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WO1995021447A1 - Procede et appareil de production d'energie continue a long terme - Google Patents

Procede et appareil de production d'energie continue a long terme Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995021447A1
WO1995021447A1 PCT/US1995/001369 US9501369W WO9521447A1 WO 1995021447 A1 WO1995021447 A1 WO 1995021447A1 US 9501369 W US9501369 W US 9501369W WO 9521447 A1 WO9521447 A1 WO 9521447A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
getter
cathode
alloys
anode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1995/001369
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Yan R. Kucherov
Arnold G. Kalandarichvili
Original Assignee
Eneco, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eneco, Inc. filed Critical Eneco, Inc.
Priority to AU17403/95A priority Critical patent/AU1740395A/en
Publication of WO1995021447A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995021447A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • PCT/US93/08007 having a filing date of 25 August 1993 and titied METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LONG-TERM, CONTINUOUS ENERGY PRODUCTION, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein.
  • This invention is related to electrolytic and gas plasma cells and more particularly related to long-term, continuously operating cells used for energy production and for generating related cell ash products.
  • a palladium or titanium body is placed in D 2 gas at pressures usually between 40 and 60 bar. Energy is supposed to be imparted to the deuterium atoms by phase changes or microcracking in the body initiated by temperature or pressure cycling.
  • Conventional Wet Electrolytic Process Typically, a palladium or titanium cathode and a nickel or platinum anode are placed in an electrolyte consisting of heavy water and some salts. Direct current of various magnitudes is passed between the electrodes so that a deuteride is formed at the cathode.
  • This very chemically active deuterium reacts with the cathode material to form a deuteride having a high but variable stoichiometry, which appears to play a key role in cold fusion events. A sudden change in the current seems to trigger the cold fusion effect.
  • a chamber was initially filled with 99.8% deuterium gas at 1 atmosphere (atm) pressure which was reduced down to 0.54 atm after 30 days, due to absorption of deuterium into the palladium rods.
  • the estimated ratio of deuterium atoms to palladium atoms was 0.92. They then applied DC plasma discharge two times for 5 minutes between the electrodes in a vacuum of 1 Pa, using 60 Hz, 12 KV, 20 mA, as a trigger for expected cold fusion. Spontaneous neutron emissions were intermittently detected from the activated palladium. By stimulation of the palladium rods with a high voltage discharge between the rods, a burst of neutron flux 2x 10 4 times larger than background was detected.
  • CR-39 track-etch detectors used to detect charged particles and neutrons, were stuck to both the inner and the outer walls of the glass tube in order to activate the Pd rods. 5-10 kV (DC or AC 50 Hz) was applied between the electrode in a vacuum of 10 ⁇ Torr. After the activation, the tube was filled with D 2 at 1 atm.
  • Patent application serial number JP 90,293,692 discloses a method of cold nuclear fusion that includes: (a) introducing a deuterium gas into a vacuum chamber containing a planar or curved cathode plate from an electrical conductor which is likely to form a hydride, and a needle-like anode from a refractory electrical conductor; (b) applying DC to form an electrical field of ⁇ 30 V/cm 2 between the electrode tips for the ionization of deuterium; and (c) accelerating deuterium ions toward the cathode plate so that the plate adsorbs and enriches deuterium ions.
  • Patent application serial number JP 91,105,284, "Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion” (9/20/89) discloses an invention for cold nuclear fusion that includes: (a) a chamber with a means to guide a deuterium-containing gas into it and an exhaust means; (b) a plasma-generating means; and (c) a reactive substrate on which is a hydrogen-absorbing metal (e.g., Pd).
  • a hydrogen-absorbing metal e.g., Pd
  • thermal-energy generator that contains in particular: a container of deuterium gas; a pair of electrodes, at least one of which is formed of a hydrideable material; and a means to apply voltage on the electrodes to cause electrical discharge in the presence of D gas between them.
  • Patent application serial number JP 91,276,095 discloses a method of gas-phase plasma reaction using an electrode coated with a material for nuclear fusion in a reactor. Nuclear fusion is done by discharging in a He-D mixture using a pair of D- adsorbing metal electrodes to generate over-voltage at the electrode surface and supplying D to the electrodes or its vicinity.
  • a fundamental object stated in this application and in the parent PCT application from which this application continues, is to provide method and apparatus for assuring each operating surface of a cell is maintained in an appropriate clean condition while the cell is in use.
  • First stated in the parent application is an object to balance cleaning of the operating surface with an infusion of ions into the surface such that operating efficiency of the cell is not detrimentally affected by such cleaning.
  • indefinite prolongation of cell operation is accomplished by adding an etching reagent to the cell atmosphere to remove contaminants (considered to be primarily oxidants) from the surface of the cathode.
  • gases such as Cl, F, HCl, HF, CDl, DF are disclosed as having been successfully used with careful control of the partial pressures of those gases.
  • Equally as effective etching is accomplished by adding heavy inert gas (such as Ne or Ar) to remove an exterior oxidant layer from the cathode.
  • a very narrow range of partial pressure which produces cleaning and therefore successful operation is a one to five percent of total gas in an operating cell.
  • gas below 1 % results in an etching process which is too slow, and higher than 5% results in an etching process which is too high.
