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WO2018237180A1 - Signature dynamique pour authentification de paquet de réveil - Google Patents

Signature dynamique pour authentification de paquet de réveil Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018237180A1
WO2018237180A1 PCT/US2018/038817 US2018038817W WO2018237180A1 WO 2018237180 A1 WO2018237180 A1 WO 2018237180A1 US 2018038817 W US2018038817 W US 2018038817W WO 2018237180 A1 WO2018237180 A1 WO 2018237180A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wake
wur
dynamic signature
sequence number
packet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2018/038817
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Shahrnaz Azizi
Po-Kai Huang
Thomas J. Kenney
Minyoung Park
Ehud Reshef
Original Assignee
Intel Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Intel Corporation filed Critical Intel Corporation
Priority to CN201880041738.9A priority Critical patent/CN110870335B/zh
Publication of WO2018237180A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018237180A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0225—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal
    • H04W52/0229—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal where the received signal is a wanted signal
    • H04W52/0235—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal where the received signal is a wanted signal where the received signal is a power saving command
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
    • H04L63/083—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using passwords
    • H04L63/0846—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using passwords using time-dependent-passwords, e.g. periodically changing passwords
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/002—Countermeasures against attacks on cryptographic mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/06—Authentication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/80—Wireless
    • H04L2209/805—Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless communications and, more particularly, to dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication.
  • FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment for dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative diagram for dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIGs. 3A-3C depict illustrative schematic diagrams for dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of an illustrative process for a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of an illustrative process for a wake-up receiver security, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station that may be suitable for use as a user device, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example machine upon which any of one or more techniques (e.g., methods) may be performed, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • a replay attack for wake-up packet may include an attacker replaying a wake-up packet sent by a transmitter to wake up a receiver and waste the power of the receiver.
  • a mechanism for authenticating unicast/multicast wake-up packet using sequence number and authentication field may be needed.
  • the size of a sequence number field may be kept relatively small. Assuming that the size of the sequence number filed is 12 bits, and the transmitter may transmit one wake-up packet to a user or a group of users (e.g., every 1 second). Then the transmitter may need to start using the sequence number that has been used before for around every 1 hour. This then may give an attacker the chance to wait for around one hour and replay the packet for the attack.
  • the WUR (802.11ba) objective is to provide a low-power solution (e.g., ⁇ 100 ⁇ W in active state) for always-on Wi-Fi (or Bluetooth) connectivity of wearable, IoT and other emerging devices that may be densely deployed and used in the near future.
  • a low-power solution e.g., ⁇ 100 ⁇ W in active state
  • Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
  • Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication.
  • lower energy consumption may be achieved by adding an LP- WUR to a device to wake-up the main radio system (e.g., IEEE 802.11 transceiver) of the device based on receiving a wake-up packet from another device.
  • An LP- WUR integrated in the circuitry of the device may be configured to receive a wake-up packet as an indication that the radio system of the device may need to be powered on in order to start receiving/sending data.
  • the LP- WUR may be based on, but not limited to, "on-off keying" (OOK), amplitude shift keying (ASK), and/or frequency shift keying (FSK) for signaling, and characterized with a much lower power consumption compared to a normal IEEE 802.11 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver (e.g., an IEEE 802.11 receiver).
  • the other device may include a wake-up packet transmitter that generates a wake- up packet to be transmitted to the device.
  • a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication system may facilitate having sequence number and authentication field in the wake-up packet to prevent replay attack.
  • the content may be generated through a function with inputs including a sequence number field, other wake-up packet content, and/or an agreed key between transmitter and receiver.
  • the receiver may verify the authentication field to see if it matches the local calculation.
  • a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication system may facilitate that for the sequence number field, the transmitter may maintain separate sequence numbers for each user that can be woken up by unicast wake-up packet and each group that can be woken up by multicast wake-up packet. Every time a wake-up packet is transmitted by a transmitter to a user device through unicast wake-up packet or to a group of users through multicast wake-up packet, the corresponding sequence number on the transmitter side may be progressed by 1.
  • a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication system may facilitate that every time a valid unicast wake-up packet or a multicast wake-up packet to a user device is received, the corresponding sequence number maintained on the receiver side is set to the sequence number in the received unicast/multicast wake-up packet plus 1 if the received sequence number is within a range of the sequence number maintained by the receiver according to modular arithmetic.
  • the reason for progressing the sequence number on the transmitter side and receiver side is that the replayed packet by the attacker cannot wake up the receiver if the receiver has received the replayed wake-up packet.
  • the attacker also cannot change the sequence number field and send the wake-up packet since the attacker does not have the agreed key to generate the correct authentication field. Based on the above observation, it a need exists to reduce the overhead while also preventing (or mitigating) a replay attack due to exhaustion of the sequence number.
  • a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication may introduce a dynamic signature for wake-up packet that can be used as the input for the generation of the content of the authentication field.
  • a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication may facilitate that the signature may change based on an agreed pattern between the transmitter and receiver of the wake-up packet.
  • the new signature is a result of a function with inputs including the old signature.
  • the function can be agreed during WUR request/response.
  • the function can be indicated by the transmitter through WUR mode element.
  • the function may be defined in a relevant specification (e.g., 802.1 lba).
  • a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication may facilitate that the signature may change automatically at an agreed time point between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the time point can be a periodic time indicated by TSF function between the transmitter and the receiver. Due to the reason of timing drift, this approach may have a time that the transmitter thinks the current signature is old signature and the receiver thinks the current signature is new signature or vice versa.
