WO1998053099A1 - Procede de detection qualitative et quantitative d'alterations de l'adn et des ligands de ces alterations - Google Patents
Procede de detection qualitative et quantitative d'alterations de l'adn et des ligands de ces alterations Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998053099A1 WO1998053099A1 PCT/FR1998/001008 FR9801008W WO9853099A1 WO 1998053099 A1 WO1998053099 A1 WO 1998053099A1 FR 9801008 W FR9801008 W FR 9801008W WO 9853099 A1 WO9853099 A1 WO 9853099A1
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- dna
- recognition
- ligand
- alteration
- protein
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6827—Hybridisation assays for detection of mutation or polymorphism
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/102—Mutagenizing nucleic acids
Definitions
- the subject of the present invention is a method for the qualitative and quantitative detection of alterations on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), these alterations possibly being due to the metabolism of the cell or to physical or chemical agents, endogenous or exogenous, as well as 'a method for the qualitative and quantitative detection of ligand (s) recognizing altered DNA.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- genotoxicity is a general definition which contemplates the appearance of physical or chemical alterations in DNA due to a direct action of the genotoxic agent or a metabolite, as well as its biological consequences (Butterworth, 1990, Mutât. Res., 239. 117-132; Ashby, 1992, Mechanism of Carcinogenesis in risk identification, Vainio H., Magee PN, McGregor DB & McMichael AJ (eds) IARC, Lyon, 135-164).
- genotoxics many molecules or physical agents are capable of inducing the appearance of mutations, which are detected by different bacterial or eukaryotic systems.
- the most generally used mutagen detection system is that described by BN Ames (Ames et al., 1973, Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 2281-2285), supplemented by the so-called micronucleus test (Mac Gregor et al., 1987, Mutat. Res., 189., 103-112). Since mutagenesis seems in many cases to be the consequence of the presence of lesions (due in particular to genotoxic agents), many systems capable of detecting and quantifying this damage to DNA have been developed. Detection of DNA damage requires physicochemical techniques such as post-labeling (Randerath et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- This DNA polymerization step can be quantified using radio-labeled nucleotides (Cleaver, 1984, Methods for studying excision-repair of eukariotic DNA damaged by physical and chemical mutagens (Kilbey BJ, Nichols W. & Ramel C, eds) 33-69, Elsevier, This trial was called UDS (Unscheduled DNA Synthesis) and used for the detection of genotoxics or for the evaluation of cell repair capacities.
- This UDS test has been perfected in the sense of not using radioactive marker (Selden et al., 1994, Mutation Res., 3J_5, 147-167) but this improvement is put into perspective due to the use of flow cytometry which weighs down the method.
- DNA repair is mainly due to the lesion excision system, which has recently been reproduced with cell extracts (Wood et al., 1988, Cell, 53, 97-106; Sibghat-UUah et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res., 17, 4471-4484).
- This test uses treated and untreated (control) plasmids incubated in the presence of transcriptionally active extracts (Manley et al., 1983, Meth. Enzymol., 110, 568-582).
- the repair reaction consists of the incision-excision of the lesions and then the resynthesis of a DNA fragment.
- the method takes advantage of this step during which one or more radiolabelled nucleotides is (are) incorporated.
- NER nucleotides
- BER excision of bases
- Patent application No. WO 96 24688 relates in particular to the use of modified anti-DNA antibodies and the article by Salles B. et al. (A Chemiluminescent microplate assay to detect DNA damage induced by genotoxic treatements, Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 232, 37-42, 1995) relates to the incorporation of DIG-11-dUTP and the use of anti-DIG-1 antibodies 1-dUTP for the detection of lesions.
- the subject of the present invention is a method of demonstrating an alteration of a DNA sequence which can ensure detection of all of the DNA alterations using a method the implementation of which is relatively simple.
- the present invention provides a method of demonstrating an alteration of a DNA sequence, characterized in that: a) said DNA sequence is placed in the presence of a composition comprising at least one compound recognizing the type of alteration in question, called a ligand, in a medium ensuring recognition, b) the recognition of the alteration by said ligand is revealed.
- alteration By recognition of the alteration by said ligand, it is meant that the direct or indirect attachment of the ligand to the damaged DNA is detected. It can be an indirect fixation when the ligand is part of a complex for example.
- alteration we first of all mean DNA damage. These can be of physical origin (for example ionizing or non-ionizing radiation, thermal) or chemical. These DNA damaging factors can be of exogenous or endogenous origin.
- the types of lesions generated on DNA can roughly be classified into 5 types: • adducts (generally covalent complexation, but which can call on another type of chemical bond such as the coordination bond of a molecule on a base of l 'DNA), • base bridging (carried out by energy supply, the best known type being found in pyrimidine base dimers formed under the action of UVC or UNB radiation),
- AD ⁇ replication the polymerase involved in this process must synthesize the new strand by correctly matching the new bases to the template strand according to the A-T, G-C model.