  • a predetermined concentration of a cleaning agent must be maintained within an operating cell to provide a rate of cleaning of the anode-facing cathode surface which is balanced against a rate of hydride loading of the cathode which continuously occurs during operation. Maintaining such a balance assures a continually operating, reliable cell. Filters also may be used to remove unwanted contaminants from gases.
  • Such filters generally comprise sponge type material which may be made of reactive refractory metals, such as hafnium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, palladium or yttrium or rare earth metals, for removing water and oxygen from gases influent to the cell.
  • Another filter preferably comprises CaCl 2 for removing aqueous influent contaminants.
  • this novel invention alleviates all of the known problems related to making a consistently reliable electrolytic or gas plasma cell which is used in energy production and for generating related cell ash products. While disclosure of apparatus and methods relating to expected output of this invention may resultingly speak of nuclear effects including nuclear fission and/or nuclear fusion for excess heat or nuclear bi-products which are measured during cell operation, the invention is not dependent upon either the knowledge or the assumption of the occurrence of such effects for the production and use thereof.
  • the invention comprises a method and apparatus for physical structural modification of a surface embracing a portion of a cathode of the cell and for cleaning contaminants from that surface of the cathode as the cell operates.
  • the invention comprises an electrolytic or gas plasma cell containing an anode and a cathode.
  • a conductive, anode-facing portion of the cathode provides the active surface of the cathode and is preferably made from palladium, but may also be made from other hydride forming metals such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, yttrium, niobium, tantalum, and rare metals (e.g. cerium and scandium) and alloys of such metals.
  • a gas plasma cell most metals, metal carbides, nitrides, etc., can be used because ion energy exceeds the implantment threshold energy for any material to produce high H 2 or D 2 concentration.
  • any solid material may be considered as hydrideable under such conditions.
  • the anode-facing surface of the cathode Prior to using the cell in an energy production or ash producing mode, the anode-facing surface of the cathode is structurally modified by ion bombardment, preferably by one or more hydrogen isotopes, accelerated toward the cathode by a relatively low voltage.
  • a predetermined concentration of a cleaning agent is maintained within an operating cell to provide a rate of cleaning of the anode-facing cathode surface which is balanced against a rate of hydride loading of the cathode which continuously occurs during operation. Maintaining such a balance assures constant and reliable cell operation.
  • Controlled concentrations of cleaning agents used are selected from a list comprising HCl, HF, DF, DC1, Cl 2 , F 2 , Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe.
  • each cell should comprise the apparatus for cleaning the internal structure of the cell without affecting the hydrogen or deuterium pressure in the cell during operation.
  • This requirement is best met by providing a special composition and structure for the anode or mounting a special getter (gaseous molecule absorbing material) inside the cell that cleans the cell of oxygen and water vapor during cell operation.
  • Design of the cell is based upon nuclear reaction considerations which relate to possible energy production by nuclear reactions involving deuterium in deuterium loaded solids. Such reactions are anticipated to be the result of a process in which deuterium is loaded into a hydride forming material such as palladium, zirconium or titanium and other electrically conductive hydrideable materials.
  • a hydride forming material such as palladium, zirconium or titanium and other electrically conductive hydrideable materials.
  • a process named the Oppenheimer-Phillips process of nuclear reaction cross- section increase is connected with polarization of a deuteron when passing in close proximity to a strong electric field of another nucleus.
  • atomic electric field strength can be increased by about 10 8 volts per centimeter.
  • PdD ! 0 surface atomic polarization for slow moving deuterons may be much more efficient.
  • the metal surface preferably contains deuterium to make any deuteron-to-deuteron reaction possible.
  • Another recommended design guideline is that deuterium flow in the metal deuteride should be high enough to compensate, at least partially, for diffusion losses of deuterium.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of a system employing a method and device of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a cross section of a gas plasma cell.
  • Figure 3 is a segment in cross section of a portion of the cell in Figure 2 graphically demonstrating surface activity of a cathode.
  • Figure 4 is a segment of a portion of the cell seen in Figure 2 with a cleaning reagent slot and solid capsule cleaning reagent added therein.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing the general capability of tantalum to absorb hydrogen (circle points) and oxygen (triangle points) with temperature lapse.
  • Figure 6 is a segment of a portion of a cell comprising parts which are similar in function to the cell seen in Figure 2 but comprising an anode instrumental in cell cleaning.
  • proximal is used within a sentence to describe a position of a physical structure as being relatively near to an object referenced within the sentence.
  • an end of a structure proximal to the object is the end of the structure near the object than the proximal end.
  • distal refers to end of the structure farther away from the object.
  • One embodiment of the invention is based on electrical discharge in gaseous deuterium in an electrically activated cell.
  • Metal electrodes are placed in a vacuum chamber.
  • the chamber is evacuated to the residual pressure of less than 10 6 Torr (1mm Hg at standard temperature and pressure) to appropriately evacuate the cell of oxygen and other active gases and thereby prevent oxidation of metal parts in the cell chamber during discharge glow.
  • the anode of the cell is made of some refractory material (e.g. molybdenum) and the cathode of the cell is made of a preselected material (e.g. Pd, Ti, Zr, HF, Y, Nb, Ta, Sc, Ce, W, Mo or any other solid metal or carbide, nitride or alloys or layered combinations made thereof).