  • the time point may be event based.
  • the receiver may use the new dynamic signature to authenticate the authentication field.
  • the specific value can be 0, for example, when the sequence is wrapping around to the initial value.
  • the specific value may be agreed between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the specific value may be indicated by the transmitter through WUR request/response.
  • the specific value may be indicated in WUR mode element.
  • the receiver may use the new dynamic signature to authenticate the authentication field.
  • the specific value may be agreed between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the specific value may be indicated by the transmitter through WUR request/response.
  • the specific value may be indicated in WUR mode element.
  • the receiver when the receiver receives a wake-up packet to wake up 802.11 radio, it may notify transmitter to go back to a doze state and to wait for a wake-up packet. This is useful for the unicast wake-up packet, where sequence number is not required.
  • the signature can be part of the existing agreed value, including sequence number, BSS identifier, or STA identifier, to recognize a single receiver, or a group identifier to recognize a group of receivers.
  • part of the existing agreed value is changing based on an agreed pattern between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • a wake-up receiver security system may facilitate embedding the security function in the preamble of wake-up packets or enhance the security function proposed in MAC.
  • the embedded security code in the WUR preamble may be exchanged between AP and PCR, prior to placing PCR into power down mode, using the 802.11 secured packet exchanges.
  • the security code may be changed for each subsequent transmission by following the pre-agreed modification pattern, which is the pattern exchanged between AP and PCR using the 802.11 secured packet exchanges.
  • the security code may be updated through PCR using the 802.11 secured packet exchanges.
  • the wake-up transmission may be protected or may decrease the probability of rogue and/or fake wake-up transmissions and replay attacks.
  • wake-up receiver security system may define a 2 ⁇ ⁇ -1 pseudo-noise (PN) sequence that is the basis (where N would create a very long sequence relative to the length of the preamble sequence) of the preamble. Then for protection, the AP may assign the WUR an offset from the beginning of this long PN sequence that the wake-up packet may use for the preamble.
  • the transmitted wake-up packet would just be a small section of the longer code, but the index of which section is to be transmitted may be set or updated by the AP to the PCR of the WUR using 802.11 secured packet exchanges.
  • the offset may follow a random (but known at the Tx and WUR) or pre- agreed shift each time, or set of times the wake-up packet is sent, which could be time based for each retransmission, or the offset may change every time after the wake-up is received by the PCR and before next sleep.
  • Using a very long sequence may make it difficult to transmit all sequences because it may take too much time for an attacker to fake and try all of the possible offsets.
  • Having the ability to hop randomly to different offsets from time to time may keep a device from capturing which part of the sequence to copy.
  • the random walk could be based on a hashing function for security.
  • each AP may have a unique sequence chosen as an overlay sequence to use for all its WUR transmissions.
  • the starting offset in the larger PN sequence may be different for each AP. This makes attacks even more difficult, at the expense of having the WUR store this sequence.
  • any other set of orthogonal or semi-orthogonal sequences may be considered.
  • An example of which may be the use of a set of cyclically shifted Zadoff-Chu sequence and/or Barker codes, etc.
  • binary sequences such as the proposed PN sequence, may be used.
  • FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment of low power wake-up signaling, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Wireless network 100 may include one or more user devices 120 and one or more access points(s) (AP) 102, which may communicate in accordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards.
  • the user device(s) 120 may be mobile devices that are non- stationary (e.g., not having fixed locations) or may be stationary devices.
  • the user devices 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagram of FIG. 6 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 7.
  • One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may be operable by one or more user(s) 110. It should be noted that any addressable unit may be a station (STA). A STA may take on multiple distinct characteristics, each of which shape its function. For example, a single addressable unit might simultaneously be a portable STA, a quality-of- service (QoS) STA, a dependent STA, and a hidden STA. The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and the AP(s) 102 may be STAs.
  • STA station
  • QoS quality-of- service
  • the one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and the AP(s) 102 may be STAs.
  • the one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may operate as a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point/access point (PCP/AP).
  • PBSS personal basic service set
  • PCP/AP control point/access point
  • the user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/or AP(s) 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device.
  • user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a software enabled AP (SoftAP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an ultrabookTM computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA
  • IoT Internet of Things
  • IP Internet protocol
  • ID Bluetooth identifier
  • NFC near-field communication
  • An IoT device may have a passive communication interface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, or the like, or an active communication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, or the like.
  • QR quick response
  • RFID radio-frequency identification
  • An IoT device can have a particular set of attributes (e.g., a device state or status, such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, an environmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emitting function, a sound-emitting function, etc.) that can be embedded in and/or controlled/monitored by a central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, ASIC, or the like, and configured for connection to an IoT network such as a local ad-hoc network or the Internet.
  • a device state or status such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, an environmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emitting function, a sound-emitting function, etc.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuitry
  • IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, toasters, ovens, microwaves, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools, clothes washers, clothes dryers, furnaces, air conditioners, thermostats, televisions, light fixtures, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers, electricity meters, gas meters, etc., so long as the devices are equipped with an addressable communications interface for communicating with the IoT network.
  • IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc.
  • the IoT network may be comprised of a combination of "legacy" Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop or desktop computers, cell phones, etc.) in addition to devices that do not typically have Internet-connectivity (e.g., dishwashers, etc.).