- a bad mismatch constitutes an alteration of the AD ⁇ . This mismatch can be natural (due to a statistical error in the polymerase) or be the consequence of a drug that will disrupt the activity of the enzyme.
- the method according to the present invention makes it possible to detect both “damage to AD ⁇ ” and “mismatches”. Faced with all these alterations, the cell inevitably has an enzymatic arsenal allowing it to restore AD ⁇ to its normal form. These mechanisms are grouped under the general name of "repair of AD ⁇ ". Depending on the type of alteration, 5 main mechanisms are involved: nucleotide excision, base excision, the mismatch repair system, repair of single-strand DNA breaks and repair of double-strand DNA breaks .
- the revealed ligand will preferably be a protein for recognition of the DNA repair system.
- repair system is meant both damaged DNA repair systems and mismatch repair systems.
- recognition protein is meant both the protein ensuring the primary recognition of the alteration and a protein involved in this recognition, in particular when a complex is formed (for example XP-A, RPA or TFIIH in particular).
- NER Nucleotide Excision Repair
- NER neosynthesized strand (4).
- the mechanism for recognizing lesions repaired by NER is not yet clearly defined but it is however clearly established that the XP-A protein is involved (in association or not with the RPA protein and possibly the TFIIH transcriptional complex) in the one of the first stages of recognition.
- XP-A is the protein for which group A patients of Xeroderma pigmentosum are deficient.
- the absence of an NER repair protein makes these patients very sensitive to UV radiation which, depending on the wavelength, generates damage repaired by NER on DNA, the XP-A form being the most severe form. .
- the XP-A protein is a zinc finger protein (classic structure of proteins interacting with DNA) made up of 273 amino acids and translated from a 1.4 kb messenger RNA (Tanaka K. et al, 1990 , Nature, 348, 73-76).
- XP-A recognizes (with a preference of a factor of 1000 compared to uninjured DNA) the damage generated by UVC (approximately 75% of pyrimidine dimers in cyclobutane form, 25% of pyrimidine dimers in the form of photoproducts ( 6-4)). Only these types of lesions were analyzed in this study (Robins P. et al., 1990, EMBO J., 10. 3913-3921). These authors also generated polyclonal antibodies against 2 synthetic peptides of the XP-A protein and determined that the XP-A protein does not require phosphorylation to be active.
- HeLa has a stronger affinity for single strand DNA than for double DNA stranded, but not preferably for DNA damaged by UVC (Eker et al., 1992, Mutation Res., DNA 274. 211-224). These authors also generated polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant XP-A protein.
- HMG proteins High Mobility Group. These proteins are involved in lesions caused by cisplatin, an agent used in chemotherapy (Hughes et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267; 13520-13527).
- HMG proteins High Mobility Group
- HMG proteins are involved in lesions caused by cisplatin, an agent used in chemotherapy (Hughes et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267; 13520-13527).
- HeLaS3 proteins specific for adducts caused by cisplatin have been identified (Donahue et al., 1990, Biochemistry, 29, 587-5880; Andrews and Jones, 1991, Cancer Comn. 3, 1-10; Hughes and al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 13520-13527).
- the sequencing of the N-terminal part of two of these proteins revealed a strong homology with the proteins HMG2 and HMG1.
- XP-A recognizes bulky adducts and corresponds to many genotoxic agents, but does not recognize non-bulky adducts and oxidative bonds.
- Base excision repair takes place on the bases of DNA damaged by reactive endogenous oxygen species, ionizing radiation and alkylating agents.
- the BER intervenes on damage that is not very large, unlike the NER, which recognizes voluminous damage.
- the key BER enzymes are glycosylases which remove the modified bases by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond between the base and deoxyribose.
- glycosylases There are different glycosylases recognizing different types of damage. To date, a dozen of these enzymes have been identified in Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in humans (Seeberg et al., 1995, TIBS, 20, 391-397).
- the AP site (apurinic or apyrimidic) is excised by an AP-endonuclease or an AP-lyase which cleave the DNA strand respectively on the 5 ′ or 3 ′ side of the AP site.
- the deoxyribose phosphate remaining is excised by a phosphodiesterase and the resynthesis of the DNA strand is restored by a DNA polymerase. The strand continuity is then restored by DNA ligase.
- cells of an XP-D line do not show any difference in behavior, compared to a wild line, in terms of survival curve following UVA irradiation (320-410 nm) whose damage is of the type oxidative, therefore repaired by BER, while they are hypersensitive to UVB (307-312 nm) and UVC (254 nm) (Stary et al., 1997, Mutation Res., 383, 1-8).
- the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, or PARP, involved in repairing single-strand breaks is also involved in the final step of ligation of repair by BER (Kubota et al., 1996, EMBO J. 15, 6662- 6670).
- Base mismatches can occur during replication, recombination or following DNA damage.
- the mechanism of repair of mismatches is well known in the bacteria E. coli.