  • a plurality of extremely small pores is generated or created by blistering formation in at least the anode-facing surface of the cathode, preferably by low energy hydrogen (*H) ions in a glow discharge environment between the anode and cathode.
  • the chamber is filled with purified hydrogen at a pressure of one to ten Torr. Glow discharge is ignited with a current density of about ten milliamperes per square centimeter for 100 to 1000 seconds. Voltage during discharge is maintained at about 200 volts.
  • the hydrogen Prior to normal heat producing operation, the hydrogen is pumped out and the chamber is refilled with deuterium to a pressure of two to forty (2-40) Torr. Current density is preferably set at five to twenty (5-20) milliamperes per square centimeter. After a delay of approximately 100 seconds (corresponding with the initial loading of deuterium into the anode-facing surface of the cathode) the reaction starts, resulting in, among other things, heat energy release. While the reaction which results in heat energy release is not absolutely known to be of nuclear origin, such has not been ruled out. Evidence of a nuclear reaction has been substantiated by neutrons, which are apparently due to secondary nuclear reactions, and fast charged particles from primary D(d,p)T reactions which have been detected.
  • Detected neutron intensity was 10 2 to 10 6 neutrons per second. Average time of occurrence of the above described process is twenty to sixty minutes, depending upon oxygen content in the initial gas. During the time of operation, it has been found that, unless corrective measures are taken, the cathode surface degrades bringing the reaction to a halt.
  • cathode operation could be indefinitely prolonged by adding an etching reagent to the cell atmosphere to remove contaminants (considered to be primarily oxidants) from the surface of the cathode.
  • gases such as Cl, F, HCl, HF, DCl and DF have been successfully used with careful control of partial pressures of these gases.
  • Equally as effective etching is accomplished by adding heavy inert gas to remove the oxidant layer from the cathode.
  • the very narrow range of partial pressure which produced successful operation is a one to five percent of total gas in an operating cell.
  • gas below one percent results in too slow of an etching process, and higher than five percent results in too high of an etching process.
  • elevated palladium cathode temperatures up to 800°K were obtained.
  • the above-described method of generating or creating pores is not restricted to using hydrogen or deuterium.
  • Reactor or accelerator irradiation may also be used.
  • sintering from ultra-small particles may be used.
  • cleaning of the cathode may be performed independent of cell operation or during actual cell operation.
  • an exemplary system 10 for employing the invention is seen to comprise an electrically activated cell 20, a first gas source 30, a second gas source 40, a first filter 50, a second filter 60, optional additional filters represented generally as 62, a first evacuation pump 70, a second evacuation pump 72, a cleaning reagent source 80, a first electrical power source 90 and a second electrical power source 92.
  • System 10 also comprises a plurality of fluid valves 98, a three-way valve 100, a four- way valve 102 and a second three-way valve 104; pressure meters 106 and 108; and electrical switches 110 and 112.
  • Cell 20 is seen to comprise an anode assembly 120 and a cathode 130.
  • Gas source 30 comprises a container which preferably holds and thereby provides a gas used in a pore generating step in which at least the anode-facing surface of cathode 130 is acted upon preparatory to a cell operating step.
  • pore generating and operating steps are provided hereinafter.
  • Prolonged operation of cell 20 within system 10 is critically dependent upon maintaining cell 20, generally, and cathode 130, in particular, in a clean state. Filters
  • Filter 50 preferably comprises sponge type material which may be made from reactive refractory metals, such as hafnium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, palladium or yttrium or rare earth metals, for removing water and oxygen from gases influent to cell 20. Due to cost considerations, a titanium sponge filter is preferred for filter 50.
  • Filter 60 preferably comprises CaCl 2 for removing aqueous influent contaminants.
  • Filter 62 may be a cascading CaCl 2 filter, but in any event provides an extra measure of filtering to assure influent gas be as free of contaminants as possible.
  • Pumps 70 and 72 are used to evacuate fluid from cell 20.
  • Pump 70 is preferably a mechanical pump which is used to bring fluid pressure in cell 20 down from a higher pressure to a point where another pump can effectively reduce residual fluid pressure to an acceptable level before a cell 20 gas loading step.
  • Pump 72 may be a diffusion pump or a turbomolecular pump. All such pumps are commercially available. Selection of a candidate pump for pump 72 should be made on pump performance and pump availability at the time of system 10 construction. Levels of fluid pressure required for cell 20 operation are described hereafter.
  • Source 80 comprises a container and cleaning reagent which is used in the gas operating step, mentioned above.
  • the cleaning reagent may comprise vaporizable elements or gaseous compounds of hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), deuterium fluoride (DF), chlorine gas (Cl), Iodine (I) and fluoride gas (F).
  • gases are generally loaded at the end of a gas filling step preparatory to the gas operating step.
  • cleaning reagents are generally added in a quantity which adds a partial pressure of one to five percent (1-5%) of cell 20 pressure of gases added in the gas filling preparatory step.
