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WO2018195522A1 - Surexpression d'arid5b dans des maladies inflammatoires - Google Patents

Surexpression d'arid5b dans des maladies inflammatoires Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018195522A1
WO2018195522A1 PCT/US2018/028747 US2018028747W WO2018195522A1 WO 2018195522 A1 WO2018195522 A1 WO 2018195522A1 US 2018028747 W US2018028747 W US 2018028747W WO 2018195522 A1 WO2018195522 A1 WO 2018195522A1
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Prior art keywords
arid5b
subject
expression
methylation
cpg
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PCT/US2018/028747
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English (en)
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Yongmei Liu
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Wake Forest University Health Sciences
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Publication of WO2018195522A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018195522A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
    • C07H21/04—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/154—Methylation markers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers

Definitions

  • CVD cardiovascular disease
  • compositions and methods for diagnosing and treating inflammatory diseases based on the disclosed overexpression and hypomethylation of ARID5B that is associated with an increased risk of inflammatory disease.
  • a method that involves obtaining a sample from a subject, such as a subject having or suspected of having an inflammatory disease, and assaying the sample for ARID5B gene expression, or for methylation of an ARID5B CpG site that is negatively correlated with ARID5B gene expression.
  • the CpG methylation site is one or more of the underlined CpG site found in the nucleic acid sequence: ATAAATATTYGGTGTTATAATAGAGTAGTAATTAAATGGAAATTTTAATATA ATTGTTAATAGTAGTAAGAATTGGAATAGYGTTAGGTATATAAAGTTGATGTTTTG TYGTTGGTTGGTTGTTAGGAGTATAGTGA (SEQ ID NO:1).
  • the CpG methylation site can be cg25953130.
  • Also disclosed is a method for diagnosing or prognosing an inflammatory disease in a subject that involves assaying a sample from the subject for ARID5B expression levels, wherein detection of elevated ARID5B expression levels compared to a control is an indication that the subject has an inflammatory disease. Since methylation of the disclosed ARID5B CpG sites negatively correlate with ARID5B gene expression, in some embodiments, ARID5B expression levels are assayed by assaying for methylation of the ARID5B CpG sites.
  • the inflammatory disease of the disclosed methods can be selected from the group comprising diabetes mellitus type 2 or a cardiovascular diseases (e.g.
  • Also disclosed is a method for treating an inflammatory disease in a subject that involves obtaining a sample from a subject having or suspected of having an inflammatory disease, assaying the sample for ARID5B expression levels, and treating the subject for an inflammatory disease if the ARID5B expression levels are elevated compared to a control.
  • the subject presents with a high risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), e.g. based on family history, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or prior incidence of CVD.
  • CVD cardiovascular diseases
  • the subject can be treated for CVD if ARID5B expression levels are elevated.
  • Treatment for cardiovascular disease include lifestyle changes (e.g. diet and exercise), statins, and/or blood thinners.
  • the subject is treated with an antiinflammatory agent ⁇ f ARID5B expression levels are elevated.
  • the choice of treatment is based on the level of ARID5B expression.
  • the disclosed methods use ARID5B expression levels to stratify subjects based on disease risk. Subjects determined to be at higher risk based on elevated ARID5B expression can be treated with standard of care for that risk, including the use of aggressive treatments earlier than would otherwise be used. For example, all subjects with CVD should be recommended lifestyle modification.
  • ARID5B levels elevate the subject can be treated with a statin.
  • the subject can be further treated with ezetimibe and/or PCSK9 inhibitors.
  • levels elevate even further, the subject can be further treated with a PCSK9 antibody.
  • the subject presents with a high risk for diabetes or pre-diabetes, e.g.
  • the subject is treated for diabetes or pre-diabetes if ARID5B expression levels are elevated.
  • Treatment for diabetes include lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), metformin, insulin, sulfonylurea, GLP-1 agonists, thiazolidinedione, glinide, SGLT2 inhibitors, DDP-4 inhibitorss, alpha- glucosidase inhibitors, and pramlintide.
  • the subject is treated with an anti-inflammatory agent ⁇ ARID5B expression levels are elevated. In some cases, the choice of treatment is based on the level of ARID5B expression.
  • ARID5B expression levels are used to screen subjects for the presence or risk of an inflammatory disease, such as CVD or diabetes, before the subject presents with any clinical symptoms.
  • detection of elevated ARID5B expression levels can be an indication that the subject should be screened for an inflammatory disease, such as CVD or diabetes.
  • the subject is directed to make lifestyle changes (e.g. diet and exercise) to reduce the risk of disease onset.
  • the subject is treated prophylactically with antiinflammatory agents to prevent the onset of an inflammatory disease.
  • the subject is treated using standards of care for CVD and/or diabetes prevention, e.g. statins.
  • a method of treating a subject with elevated ARID5B expression levels that involves administering to the subject an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the subject having elevated ARID5B expression levels is treated with an anti-IL6 drug, such as tocilizumab (Actemra), siltuximab (Sylvant), Sarilumab, clazakizumab, olokizumab (CDP6038), elsilimomab, BMS-945429(ALD518), sirukumab (CNTO 136), CPSI-2364, ARGX-109, FE301, and FM101.
  • an anti-IL6 drug such as tocilizumab (Actemra), siltuximab (Sylvant), Sarilumab, clazakizumab, olokizumab (CDP6038), elsilimomab, BMS-945429(ALD518), sirukumab (CNTO
  • Also disclosed is a method for treating a subject with an inflammatory disease that involves administering to the subject a composition comprising an ARID5B inhibitor in an amount effective to reduce endogenous expression levels of ARID5B in the subject.
  • the ARID5B inhibitor is a gene silencing agent.
  • the gene silencing agent can be an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, or shRNA.
  • the ARID5B inhibitor is a CRISPR-Cas system that methylates a disclosed ARID5B CpG site that negatively correlates with ARID5B gene expression.
  • the method prior to treatment, the method further comprises detecting elevated ARID5B expression levels in a sample from the subject. Since methylation of the disclosed ARID5B CpG sites negatively correlate with ARID5B gene expression, in some embodiments, ARID5B expression levels are assayed by assaying for methylation of the ARID5B CpG sites.
  • FIG. 1 Transcriptomic associations with Carotid Plaque and CAC Scores in 1 ,208 MESA participants.
  • the two volcano plots showing effect size ( ⁇ ) of -logl 0(p- value) for associations of each mRNA expression (for 10,989 unique mRNA expression) with A) carotid plaque score and B) CAC.
  • the red line illustrates the threshold for an FDR ⁇ 0.05 (linear regression adjusting for age, sex, race, and study site).
  • Expression of ARID5B and PDLIM7 were associated with both carotid plaque and CAC score; green star indicates mRNA expression most significantly associated with carotid plaque or CAC.
  • Figure 2 Methylomic associations with Carotid Plaque and CAC Scores in 1,208 MESA participants.