- the MutHLS system has thus been reconstituted in vitro: it is composed of the proteins MutH, MutL, MutS and UvrD (or helicase II). The mechanism is completed by DNA polymerase III, DNA ligase and SSB (Single-Stranded DNA Binding protein) and a specific single-stranded exonuclease (Exo I, Exo VII or the RecJ protein (Friedberg et al., 1995, DNA repair and Mutagenesis, ASM Press).
- the protein MutS recognizes the mismatch and MutH is an endonuclease. No activity has yet been assigned to MutL, although it interacts with MutS and is necessary for activation of MutH .
- hMLH1 the homolog of the MutHLS system
- hMSH2 the purification of homologs to MutL (called hMLH1) and MutS (called hMSH2).
- hMSH2 recognizes both simple base mismatches (like MutS) but also more complex mismatches due to multiple deletions / insertions (Fishei et al., 1994, Science, 266, 1403-1405; Alani and al., 1995, Genes Dev., 9, 234-247).
- hMSH2 can be copurified with a 160 kD protein, called GTBP (G / T Binding Protein) (Drummond et al., 1995, Science, 268, 1909-1912; Palombo et al., 1995 , Science, 268, 1912-1914), but the role of this GTBP is not clearly elucidated.
- GTBP G / T Binding Protein
- hMLHl appears to be associated with another protein, hPMS2, and to form a heterodimer called hmutL ⁇ (Li & Modrich, 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 1950-1954).
- HNPCC hereditary non-polypous colon cancer
- Mut proteins in particular MutS or HMSH2, constitute the targets of choice for implementing the method according to the present invention.
- This enzyme is present in very large quantities (of the order of a million molecules) in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells (with the exception of yeast).
- the study of the nucleotide sequence has shown that this protein has 2 domains, an N-terminal domain containing 2 zinc fingers and binding to DNA, and a C-terminal domain with catalytic function (Cherney et al., 1987 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 8370-8374).
- the recognition of the cut is made by covering 7-8 nucleotides on each side of the cut (Gradmple et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87. 2990-2994).
- PARP When attached to a single stranded DNA cut, the catalytic activity of PARP is activated. PARP produces poly (ADP) ribose) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a substrate.
- NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- the lifespan of the poly (ADP-ribose chain) is normally very short, of the order of a few minutes. It is possible to block the reaction at the DNA-PARP interaction stage by inhibiting the synthesis of poly ( ADP) ribose using a structural analog of NAD, 3-aminobenzamide (Prigent et al., 1994, Mol. Cell.
- PARP does not participate in DNA repair but protects the endonuclease breakage. In particular, it has been shown that PARP does not intervene in the NER mechanism (Molinette et al., 1993, EMBO J., 12, 2109-2117; Aboussekhra et al.,
- PARP If a role in the recognition of single strand breaks in DNA is well established for PARP, its physiological role is less clear. It has been proposed that it could for example have a role in triggering apoptosis, by different routes but in particular by depleting the cell stock of NAD. PARP could protect the genomic stability of the cell by avoiding too frequent recombination events at break sites. It could also intervene in the opening of chromatin zones by interfering with histones (reviewed by Lindahl et al., 1995,
- Double strand breaks in DNA are created in particular by ionizing radiation, but can originate from endogenous origin, as in certain recombination reactions.
- IR4-7 IR for Ionizing Radiation
- XRCC5 and XRCC7 X-ray Repair Cross-Complementing
- DNA-PK DNA-dependent protein Kinase
- DNA-PK DNA-dependent protein Kinase
- DNA-PK consists of a catalytic subunit (DNA-PK C s) and a subunit interacting with DNA called Ku.
- Ku originally identified as an autoantigen, is a heterodimer made up of 2 polypeptides of 70 and 80 kDa (Ku70 and Ku80) and corresponds to XRCC5. It attaches to the ends of DNA but not to cellular DNA (Gottling & Jackson, 1993, Cell 72,
- DNA-PK C s subunit Apart from the phosphorylation inactivation of RNA polymerase I in the vicinity of DNA breaks (Kuhn et al., 1995, Genes Dev., 9, 193-203), the substrates of DNA-PKcs. (coded by XRCC7) are not yet well defined and its role in DNA repair remains to be proven.
- the ligand Ku used for the implementation of double-strand breaks is more particularly usable for the detection of ionizing radiation (nuclear power plants or hospitals for example).
- DNA repair mechanisms are not always known in detail, it is known that DNA alterations are first recognized by very specific ligands or recognition proteins, this recognition preceding the repair step aimed at reconstituting the DNA in its own form. It is interesting to note, for example, that if in the case of NER repair, only 7% of lesions are repaired in vitro, the majority of lesions, if not all, are recognized since they all induce deformation of the 'DNA and that it is the repair step itself which is limiting.
- the method according to the invention implements the observation that in an in vitro system, most of the alterations, even if they are not repaired, are nevertheless recognized and that it is this recognition step which must be used for highlighting alterations.
- the method according to the invention therefore relies on the detection of the interaction of one or more molecule (s) in repair systems recognizing alterations in DNA, in particular proteins.
