensor; and (2) a measurement and control device.
  • Each electrode further comprises: (1) a first conductive element; (2) a second conductive element; and a capacitor element having a finite resistance to d.c. current, and having a substantially large effective electrical capacitance.
  • the vertical component U h of the electrical field gradient of the soil is measured by the measurement and control device.
  • the capacitor further comprises: (1) a first conductive plate; (2) a second conductive plate; and (3) a layer of semiconductor.
  • the layer of semiconductor further includes an organic semiconductor.
  • the layer of organic semiconductor further includes a polyanilin organic semiconductor.
  • the capacitor has a capacitance greater than 0.001 farad (F).
  • the apparatus comprises: (1) a sensoring circuit for measuring the parameters of soil and for generating a sensoring signal; (2) a processing circuit for receiving the sensoring signal (SS), for processing the sensoring signal, and for generating a prediction signal (PS); (3) a receiving circuit for receiving a command signal from a central station to initiate the transmission of the PS signal; and (4) a transmitting circuit for transmitting the PS signal to a customer.
  • the sensoring circuit further includes: (1) a water humidity sensor for monitoring the soil humidity changes ; (2) a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature T s of the soil surface; and (3) a pair of electrodes for measuring the vertical component U h of the electrical field gradient associated with the mechanical movement of the soil water, a first electrode being located at a certain depth h 0 beneath an earth surface, wherein the depth h 0 is determined by the depth of the quartz containing hard rock layer, and a second electrode being located beneath the earth surface at a certain depth h x substantially close to the earth surface.
  • Fig. 1A illustrates tectonic forces at the ground.
  • Fig. IB shows a rupture at point D at the ground surface.
  • Fig. 2 is a plain view of a quadrantal pattern of compressions and dilatations generated after a strike of fault plane.
  • Fig. 3A is a depiction of a dipole model for an elastic energy stored in an earthquake.
  • Fig. 3B shows a double dipole model for an elastic energy stored in an earthquake.
  • Fig. 4 is a depiction of a model used for forecasting an earthquake including a layer of quartz con- taining rock situated close to the earth's surface, and including an apparatus having two electrodes for measuring the vertical component of the gradient of electrical field, and including temperature and humidity sensors.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the dependence of the corre- lation factor K on the time r of the impending earthquake K(r).
  • Fig. 6 is a depiction of a measurement station.
  • Fig. 7 shows a network of connected measurement stations of Fig. 6.
  • Fig. 8 is an illustration of an experimental result for predicting an earthquake using the measurement station of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 depicts the experimental dependence of the period of time r a between the negative extremum of the coefficient of correlation K and the commencement of an earthquake on the energy class of the earthquake 'd'.
  • Fig. 10 is a plan view of the electrode configuration employed in the apparatus of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 1A illustrates how in a response to the action of tectonic forces that produce an earthquake, points A (10) and B (12) move in opposite directions, bending the lines across the fault (14).
  • Fig. IB shows how rupture occurs at point D (16), and strained rocks on each side of the fault spring back to
  • Fig. 3A is a depiction of a dipole model (60) for an elastic energy stored in an earthquake, wherein Fig. 3B shows a double dipole model (62) for an elastic energy stored in an earthquake.
  • Fig. 3B shows a double dipole model (62) for an elastic energy stored in an earthquake.
  • the disclosed method for predicting an earthquake assumes the existence of the piezoelectric minerals like quartz (82) separated from the surface of the earth by the narrow layer (about 1 meter) (84) of the brittle rocks.
  • the ground water saturates the rocks and fills up the cracks and pores within them.
  • the ground water after reaching the earth surface naturally evaporates .
  • the vertical electrical field (U h ) is formed in the soil because this capillary effect causes the ground water to have the number of positive ions in excess of the number of negative ions. This is explained by the fact that when water contacts hard minerals, double electrical layers are formed which are positively charged at the water side.
  • the intensity of the ground water evaporation is determined by the earth's surface temperature T s .
  • T s the earth's surface temperature
  • the positive correlation K means that the more evaporation of the ground water from the earth surface takes place, the stronger is the vertical component of the gradient of electrical field U h .