  • the user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may also include mesh stations in, for example, a mesh network, in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards and/or 3 GPP standards.
  • Any of the user device(s) 120 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired.
  • the user device(s) 120 may also communicate peer-to-peer or directly with each other with or without the AP(s) 102.
  • Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but are not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks.
  • any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs).
  • any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.
  • coaxial cable twisted-pair wire
  • optical fiber a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium
  • microwave terrestrial transceivers microwave terrestrial transceivers
  • radio frequency communication mediums white space communication mediums
  • ultra-high frequency communication mediums satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.
  • Any of the user device(s) 120 may include one or more communications antennas.
  • the one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP(s) 102.
  • suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, or the like.
  • the one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102.
  • Any of the user device(s) 120 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/or directional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in a wireless network.
  • Any of the user device(s) 120 e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particular respective direction or range of directions.
  • Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission towards one or more defined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.
  • MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RF beamforming and/or digital beamforming.
  • user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.
  • Any of the user devices 120 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in the bandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocols utilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP(s) 102 to communicate with each other.
  • the radio components may include hardware and/or software to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals according to pre-established transmission protocols.
  • the radio components may further have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards.
  • the radio component in cooperation with the communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11b, 802. llg, 802.11 ⁇ , 802.1 lax), 5 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11 ⁇ , 802.11ac, 802.1 lax), or 60 GHZ channels (e.g. 802.1 lad).
  • non- Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), Ultra- High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE 802.1 laf, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or other packetized radio communications.
  • the radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communications protocols.
  • the radio component may further include a low noise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digital baseband.
  • LNA low noise amplifier
  • A/D analog-to-digital
  • the one or more user devices 120 may operate in a low power mode to conserve power.
  • the LP-WUR of a user device 120 may be active while an 802.11 transceiver may be inactive. Because the LP-WUR may operate in a lower power state than the 802.11 transceiver, power may be conserved on the user device 120.
  • an AP 102 may send one or more wake-up packets 140 to one or more user device(s) 120.
  • a wake-up packet 140 may signal to a user device 120 to activate a higher power mode, which may include activating a higher-powered 802.11 transceiver on the user device 120.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative schematic diagram for low power wake-up signaling 200, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • a transmitting device e.g., AP 202
  • a receiving device e.g., user device 222
  • the AP 202 may utilize a low-power wake-up transmitter 230 to send a wake-up packet 232 to the low-power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR) 234 included in the user device 222.
  • LP-WUR low-power wake-up receiver
  • an LP-WUR is a technique to enable ultra-low power operation for Wi-Fi device.
  • a device with a minimum radio configuration may receive a wake-up packet from a peer (e.g., from an AP, such as AP 202). Hence, the device may stay in low power mode until receiving the wake-up packet.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a unicast wake-up packet 232. It is also possible that a transmitter (e.g., an AP) may send a multicast wake-up packet to wake up more than one STA.
  • the LP-WUR 234 may use one or more simple modulation schemes, such as on-off keying (OOK), amplitude shift keying (ASK), and/or frequency shift keying (FSK), for signaling.
  • OOK on-off keying
  • ASK amplitude shift keying
  • FSK frequency shift keying
  • the LP-WUR 234 may use hardware and/or software components that may allow it to operate at a lower power consumption mode than a typical radio component (e.g., 802.11 transceivers 236 and 238).
  • the LP-WUR 234 of the user device 222 may be constantly active (e.g., ON state 240) in order to receive a wake-up communication (e.g., the wake-up packet 232).
  • the AP 202 may begin transmitting the wake-up packet 232 using a low-power communication method.
  • the LP-WUR 234 may detect and/or decode the wake-up packet and may determine whether the wake-up packet is destined for the user device 222.
  • the LP- WUR 234 (or other portions of the user device 222) determines that the receiver address (RA) field of the MAC header from the wake-up packet 232 matches the address of the user device 222, the LP-WUR 234 may then send a wake-up signal 246 to the 802.11 transceiver 236 to power on (e.g., ON/OFF state 242) its circuitry.
  • RA receiver address
  • the wake-up packet 232 may include timing information (e.g., a wake-up period).
  • the wake-up period may be a period of time that the user device 222 may need to have when devices, such as the AP 202, may be sending data to the user device 222.
  • the user device 222 may power off some or all of its circuitry to reduce power consumption and preserve the life of its battery.
  • the low-power wake-up transmitter 230 may be a device on the AP 202 that transmits a wake-up packet to other devices (e.g., the user device 222).
  • the low-power wake-up transmitter 230 may transmit at the same simple modulation schemes of the user device 222 (e.g., OOK, ASK, FSK, etc.).
  • the low-power wake-up transmitter 230 may utilize signaling in order to generate and transmit the wake-up packet 232.
  • FIGs. 3A-3C depict illustrative schematic diagrams for dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • an attacker 330 an AP 302, and a STA 322.
  • the AP 302 and the STA 322 may be involved in a wake-up messages exchange.
  • the STA 322 may cause to send a WUR Request 340 using an 802.11 radio of the STA 322 to the AP 302 (e.g., a request to turn on a WUR of the STA 322).
  • the AP 302 may cause to send a WUR Response 342 (e.g., in response to receiving the WUR Request 340 from STA 322).
  • the STA 322 may cause to send a WUR Signaling 344 using the 802.11 radio to the AP 302 (e.g., in response to receiving the WUR Response 342).