- the method according to the present invention is first of all a qualitative method, that is to say it makes it possible to detect the existence of a DNA alteration and its nature as a function precisely of the type of ligand.
- the demonstration of an interaction of XP-A with DNA shows an alteration involving NER
- the interaction of MutS or HMSH2 demonstrates a problem of mismatching.
- This type of test notably makes it possible to define the genotoxicity of an environment and the nature of the action on DNA.
- the product tested is DNA altered by a genotoxic whose activity we want to assess. You can also use the process according to the invention for, as it were, from a “determined alteration of known DNA”, to measure the activity of a repair system.
- a cell extract which may or may not provide the ligand (in this case the ligand will be added).
- we wish to test a possible deficiency in a repair system for certain cells biological samples for example
- the present invention also relates to a method allowing the detection in a sample of an alteration of the DNA repair system, characterized in that: a) the sample is placed in the presence of a Altered DNA, b) the recognition of the alteration is revealed by a ligand of the repair system, c) the result obtained in step b) is evaluated with respect to a standard.
- the standard could be, for example, a normal sample treated under equivalent conditions or any other method, in particular calibration curves.
- alteration of the repair system is meant any modification of the response in the previous test of a repair system compared to a control system serving as a standard. This alteration will generally be characterized by a deficiency in the recognition of the altered DNA, but the opposite is also possible.
- the method according to the invention may make it possible to demonstrate the presence or absence of proteins in relation for example with a determined pathology.
- Such an application can be used to evaluate the resistance acquired to certain alkylating agents used in anti-tumor treatment in patients and this by measuring a defect in repairing mismatches (Eshlemen & Markowitz, 1995, Curr. Opin. Oncol. 7 , 83-89) or sensitivity or resistance to radiotherapy.
- this same method according to the invention makes it possible to highlight alterations in the modulators of recognition of DNA ligands (such as antitumor agents interacting with repair factors).
- the method according to the present invention can be implemented according to different variants.
- the DNA tested can be a total cell extract, a semi-purified cell extract or a purified DNA, this will depend on the type of research carried out.
- the recognition medium may be entirely synthetic or else be constituted by a cell extract, which may in particular also include the ligand, in this case the revelation will be carried out with a ligand binding marker, labeled antibody for example.
- the recognition medium must include all the cofactors necessary for the recognition of the alteration.
- the recognition medium consists of a cell extract which is more or less purified as regards the presence of endogenous ligand and DNA endogenous to said recognition medium.
- the interaction of the ligand and the DNA may be demonstrated by any suitable method, in particular as has been specified, using a labeled ligand or using an antibody recognizing the ligand.
- the labeling may or may not be radioactive.
- non-radioactive labels that is to say fluorescent for example, or enzymatic labels.
- step a) comprises compounds recognizing different types of alteration and in that in step b) the different types of recognition can be identified separately.
- fluorescent markers it will thus be possible to use different chromophores. This allows you to immediately see the type of alteration or even the various alterations.
- the method comprises the following steps: • the action, in the case of the use of a target DNA, of the agent (physical or chemical) to be tested on this DNA; in the case of a chemical agent, the action of the compound may require the concomitant action of an activating mixture of compounds (such as, for example, the biotransforming action of an “S9” type liver extract in the presence of all the necessary cofactors);
- DNA purification from cells or tissues for which the degree of DNA damage is to be known for example monitoring of patients or people in contact with risky environments, incubation of cells in culture with agents including genotoxicity is to be determined; search for correlation between the state of alteration of cellular DNA and the presence or predisposition to certain diseases for example);
- All of these steps can be carried out in the liquid phase or in the semi-solid phase by fixing one of the reagents to a support (microtiter plate, membrane or microbead, gel or agarose column or affinity column for example ); in the first case, a system which does not require washing between the different stages or a single-stage system will preferably be chosen; in the second case, the different stages are separated by washes.
- a support microtiter plate, membrane or microbead, gel or agarose column or affinity column for example
- the nature of the fixed reagent, ligand or DNA in particular may depend on the type of assay performed, assay of the extent of the lesion or assay of recognition.
- TRACE-type systems can also be used in which one of the markers can only be revealed by the proximity of the second.
- the test consists in incubating DNA (injured or not) both in the presence of an anti-DNA antibody and of a specific DNA alteration protein. Said protein can be directly coupled to a fluorophore or be revealed by an antibody.
- each of the two ligands can be coupled to a fluorophore whose emission wavelengths differ sufficiently to be read simultaneously with good discrimination .
- TRACE Time-Resolved Amplified Cryptate Emission
- CIS bio international Bognols-sur-Sèze, France.
- CIS Bio International XL665 or vice versa
- label 2 proteins which only form a complex in the vicinity of the altered DNA.
- This quantity of DNA can be obtained using the same system using for example two anti-DNA antibodies, one coupled to cryptate, the other to the energy acceptor fluorophore.
- TRACE TRACE
- speed since it is not necessary to carry out washing steps, but especially on the quantity of DNA (and therefore of lesions) analyzable by condition.