  • the two Manhattan plots showing chromosomal locations of -loglO(p-value) for associations of each CpG site (for 484,817 CpG sites) with A) carotid plaque score and B) CAC score.
  • the red line illustrates the threshold for an FDR ⁇ 0.05; linear regression adjusting for age, sex, race, and study site).
  • One CpG at ILVBL (bolded, green dot) was associated with both carotid plaque and CAC; green star indicates CpGs most significantly associated with carotid plaque or CAC.
  • ARID5B mRNA expression is significantly negatively correlated (Pearson r) with methylation of a CpG (cg25953130) in 1,264 CD14+ samples from MESA participants.
  • chr position on chromosome (chr) 10) is shown in the top panel; the bottom panel shows the ARID5B expression-associated CpG (cg25953130, chrl 0:63,753,550, hg19, indicated by the light blue line) located in an ARID5B intron, overlaps a DNase hypersensitive site in a CD14+ sample from BLUEPRINT, histone marks indicative of a strong enhancer/promoter in a CD14+ and B cell line sample from BLUEPRINT and ENCODE (see Supplementary Fig. 3 for ChromHMM color code), as well as a transcription factor binding site for EP300, detected in a neuroblastoma cell line (SK- N-SH_RA).
  • CpG cg25953130, chrl 0:63,753,550, hg19, indicated by the light blue line
  • a physical interaction is detected between the ARID5B promoter and the region near the ARID5B CpG cg25953130 by both HiC and ChlA-PET data.
  • the heatmap (white, low; red, high; top panel) graphically displays Hi-C interaction counts (the normalized number of contacts between a pair of loci) for the large region surrounding ARID5B in a B cell line (GM12878; reported by Rao et al. 2014); active enhancer marks (H3K27ac and H3K4me1 in GM12878 from ENCODE) are shown below; the bottom panel zooms in on ARID5B (blue highlighted region) Hi-C interaction.
  • ARID5B expression and methylation are associated with subclinical and clinical CVD risk. Odds ratio of subclinical and clinical CVD (in the full model with adjustment of traditional CVD risk factors and statin use) by tertiles of A) ARID5B mRNA expression and B) ARID5B methylation (cg25953130).
  • Figures 6A and 6B Histograms of subclinical CVD phenotypes.
  • FIGS. 7A to 7D Reproducibility of Microarray mRNA Expression and DNA
  • Methylomic Data Overtime A) Correlation of the repeated measurements of transcriptomic profiles for one subject between two visits 5-month apart; B) correlation of transcriptomic profiles between two subjects at visit 1 ; C) Correlation of the repeated measurements of methylomic profiles for one subject between two visits 5-month apart; D) correlation of methylomic profiles between two subjects at visit 1.
  • FIG. 8 Chromatin Map of Monocytes.
  • Six chromatin states (top panel) predicted using ChromHMM and four CD14+ histone marks (from BLUEPRINT) are enriched with various genomic features (middle panel); annotation of the six chromatin states is provided (bottom panel).
  • selected key inflammatory response genes including cytokine, interferon signaling, and antigen processing and presentation genes
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B Time Course of LPS-induced TNF and IL1A Gene
  • THP1 monocytes Gene expression of (A) TNF and (B) IL1A, in LPS (100 ng/ml) stimulated THP1 cells.
  • Figures 11A and 11B are bar graphs showing diabetes (Fig. 11A) and subclinical CVD (Fig. 11B) risk as a function of ARID5B expression with
  • Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to "about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value "10” is disclosed, then “about 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11 , 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
  • the term "subject” refers to the target of administration, e.g., an animal.
  • the subject of the herein disclosed methods can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal.
  • the subject of the herein disclosed methods can be a human.
  • the term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered.
  • the subject is a patient.
  • a patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder, such as, for example, cancer and/or aberrant cell growth.
  • patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
  • the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment for an inflammatory disease.
  • the subject has not yet been diagnosed and the disclosed methods to predict a higher risk for developing an inflammatory disease.
  • treating refers to curative therapy, prophylactic therapy, or preventative therapy.
  • the terms refers to the medical management of a subject or a patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, such as, for example, cancer or a tumor.
  • This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
  • this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
  • the term covers any treatment of a subject, including a mammal (e.g., a human), and includes: (i) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject that can be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (iii) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease.
  • a mammal e.g., a human
  • administering refers to any method of providing a composition to a subject.
  • Such methods include, but are not limited to, intracardiac administration, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, sublingual administration, buccal administration, and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration.
  • Administration can be continuous or intermittent.
  • a preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition.
  • a preparation can be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition.
  • contacting refers to bringing a disclosed composition or peptide or pharmaceutical preparation and a cell, target receptor, or other biological entity together in such a manner that the compound can affect the activity of the target (e.g., receptor, transcription factor, cell, etc.), either directly; i.e., by interacting with the target itself, or indirectly; i.e., by interacting with another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which the activity of the target is dependent.
  • the target e.g., receptor, transcription factor, cell, etc.
  • an effective amount of the polymeric nanoparticle is an amount that kills and/or inhibits the growth of cells without causing extraneous damage to surrounding non-cancerous cells.
  • amount effective refers to an amount that kills and/or inhibits the growth of cells without causing extraneous damage to surrounding non-cancerous cells.
  • therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic result or to have an effect on undesired symptoms, but is generally insufficient to cause adverse side effects.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the route of administration; the rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable describes a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., without causing an unacceptable level of undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to sterile aqueous or
  • nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like
  • carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof include vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin, which delay absorption.
  • adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the inject
  • Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable media just prior to use.
  • Suitable inert carriers can include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers.
  • RNA silencing agent refers to an RNA which is capable of preventing complete processing (e.g, the full translation and/or
  • RNA silencing agents include small ( ⁇ 50 b.p.), noncoding RNA molecules, for example RNA duplexes comprising paired strands, as well as precursor RNAs from which such small non-coding RNAs can be generated.
  • exemplary RNA silencing agents include siRNAs, miRNAs, and siRNA-like duplexes, as well as precursors thereof.
  • small interfering RNA refers to an RNA (or RNA analog) comprising between about 10-50 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) which is capable of directing or mediating RNA interference.
  • an siRNA comprises between about 15-30 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, more preferably between about 16-25 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs), even more preferably between about 18-23 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs), and even more preferably between about 19-22 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) (e.g., 19, 20, 21 or 22 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs).
  • miRNA miRNA
  • small temporal RNAs small temporal RNAs
  • stRNAs small temporal RNAs
  • a "natural miRNA” refers to a microRNA that occurs naturally.
  • miRNA disorder shall refer to a disease or disorder characterized by a aberrant expression or activity of a natural miRNA.
  • RNA interference refers to a selective intracellular degradation of RNA.