  • the cleaning reagent may also be an inert gas such as neon (Ne) or argon (Ar). Such gases are also used in a concentration which produces a partial pressure of one to five percent (1-5%) of gas employed in the operating step. Krypton (Kr) and xenon (Xe) may also be used as the cleaning reagent, preferably being used at a partial pressure of one-tenth to five-tenths of one percent (.l-.5%) of total gas pressure used in the operating step. All such gases and containers are known and available in the art.
  • gas pressure in the pore generating step is in the range of one to ten
  • evacuation of cell 20 between pore generating or operating steps is to a pressure of less than 10 "6 Torr.
  • preferable gas pressure in the cell operating step is in the range of two to forty (2-40) Torr.
  • materials used in internal construction of parts of cell 20 should also not be a source of cell 20 or cathode 130 contaminating reagents. As pressure must be sensed and controlled to a very wide range of pressures
  • Pressure meter 106 is used to measure pressures in the range of two to forty Torr.
  • Pressure meter 108 is used to measure pressures in the range of 10" 6 Torr and less. Of course, should a single pressure meter be capable of measuring pressures throughout the entire range specified, one meter would be adequate.
  • Power supply 90 is a DC power supply capable of providing current in the range of ten to forty milliamperes per square centimeter of anode-facing (active) surface of cathode 130 at gas pressures specified for the pore generating step. Voltage of power supply 90 is generally set between 100 and 500 volts, the preferred voltage level being about 200 volts. Power supply 90 must be able to sustain both current and voltage levels for approximately 1000 seconds. Final selection of voltage and current levels is restricted by care taken to assure that the temperature of cathode 130 does not exceed annealing temperature during the pore generating step, a condition which negates positive preparation of cathode 130 preparatory to the cell operating step.
  • Power supply 92 is a DC power supply or a pulsed DC power supply capable of providing current in the range of ten to two hundred milliamperes per square centimeter of anode-facing (active) surface of cathode 130 at gas pressures specified for the cell 20 operating step. Voltage of power supply 92 is generally set between 100 and 500 volts. Power supply 92 must be able to sustain both current and voltage levels continuously for operation throughout a prolonged period of sustained cell operation. Final selection of voltage and current levels is restricted by care taken to assure that the temperature of cathode 130 does not exceed annealing temperature during the cell operating step, a condition which negates useful energy production of cell 20.
  • Switches 110 and 112 are single-pole, single-throw switches which can safely withstand voltage and current levels of power supplies 90 and 92 respectively. Such power supplies and switches are known and commercially available.
  • system 10 comprises gas-tight ducting through which fluid flows to and from cell 20.
  • System 10 ducting comprises duct segments 140-168. Segment 140 is interposed between gas source 30 and a shut-off valve 98.
  • Segment 146 is interposed between gas source 40 and another shut-off valve 98. Each segment 142 and 144 connects one of the previously mentioned shut-off valves 98 to three-way valve 100 which provides controllable access to segment 148. Segment 148 interconnects to filter 50 which is interconnected to filter 60 through segment 150. Filter 60 is likewise interconnected to filter 62 through segment 152. It should be clear to one who is skilled in the art that additional filters may be serially cascaded for filtering of additional contaminants from sources 30 and 40 and for more effective filtering.
  • Filter 62 is interconnected to four- way valve 102 through segment 154.
  • Four- way valve 102 provides a controllable pathway through segment 156 to three-way valve 104 and to yet another shut-off valve 98 through segment 161.
  • Three-way valve 104 is connected to pump 70 through segment 158 and to pump 72 through segment 160.
  • Four- way valve 102 also provides a controllable pathway for influent flow through segment 161, interposed shut-off valve 98 and segment 161' from source 80.
  • Four- way valve 102 connects to cell 20 through segments 162 and 168.
  • Segments 164 and 166 provide pressure measurement taps to pressure meters 108 and 106, respectively.
  • cell 20 comprises an outer enclosure assembly 200, anode assembly 120, cathode assembly 220 which comprises cathode 130, and glow-discharge enclosure apparatus 230.
  • Assembly 200 comprises a cylindrical body 200' and an anode assembly accessing plate 200" and a cathode assembly accessing plate 201. Assembly 200 is assembled to form a pressure retaining and restraining chamber by joining plates 200" and 201 to body 200' with a plurality of retaining screws 201". A sealing membrane 201' is interposed between each plate 200" and 201 and body 200' to insure pressure retention in a chamber 202 formed thereby.
  • Anode assembly 120 comprises a conductive rod 232, an insulating cover 234 for rod 232, and an anode tip 236.
  • Rod 232 is preferably made from a high melting temperature material which is electrically and physically compatible with tip 236. Both rod 232 and tip 236 are preferably made from molybdenum.
  • Insulating cover 234 must be sufficiently thick to insure against spurious emission of electrical discharge along rod 232. Insulating cover 234 material is preferably made from aluminum oxide.
  • Cathode assembly 220 comprises cathode 130, a thin-walled stainless steel holder 240, a heat collector 242, thermistors 244 and 246, and a cathode 130 position determining cap 248.
  • Cathode 130 is generally disk shaped, although such shape is not restrictively necessary to the invention.
  • Cathode 130 comprises an anode-facing surface 250 and an oppositely facing surface 252. It is critical that cathode 130 is carefully temperature controlled to eliminate the possibility of surface changes due to melting and the occurrence of blistering of the cathode.