- this system is fully automated, and is already suitable for HTS screening.
- the purified alteration ligand is not available, or if this requires cofactors, protein or not, for the interaction step, it is then possible to use a purified cell extract so that these cofactors are present.
- the interaction of the ligand with the alteration will be demonstrated using an antibody directed against this ligand.
- This antibody can be coupled to a system making it possible to detect it, or a method known to those skilled in the art is used, which consists in using a second antibody directed against the first, this second antibody being coupled to a detection system. .
- biochips type dosing systems, in particular the techniques developed by Affymetrix or CIS Bio International (Bagnols-sur-Séze, France). We can consider fixing the DNA on the chips:
- An oligonucleotide or DNA containing a mismatch can make it possible to detect the presence of hMSH2 in a biopsy or in vivo and therefore the risk of developing cancer.
- This method must be quantitative to discriminate healthy individuals homozygous from heterozygotes for the hMSH2 gene, predisposed to the development of cancers, in particular of the colon.
- An oligonucleotide or DNA containing an adduct of a genotoxic agent used in chemotherapy could be used to monitor the level of XPA proteins and to monitor a certain type of resistance.
- a genotoxic agent used in chemotherapy alkylating, cis-platinum, etc.
- the method according to the present invention is more particularly usable for evaluating the genotoxicity of an environment on a sample by measuring the alteration of the DNA of said sample.
- environment is meant to designate chemical, biological as well as physical factors (radiation for example).
- the invention is particularly applicable to qualitative evaluation. and quantitative of lesions on the DNA of cells cultured in vitro, isolated ex vivo or derived from animal or plant tissues, for example application to the detection of genotoxic xenobiotics, to the therapeutic monitoring of patients with tumors subjected to chemotherapeutic treatment, application to follow up on. risks of people in contact with potentially genotoxic agents.
- nucleophilic molecules DNA, lipid compounds, etc.
- free radicals in particular in the field of cosmetics for example, similarly than in the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of compounds inhibiting the action of oxidizing agents.
- the method allows the determination of the capacities of a cellular extract to recognize lesions as well as the determination of the type of lesions induced on the DNA through the use, ie of deficient cellular extracts in a part of the repair system. of these lesions, either specific proteins, or antibodies directed against specific proteins.
- the present method based on the demonstration of a specific interaction of proteins involved in the repair of damaged DNA, has a large number of advantages:
- the fixing of the target DNA can, for example, be done by one end (example: biotinylated DNA, support coupled to a biotin ligand, such than streptavidin);
- the XP-A protein will preferably be used since it is the first to recognize a DNA damage.
- this protein whose complementary DNA is cloned, can be expressed in a vector propagated in a microorganism and thus be produced in large quantities in a fermenter for example.
- the XP-A protein and the RPA complex can also be co-incubated.
- FIG. 1 Principle of the GeneTEX test (Gene Toxicology Environment Xenobiotics)
- the GeneTEX test comprises 6 steps: 1- Adsorption of target DNA on a support, 2- generation of lesions by incubation with a genotoxic agent,
- DNA is represented by a double helix, lesions by black circles, proteins for recognition of lesions by white ovals, and antibodies coupled to an enzyme carries a white rectangle.
- Figure 2 Recognition of damage due to UVC by the XPA protein in a cell extract and detection by an anti-XPA monoclonal antibody
- This graph represents the signal obtained (signal / background noise ratio) as a function of the increasing UVC doses.
- Figure 3 Recognition of double-strand breaks induced by bleomycin by the Ku protein in a cell extract and detection by an anti-Ku monoclonal antibody
- This graph represents the signal obtained (signal / background noise ratio) as a function of increasing concentrations of bleomycin.
- Figure 4 Measurement of the persistence of double-strand breaks induced by the Ku protein in a cell extract and detection by an anti-Ku monoclonal antibody
- + / + designates cells not mutated for the ATM gene +/- represents the mutated cells heterozygous for the ATM gene - / - designates the mutated cells homozygous for the ATM gene 12h and 24h represent the post-incubation times with IGy and 3Gy irradiation (Gray) define the irradiation doses
- the whole of this test preferably takes place at 30 ° C. Each stage is separated by washes.
- the target DNA is adsorbed on wells previously covered with the polylysine.
- This DNA is subjected for the desired duration, preferably 30 minutes, to the action of a genotoxic agent or of a composition containing at least one such agent.
- This step has the effect of generating lesions on the DNA, if the solution tested contains one (or more) genotoxic agent (s).
- a cell extract preferably of human origin, preferably derived from HeLa cells, is incubated on DNA.
- the DNA alteration recognition proteins will bind to the alteration sites.
- An antibody, polyclonal or preferably monoclonal, directed against the alteration recognition protein is added and will recognize the proteins attached to the alteration sites.
- a second antibody directed against the first antibody (preferably recognizing the species from which the first antibody is derived), coupled to an enzyme, preferably of the peroxidase type, is added and will recognize the first antibody.