  • RNAi occurs in cells naturally to remove foreign RNAs (e.g., viral RNAs). Natural RNAi proceeds via fragments cleaved from free dsRNA which direct the degradative mechanism to other similar RNA sequences.
  • translational repression refers to a selective inhibition of mRNA translation. Natural translational repression proceeds via miRNAs cleaved from shRNA precursors. Both RNAi and translational repression are mediated by RISC. Both RNAi and translational repression occur naturally or can be initiated by the hand of man, for example, to silence the expression of target genes.
  • the term "antisense strand" of an siRNA or RNAi agent refers to a strand that is substantially complementary to a section of about 10-50 nucleotides, e.g., about 15-30, 16-25, 18-23 or 19-22 nucleotides of the mRNA of the gene targeted for silencing.
  • the antisense strand or first strand has sequence sufficiently complementary to the desired target mRNA sequence to direct target- specific RNA interference (RNAi), e.g., complementarity sufficient to trigger the destruction of the desired target mRNA by the RNAi machinery or process (RNAi interference) or complementarity sufficient to trigger translational repression of the desired target mRNA.
  • RNAi target-specific RNA interference
  • siRNA duplex intermediates or siRNA-like duplexes include a miRNA strand having sufficient complementarity to a section of about 10-50 nucleotides of the mRNA of the gene targeted for silencing and a miRNA* strand having sufficient complementarity to form a duplex with the miRNA strand.
  • guide strand refers to a strand of an RNAi agent, e.g., an antisense strand of an siRNA duplex, that enters into the RISC complex and directs cleavage of the target mRNA.
  • RNA interference RNA interference
  • inflammatory disease and "inflammatory disorder” refer to diseases, disorders, and conditions characterized by abnormal inflammation. Examples include type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, such as
  • the term "anti-inflammatory agent” refers to substance or treatment that reduce inflammation or swelling.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent can be an anti-IL6 drug, such as tocilizumab (Actemra), siltuximab (Sylvant), Sarilumab, clazakizumab, olokizumab (CDP6038), elsilimomab, BMS- 945429(ALD518), sirukumab (CNTO 136), CPSI-2364, ARGX-109, FE301, and FM101.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent can be an anti-IL1 drug, such as canakinumab or rilonacept.
  • Alclometasone Dipropionate Algestone Acetonide, alpha Amylase, Amcinafal, Amcinafide, Amfenac Sodium, Amiprilose Hydrochloride, Anakinra, Anirolac, Anitrazafen, Apazone, Balsalazide Disodium, Bendazac, Benoxaprofen,
  • Benzydamine Hydrochloride Bromelains, Broperamole, Budesonide, Carprofen, Cicloprofen, Cintazone, Cliprofen, Clobetasol Propionate, Clobetasone Butyrate,
  • Clopirac Cloticasone Propionate, Cormethasone Acetate, Cortodoxone, Decanoate, Deflazacort, Delatestryl, Depo-Testosterone, Desonide, Desoximetasone,
  • Methods of "determining gene expression levels” include methods that quantify levels of gene transcripts as well as methods that determine whether a gene of interest is expressed at all.
  • a measured expression level may be expressed as any quantitative value, for example, a fold-change in expression, up or down, relative to a control gene or relative to the same gene in another sample, or a log ratio of expression, or any visual representation thereof, such as, for example, a "heatmap" where a color intensity is representative of the amount of gene expression detected.
  • Exemplary methods for detecting the level of expression of a gene include, but are not limited to, Northern blotting, dot or slot blots, reporter gene matrix, nuclease protection, RT-PCR, microarray profiling, differential display, 2D gel electrophoresis, SELDI-TOF, ICAT, enzyme assay, antibody assay, and MNAzyme-based detection methods.
  • a gene whose level of expression is to be detected may be amplified, for example by methods that may include one or more of: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), strand displacement amplification (SDA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), rolling circle amplification (RCA), transcription- mediated amplification (TMA), self-sustained sequence replication (3SR), nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • SDA strand displacement amplification
  • LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification
  • RCA rolling circle amplification
  • TMA transcription- mediated amplification
  • TMA transcription- mediated amplification
  • NASBA self-sustained sequence replication
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
  • Numerous technological platforms for performing high throughput expression analysis are known. Generally, such methods involve a logical or physical array of either the subject samples, the biomarkers, or both.
  • Common array formats include both liquid and solid phase arrays.
  • assays employing liquid phase arrays e.g., for hybridization of nucleic acids, binding of antibodies or other receptors to ligand, etc.
  • Microtiter plates with 96, 384 or 1536 wells are widely available, and even higher numbers of wells, e.g., 3456 and 9600 can be used.
  • microtiter plates are determined by the methods and equipment, e.g., robotic handling and loading systems, used for sample preparation and analysis.
  • exemplary systems include, e.g., xMAP® technology from Luminex (Austin, TX), the SECTOR® Imager with MULTI-ARRAY® and MULTI-SPOT® technologies from Meso Scale Discovery (Gaithersburg, MD), the ORCATM system from Beckman-Coulter, Inc. (Fullerton, Calif.) and the ZYMATETM systems from Zymark Corporation (Hopkinton, MA), miRCURY LNATM microRNA Arrays (Exiqon, Woburn, MA).
  • solid phase arrays can favorably be employed to determine expression patterns in the context of the disclosed methods, assays and kits.
  • Exemplary formats include membrane or filter arrays (e.g., nitrocellulose, nylon), pin arrays, and bead arrays (e.g., in a liquid "slurry").
  • probes corresponding to nucleic acid or protein reagents that specifically interact with (e.g., hybridize to or bind to) an expression product corresponding to a member of the candidate library are immobilized, for example by direct or indirect cross-linking, to the solid support.
  • any solid support capable of withstanding the reagents and conditions necessary for performing the particular expression assay can be utilized.
  • functionalized glass silicon, silicon dioxide, modified silicon, any of a variety of polymers, such as (poly)tetrafluoroethylene, (poly)vinylidenedifluoride, polystyrene, polycarbonate, or combinations thereof can all serve as the substrate for a solid phase array.
  • polymers such as (poly)tetrafluoroethylene, (poly)vinylidenedifluoride, polystyrene, polycarbonate, or combinations thereof can all serve as the substrate for a solid phase array.
  • the array is a "chip" composed, e.g., of one of the above- specified materials.
  • Polynucleotide probes e.g., RNA or DNA, such as cDNA, synthetic oligonucleotides, and the like, or binding proteins such as antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or derivatives thereof, that specifically interact with expression products of individual components of the candidate library are affixed to the chip in a logically ordered manner, i.e., in an array.
  • any molecule with a specific affinity for either the sense or anti-sense sequence of the marker nucleotide sequence can be fixed to the array surface without loss of specific affinity for the marker and can be obtained and produced for array production, for example, proteins that specifically recognize the specific nucleic acid sequence of the marker, ribozymes, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), or other chemicals or molecules with specific affinity.