  • each cathode material is recommended to be used at least a minimum surface 250 to surface 252 thickness. For example, palladium should be on the order of 100 microns thick, tungsten should be on the order of 30 microns thick and zirconium should be on the order of 100 microns thick.
  • Heat collector 242 is generally closely associated with cathode 130, providing physical support and an electrical and heat conducting pathway therefor.
  • Heat collector 242 is cylindrical in shape and comprises a cathode-facing surface 254 which is made to conform with oppositely facing surface 252 such that a good electrical and heat conducting coupling is made with cathode 130 across oppositely facing surface 252.
  • heat collector 242 comprises a threaded surface 256 whereby cap 248 is joined to collector 242 to form a portion of an electrically isolated chamber 257 and firmly, but releasibly affix cathode 130 to collector 242.
  • a flange part 258 extends radially outward from the rest of heat collector 242 to provide a support structure for assembling glow discharge enclosure apparatus 230. Away from threaded surface 256, part 258 is radially narrowed to form an elongated body 260.
  • Elongated body 260 comprises an exterior surface 260' resulting from extension of elongated body 260 through an accessible hole 261 in outer enclosure assembly 200.
  • Exterior surface 260' provides an attaching surface for a post 262 for an electrical connection to wires from power supplies 90 and 92, accessing orifices 264 and 266 for thermistors 246 and 244, respectively.
  • Orifice 264 providing access to a to a through- hole for accessible measurement of temperature of cathode 130.
  • Orifice 266 provides access to a closed-end channel wherein thermistor 244 measures temperature of elongated body 260.
  • elongated body 260 comprises two ports 268 and 270 for effluent and influent coolant flow, respectively, and a hollow central chamber 272 which provides for heat transduction from cathode 130. Heat is thereby transferred from body 260 to the coolant flowing through ports 268 and 270.
  • coolant flow rate is controlled and heat is removed from the coolant as in other thermal energy conversion systems as is well known in the art. Therefore, further connections and controls associated with the coolant is not further treated herein.
  • electrical connecting lines 274 and 276 for thermistor 244 and lines 278 and 280 for thermistor 246 are shown ending in connecting points without showing connections to a control system.
  • a gas-proof seal 282 is provided at the extension of body 260 through enclosure 200 to assure integrity of gas purity and pressure within enclosure 200.
  • Seal 282 is preferably an elastomeric ring. Such rings are will known in the art.
  • Cap 248 comprises an annular inwardly facing threaded surface 284 which is congruent with threaded surface 256 and permits cap 248 to be threadedly affixed thereto.
  • cap 248 comprises a flat radial surface 286 inferiorly disposed to threaded surface 284 and outwardly radiating therefrom.
  • Surface 284 is joined by an exteriorly disposed cylindrical surface 286 which proceeds superiorly to a notched surface 288.
  • Surface 288 is joined to a superior, flat, exterior surface ring 290.
  • an interior frusto-conical surface 292 is seen to proceed downwardly and inwardly to contact with cathode 130 thereby forming a portion of an electrically isolated vessel 293.
  • Proximal to cathode 130 cap 248 comprises a pressure ring 294 through which pressure is placed upon cathode 130 to cause firm contact between surfaces 252 and 254. From pressure ring 294 an inner surface 298 provides continuity to threaded surface 284.
  • cap 248 comprises an inner core 296 preferably made of a high temperature metal.
  • metal may be molybdenum.
  • Conductivity of the metal is isolated from electrical activity in vessel 293 by an insulating cover 298'.
  • Such covering may be any non-electrically-conducting material which can withstand cathode 130 operating temperatures, but is preferably aluminum oxide.
  • Aluminum oxide may be applied to molybdenum by sputtering techniques.
  • a ceramic ring 300 is disposed between surface 286 and part 258 to provide an electrical seal, but not a gas seal, as ring 300 and other ceramic rings, as described hereafter, are designed to pass gas to permit gas pressure within apparatus 230 to equilibrate with pressure within cell 20.
  • a vessel enclosing plate 302 is seen superiorly disposed to cap 248 in Figure 2.
  • Plate 302 is made from a non-electrically conducting material and thereby completes enclosure of vessel 293.
  • Plate 302 comprises a centrally disposed hole 304 wherethrough anode assembly 120 finds access to vessel 293.
  • Around hole 304 is a positioning collar 305, the purpose of which is described in detail hereafter.
  • Plate 302 is preferably made of aluminum oxide.
  • a ceramic ring 306 provides an electrical seal in a manner similar to that described for ring 300.
  • a mounting plate 308 is seen superiorly disposed relative to plate 302 in
  • Plate 308 comprises a centrally disposed hole 310 which retains plate 302 by collar 305.
  • holder 240 comprises a centrally disposed hole 310' through which elongated body 260 is inserted to be captured by imposing part 258 against holder 240.
  • Holder 240 and plate 308 each comprise a plurality of juxtaposed holes 312, 312' at respective outward edges as seen in Figure 2.
  • a heat conductive mesh 313 Interposed between plate 308 and holder 240 and surrounding cap 248 and part 258 of heat collector 242 is a heat conductive mesh 313 to provide increased heat insulation between heat producing elements of apparatus 230 and enclosure 200.
  • Mesh 313 is preferably made of molybdenum mesh which is commercially available.