- an enzyme preferably of the peroxidase type
- a luminescent substrate of the enzyme is added and the light signal emitted is quantified by a luminometer.
- the antibody directed against the recognition protein can be directly coupled to a detection system, therefore requiring no secondary antibody.
- This detection system can be an enzyme, a fluorescent marker or a time-resolved fluorescence marker (of the Europium chelate type), or an electrochemiluminescence marker.
- the antibody directed against the alteration recognition protein is for example coupled to cryptate, and an anti-DNA antibody is coupled to XL665 (or the reverse), or 2 antibodies directed against 2 proteins forming a complex in the vicinity of the altered DNA are used.
- the 2 antibodies being sufficiently close, the energy transfer between the excited Europium cryptate and the acceptor XL665 will be possible and the fluorescent signal emitted is proportional to the level of antibodies fixed on the protein for recognition of alterations.
- Example 1 Detection of lesions on DNA recognized by the NER system
- the DNA (plasmid pUC18), at a concentration of 50 ⁇ g / ml, was injured by UVC by irradiation under a 254nm light lamp at 50 ⁇ W / cm 2 for the time necessary to obtain doses varying from 5 to 200J / m 2 .
- the DNA taken from the UVC was adsorbed on wells covered with poly-lysine, at a rate of 50 ng per well.
- DNA carrying oxidative lesions (lesions generated by illumination in the presence of methylene blue), repaired by the BER system were used.
- Manley-type cell extract [Manley et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 3855-3859], modified by Wood [Wood et al. (1988) Cell, 53, 97-106] for 90 minutes at 30 ° C in a buffer containing 40mM Hepes; 5mM MgCl 2 ; 50mM KCl; 0.5mM DTT; 10MM phosphocreatine; 0.1 mg / ml BSA; 50 ⁇ g / ml creatine phosphokinase; 2mM EGTA; pH 7.6. The wells were then washed twice with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the binding of the XPA protein was revealed by incubation of an anti-XPA monoclonal antibody diluted to 900 ng / ml in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and Igepal CA-630 (sold by Sigma) for 2 hours at 30 °. C, with stirring.
- the primary anti-XPA antibody was then recognized by a secondary goat anti-mouse antibody, coupled to peroxidase, diluted 1 / 10,000 in the same buffer as the primary antibody in a 30-minute incubation.
- a luminescent substrate of the peroxidase (Specichrom, sold by Speci, Ste Foy-les-Lyon, France) is then added and the whole was incubated for 15 minutes at 30 ° C. with shaking.
- the light signal emitted was measured by a Victor (Wallac oy, Turku, Finland).
- the result is expressed as the specific signal ratio to the signal of the untreated plasmid and an example result is given in FIG. 2. It is thus shown, at this stage of development of the test, a detection threshold of 30 J / m 2 for UVC lesions.
- Example 2 detection of double-strand breaks on DNA This type of breaks, generating an increase in the number of DNA fragments and therefore of ends, is detected by the Ku-DNA PK complex. The fixing on the ends is ensured by the Ku sub-unit (Ku70-Ku80).
- double-strand breaks have been generated by a radiomimetic molecule, bleomycin, in the presence of ferrous ions: in this case there is production of double-strand breaks as in the case of treatment with ionizing radiation.
- the DNA (plasmid pUC18) was adsorbed on wells covered with poly-lysine, at a rate of 50 ng per well.
- the wells were washed twice with a PBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20.
- bleomycin from 0 to 200 ⁇ M were incubated for 30 minutes with the adsorbed DNA, in the presence of 0.5 ⁇ M of FeCl 2 , with shaking at 30 ° C.
- the wells were then washed twice with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the wells were then saturated with a 3% BSA solution in PBS for 1 hour at 30 ° C, with stirring.
- the wells were then washed once with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- Manley-type cell extract [Manley et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 3855-3859], modified by Wood [Wood et al. (1988) Cell, 53, 97-106] for 90 minutes at 30 ° C in a buffer containing 40mM Hepes; 5mM MgCl 2 ; 50mM KCl; 0.5mM DTT; 10MM phosphocreatine; 0.1 mg / ml BSA; 50 ⁇ g / ml creatine phosphokinase; 2mM EGTA; pH 7.6.
- the wells were then washed twice with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the binding of the Ku complex was revealed by incubation of an anti-Ku monoclonal antibody diluted to 400 ng / ml in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and Igepal CA-630 (sold by Sigma) for 2 hours at 30 ° C. , with stirring.
- the wells were then washed 3 times with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the primary anti-Ku antibody was then recognized by a secondary goat anti-mouse antibody, coupled to peroxidase, diluted 1 / 10,000 in the same buffer as the primary antibody in a 30-minute incubation.
- the light signal emitted was measured by a Victor (Wallac oy, Turku, Finland).
- the result is expressed as the specific signal ratio to the signal of the untreated plasmid and an example result is given in Figure 3.