  • proteins that specifically recognize the specific nucleic acid sequence of the marker ribozymes, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), or other chemicals or molecules with specific affinity.
  • PNA peptide nucleic acids
  • Microarray expression may be detected by scanning the microarray with a variety of laser or CCD-based scanners, and extracting features with numerous software packages, for example, IMAGENETM (Biodiscovery), Feature Extraction Software (Agilent), SCANLYZETM (Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.), GENEPIXTM (Axon Instruments).
  • the methylation is quantified with PyroMarkTMMD Pyrosequencing System (Qiagen) using PyroPyroMark® Gold Q96 Reagents (Qiagen, Cat#972804).
  • PyroMarkTMMD Pyrosequencing System Qiagen
  • PyroPyroMark® Gold Q96 Reagents Qiagen, Cat#972804
  • Other approaches for methylation quantification include, for example, methylation specific QPCR or quantitative bisulfite sequencing of methylation.
  • inhibitors that reduce the level of endogenous ARID5B in a subject.
  • the term “inhibitor” refers to a compound which is capable of reducing the expression of a gene or the activity of the product of such gene to an extent sufficient to achieve a desired biological or physiological effect. Therefore, the term “inhibitor” as used herein includes one or more of an oligonucleotide inhibitor, including siRNA, shRNA, miRNA and ribozymes.
  • RNA interference refers to its meaning as is generally accepted in the art.
  • the term generally refers to the biological process of inhibiting, decreasing, or down-regulating gene expression in a cell, and which is mediated by short interfering nucleic acid molecules (e.g., siRNAs, miRNAs, shRNAs).
  • RNA interference is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe sequence-specific RNA interference, such as post-transcriptional gene silencing, translational inhibition, transcriptional inhibition, or epigenetics.
  • nucleic acid agents of the invention can be used to epigenetically silence ARID5B at either the post- transcriptional level or the pre-transcriptional level.
  • epigenetic modulation of gene expression by nucleic acid agents of the invention can result from modification of chromatin structure or methylation patterns to alter gene expression.
  • modulation of gene expression by nucleic acid agents of the invention can result from cleavage of RNA (either coding or non-coding RNA) via RISC, or via translational inhibition, as is known in the art or modulation can result from transcriptional inhibition.
  • inhibitor refers to their meanings as are generally accepted in the art.
  • the terms generally refer to the reduction in the (i) expression of a gene or target sequence and/or the level of RNA molecules encoding one or more proteins or protein subunits, and/or (ii) the activity of one or more proteins or protein subunits, below that observed in the absence of the single-stranded RNAi molecules of the invention.
  • Down-regulation can also be associated with post-transcriptional silencing, such as RNAi-mediated cleavage, or by alteration in DNA methylation patterns or DNA chromatin structure.
  • RNAi agent inhibition, down-regulation, reduction or knockdown with an RNAi agent can be in reference to an inactive molecule, an attenuated molecule, an RNAi agent with a scrambled sequence, or an RNAi agent with mismatches.
  • gene silencing refers to a partial or complete loss-of-function through targeted inhibition of an endogenous target gene in a cell.
  • the term is used interchangeably with RNAi, "knockdown,” “inhibition,” “down-regulation,” or “reduction” of expression of a target gene.
  • nucleic acid sequence for ARID5B is known in the art, and it is within the skill of those in the art to design and produce gene silencing oligonucleotides such as siRNA using this sequence.
  • siRNA that silence ARID5B are
  • the disclosed methods can involve the targeted methylation of CpG sites within the ARID5B gene.
  • Enzymes capable of modifying methylation status are known on the art and can be targeted to ARID5B gene to methylate the CpG sites.
  • targeted DNA methylation of the CpG sites within the ARID5B gene is accomplished using a gene editing tool such as a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), mega-nuclease, CRISPR/Cas, structure-guided endonuclease (SGN), or targetron. All of themcan achieve precise genetic modifications by inducing targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).
  • ZFN zinc finger nuclease
  • TALEN transcription activator-like effector nuclease
  • SGN structure-guided endonuclease
  • the DSB may then be repaired by either non-homologous end joining repair system (NHEJ) or homologous recombination- based double-strand break repair pathway (HDR).
  • NHEJ non-homologous end joining repair system
  • HDR homologous recombination- based double-strand break repair pathway
  • targeted DNA methylation of the CpG sites within the ARID5B gene is accomplished using a CRISPR system.
  • Compositions and methods for making and using CRISPR-Cas systems are described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • the method can involve a catalytically inactive site specific nuclease fused to an effector domain having methylation activity; and a guide sequence or a nucleic acid that encodes a guide sequence.
  • the catalytically inactive site specific nuclease is a catalytically inactive Cas protein (e.g., a Cas9 protein or a Cpfl protein).
  • the guide sequences may be ribonucleic acid guide sequences. In certain aspects, the guide sequence is from about 10 base pairs to about 150 base pairs in length.
  • the one or more guide sequences may comprise two or more guide sequences.
  • demethylation activity can be delivered to a cell or subject, e.g., by administering a nucleic acid that encodes the polypeptide, which nucleic acid may be, e.g., a viral vector or may be a translatable nucleic acid (e.g, synthetic modified mRNA.
  • a nucleic acid that encodes the polypeptide which nucleic acid may be, e.g., a viral vector or may be a translatable nucleic acid (e.g, synthetic modified mRNA.
  • modified mRNA examples include Warren et al. (Cell Stem Cell 7(5):618- 30, 2010, Mandal PK, Rossi DJ. Nat Protoc. 2013 8(3):568-82, US Pat. Pub. No. 20120046346 and/or WO2011/130624.
  • one or more guide sequences include sequences that recognize DNA in a site-specific manner.
  • guide sequences can include guide ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences utilized by a CRISPR system or sequences within a TALEN or zinc finger system that recognize DNA in a site-specific manner.
  • the guide sequences comprise a portion that is complementary to a portion of each of the one or more genomic sequences and comprise a binding site for the catalytically inactive site specific nuclease.
  • the RNA sequence is referred to as guide RNA (gRNA) or single guide RNA (sgRNA).
  • a single RNA sequence can be complementary to one or more (e.g., all) of the genomic sequences that are being modulated or modified.
  • a single RNA is complementary to a single target genomic sequence.
  • multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) RNA sequences are introduced wherein each RNA sequence is complementary to (specific for) one target genomic sequence.
  • two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, or six or more RNA sequences are complementary to (specific for) different parts of the same target sequence.
  • two or more RNA sequences bind to different sequences of the same region of DNA.
  • a single RNA sequence is complementary to at least two target or more (e.g., all) of the genomic sequences. It will also be apparent to those of skill in the art that the portion of the RNA sequence that is complementary to one or more of the genomic sequences and the portion of the RNA sequence that binds to the catalytically inactive site specific nuclease can be introduced as a single sequence or as 2 (or more) separate sequences into a cell, zygote, embryo or nonhuman animal. In some embodiments the sequence that binds to the catalytically inactive site specific nuclease comprises a stem-loop.