  • the evaporation from the earth's surface is decreased if there is an increased humidity of the air due to rain or due to any other source of increased humidity.
  • the W sensor data sharply changes from its normal condition value to a value affected by the rain.
  • the elastic deformation of the rocks during the earthquake preparation causes the redistribution of the ions between the ground water in the area (84 of Fig. 4), between the layer of quartz containing rock ( 82 ) and the earth's surface.
  • the redistribution of ions is related to the piezoelectric effect in the layer of quartz. Indeed, the piezoelectrical effect leads to such an ion concentration redistribution in the double electrical layers at the border where water contacts quartz, that some amount of the negatively charged ions leaves the quartz containing volume. The effect is proportional to the deformation speed. Therefore, the correlation factor K becomes negative.
  • the maximum amount of the charge redistribution in the diffused ground water occurs when the ground water changes its polarity from plus to minus. If this is the case, the correlation factor K becomes close to minus one. This corresponds to the extremum of the velocity of pressure and to the maximum of the piezo- electric effect in the layer of quartz (82) associated with the earthquake preparation.
  • the correlation parameter K is a function of time r between the present moment and the time of the occurrence of the impending earthquake: K(r). It is also clear that the deformation of the quartz minerals is used to store the elastic energy released by an impending earthquake, and therefore can be used to predict the forthcoming earthquake.
  • ⁇ 0 is a moment of time (90 of Fig. 5) when the correlation factor K starts the move to change its polarity
  • ⁇ m is a moment of time (92 of Fig. 5) when the correlation factor K reaches its extremum negative value
  • ⁇ . a is a time period (94 of Fig. 5) between the moment of time r m when the correlation factor K reaches its extremum negative value (the moment of the extremum the precursor of the earthquake) and the commencement of earthquake itself;
  • K 0 is a "noise" value of K associated with non-earthquake factors like rains, etc. If the earthquake is a strong one, the K factor can be approximated as follows:
  • variable x can approximate the time dependence of the vertical component of the gradient of electrical field U h (r)
  • variable y can approximate the time dependence of the soil temperature T s (r).
  • B is an empirical constant that depends on the specificity of the elastic energy release by an earthquake
  • 'd' is an energy class of an earthquake related to the magnitude of an earthquake (see formula (2) and discussion above) .
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the electrode 74 of measurement apparatus (70) is buried underneath the earth surface at the depth of 0.1-0.3 meters; the electrode 72 is located close to the layer of quartz 82 at the depth of approximately one meter.
  • the temperature (76) and the humidity (78) sensors are located at the earth's surface.
  • the electrodes 74 and 72 comprise material including an organic semiconductor.
  • both the first conductive element (113) and the second conductive element (115) comprise a graphite element.
  • a capacitor (119) between the conductive elements should have a very substantial capacitance greater than 0.001 farad (F).
  • the pair of electrodes (111) can be used for purposes of measurement of the major variations in the vertical gradient of the electrical field associated with the forthcoming earthquake.
  • the minor variations in the vertical component of the electrical field associated with the sources other than incoming earthquake are filtered out because the apparatus (70) of Fig. 4 including the elec- trodes (111) of Fig. 10 does not react on the minor variations of the vertical component of gradient of the electrical field.
  • the layer of semiconductor (129) can include an organic semiconductor.
  • the capacitor (119) comprises a tablet of a polyanilin and graphite composition. In both of these embodiments, the capacitor has a very substantial capacitance greater than 0.001 farad (F).
  • the insulator (117) insulates the capacitor element and the second conductive element of the electrode from the contact with the soil water.
  • the wire (121) connects the electrode with the cable (131) that further connects the electrode with the measurement de vice (80) of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 6 is a depiction of a measurement station (100) comprising several elements.
  • a set of temperature and humidity sensors and two electrodes are shown in block (110).
  • a humidity sensor continuously monitors the soil humidity content W.
  • a temperature sensor measures the changes in the temperature T s of the soil.
  • a pair of electrodes is used for measuring the vertical component U h of the electrical field gradient associated with the mechanical movement of the soil water .
  • the first and the second electrodes should be located at certain depths h 0 and h x beneath the earth surface.
  • the depth h 0 is deter- mined by the mineral composition of the soil (see also 74 and 72 of Fig. 4).