  • Mesh 313 preferably comprises a plurality of layers of mesh wound to form a hollow cylinder.
  • Apparatus 230 is assembled by inserting body 260 through hole 310' .
  • Cathode 130 is centrally positioned on surface 254 and cap 248 is tightened down upon cathode 130 to firmly affix cathode 130 to heat collector 242.
  • Mesh 313 is disposed about cap 248 and heat collector 242.
  • Plate 302 is placed upon ring 290 after ceramic seal 306 is disposed about notch surface 288.
  • Plate 308 is placed upon about collar 305 to hold plate 302 in place.
  • An elongated bolt, generally designated 314, is inserted through each pair of juxtaposed holes 312, 312' in plate 308 and holder 240 and releasibly affixed with a nut, generally designated 316.
  • Anode assembly 120 is inserted through hole 304 and positioned to a relative anode-cathode distance which is consistent with plasma production at predetermined gas pressures and voltages.
  • Another ceramic electrical seal 318 is positioned in hole 310 in contact with collar 305.
  • Plate 200" comprises a centrally disposed hole 320 into which a plug seal 322 is placed.
  • Plug seal 322 comprises a hole 324 into which anode assembly 120 is sealably inserted.
  • Cell 20 is assembled by inserting elongated body 260 of apparatus 230 through hole 261 and sealing the joint thereof with seal 282.
  • Anode assembly 120 is positioned in a direction normal to cathode 130 to place tip 236 at a predetermined position relative to cathode 130, the position being determined by preselected cell 20 operating pressure and voltage.
  • Plates 201 and 200" are releasibly but pressure retainingly secured to body 200' by screws 201".
  • common electrical output negative voltage lead 320 from power supplies 90 and 92 through switches 110 and 112, respectively, is connected to post 262 attached to surface 260'.
  • Positive voltage lead 232 from power supplies 90 and 92 is connected to positive voltage lead 232.
  • body 200' comprises a fluid port 330.
  • segment 168 is attached to fluid port 330.
  • cell 20 is evacuated to a pressure less than 10 "6 Torr.
  • Cell 20 is then filled with a first ionizable gas from source 30 to a pressure which is preferably in the range of one to ten Torr.
  • the first ionizable gas is hydrogen although deuterium may also be used.
  • Switch 110 is closed to impose a voltage across tip 236 and cathode 130 which produces a current density in the range of ten to forty (10-40) milliamperes per square centimeter for a palladium at about 10 watts per square centimeter. It is strongly recommended that strict attention be paid to current density.
  • a gaseous reagent is added from source 80 in predetermined amounts prior to beginning cell 20 operation or a solid but gasifying reagent is added by physically placing a solid capsule upon surface 250 prior to operating the cell.
  • Such reagents operate as real time cleaning reagents and are enumerated in type and quantity of use herebefore.
  • particles may be driven through surface 250 and into cathode 130 to a depth of 1,000 to 10,000 angstroms (A), a depth indicated by dashed line 352.
  • the first step of applying ten to forty milliamperes in a preferably hydrogen atmosphere suggestibly establishes initial micropores in cathode 130.
  • atomic particulates of a second gas e.g. deuterium
  • a second gas e.g. deuterium
  • bombardment of the surface by which gas from the second step may continue a surface onslaught and thereby continuously replenish the supply of micropores, thereby allowing the use of sputtering or other eroding of surface 250 during normal operation to provide a continuously cleaned anode-facing surface.
  • capsule 360 is placed directly upon or near surface 250 of cathode 130.
  • a slot 362 which is cut into frustoconical surface 292 normal to surface 250 provides a niche for capsule 360.
  • Capsule 360 is preferably made of CaCl 2 although any solid material which yields a stream of vaporized cleaning during gas plasma discharge may be used.
  • the experimental cell 20 consisted of vacuum chambers formed by enclosure 200 having a minor diameter of 1.5 X 10 "1 , a major diameter of 2 X 10 "1 m and a volume of approximately 10 "2 m 3 .
  • the vacuum system was capable of creating a residual pressure of about 10 "3 Pa.
  • the gas filled system was supplied with multi-stage gas purification cells, such as filters 50, 60 and 62.
  • Cathode assembly 220 consisted of a quartz-insulated thin-walled stainless steel holder with a molybdenum heat collector at the end, similar to holder 240 and collector 242. Heat collector 242 had channels for cathode thermocouples, such as thermocouples 244 and 246.
  • a cathode sample such as cathode 130 was placed on the collector and fastened with an Al 2 O 3 - insulated cap, such as cap 248.
  • the cathode sample (cathode 130) was in the form of a foil 10 ⁇ to 10 "3 m thick with an area of about lO ⁇ m 2 .
  • various materials such as metals, alloys and ceramics, were used. All excess heat results and the largest nuclear product fluxes were achieved with specially treated palladium. Excess heat being defined as an amount of heat generated by the activity of cell 20 in excess of heat expected by a combination of all known electrical and chemical sources.
  • the anode assembly similar to that described above for anode assembly 120, consisted of a quartz-insulated thin-walled molybdenum tube cover with thermocouple channels and a massive molybdenum end, similar to tip 236.