  • the RNA sequence used to modify gene expression is a modified RNA sequence comprising a 5-methylcytidine (5mC).
  • the RNA sequence can vary in length from about 8 base pairs (bp) to about 200 bp.
  • the RNA sequence can be about 9 to about 190 bp; about 10 to about 150 bp; about 15 to about 120 bp; about 20 to about 100 bp; about 30 to about 90 bp; about 40 to about 80 bp; about 50 to about 70 bp in length.
  • each genomic sequence to which each RNA sequence is complementary can also vary in size.
  • the portion of each genomic sequence to which the RNA is complementary can be about 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,54, 55,
  • each RNA sequence can be at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%), etc.
  • each RNA sequence is completely or partially identical or similar to each genomic sequence.
  • each RNA sequence can differ from perfect complementarity to the portion of the genomic sequence by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, etc. nucleotides.
  • one or more RNA sequences are perfectly complementary (100%>) across at least about 10 to about 25 (e.g., about 20) nucleotides of the genomic sequence.
  • the one or more RNA sequences also comprise a (one or more) binding site for a (one or more) catalytically inactive site specific nuclease.
  • the catalytically inactive site specific nuclease may be a catalytically inactive
  • CRISPR associated (Cas) protein upon hybridization of the one or more RNA sequences to the one or more genomic sequences, the
  • the method further comprises administering one or more
  • Cas proteins include Cas1, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas5e (or CasD), Cas6, Cas6e, Cas6f, Cas7, Cas8al, Cas8a2, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas9, CaslO, CaslOd, CasF, CasG, CasH, Csyl, Csy2, Csy3, Csel (or CasA), Cse2 (or CasB), Cse3 (or CasE), Cse4 (or CasC), Cscl, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmrl, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, C
  • the Cas nucleic acid or protein used in the methods is Cas9.
  • a Cas protein e.g., a Cas9 protein
  • a Cas protein may be from any of a variety of prokaryotic species.
  • a particular Cas protein e.g., a particular Cas9 protein
  • a Cas protein e.g., a Cas9 protein
  • a Cas protein may be obtained from a bacteria or archaea or synthesized using known methods.
  • a Cas protein may be from a gram positive bacteria or a gram negative bacteria.
  • the Cas protein is Cpfl protein or a functional portion thereof.
  • the Cas protein is Cpfl from any bacterial species or functional portion thereof.
  • RNA sequences sgRNA
  • DNA methylation is established by two de novo DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt3a/b), and is maintained by Dnmtl.
  • the method can further comprise introducing other molecules or factors into the cell to facilitate methylation of the genomic sequence.
  • An agent that enhances DNA methylation may be an inhibitor of an endogenous DNA demethylase.
  • Sequence-specific nucleases have been developed to increase the efficiency of gene targeting or genome editing in animal and plant systems.
  • ZFNs zinc finger nucleases
  • TALENs transcription activator- 1 ike effector nucleases
  • ZFNs zinc finger nucleases
  • TALENs transcription activator- 1 ike effector nucleases
  • a pair of ZFNs or TALENs can be introduced to generate double strand breaks (DSBs), which activate the DNA repair systems and significantly increase the frequency of both
  • NHEJ nonhomologous end joining
  • HR homologous recombination
  • compositions disclosed can be used therapeutically in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to a subject, along with the nucleic acid or vector, without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.
  • the carrier would naturally be selected to minimize any degradation of the active ingredient and to minimize any adverse side effects in the subject, as would be well known to one of skill in the art.
  • compositions can be formulated in buffer solutions such as phosphate buffered saline solutions, liposomes, micellar structures, and capsids.
  • buffer solutions such as phosphate buffered saline solutions, liposomes, micellar structures, and capsids.
  • DsiRNA agent with cationic lipids can be used to facilitate
  • cationic lipids such as lipofectin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (published PCT International Application WO
  • Suitable lipids include Oligofectamine, Lipofectamine (Life Technologies), NC388 (Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boulder, Colo.), or FuGene 6 (Roche) all of which can be used according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • compositions typically include the nucleic acid molecule and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes saline, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • a pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents;
  • antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens
  • antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite
  • chelating agents such as
  • ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates
  • agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline,
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier.
  • the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules.
  • Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • compositions are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • suppositories e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides
  • retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • the compounds can also be administered by a method suitable for administration of nucleic acid agents, such as a DNA vaccine.
  • nucleic acid agents such as a DNA vaccine.
  • methods include gene guns, bio injectors, skin patches, micro-particle DNA vaccine technology, transdermal needle-free vaccination, intranasal delivery, and
  • the disclosed compositions are prepared with carriers that will protect the nucleic acids against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.
  • Such formulations can be prepared using standard techniques.
  • the materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid molecule depends on the nucleic acid selected. For instance, if a plasmid encoding an siRNA agent is selected, single dose amounts in the range of approximately 1 pg to 1000 mg may be administered; in some embodiments, 10, 30, 100, or 1000 pg, or 10, 30, 100, or 1000 ng, or 10, 30, 100, or 1000 g, or 10, 30, 100, or 1000 mg may be administered. In some embodiments, 1- 5 g of the compositions can be administered. The compositions can be administered one from one or more times per day to one or more times per week; including once every other day.
  • treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a protein, polypeptide, or antibody can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.
  • the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into expression constructs, e.g., viral vectors, retroviral vectors, expression cassettes, or plasmid viral vectors, e.g., using methods known in the art, including but not limited to those described in Xia et al., (2002), supra.
  • Expression constructs can be delivered to a subject by, for example, inhalation, orally, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation of the delivery vector can include the vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the delivery vehicle is imbedded.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.
  • the expression constructs may be constructs suitable for use in the appropriate expression system and include, but are not limited to retroviral vectors, linear expression cassettes, plasmids and viral or virally-derived vectors, as known in the art.
  • Such expression constructs may include one or more inducible promoters, RNA Pol III promoter systems such as U6 snRNA promoters or H1 RNA polymerase III promoters, or other promoters known in the art.
  • the constructs can include one or both strands of the siRNA. Expression constructs expressing both strands can also include loop structures linking both strands, or each strand can be separately transcribed from separate promoters within the same construct.
  • compositions of this invention can be administered by means known in the art such as by parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
  • parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
  • parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
  • parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are administered by intravenous or intraparenteral infusion or injection.
  • a suitable dosage unit of nucleic acid agent will be in the range of 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, or in the range of 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, or in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, or in the range of 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, or in the range of 0.1 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day.
  • Pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid agent can be administered once daily. However, the therapeutic agent may also be dosed in dosage units containing two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered at appropriate intervals throughout the day. In that case, the nucleic acid agent contained in each sub-dose must be
  • the dosage unit can also be compounded for a single dose over several days, e.g., using a conventional sustained release formulation which provides sustained and consistent release of the nucleic acid agent over a several day period. Sustained release formulations are well known in the art. In this embodiment, the dosage unit contains a corresponding multiple of the daily dose. Regardless of the formulation, the pharmaceutical composition must contain nucleic acid agent in a quantity sufficient to inhibit expression of the target gene in the animal or human being treated. The nucleic acid agent can be compounded in such a way that the sum of the multiple units of dsRNA together contain a sufficient dose.
  • Data can be obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies to formulate a suitable dosage range for humans.
  • the dosage of compositions of the invention lies within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 (as determined by known methods) with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range of the compound that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.
  • IC50 concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms
  • levels of dsRNA in plasma may be measured by standard methods, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • compositions can be included in a kit, container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
  • the present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) inflammatory disease or disorders.
  • Subjects at risk for the disease can be identified by, for example, one or a
  • a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the detection of or the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of the disease or disorder, such that the disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression.
  • Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods of treating subjects therapeutically, i.e., altering the onset of symptoms of the disease or disorder.
  • “Pharmacogenomics” refers to the application of genomics technologies such as gene sequencing, statistical genetics, and gene expression analysis to drugs in clinical development and on the market. More specifically, the term refers the study of how a patient's genes determine his or her response to a drug (e.g., a patient's "drug response phenotype", or “drug response genotype”).
  • a patient's drug response phenotype or “drug response genotype”
  • Pharmacogenomics allows a clinician or physician to target prophylactic or therapeutic treatments to patients who will most benefit from the treatment and to avoid treatment of patients who will experience toxic drug-related side effects.
  • Example 1 Blood Monocyte Transcriptome and Epigenome Analyses Reveal Loci Associated with Human Atherosclerosis.
  • CVD cardiovascular disease
  • Monocytes and their derived macrophages are key players in inflammation that contribute to the development of many chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis (Lessner, S.M., et al. Am. J. Pathol. 160:2145-2155 (2002); Osterud, B. & Bjorklid, E. Physiol Rev. 83:1069-1112 (2003); Hansson, G.K. N. Engl. J. Med. 352:1685-1695 (2005); Ley, K., et al. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 31:1506-1516 (2011)).
  • the present analyses are primarily based on data collected at MESA exam 5 with concurrent analyses of purified monocyte samples of 1 ,264 randomly selected MESA participants from four MESA sites [John Hopkins University (JHU); Columbia University (CO); University of Minnesota (UMN); Wake Forest University (WFU)].
  • the study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Boards of the four institutions. All participants signed informed consent.
  • carotid IMT focal abnormal wall thickness
  • focal thickening >50% of the surrounding IMT, as reported previously (Stein, J.H. et al. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 21:93-111 (2008); Touboul, P.J. et al. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 23:75-80 (2007)). Presence or absence of plaque acoustic shadowing was recorded. A total plaque score (range 0-12) was calculated to describe carotid plaque burden.
  • Weight was measured with a Detecto Platform Balance Scale to the nearest 0.5 kg. Height was measured with a stadiometer (Accu-Hite Measure Device with level bubble) to the nearest 0.1 cm.
  • Body-mass index (BMI) was defined as weight in kilograms divided by square of height in meters.
  • Type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) was defined as fasting glucose ⁇ 7.0 mmol L 1 (> 126 mg/dL) or use of hypoglycemic medication, and impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol L 1 (100-125 mg dL 1 ).
  • Plasma IL-6 was measured by ultra-sensitive ELISA (Quantikine HS Human IL-6 Immunoassay; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
  • Plasma C-reactive protein was measured using the BNII nephelometer (High Sensitivity CRP; Dade Behring Inc., Deerfield, IL). Resting blood pressure was measured three times in the seated position using a Dinamap model Pro 100 automated oscillometric sphygmomanometer (Critikon, Tampa, FL). The average of the last two measurements was used in analysis. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg or current use of anti-hypertensive medication.
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • DNA and RNA were isolated from samples simultaneously using the AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Hilden, Germany).
  • DNA and RNA QC metrics included optical density (OD) measurements, using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer and evaluation of the integrity of 18 s and 28 s ribosomal RNA using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer with RNA 6000 Nano chips (Agilent Technology, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) following manufacturer's instructions.
  • RNA with RIN (RNA Integrity) scores > 9.0 was used for global expression microarrays. The median of RIN for our 1,264 samples was 9.9.
  • Multidimensional scaling plots showed the five common control samples were highly clustered together and identified three outlier samples, which were excluded subsequently.
  • the lllumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip included >47,000 probes for >30,000 genes (with unique Entrez gene IDs).
  • Statistical analyses excluded probes with non-detectable expression in >90% of MESA samples (using a detection p-value cut-off of 0.0001), probes overlapping repetitive elements or regions, probes with low variance across the samples ( ⁇ 10th percentile), or probes targeting putative and/or not well-characterized genes, i.e. gene names starting with KIAA, FI_J, HS, MGC, or LOG, 14,619 mRNA transcripts from 10,989 unique genes were included in the analyses of the presented manuscript.
  • the lllumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip included probes for 485K CpG sites. Exclusion criteria included probes with "detected" methylation levels in ⁇ 90% of MESA samples using a detection p-value cut-off of 0.05 and 65 control probes which assay highly-polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rather than DNA methylation (Pidsley, R. et al. BMC Genomics 14:293 (2013)). Methylation data for the total of 484,817 CpG sites were included in the analyses.
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • RNA sequencing A subset of 374 samples was randomly selected from the 1 ,264 MESA monocyte samples for RNA sequencing.
  • Total RNA samples were enriched for mRNA, by depleting rRNA using the MICROBExpress kit from Ambion and following the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Poly(A) mRNA was enriched, and lllumina compatible, strand-specific libraries were constructed using lllumina's TruSeq
  • Stranded mRNA HT Sample Prep Kit (lllumina, RS-122-2103). 1 of total RNA with RIN ⁇ 8.0 was converted into a library of stranded template molecules suitable for subsequent cluster generation and sequencing by lllumina HiSeq. The libraries generated were validated using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and quantitated using Quant-iT dsDNA HS Kit (Invitrogen) and qPCR. Six individually indexed cDNA libraries were pooled and sequenced on lllumina HiSeq, resulting in an average of close to 30 million reads per sample.
  • lllumina sequencing runs were processed to de-multiplex samples and generate FastQ files using the lllumina provided configureBclToFastq.pl script to automate running CASAVA 1.8.4 using default parameters for removal of sequencing reads failing the chastity filter (yes) and mismatches in the barcode read (0).