  • the STA 322 may include a low power wake-up receiver (WURx), such as low power WUR 234 of FIG. 2, and an 802.11 transceiver, such as 802.11 transceiver 236 of FIG. 2.
  • the STA 322 may turn its WURx on and its 802.11 radio off (e.g., to save power).
  • the AP 302 may cause to send a multicast wake-up packet 346 (with a sequence number 1) to one or more station devices, such as the STA 322.
  • the multicast wake-up packet 346 with sequence number 1 may indicate that the AP 302 has data 350 to send to the one or more station devices.
  • a multicast wake-up packet may include a dynamic signature.
  • a dynamic signature may provide a way to have a short sequence number field to reduce overhead and prevent the attacker from performing a replay attack for a long operation period because the attacker does not know the agreed pattern that determines how the dynamic signature will change (e.g., a pattern known by a first device, such as AP 302, and a second device, such as STA 322).
  • the transmitter also does not have an urgency to update the agreed key (e.g., one of the inputs that determines the content of the authentication field) between the transmitter and the receiver when the value in the sequence number field is exhausted.
  • the sequence number may be 2 bits, yielding the possible sequence numbers of 0, 1, 2, and 3.
  • the window of recognizing the receiver sequence number may be 2. For example, if the sequence number maintained by the receiver is x, the receiver may only authenticate a packet if the received sequence number is x or (x+1) mod 4.
  • the AP 302 and STA 322 may negotiate the wake up radio operation parameters through WUR request 340 and WUR response 342. Assume that the agreed initial sequence number maintained by the AP and STA is 0. The AP and the STA may agree to change the dynamic signature based on a function f. The AP and the STA may agree to change the dynamic signature when Seq hits value 0 (e.g., when the sequence number wraps around after having iterated from 1 to 2 to 3 back to 0).
  • the STA 322 may send a WUR signaling 344 to inform the AP 302 that the STA 322 is turning off the 802.11 radio and has wake-up receiver on.
  • the AP 302 may send multicast wake-up packet with sequence number 1 346 to awake the STA 322.
  • the STA 322 may then turn on the 802.11 radio to solicit data 350 from the AP 302 using a Power Save (PS)-Poll 348.
  • PS Power Save
  • the STA 322 may send again a WUR signaling 352 to inform the AP 302 that the STA 322 is turning off the 802.11 radio and has wake-up receiver on.
  • the attacker 330 may overhear multicast wake-up packet with sequence number 1 346 and may try to replay multicast wake-up packet with sequence number 1 354 at a later time.
  • the STA 322 may not be woken up by multicast wake-up packet 354 with sequence number 1 (Seq 1) because the sequence number of the STA 322 has progressed (e.g., has iterated from Seq 1 to Seq 2).
  • FIG. 3B illustrates process 320 in which an attacker iterates an overheard sequence number for use in a replay attack.
  • Process 320 of FIG. 3B is similar to process 300 of FIG. 3A, except in process 320, the attacker 330 transmits a multicast wake-up packet 356 with a sequence number 2.
  • the attacker 330 may overhear a multicast wake-up packet 346 with sequence number 1, may iterate the sequence number to 2, and may try to send the updated multicast wake-up packet 356 with sequence number 2 at a later time.
  • the STA 322 may not be woken up by the multicast wake-up packet 356 with sequence number 2 because the authentication field of the packet has not been changed by attacker 330.
  • FIG. 3C illustrates process 360 in which an attacker initiates a replay attack with an old dynamic signature.
  • the AP 302 may have transmitted wake-up packet with sequence 1, 2, 3, (e.g., multiple instances of a multicast wake-up packet with an iterated sequence number).
  • the attacker 330 may try to send a multicast wake-up packet with sequence number 0, which is the packet overheard before from the AP 302.
  • the authentication field is generated by the old dynamic signature DS1.
  • the STA 322 may not be woken up by multicast wake-up packet with sequence number 0 sent by the attacker 330 because the STA 322 has a locally maintained sequence number 3 and may determine the new sequence number is wrapped back to the agreed value 0.
  • the STA 330 may use new agreed dynamic signature DS2 for verifying authentication field.
  • the new dynamic signature DS2 may be equal to an application of the function to DS1 (e.g., to f(DSl)), where f is the agreed function to change the dynamic signature in an agreed pattern.
  • an example of the dynamic signature is that the dynamic signature is the most significant bit (MSB) of the sequence number agreed between the transmitter and the receiver, for example, part of the sequence number.
  • the authentication function may use a large sequence number, and may only transmit a portion (LSBs) of the full sequence number in the wake-up packet between the WUR transmitter and receiver.
  • the WUR transmitter and receiver may agree in advance on the MSB of the sequence number based on the mechanism for dynamic signature.
  • an AP 102 may send one or more wake-up packets 140 to one or more user device(s) 120.
  • a wake-up packet 140 may signal to a user device 120 to activate a higher power mode, which may include activating a higher-powered 802.11 transceiver on the user device 120.
  • a wake-up receiver security system may integrate the security code into the preamble transmission.
  • AP and the PCR may negotiate the use of a subset of these preambles for transmission and subsequent retransmissions of wake-up packets.
  • the PCR may load the subsets of preambles into WUR for its operation. Any exchange between the PCR and the AP may be through the secured and encrypted 802.11 protocol and hence a hacker would not know which subset is chosen.