- MIS-C 5 1 ATGTGAATCAGTATGGTTCCTATCTGCTGAAGGAAAT 3 '
- the oligonucleotides are solubilized at 1 mg: ml in TE1X.
- the pairing is carried out in 200 ⁇ l, at 400 ⁇ g / ml of each oligo, in the presence of 1M NaCl
- the tubes are brought to 100 ° C. for 10 minutes in a thermocycler and left to cool for 3 hours.
- the DNA is then precipitated by adding 2.5 volumes of absolute ethanol, kept overnight at -20 ° C, then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm at 4 ° C for 40 minutes. After washing the pellets in 70% ethanol and drying, the pellets are taken up in 1.5 ml of TE IX (at a final concentration of 100 ⁇ g / ml).
- MIS-C + MIS-Grev hybridization leads to normally paired double-stranded DNA (C: G) while MIS-C + MIS-T hybridization leads to double-stranded DNA with mismatch (C: T) .
- the DNA was adsorbed on wells covered with poly-lysine, at the rate of 200 ng per well. After a 30-minute incubation, the wells were washed twice with a PBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20.
- Manley-type cell extract [Manley et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 3855-3859], modified by Wood [Wood et al. (1988) Cell, 53, 97-106] for 90 minutes at 30 ° C in a buffer containing 40mM Hepes; 5mM MgCl 2 ; 50mM KCl; 0.5mM DTT; 10MM phosphocreatine; 0.1 mg ml BSA; 50 ⁇ g / ml creatine phosphokinase; 2mM EGTA; pH
- hMSH2 The binding of hMSH2 was revealed by incubation of an anti-hMSH2 monoclonal antibody diluted to 2 ⁇ g / ml in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and Igepal CA-630 (sold by Sigma) for 2 hours at 30 ° C., under agitation. The wells were then washed 3 times with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the primary anti-hMSH2 antibody was then recognized by a secondary goat antibody, anti-mouse, coupled to peroxidase, diluted 1 / 10,000 in the same buffer as the primary antibody in a 30-minute incubation.
- the wells were then washed 5 times with a PBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20.
- a luminescent substrate of peroxidase (Specichrom, sold by Speci,
- the specific signal ratio (oligonucleotide carrying a mismatch; T: G) on the signal of the oligonucleotide carrying no mismatch (C: G) was 5.
- Lymphoblastoid cells obtained from healthy patients, heterozygous or homozygous for the ATM gene (Ataxia telangectasia; leading to hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation), in culture were irradiated at doses of 0;
- the doses of 1 and 3 Gy have the effect of generating double-strand breaks in the DNA which will be detected by means of the recognition of the Ku-DNA PK complex as described in Example 2.
- the cells are then cultured in a suitable medium for 12 and 24 hours, at which time they are washed and frozen at -80 ° C. They are then lysed and the genomic DNA adsorbed on the wells as in the previous examples.
- Manley-type cell extract [Manley et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 3855-3859], modified by Wood [Wood et al. (1988) Cell, 53, 97-106] for 90 minutes at 30 ° C in a buffer containing 40mM Hepes; 5mM MgCl; 50mM KCl; 0.5mM DTT; 10MM phosphocreatine; 0.1 mg / ml BSA; 50 ⁇ g / ml creatine phosphokinase; 2mM EGTA; pH 7.6. The wells were then washed twice with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the binding of the Ku complex was revealed by incubation of an anti-Ku monoclonal antibody diluted to 100 ng / ml in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and Igepal CA-630 (sold by Sigma) for 2 hours at 30 ° C. , with stirring. The wells were then washed 3 times with a PBS solution added with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the primary anti-Ku antibody was then recognized by a secondary goat anti-mouse antibody, coupled to peroxidase, diluted 1 / 10,000 in the same buffer as the primary antibody in a 30-minute incubation. The wells were then washed 5 times with a PBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20.
- a luminescent substrate of the peroxidase (Specichrom, sold by Speci, Ste Foy-les-Lyon, France) is then added and the whole was incubated for 15 minutes at 30 ° C. with shaking.
- the light signal emitted was measured by a Victor (Wallac oy, Turku,
- test is in particular applicable to the measurement of the radiosensitivity of cells originating from patients.
- we can discriminate patients homozygotes ATM, heterozygotes ATM and patients not carrying a mutation in this gene.
- the DNA (plasmid pUC18) was sampled using UVC or cis-platinum as described in Example 1.
- the DNA pretreated with UVC or cis-platinum was adsorbed on wells covered with poly-lysine, at the rate of 50 ng per well.
- DNA carrying oxidative lesions (lesions generated by illumination in the presence of methylene blue), repaired by the BER system were used.
- TBS solution Tris buffer saline
- the wells were then washed once with a TBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the treated DNA was then incubated with a Manley-type cell extract.
- the binding of the XPA protein was revealed by incubation of an anti-XPA monoclonal antibody diluted to 500 ng / ml in TBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and Igepal CA-630 (sold by Sigma) for 2 hours at 30 °. C, with stirring.