  • T s is the normalized total count of sample s, using the Trimmed Mean of M-values (TMM) normalization method (Robinson, M.D. & Oshlack, A. Genome Biol. 11:R25 (2010)) as
  • a subset of 90 samples was selected from the 1 ,264 MESA monocyte samples, based on carotid plaque score extremes, matched for age, sex, and race. Genomic DNA from monocytes was bisulfite modified using the EZ DNA
  • the Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) method was used to construct network modules of highly correlated transcripts, using the R package WGCNA (Langfelder, P. & Horvath, S. BMC. Bioinformatics. 9:559 (2008)).
  • a total of 1 ,261 MESA samples were included in the co-expression network analysis after removing three outlier samples based on hierarchical clustering, and 13,196 mRNA transcripts were included.
  • an unsigned weighted network was constructed based on the pairwise correlations among all transcripts considered, using a soft thresholding power of 5, chosen to produce approximately a scale-free topology. Then, using the topological overlap measure to estimate the network interconnectedness, the transcripts were hierarchically clustered.
  • WGCNA produces a set of modules, each containing a unique set of mRNA transcripts.
  • the module eigengene was obtained to represent each module, which corresponds to the first eigenvector of the within-module expression correlation matrix (or the first right-singular vector of the standardized within-module expression matrix).
  • the overall goal of the association analysis was to characterize the associations of each measure of atherosclerosis (carotid plaque and CAC) with each of genome-wide measures of mRNA expression and DNA methylation.
  • Analyses were performed using the linear model (Im) function of the Stats package and the stepAIC function of the MASS package in R.
  • Reported correlations (r) represent the partial Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
  • M-values genome-wide DNA methylation profiles.
  • the M-value is well suited for high-level analyses and can be transformed into the beta-value, an estimate of the percent methylation of an individual CpG site that ranges from 0 to 1 (M is logit(beta-value)).
  • P-values were adjusted for multiple testing using the q-value FDR method (Storey, J.D. & Tibshirani, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 100:9440- 9445 (2003)) and Benjamini Hochberg FDR (Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 57:289-300 (2006)) when applicable.
  • a first approach consists of computing robust standard errors (SE) by sandwich-type covariance matrices and scaled test statistics, in particular the Satorra-Bentler statistic whose amount of rescaling reflects the degree of kurtosis, while the second approach uses specific bootstrapping methods to obtain both SE and test statistics (Rosseel, Y. Journal of Statistical Software 48:1-36 (2012)). The reported results are based on bootstrapping which were found to be somewhat more conservative than the use of robust SE and the Satorra-Bentler statistic.
  • SE standard errors
  • CpGs with methylation significantly associated with carotid plaque scores or CAC were investigated for association with cis-gene expression by performing a look-up in the results from our previous analysis (Liu, Y. et al. Hum Mol Genet 22:5065-5074 (2013)) of the same samples. Briefly, to identify DNA methylation associated with gene expression in cis, separate linear regression models were fit with the M-value for each CpG site (adjusted for methylation chip and position effects) as a predictor of transcript expression for any autosomal gene within 1 Mb of the CpG in question. Covariates were age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and study site.
  • mRNA expression and DNA methylation of the most significantly associated mRNA and CpGs associated with carotid plaques scores and CAC were also investigated for association with nearby genetic variants.
  • Covariates were age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and study site.
  • Separate linear regression models were fit with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within 1 Mb as a predictor of the mRNA expression (log2 transformed) or the methylation (M-value) in the MESA samples from Caucasian participants, including SNPs with a minor allele frequency > 0.05 in the MESA Caucasian population.
  • P- values were adjusted for multiple testing using the q-value FDR method (Storey, J.D. & Tibshirani, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 100:9440-9445 (2003)).
  • Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (I PA®, QIAGEN Redwood City) was used to examine the enrichment of canonical pathways and bio-functions.
  • In silico functional prediction of chromatin states in monocytes was performed using ChromHMM (Ernst, J. & Kellis, M. Nat Methods 9:215-216 (2012)) to predict segmentation among six states, based on histone modifications in monocyte samples from the BLUEPRINTproject (Adams, D. et al. Nat Biotechnol 30:224-226 (2012); Saeed, S. et al.
  • H3K27ac H3K4me1, H3K4me3
  • ENCODE Rosenbloom, K.R. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 41:D56-D63 (2013)
  • H3K36me3 Other functional information utilized includes DNase hypersensitive hotspot data in a monocyte sample
  • Hi-C data in a B-cell line (GM12878) (Rao, S.S. et al. Cell 159:1665-1680 (2014); Dixon, J.R. et al. Nature 485:376-380 (2012); Heidari, N. et al. Genome Res 24:1905-1917 (2014); Dixon, J.R. et al. Nature 518:331-336 (2015)), including the contact matrix heatmap and virtual 4C results were adapted from the YUE lab Hi-C Interactions and Virtual 4C website.
  • transcriptomic profiling was performed using the lllumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip, and ARID5B mRNA expression measured by qPCR.
  • Human monocytic THP-1 cell line was purchased from the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC). Cells were maintained in complete RPMI 1640 medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 100 units ml 1 of penicillin, 100 ug ml 1 of
  • siRNA ID: S38579 designated as siARID5B1
  • siARIDSB 2 siRNA ID: s38580
  • siARIDSB 1 siARID5B 1
  • siRNA transfection was performed using THP1 monocytes that were split 24h prior to transfection.
  • 10nM of siARIDSB were electronically transfected into THP-1 cells for 24 h and 48h using Amaxa® Human Monocyte Nucleofector Kit and an Amaxa nucleofector II device (Lonza, Inc.). Scrambled siRNAs were transfected as negative controls. Samples were incubated for 24 h, followed by 3 h of LPS (LPS: 100 ng ml 1 ) stimulation.
  • cytokines in human monocytic THP-1 cells presented in Fig. 10 were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR using gene-specific TaqMan probe sets in an ABI prism 7000 sequence detection system (life technologies). GAPDH mRNA was the internal loading control.
  • the plates were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 24 h and cells that had migrated into the lower chamber were counted using cell countess.
  • Genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation data has been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and is accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE56047 and GSE56046, respectively.
  • GEO NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus
  • the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a multi-site, longitudinal study designed to investigate the prevalence, correlates, and progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease in a population cohort of 6,814 participants. Since its inception in 2000, five clinic visits have collected extensive clinical, socio- demographic, lifestyle, behavior, laboratory, nutrition, and medication data (Bild, D.E. et al. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156:871-881 (2002)). At Exam 5, carotid ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), were used to quantify carotid plaque burden (carotid plaque score, range 0-12) and coronary artery calcification (CAC Agatston score), respectively.
  • CT computed tomography
  • BMI body- mass index
  • HDL-C and LDL-C high- and low- density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • T2DM type II diabetes mellitus
  • the transcriptome and methylome of monocytes purified at MESA Exam 5 were profiled concurrently. In a separate effort to evaluate reproducibility of single-time measures, there was a high consistency of repeated lllumina microarray data over five months (Fig. 7), suggesting both RNA expression and DNA methylation at most loci can be stable over time in
  • WBC white blood cell
  • CD14+CD16+ cells was associated with the measures of atherosclerosis.