  • SSB silicon surface barrier detectors
  • chamber 202 had a quartz inspection window.
  • X-ray films or photo-emulsion cassettes, CR-39 detectors and various screens could be inserted into chamber 202. All other detectors for neutron and gamma-quantum registration were placed outside chamber 202. Positioning of such detectors is well known in the art and therefore not dealt with further herein.
  • the typical deuterium pressure in chamber 202 was 3-10 Torr, the discharge voltage 100-500 V and the discharge current 10-100 raA. Both transformer-based and thyristor-based electric power stabilizers for the electric feed were used. Different types of nuclear products were detected in the experiment. Neutron fluxes with intensity up to 10 6 neutrons per second, were detected throughout the use of silver activation methods with the usual neutron signal being a magnitude of approximately three times background level. A variety of gamma-lines (up to 200 lines) with different intensity and different half-life times were measured. The most intensive lines were identified as rhodium isotopes. Charged particles with energies up to 20 MeV and around 10 5 S "1 intensity were also seen. Some of the charged particles were identified as alpha-particles.
  • the oxygen absorption graph is generally shown by interconnecting lines 406 interconnecting and disposed between open triangles, generally designated 408. Note that the hydrogen absorption ratio generally declines as temperature increases while the oxygen absorption ratio increases with temperature. It is well known in the art that the absorption ratio of hydrogen is approximately zero at 800°C and above. See dot 410. In opposed fashion the oxygen absorption ration increases with temperature. For more information relative to the curves of Figure 5 and other background information refer to Alefeld, G. and Volkl, J. Hydrogen in Metals II, N.Y., Springer- Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 1978.
  • hydrides are not formed within a getter. Additionally, if a cell temperature decreases through a region of 400 - 700 °C quickly enough, hydrides are formed only in a thin surface layer without damaging the getter.
  • a getter may exist anywhere, for example away from a gas discharge zone within a cell, if gas flow with the cell passes gas through or by the getter for absorption of unwanted materials.
  • gas flow with the cell passes gas through or by the getter for absorption of unwanted materials.
  • the getter As an isotopic hydrogen absorbing cathode can not be used for this purpose, attention is turned to use of an anode as the getter.
  • the getter In order to so use the anode, the following two conditions must be met: 1. the getter must be made of material chemically more active than the cathode material; and 2. the sputtering rate of the getter must be about the same or lower than material (molybdenum) used for anode assembly 120, described above.
  • mobdenum mobdenum
  • Cell 500 comprises a cathode assembly 502, an anode assembly 504, an electrical isolation body 506 and a cylindrical outer cover assembly 508.
  • Cathode assembly 502 comprises a cathode body 510, a cap 512, and elongated support body 514, a hollow cylindrical electrical isolator 516.
  • Cathode body 510 is similar in shape and material to cathode 130, earlier described.
  • Elongated support body 514 is similar in function to elongated body 260, earlier disclosed.
  • support body 514 comprises a flat circular superior surface and an inferiorly projecting threaded surface 522.
  • a support mass 524 extends inferiorly to a point of heat extraction which is not shown.
  • Cap 512 serves a function similar to that served by cap 248, i.e. tightening cathode body 510 against surface 520 for good thermal conveyance.
  • Cap 512 comprises a hollow cylindrical core 526 inferiorly disposed to a circular latch 528.
  • An electrically isolating cover 530 is disposed over the entire superior surface of latch 528 and downward about the outside surface 532 of cap 512.
  • Core material of cap 512 is preferably molybdenum.
  • Cover 530 is preferably made from aluminum oxide.
  • Hollow cylindrical core 526 is threaded for attachment to threaded surface 522.
  • Hollow cylindrical electrical isolator 516 is tubular having a length and inner diameter adequate to provide electrical isolation about the vertical walls (as seen in Figure 6) of cathode assembly 502.
  • Isolator 516 is preferably made from quartz.
  • Anode assembly 504 comprises an anode 540 and anode insulation 542.
  • Insulation 542 provides an insulating cover for anode 540 and preferably made from quartz.
  • Anode 540 material is selected based upon whether or not anode 540 is also a getter. If anode 540 is not used as a getter, it is preferably made from molybdenum. Material for anode 540, when used as a getter, is provided hereafter.
  • Electrical isolation body 506 is a hollow cylinder which electrically isolates cathode assembly 502 and anode assembly 504 from cylindrical outer cover assembly 508.
  • Cover assembly 508 is preferably transparent and made from steel.
  • Outer cover assembly 508 is similar in construction to enclosure 200 relative to connection and use within a fluid control system such as system 10, seen in
  • Figure 1 One additional feature of the embodiment of Figure 6 which is different from enclosure 200 is a getter subsystem 550, seen schematically depicted in Figure 6.
  • Outer cover assembly 508 comprises a hollow cylindrical wall similar in construction and material to body 200', earlier described.
  • assembly 508 may comprise getter subsystem 550.
  • Getter subsystem 550 comprises a getter element 552, electrical leads 554 and 556, lead feedthroughs 558 and 560 for leads 554 and 556, respectively, a power source 562, an electrical single-pole, single-throw switch 564 and a pyrometer 566.
  • getter subsystem 550 is provided measurement access through assembly 508 by an optical window 568.