- This antibody was previously labeled with an average of 10 Europium chelates (Eu J + ) according to the Wallac protocol.
- the wells were then washed 8 times with a TBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20.
- the result is expressed as the specific signal ratio to the signal of the untreated plasmid and is similar to the result shown in FIG. 1. It is thus shown, at this stage of test development, a detection threshold also of 30 J / m 2 for UVC lesions.
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CA002290679A CA2290679A1 (fr) | 1997-05-20 | 1998-05-20 | Procede de detection qualitative et quantitative d'alterations de l'adn et des ligands de ces alterations |
JP55005498A JP2002500511A (ja) | 1997-05-20 | 1998-05-20 | Dnaの損傷ならびにこれら損傷のリガンドの定性的および定量的検出法 |
EP98925754A EP0983388A1 (fr) | 1997-05-20 | 1998-05-20 | Procede de detection qualitative et quantitative d'alterations de l'adn et des ligands de ces alterations |
AU77751/98A AU7775198A (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1998-05-20 | Method for detecting qualitative and quantitative alterations in dna and ligandsof said alteration ligands |
US09/424,120 US6309838B1 (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1998-05-20 | Method for detecting qualitative and quantitative alterations in DNA and ligands of said alteration ligands |
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FR9706102A FR2763600B1 (fr) | 1997-05-20 | 1997-05-20 | Procede de detection qualitative et quantitative d'alterations de l'adn et des ligands de ces alterations |
FR97/06102 | 1997-05-20 |
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EP (1) | EP0983388A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2002500511A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1214111C (fr) |
AU (1) | AU7775198A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2290679A1 (fr) |
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Cited By (3)
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WO1999049080A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-09-30 | Societe Française De Recherches Et D'investissements (S.F.R.I.) | Procede de detection de lesions de l'adn au moyen de complexes de proteines et elements permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede |
WO2002024890A3 (fr) * | 2000-09-18 | 2003-01-30 | Pioneer Hi Bred Int | Orthologue mlh1 du riz et utilisation de celui-ci |
CN102181528A (zh) * | 2010-06-09 | 2011-09-14 | 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院 | 实时定量pcr体外检测单碱基损伤修复试剂盒 |
Families Citing this family (10)
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FR2809417B1 (fr) * | 2000-05-24 | 2004-07-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Detection et caracterisation de l'activite de proteines impliquees dans la reparation de lesions de l'adn |
AU2003298512A1 (en) * | 2002-05-06 | 2004-05-04 | Colorado State University Research Foundation | Genotoxicity analysis |
JP4510626B2 (ja) | 2002-08-21 | 2010-07-28 | エポック・バイオサイエンシーズ・インコーポレイテッド | 脱塩基部位エンドヌクレアーゼアッセイ |
FR2849058B1 (fr) * | 2002-12-20 | 2005-02-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'evaluation quantitative des capacites globales et specifiques de reparation de l'adn d'au moins un milieu biologique, ainsi que ses applications |
JP2004239639A (ja) * | 2003-02-03 | 2004-08-26 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | Dna鎖切断の効率的検出法 |
FR2887261B1 (fr) * | 2005-06-20 | 2007-09-14 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'immobilisation de l'adn superenroule et utilisation pour analyser la reparation de l'adn |
CN102031285B (zh) * | 2009-09-28 | 2016-12-21 | 复旦大学 | 一种基于双核微核的dna修复能力检测方法 |
EP2602734A1 (fr) * | 2011-12-08 | 2013-06-12 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Identification et validation de variante robuste |
CN110389216B (zh) * | 2018-04-20 | 2020-07-14 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 蛋白质功能化磁珠亲和探针及其制备方法与应用 |
JPWO2023191034A1 (fr) * | 2022-03-31 | 2023-10-05 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO1999049080A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-09-30 | Societe Française De Recherches Et D'investissements (S.F.R.I.) | Procede de detection de lesions de l'adn au moyen de complexes de proteines et elements permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede |
WO2002024890A3 (fr) * | 2000-09-18 | 2003-01-30 | Pioneer Hi Bred Int | Orthologue mlh1 du riz et utilisation de celui-ci |
CN102181528A (zh) * | 2010-06-09 | 2011-09-14 | 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院 | 实时定量pcr体外检测单碱基损伤修复试剂盒 |
CN102181528B (zh) * | 2010-06-09 | 2013-10-23 | 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院 | 实时定量pcr体外检测单碱基损伤修复试剂盒 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002500511A (ja) | 2002-01-08 |
AU7775198A (en) | 1998-12-11 |
US6309838B1 (en) | 2001-10-30 |
EP0983388A1 (fr) | 2000-03-08 |
CA2290679A1 (fr) | 1998-11-26 |
CN1214111C (zh) | 2005-08-10 |
FR2763600B1 (fr) | 1999-11-12 |
FR2763600A1 (fr) | 1998-11-27 |
CN1260839A (zh) | 2000-07-19 |
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