  • ARID5B plays a key metabolic role in adipose, liver and smooth muscle, and was previously implicated in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis in mice (Whitson, R.H., et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun.
  • PDLIM7 is an actin and protein kinase adaptor that promotes mineralization, which might be relevant to plaques with calcium.
  • CMTN eigengene (the first principal component) of CMTN is associated with a transcriptional profile expected to increase intracellular cholesterol, including up- regulation of cholesterol uptake (LDLR and MYLIP) and cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis genes (HMGCS1, FDFT1, SQLE, CYP51A1, SC4MOL, SC5DL, SCD and FADS1), as well as down-regulation of cholesterol efflux genes (ABCG1 and
  • the 37 differentially methylated sites associated with carotid plaque or CAC presented higher variable CpG methylation levels (across MESA population) with the interdecile range (IDR) of the percentage of methylation (measured by beta- value (Du, P. et al.
  • the SC4MOL eMS resides in a predicted weak promoter region of a B cell line; however, this region was identified as heterochromatin in monocytes (using ChromHMM (Ernst, J. & Kellis, M. Nat Methods 9:215-216 (2012)) for histone modification data from BLUEPRINT (Adams, D. et al. Nat Biotechnol 30:224-226 (2012); Saeed, S. et al. Science 345:1251086 (2014)), Fig. 8, Table 5 and Table 7).
  • BLUEPRINT monocyte data Adams, D. et al. Nat Biotechnol 30:224-226 (2012); Saeed, S. et al.
  • Atherosclerosis-associated genomic features eight mRNA (Table 8) and 33 CpGs (Table 9) were also associated with one or more traditional CVD risk factors, particularly demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity), cigarette smoking, and obesity.
  • CVD risk factors particularly demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity), cigarette smoking, and obesity.
  • Table 6 and Table 9 the predicted effects of the majority of CVD risk factors on atherosclerosis that were mediated through the genomic features have the similar direction as the observed associations between the CVD risk factors and the measure of atherosclerosis.
  • the ARID5B mRNA and cg25953130 methylation associations with carotid plaque and CAC were not significant in T cell samples (p>0.05), but remained statistically significant (p ranges from 3.8x10 3 to 7.2x10 3 ) when analyzed in the monocyte samples from the same subset.
  • hypomethylation is a well-known, robust biomarker of smoking that is linked to carotid plaque score in MESA (Reynolds, L.M. et al. Circ Cardiovasc. Genet 8:707-716 (2015)). These results demonstrate examples of both potential cell-type specific and shared genomic features in relation to burden of atherosclerosis.
  • ARID5B mRNA knockdown efficiency was 85% and 76% in the two experiments (Fig. 9); both consistently showed that ARID5B knockdown decreased expression of 1,320 genes and increased expression of 1 ,162 genes (FDR ⁇ 0.005 in the discovery set and FDR ⁇ 0.05 in the replication set).
  • the 2,482 ARID5B-modified genes displayed a significant overrepresentation of related pathways including inflammatory/immune response, chemotaxis, migration, extravasation signaling, and phagocytosis, and also the lipid synthesis functional pathway, compared to the background list of genes detectable on the array (enrichment FDR ⁇ 0.05, Figure 5A, full list of genes provided in Table 10).
  • Enriched bio-functions and canonical pathways in the inflammatory response pathway consisted of mainly down-regulated genes, including key proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF, IL1a), activator and effector cytokines from the type I interferon signaling pathway (e.g. IRF3, IFNB1 , STAT1 and STAT2), and antigen processing and presentation genes (e.g. HC class II cell surface receptors: HLA-DRA, and HLA-DRBs, Fig. 9, bolded in Table 10), collectively indicating decreased pathway activation.
  • proinflammatory cytokines e.g. TNF, IL1a
  • activator and effector cytokines from the type I interferon signaling pathway e.g. IRF3, IFNB1 , STAT1 and STAT2
  • antigen processing and presentation genes e.g. HC class II cell surface receptors: HLA-DRA, and HLA-DRBs, Fig. 9, bolded in Table 10
  • ARID5B knockdown experiment was repeated and ELISA assays of culture media performed for IL1A, the pro-inflammatory cytokine that was most significantly reduced by ARID5B mRNA knockdown (FDR: 3.79x10 "8 , 4.48x10 -4 in the first two experiments).
  • Figure 11A gives the odds ratio of type II diabetes (T2DM) according to ARID5B levels after prior stratification of persons according to their overweigh and obesity status, the strongest risk factor for T2DM.
  • Tertiles of ARID5B were used in these analyses to ensure an adequate representation of ARID5B levels for all strata under investigation.
  • the ARID5B tertiles showed a strong effect in overweight and obesity subgroups, subjects with diabetes more frequently had ARID5B values in the medium and highest tertile (Odds ratio for obese subjects with the highest tertile of ARID5B was 11 , compared to those with normal weight and the lowest tertile of ARID5B, p values: 1.1 E-6)
  • Figure 11 B showed the mean carotid plaque scores (log transformed) according to ARID5B levels after prior stratification of persons according to their impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes status, one of the strongest risk factors for atherosclerotic CVD.
  • the ARID5B tertiles showed a significant (p ⁇ 0.001) effect at normal, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes subgroups).
  • ARID5B significantly improves the risk stratifications for both T2DM and atherosclerosis, above and beyond their known risk factors.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et des procédés pour diagnostiquer et traiter des maladies inflammatoires sur la base de la surexpression et de l'hypométhylation divulguées de l'ARID5B, qui est associé à un risque accru de maladie inflammatoire. Par conséquent, l'invention concerne des procédés qui impliquent le test d'échantillons de sujets pour déterminer l'expression du gène ARID5B ou la méthylation d'un site CpG d'ARID5B qui est corrélé négativement avec l'expression du gène ARID5B. L'invention concerne également des procédés qui impliquent l'administration au sujet d'une composition comprenant un inhibiteur d'ARID5B en une quantité efficace pour réduire les niveaux d'expression endogènes d'ARID5B chez le sujet.
PCT/US2018/028747 2017-04-21 2018-04-21 Surexpression d'arid5b dans des maladies inflammatoires WO2018195522A1 (fr)

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WO2014036314A2 (fr) * 2012-08-31 2014-03-06 Ignyta, Inc. Diagnostic d'arthrite rhumatoïde (ra) à l'aide de loci méthylés de façon différentielle identifiés dans des cellules mononucléées de sang périphériques, des lymphocytes t, des lymphocytes b et des monocytes
WO2015124921A1 (fr) * 2014-02-19 2015-08-27 The University Court Of The University Of Edinburgh Procédés et utilisations permettant de déterminer la présence d'une maladie inflammatoire chronique de l'intestin
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