  • Optical window is preferably sealably affixed to assembly 508 and made from quartz.
  • Power source 562 may be AC or DC, but must be able to heat getter element 552 to a predetermined operating temperature.
  • Pyrometer 566 must be capable of measuring and providing a control signal to power source 562 to maintain getter element 552 at the predetermined temperature (e.g. above 800° C for tantalum, although other oxygen and water vapor absorbing materials may be used. Such materials may operate effectively at other temperatures than the temperature specified for tantalum.
  • Feedthroughs 568 and 560 are made from material which has extremely low outgassing characteristics, such as the material used for plug seal 322. Temperature measurement devices for pyrometer 566 which are used in temperature control feedback systems are well known and available in the art. Getter element 552 temperature is predetermined by selecting a temperature range at which absorption is a maximum relative to the specific element being removed and is therefore specific for each particular getter material.
  • cell 500 While the structure of cell 500 is different than cell 20, critical parameters, such as cathode and anode size, anode-to-cathode separation, hydrogen isotope gas environmental pressures, and other operational features, not including cleaning procedures are similar. With the addition of getter apparatus and potential deletion of other cleaning gases and/or materials discussed earlier relative to cell 20, cell 500 is operable to accomplish the same purposes as cell 20 within system 10.
  • a major cause of cell contamination which is detrimental to cell operation is oxygen and water vapor.
  • a getter may be used.
  • the getter function may either be performed by an anode, e.g. anode 540 or a device separate from the anode, such as getter 552.
  • the anode of the cell is preferably made of heavy reactive-refractory metal or alloy, e.g. tantalum or hafnium or of their alloys.
  • insulation 542 In order to keep the anode temperature elevated, thus preventing hydride formation, insulation 542 must also provide thermal insulation on the side surfaces of the anode. For places where quartz is not used, high temperature ceramics, i.e. Al 2 O 3 is well suited.
  • the cell may have an added getter system which may comprise a getter 552 preferably made of tantalum or hafnium or of their alloys. Getter 552 is preferably formed as an electrically activated heater coil. As depicted for getter system 550, the device also comprises a power source to heat the getter and a temperature regulator to keep the getter temperature higher than any hydride forming temperature.
  • This invention may be considered as a basic building block to other inventions.
  • cell 20 may be the source of neutrons or other radiated particles and operable on demand
  • cell 20 may be used in medical devices where such radiation is needed but where other sources of such radiation is more costly or is dangerous to store and use.
  • the production of excess energy from such a system is also predictive of many subsequent resulting devices which are now provided by other more costly and less efficient methods.
  • Such excess energy is suggestive of generation of secondary electricity from the device which is greater than input electricity.
  • Efficient heating, using input electricity as a cell 20 running medium, with much greater heat output than normally attributed to an electrical heating system is another area of significant industrial applicability.
  • Such secondary inventions could be mentioned in large numbers, but the concept of a device which produces either radiated nuclear particles upon demand or excess energy as a reliable product requires little imagination when considering industrial applicability.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé et appareil destiné à assurer le fonctionnement continu d'une pile électrique génératrice d'énergie disposée dans une chambre hermétique. Le procédé comprend un mode de réalisation dans lequel on utilise un dégazeur afin de maintenir une atmosphère de gaz exempte d'oxygène et de vapeur d'eau, sans formation d'hydrure. La fonction de dégazeur peut être remplie par une anode ou un appareil séparé de l'anode. Le dégazeur est maintenu et exploité à une température à laquelle l'oxygène et la vapeur d'eau sont absorbés, et à laquelle aucun hydrure ne se forme dans le dégazeur.
PCT/US1995/001369 1994-02-01 1995-02-01 Procede et appareil de production d'energie continue a long terme WO1995021447A1 (fr)

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US08/189,869 1994-02-01

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Cited By (4)

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WO2012140472A1 (fr) * 2011-04-12 2012-10-18 Cipolla Giuseppe Fusion nucléaire froide catalysée par un halogène
CN108257681A (zh) * 2016-12-29 2018-07-06 核工业西南物理研究院 一种固态产氚包层模块屏蔽块
EP3384546A4 (fr) * 2015-12-04 2019-07-24 IH IP Holdings Limited Procédés et appareil de déclenchement de réactions exothermiques
US11008666B2 (en) 2016-06-06 2021-05-18 Ih Ip Holdings Limited Plasma frequency trigger

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EP0414399A2 (fr) * 1989-08-04 1991-02-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Procédé et appareil pour le stockage d'hydrogene et pour la production d'énergie calorifique
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WO2012140472A1 (fr) * 2011-04-12 2012-10-18 Cipolla Giuseppe Fusion nucléaire froide catalysée par un halogène
EP3384546A4 (fr) * 2015-12-04 2019-07-24 IH IP Holdings Limited Procédés et appareil de déclenchement de réactions exothermiques
US11008666B2 (en) 2016-06-06 2021-05-18 Ih Ip Holdings Limited Plasma frequency trigger
CN108257681A (zh) * 2016-12-29 2018-07-06 核工业西南物理研究院 一种固态产氚包层模块屏蔽块
CN108257681B (zh) * 2016-12-29 2024-04-09 核工业西南物理研究院 一种固态产氚包层模块屏蔽块

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