  • the depth h 0 is approximately equal to
  • the measurement station (100) of Fig. 6 should be placed in a water-proof box (126).
  • the measurement station (100) comprises a measurement and control device (112) for detecting the changes in the soil associated with an incoming earthquake, for storing the analog data, for an A/D conversion of the analog data, and for operation of other devices.
  • the A/D converter (114) is connected to the measurement and control device (112) for converting the analog APS signal into a digital predic- tion signal (DPS).
  • This DPS signal has power of about 1-
  • the measurement station further includes an amplifier (115) for amplifying the digital prediction signal (DPS).
  • the amplifier (115) comprises a high power amplifier (HPA) for amplifying the DPS signal to 10 watt.
  • HPA high power amplifier
  • the amplifier that is fit for these purposes is manufactured by "Maxon Europe Ltd.”, Hampstead, UK, HP2, 7E6.
  • a modem (117) is connected to the amplifier (115) for modulating the amplified DPS signal by an intermediate frequency (IF) carrier.
  • IF intermediate frequency
  • a radio transceiver (120) is connected to the modem (117) for modulating the IF DPS signal by a radio frequency (RF) carrier. It also transmits the RF DPS signal to the central station or to another measurement station by means of radio waves .
  • the transceiver 120 can also act as a receiving device that can be used for receiving a command signal from a central station to initiate the transmission of the earthquake prediction signal (PS). This command signal triggers the functioning of the measurement station.
  • a battery (116) is connected to the modem, to the measurement and control device, and to the amplifier for supplying energy to each of these devices.
  • the battery (116) further includes a solar panel being exposed to the light intensity for transforming the light energy into an electrical energy; and a storage battery for storing the electrical energy generated by the solar panel and for supplying the measurement station with the electrical energy.
  • the measurement station (100) also includes a feeding and junction device (118) for routing a func- tional control signal received from the central station and for monitoring the overall performance of the measurement station.
  • Fig. 7 is a depiction of a network (140) of a plurality of measurement stations (132, 130, 138, 144, 148) of Fig. 6.
  • the network 140 also comprises a central station (136) connected to each measurement station for receiving earthquake prediction signals from each mea- surement station.
  • the central station also sends to each measurement station a control signal for triggering its performance.
  • a data processing center (150) is connected to the central station (136) for processing all incoming information from each measurement station.
  • the data processing center (D) is able to determine the epicenter location, the magnitude, and the time of occurrence of the forthcoming earthquake.
  • the network of measurement stations comprises at least five measurement stations for generating at least five earthquake predic- tion signals.
  • At least five prediction signals allow one to define the epicenter location, the energetic class, and the time of the forthcoming earthquake.
  • the distance between any two measurement stations should be about 50 kilome- ters.
  • the network of measurement stations for earthquake prediction can also include a plurality of relay stations, each relay station connecting one measurement station and the central station. Each relay station transmits one earthquake prediction signal (DPS) generated by one measurement station to the central station, and also transmits the control signal from central station to one measurement station.
  • DPS earthquake prediction signal
  • Fig. 8 illustrates the experimental results for predicting an earthquake in the area of Almalyk in
  • the present invention also embodies a method of forecasting earthquakes as a function of correlation K between the vertical component of the electrical field gradient U h and the temperature changes of the soil T s .
  • the method comprises the following steps.
  • the first step is a step of positioning a pair of electrodes beneath the earth surface at a first position P : with coordinates (X l Yj, Z x ) for measuring the vertical component U h of the electrical field gradient associated with the mechanical movement of the soil water.
  • the second step is position- ing a temperature sensor at the earth surface at the position P x for measuring the temperature changes T s of the soil.
  • the next step is a step of calculating a corre- lation factor K x between variation of the vertical component of the electrical field gradient U h and variation of the temperature changes of the soil T 8 due to the electrokinetical effect associated with the vertical movement of the soil water when the soil water evaporates at the earth surface level.
  • the next step is the step of calculating the parameters A ⁇ and 'b' for the position l .