  • the subset may follow a pattern, such as, for example, offset of multiple of K values starting at the segment point L.
  • Another example of creating a subset would be to select offset values using a pre-agreed seed for a random number generator with a pre-agreed random distribution, or it can be defined as an index to a lookup table.
  • both the AP and the PCR may exchange sufficient information to pre-load WUR with the correct subset of preamble sequences. If the overhead of this procedure is of concern for each power down mode, it can be done less often (with the price of less protection). For instance, only once the subset is exhausted, meaning that WUR receives wake-up with all possible preambles, a new subset may be generated. For doing this, the WUR may wake up the PCR to regenerate a new subset.
  • the present disclosure may enhance the authentication solution in medium access control (MAC). Specifically, if there are 2 ⁇ ⁇ orthogonal (or semi- orthogonal) sequences that can be assigned, then the bits required in MAC for authentication, for example a transmitter identifier and/or an authentication field, may be reduced by x.
  • MAC medium access control
  • a wake-up receiver security system may define a 2 ⁇ ⁇ -1 PN sequence that is the basis (where N would create a fairly long sequence) of the preamble.
  • the PN codes are a set of pseudo-random but deterministically generated sequences, which mimic certain properties of noise.
  • the code is generated with simple linear feedback shift register.
  • the desired properties of PN sequences are: (1) sharp autocorrelation, so that any time- shifted version of a PN code has small correlation with the original sequence; (2) equal number of "l"s and "0"s in any long segment of the sequence, so that the signal has no bias; and (3) random and independent appearance of "l”s and "0”s, so that it may be difficult to reconstruct the sequence from any short segment.
  • a wake-up receiver security system may facilitate that the first property of small correlation with time-shifted version of the sequence may be exploited to generate a series of different sequences.
  • the approach may include dividing the larger sequence into smaller subsequences.
  • the subsequences may be non- overlapping to minimize the partial correlation properties.
  • the cross correlation properties of these subsequences while not the same as a full sequence, may be very good.
  • the non-overlapping portions of the sequence may be used as the preamble.
  • L is the length of the non-overlapping sequence to be used.
  • L is the length of the non-overlapping sequence to be used.
  • L 32 is used (e.g., a length of the preamble)
  • N was chosen to be 16
  • the number of unique, non-overlapping sequences may be 2041, which should be more than sufficient.
  • an overlay may be used at each AP. This offset would be a value less than L, and therefore may create the use of a full 65,536 unique codes. This does make partial correlation between different AP WUP transmissions higher, but overlap of AP's is typically small, and the selection of the unique overlay may be managed and optimized in enterprise situations.
  • the AP may assign the WUR an offset from the beginning of this long PN sequence that the wake-up packet would use for the preamble.
  • This implementation may be accomplished with simple hardware, for example because this implementation may use an XOR function on the sequence registers by a code word.
  • the transmitted wake-up packet would just be a small section of the longer code, but the index of which section is to be transmitted is set by the AP to the PCR of the WUR using 802.11 secured packet exchanges.
  • the offset also follows a random (but known at the Tx and WUR) or pre-agreed shift each time, or set of times the wake-up packet is sent, which could be time based or for each retransmission.
  • a random but known at the Tx and WUR
  • pre-agreed shift each time, or set of times the wake-up packet is sent, which could be time based or for each retransmission.
  • Using a very long sequence makes it very difficult to transmit all sequences since it would take too much time for an attacker to fake and try all of the possible offsets.
  • Having the ability to hop randomly to different offsets from time to time keeps a device from capturing which part of the sequence to copy.
  • the random walk could be based on a hashing function for security.
  • he AP and STAs equipped with WUR may exchange the subset of offsets to be used prior to powering down the PCR via encrypted 802.11 packet exchanges.
  • the negotiation may be through WUR Action frame for WUR negotiation.
  • the indication of preamble sequence or offset or pattern may be indicated in WUR mode element.
  • the PCR may load the WUR with the new set of information needed for WUR to receive secured preamble sequences. After activating and engaging WUR, the PCR may be put in power down mode. In addition, if a unique overlay is to be used, it may be also signaled by the PCR.
  • the AP may transmit wake-up packet to the STA using the recently negotiated preamble sequence (or offset or pattern), and it may modify it for retransmission as pre-agreed.
  • the WUR may listen to the media to detect its dedicated secure preambles. The WUR may have missed a wake-up packet and may receive a retransmission.
  • the WUR has to examine the received samples for more than one preamble sequence and/or offset that is the added complexity for the WUR receiver in supporting this security feature.
  • the hardware would be kept to a minimum compared to other higher layer security possibilities.
  • a higher layer security approach may be added to this design providing either more protection, or reducing the complexity of the higher layer security.
  • the preamble sequence, offset, and/or pattern may be updated through a WUR action frame and indicated in a WUR mode element.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 400 for an illustrative dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication system, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • a device may identify a wake-up radio (WUR) request received from a station device.
  • the device may further comprise a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.
  • the device may further comprise one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.
  • the device may determine a WUR response, wherein the WUR response indicates a completion of a negotiation.
  • the WUR response may comprise an initial value of the dynamic signature.
  • the device may cause to send a wake-up signal to the station device, wherein the wake-up signal comprises an authentication field that is determined based on a function and a dynamic signature.
  • the dynamic signature may not be carried in the wake-up signal.
  • the wake-up signal may further comprise the sequence number and the WUR response may comprise an initial value of the sequence number and an indication of the function.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to iterate the sequence number carried in the wake-up signal.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to iterate the dynamic signature based on the sequence number matching a certain value.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process for a wake-up receiver security, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • a device e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 of FIG. 1 may determine a wake-up receiver preamble to be exchanged with a first device. [0085] At block 504, the device may embed a security code in the wake-up receiver preamble.
  • the device may cause to send the wake-up receiver preamble to the first device. It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.
  • FIG. 6 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 600 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or user device 120 (FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the communication station 600 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.
  • HDR high data rate
  • the communication station 600 may include communications circuitry 602 and a transceiver 610 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from other communication stations using one or more antennas 601.
  • the transceiver 610 may be a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver that are combined and share common circuitry (e.g., communication circuitry 602).
  • the communication circuitry 602 may include amplifiers, filters, mixers, analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters.
  • the transceiver 610 may transmit and receive analog or digital signals.
  • the transceiver 610 may allow reception of signals during transmission periods. This mode is known as full-duplex, and may require the transmitter and receiver to operate on different frequencies to minimize interference between the transmitted signal and the received signal.
  • the transceiver 610 may operate in a half- duplex mode, where the transceiver 510 may transmit or receive signals in one direction at a time.
  • the communications circuitry 602 may include circuitry that can operate the physical layer (PHY) communications and/or media access control (MAC) communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or any other communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals.
  • the communication station 600 may also include processing circuitry 606 and memory 608 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the communications circuitry 602 and the processing circuitry 606 may be configured to perform operations detailed in FIGs. 2-5.
  • the communications circuitry 602 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium.
  • the communications circuitry 602 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals.
  • the communications circuitry 602 may also include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc.
  • the processing circuitry 606 of the communication station 600 may include one or more processors.
  • two or more antennas 601 may be coupled to the communications circuitry 602 arranged for sending and receiving signals.
  • the memory 608 may store information for configuring the processing circuitry 606 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing the various operations described herein.
  • the memory 608 may include any type of memory, including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).
  • the memory 608 may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.
  • the communication station 600 may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.
  • the communication station 600 may include one or more antennas 601.
  • the antennas 601 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals.
  • a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used instead of two or more antennas.
  • each aperture may be considered a separate antenna.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmitting station.
  • the communication station 600 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements.
  • the display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.
  • the communication station 600 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein.
  • the functional elements of the communication station 600 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.
  • Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein.
  • a computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).
  • a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media.
  • the communication station 600 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device memory.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 700 or system upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be performed.
  • the machine 700 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines.
  • the machine 700 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments.
  • the machine 700 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environments.
  • P2P peer-to-peer
  • the machine 700 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station.
  • PC personal computer
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • STB set-top box
  • mobile telephone a wearable computer device
  • web appliance e.g., a web appliance
  • network router e.g., a network router, a switch or bridge
  • any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine such as a base station.
  • the term "machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (Saa
  • Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms.
  • Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations when operating.
  • a module includes hardware.
  • the hardware may be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired).
  • the hardware may include configurable execution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computer readable medium containing instructions where the instructions configure the execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation. The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units or a loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units are communicatively coupled to the computer- readable medium when the device is operating.
  • the execution units may be a member of more than one module.
  • the execution units may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.
  • the machine 700 may include a hardware processor 702 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 704 and a static memory 706, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 708.
  • the machine 700 may further include a power management device 732, a graphics display device 710, an alphanumeric input device 712 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 714 (e.g., a mouse).
  • the graphics display device 710, alphanumeric input device 712, and UI navigation device 714 may be a touch screen display.
  • the machine 700 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 716, a signal generation device 718 (e.g., a speaker), a dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719, a network interface device/transceiver 720 coupled to antenna(s) 730, and one or more sensors 728, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensor.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the machine 700 may include an output controller 734, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).
  • a serial e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).
  • USB universal serial bus
  • IR infrared
  • NFC near field communication
  • the storage device 716 may include a machine readable medium 722 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 724 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein.
  • the instructions 724 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 704, within the static memory 706, or within the hardware processor 702 during execution thereof by the machine 700.
  • one or any combination of the hardware processor 702, the main memory 704, the static memory 706, or the storage device 716 may constitute machine- readable media.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may carry out or perform any of the operations and processes (e.g., process 400 of FIG. 4 and/or process 500 of FIG. 5) described and shown above. It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may be configured to perform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure may also be performed by the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may achieve lower energy consumption by adding an LP-WUR to a device to wake-up the main radio system (e.g., IEEE 802.11 transceiver) of the device based on receiving a wake-up packet from another device.
  • An LP-WUR integrated in the circuitry of the device may be configured to receive a wake-up packet as an indication that the radio system of the device may need to be powered on in order to start receiving/sending data.
  • the LP-WUR may be based on, but not limited to, "on-off keying” (OOK), amplitude shift keying (ASK), and/or frequency shift keying (FSK) for signaling, and characterized with a much lower power consumption compared to a normal IEEE 802.11 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver (e.g., an IEEE 802.11 receiver).
  • OOK on-off keying
  • ASK amplitude shift keying
  • FSK frequency shift keying
  • the other device may include a wake-up packet transmitter that generates a wake-up packet to be transmitted to the device.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may facilitate having sequence number and authentication field in the wake-up packet to prevent replay attack.