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention a pour objet un appareil servant à mesurer des paramètres électriques du sol en prévision d'un tremblement de terre. L'appareil comprend une paire d'électrodes (72, 74), une sonde thermique (76) et un détecteur (78) d'humidité. Chaque électrode comprend une paire d'électrodes (72, 74), une sonde thermique (76) et un détecteur (78) d'humidité. Chaque électrode comprend un condensateur muni d'une couche constituée d'un semiconducteur.
PCT/US1997/019327 1996-10-24 1997-10-23 Dispositif servant a mesurer des parametres electriques du sol WO1998018024A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/736,134 US5838157A (en) 1996-10-24 1996-10-24 Device for measuring electrical field gradient componets of the soil
US08/736,136 1996-10-24
US08/736,136 US5783945A (en) 1996-10-24 1996-10-24 Earthquake forecast method and apparatus with measurement of electrical, temperature and humidity parameters of soil
US08/736,134 1996-10-24

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WO1998018024A1 true WO1998018024A1 (fr) 1998-04-30

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PCT/US1997/019548 WO1998018025A1 (fr) 1996-10-24 1997-10-23 Procede et dispositif de prevision de seisme
PCT/US1997/019327 WO1998018024A1 (fr) 1996-10-24 1997-10-23 Dispositif servant a mesurer des parametres electriques du sol

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110865241A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂稳定性的评估系统及方法
CN110865246A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂扩散电场强度的多孔监测系统及方法
CN110865244A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 破碎带相交部位断裂扩散电场强度的单孔监测系统及方法
CN110865243A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂电场压电部位的检测系统及方法
CN110865242A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂电场强度的监测系统及方法

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JPWO2002048742A1 (ja) * 2000-12-12 2004-04-15 犬伏　裕之 自然界データと地震データとの相関関係を解析する装置及び方法、自然界データを監視する装置及び方法、並びに地震を監視する方法
CN105891890B (zh) * 2016-03-31 2017-09-05 山东大学 一种盾构搭载的非接触式频域电法实时超前探测系统与方法
CN114236605B (zh) * 2021-12-21 2022-08-19 甘肃省地震局（中国地震局兰州地震研究所） 一种矿山地区地震监测装置及其使用方法

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US2344672A (en) * 1940-03-23 1944-03-21 Blasier Herbert Method of measuring earth potentials
US2659863A (en) * 1949-12-19 1953-11-17 Austin N Stanton Potential measuring device
US3087111A (en) * 1959-07-31 1963-04-23 Space General Corp Geophysical exploration apparatus
US4825165A (en) * 1978-02-08 1989-04-25 Helms Ronald L Method and apparatus for detecting a transient phenomenon by monitoring variations of an alternating component of a vertical current emanating from the earth's surface
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110865241A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂稳定性的评估系统及方法
CN110865246A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂扩散电场强度的多孔监测系统及方法
CN110865244A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 破碎带相交部位断裂扩散电场强度的单孔监测系统及方法
CN110865243A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂电场压电部位的检测系统及方法
CN110865242A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-03-06 陈国能 断裂电场强度的监测系统及方法
CN110865241B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2021-08-17 陈国能 断裂稳定性的评估系统及方法
CN110865243B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2021-09-21 陈国能 断裂电场压电部位的检测系统及方法
CN110865242B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2021-11-09 陈国能 断裂电场强度的监测系统及方法
CN110865244B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2022-01-11 陈国能 破碎带相交部位断裂扩散电场强度的单孔监测系统及方法
CN110865246B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2022-02-11 陈国能 断裂扩散电场强度的多孔监测系统及方法

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