  • the content may be generated through a function with inputs including a sequence number field, other wake-up packet content, and/or an agreed key between transmitter and receiver.
  • the receiver may verify the authentication field to see if it matches the local calculation.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may facilitate that for the sequence number field, the transmitter may maintain separate sequence numbers for each user that can be woken up by unicast wake-up packet and each group that can be woken up by multicast wake-up packet. Every time a wake-up packet is transmitted by a transmitter to a user device through unicast wake-up packet or to a group of users through multicast wake-up packet, the corresponding sequence number on the transmitter side may be progressed by 1.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may facilitate that every time a valid unicast wake-up packet or a multicast wake-up packet to a user device is received, the corresponding sequence number maintained on the receiver side is set to the sequence number in the received unicast/multicast wake-up packet plus 1 if the received sequence number is within a range of the sequence number maintained by the receiver according to modular arithmetic.
  • the reason for progressing the sequence number on the transmitter side and receiver side is that the replayed packet by the attacker cannot wake up the receiver if the receiver has received the replayed wake-up packet.
  • the attacker also cannot change the sequence number field and send the wake-up packet since the attacker does not have the agreed key to generate the correct authentication field. Based on the above observation, a need exists to reduce the overhead while also preventing (or mitigating) replay attack due to exhaustion of the sequence number.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may introduce a dynamic signature for wake-up packet that can be used as the input for the generation of the content of the authentication field.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may facilitate that the signature may change based on an agreed pattern between the transmitter and receiver of the wake-up packet.
  • the new signature is a result of a function with inputs including the old signature.
  • the function can be agreed during a WUR request/response.
  • the function can be indicated by the transmitter through a WUR mode element.
  • the function may be defined in a relevant specification (e.g., 802.1 lba).
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may facilitate that the signature may change automatically at an agreed time point between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the time point can be a periodic time indicated by TSF function between the transmitter and the receiver. Due to the reason of timing drift, this approach may have a time that the transmitter thinks the current signature is old signature and the receiver thinks the current signature is new signature or vice versa.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may be configured such that the time point may be event based.
  • the receiver may use the new dynamic signature to authenticate the authentication field.
  • the specific value may be 0, for example, when the sequence is wrapping around to the initial value.
  • the specific value may be agreed between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the specific value may be indicated by the transmitter through a WUR request/response.
  • the specific value may be indicated in a WUR mode element.
  • the receiver sees any field hits or progress beyond a specific value and in the window of the current maintained value, the receiver may use the new dynamic signature to authenticate the authentication field.
  • the specific value may be agreed between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the specific value may be indicated by the transmitter through a WUR request/response.
  • the specific value may be indicated in a WUR mode element.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may receive wake-up packet to wake up 802.11 radio such that it may notify transmitter to go back to doze state and wait for the wake-up packet. This is useful for the unicast wake-up packet, where sequence number is not required.
  • the dynamic signature for wake-up packet authentication device 719 may be configured such that the signature may be part of the existing agreed value, including sequence number, BSS identifier, or STA identifier, to recognize a single receiver, or a group identifier to recognize a group of receivers. As a result, part of the existing agreed value is changing based on an agreed pattern between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • machine -readable medium 722 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine -readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 724.
  • machine -readable medium may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 724.
  • Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware.
  • This software and/or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein.
  • the instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like.
  • Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.
  • machine-readable medium may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 700 and that cause the machine 700 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions.
  • Non-limiting machine-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media.
  • a massed machine -readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having resting mass.
  • massed machine-readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD- ROM disks.
  • semiconductor memory devices e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
  • EPROM electrically programmable read-only memory
  • EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
  • the instructions 724 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 726 using a transmission medium via the network interface device/transceiver 720 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.).
  • transfer protocols e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.
  • Example communications networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others.
  • the network interface device/transceiver 720 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 726.
  • the network interface device/transceiver 720 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques.
  • SIMO single-input multiple-output
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • MISO multiple-input single-output
  • transmission medium shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 700 and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software.
  • the operations and processes described and shown above may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel.
  • the terms “computing device,” “user device,” “communication station,” “station,” “handheld device,” “mobile device,” “wireless device” and “user equipment” (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.
  • the device may be either mobile or stationary.
  • the term "communicate” is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as “communicating,” when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed.
  • the term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal.
  • a wireless communication unit which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.
  • the term "access point" (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station.
  • An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known in the art.
  • An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art.
  • Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an onboard device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio- video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device (e.g., a smartphone), a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.
  • WAP wireless application protocol
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency- division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for
  • Example 1 may include a device, the device comprising storage and processing circuitry configured to: identify a wake-up radio (WUR) request received from a station device; determine a WUR response, wherein the WUR response indicates a completion of a negotiation; and cause to send a wake-up signal to the station device, wherein the wake-up signal comprises an authentication field that is determined based on a function and a dynamic signature.
  • WUR wake-up radio
  • Example 2 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the dynamic signature is not carried in the wake-up signal.
  • Example 3 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the WUR response comprises an initial value of the dynamic signature.
  • Example 4 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the wake-up signal further comprises a sequence number and wherein the WUR response comprises an initial value of the sequence number and an indication of the function.
  • Example 5 may include the device of example 4 and/or some other example herein, wherein the storage and the processing circuitry are further configured to iterate the sequence number carried in the wake-up signal.
  • Example 6 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the storage and the processing circuitry are further configured to iterate the dynamic signature based on the sequence number matching a certain value.
  • Example 7 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.
  • Example 8 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other example herein, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.
  • Example 9 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: identifying a wake-up receiver (WUR) request received from a station device; determining a WUR response, wherein the WUR response indicates a completion of a negotiation; and causing to send a wake-up signal to the station device, wherein the wake-up signal comprises an authentication field that is determined based on a function and a dynamic signature.
  • WUR wake-up receiver
  • Example 10 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of Example 9 and/or some other example herein, wherein the dynamic signature is not carried in the wake-up signal.
  • Example 11 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of Example 9 and/or some other example herein, wherein the WUR response comprises an initial value of the dynamic signature.
  • Example 12 may include non-transitory computer-readable medium of Example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the wake-up signal further comprises the sequence number and wherein the WUR response comprises an initial value of the sequence number and an indication of the function.
  • Example 13 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of Example 12 and/or some other example herein, wherein the operations further comprise iterating the sequence number carried in the wake-up signal.
  • Example 14 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of Example 13 and/or some other example herein, wherein the operations further comprise iterating the dynamic signature based on the sequence number matching a certain value.
  • Example 15 may include a method comprising: causing to send, by one or more processors, a wake-up radio (WUR) request to an access point; identifying, by the one or more processors, a WUR response from the access point, wherein the WUR response indicates a completion of a negotiation; determining, by the one or more processors, a dynamic signature; identifying, by the one or more processors, a wake-up signal from the access point, wherein the wake-up signal comprises an authentication field; and determining, by the one or more processors, to turn off a WUR and to turn on a radio transceiver based at least in part on the dynamic signature and the authentication field.
  • WUR wake-up radio
  • Example 16 may include the method of example 15 and/or some other example herein, further comprising causing to send, by the one or more processors, a Power Save (PS) frame to the access point.
  • PS Power Save
  • Example 17 may include the method of example 16 and/or some other example herein, further comprising determining, by the one or more processors, data from the access point.
  • Example 18 may include the method of example 15 and/or some other example herein, further comprising determining, by the one or more processors, a new dynamic signature based at least in part on a sequence number matching a certain value.
  • Example 19 may include the method of example 15 and/or some other example herein, further comprising determining, by the one or more processors, a new dynamic signature based at least in part on a timing synchronization function.
  • Example 20 may include the method of example 15 and/or some other example herein, further comprising determining, by the one or more processors, a sequence number based on the wake-up receiver response from the access point.
  • Example 21 may include an apparatus comprising: means for causing to send a wake-up radio (WUR) request to an access point; means for identifying a WUR response from the access point, wherein the WUR response indicates a completion of a negotiation; means for determining a dynamic signature; means for identifying a wake-up signal from the access point, wherein the wake-up signal comprises an authentication field; and means for determining to turn off a WUR and to turn on a radio transceiver based at least in part on the dynamic signature and the authentication field.
  • WUR wake-up radio
  • Example 22 may include the method of example 15 and/or some other example herein, further comprising causing to send, by the one or more processors, a PS-Poll frame to the access point.
  • Example 23 may include the apparatus of example 22 and/or some other example herein, further comprising means for determining data from the access point.
  • Example 24 may include the apparatus of example 21 and/or some other example herein, further comprising means for determining a new dynamic signature based at least in part on a sequence number matching a certain value.
  • Example 25 may include the apparatus of example 21 and/or some other example herein, further comprising means for determining a new dynamic signature based at least in part on a timing synchronization function.
  • Example 26 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-25, or any other method or process described herein
  • Example 27 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, and/or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-25, or any other method or process described herein.
  • Example 28 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-25, or portions or parts thereof.
  • Example 29 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-25, or portions thereof.
  • Example 30 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.
  • Example 31 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.
  • Example 32 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.
  • Embodiments according to the disclosure are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category (e.g., method) can be claimed in another claim category (e.g., system) as well.
  • the dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims.
  • These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special- purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.
  • These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.
  • certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer- readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.
  • the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.
  • blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.
  • Conditional language such as, among others, "can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

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  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des systèmes, des procédés, et des dispositifs associés à une signature dynamique pour une authentification de paquet de réveil. Un dispositif peut déterminer une demande de récepteur de réveil contenant une fonction associée à une signature dynamique pour l'authentification d'un signal de réveil. Le dispositif peut identifier une réponse de récepteur de réveil provenant d'un dispositif station, la réponse de récepteur de réveil indiquant l'accomplissement d'une négociation. Le dispositif peut provoquer l'envoi d'un paquet de réveil au dispositif station, le paquet contenant la signature dynamique.
PCT/US2018/038817 2017-06-21 2018-06-21 Signature dynamique pour authentification de paquet de réveil WO2018237180A1 (fr)

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US11849398B2 (en) * 2018-05-04 2023-12-19 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Communication methods and devices
US11523342B2 (en) * 2018-12-27 2022-12-06 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Communication apparatus, method of controlling the same, and non-transitory computer-readable storage medium
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WO2023168167A1 (fr) * 2022-03-04 2023-09-07 Qualcomm Incorporated Mécanismes de sécurité de couche physique pour signaux de réveil et signaux de radiorecherche
WO2025031492A1 (fr) * 2023-08-10 2025-02-13 Mediatek Inc. Protection contre l'en-tête mac et attaque par réexécution de trame de commande dans des communications sans fil

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