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WO2018175921A1 - Systèmes et procédés de traitement et de recyclage de déchets organiques et sous-produits associés - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés de traitement et de recyclage de déchets organiques et sous-produits associés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018175921A1
WO2018175921A1 PCT/US2018/024078 US2018024078W WO2018175921A1 WO 2018175921 A1 WO2018175921 A1 WO 2018175921A1 US 2018024078 W US2018024078 W US 2018024078W WO 2018175921 A1 WO2018175921 A1 WO 2018175921A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
palm
waste material
weight
approximately
date
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2018/024078
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
James Clifford PARKS
Original Assignee
Palm Silage, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Palm Silage, Inc. filed Critical Palm Silage, Inc.
Publication of WO2018175921A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018175921A1/fr
Priority to US16/577,861 priority Critical patent/US20200156125A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to the field of recycling and waste processing, including organic waste processing and byproducts thereof.
  • Various systems, methods, and products relate to recycling and/or organic waste processing, including byproducts that can be obtained using methods related to processing, recycling and/or disposal of organic waste and/or green waste.
  • Waste products have been filling landfills across the world for decades. In recent years, cities and countries have struggled to deal with the increased waste. Attempts at waste management have involved various programs, including recycling programs. How the waste material is treated often depends on the content and/or makeup of the waste material. For example, inorganic waste material, such as plastics, can often be transformed into other products or reused for other purposes. Similarly, some organic waste material can be turned into compost or fertilizer. Yet some organic waste material does not biodegrade very quickly and may require additional processing. For example, certain types of organic waste material may be too fibrous and therefore may take years to decompose or degrade on its own.
  • a stopgap solution may be to simply cut the waste material into smaller fragments before disposal.
  • these stopgap solutions are often insufficient.
  • An example of these types of organic waste material includes palm fronds.
  • landfills themselves cause many problems. For example, landfills produce toxic liquids that can get into groundwater and other waterways. This is particularly true for nonbiodegradable waste materials. Moreover, landfills are where many products go to decompose, yet not all of even these waste materials are exposed to oxygen and therefore are not able to decompose aerobically. Therefore, landfills produce high volumes of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere.
  • this application describes a variety of systems, methods and products, including byproducts of organic waste material that can be obtained through improved methods of their processing, recycling, and/or disposal.
  • This application also describes various methods for recycling and/or disposing of these organic materials, including methods for obtaining byproducts associated with the processing of these organic materials.
  • systems and methods for processing organic waste into a bio-friendly byproduct can include introducing a first waste material comprising palm frond particles into a first grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than three inches, the first waste material having a moisture content below 20% by weight.
  • the first grinder can be configured to grind the first waste material into first particles having a length less than three inches.
  • the first particles of the first waste material can be introduced into a second grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than one inch.
  • the second grinder is used to grind the first particles into second particles having a length less than 1 inch.
  • a second waste material comprises palm dates that can be introduced into a third grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than one inch, the second waste material having a moisture content below 15% by weight.
  • a third grinder is used to grind the second waste material into grinds and/or crumbles having a length and/or diameter less than one inch.
  • the first waste material and the second waste material can be introduced into a mixer at a ratio of between 5:3 and 4: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio can be 1: 1. In some embodiments the ratio can be 2: 1. Other ratios and various mixtures are contemplated as described in more detail herein.
  • a mixer can be used to mix the first waste material and the second waste material into a mixture. In some embodiments, nutritional additives can be added.
  • methods include arranging for a first waste material comprising palm fronds to dry until the first waste material reaches a moisture content below 20% by weight.
  • arranging for the first waste material comprises palm fronds to dry comprises using a tumble dryer.
  • a second waste material comprising palm dates is arranged to dry until the second waste material reaches a moisture content below 15% by weight. The second waste material comprising palm dates can dry using a tumble dryer.
  • the mixture comprises between 25% and 65% binding agent by weight.
  • the binding agent comprises canola oil in some embodiments.
  • the method includes the step of mixing a cereal additive into the mixture, wherein the mixture comprises between 3% and 16% cereal additive by weight.
  • the cereal additive may have a substantial fiber content.
  • the cereal additive may include a fiber content of at least 1% by weight.
  • the cereal additive used e.g., certain low-grade wheats
  • Certain cereal additives e.g., whole wheat
  • One or more of such cereal additives may be used to supply a target amount of edible fiber to the resulting extrusion.
  • Some aspects include the step of using an extruding machine, extruding the mixture into pellets having a diameter less than 0.8 inches. Other sizes are also contemplated.
  • the first waste material has a moisture content of between 5% and 15% by weight.
  • a first waste material is arranged to dry until the first waste material reaches a moisture content of between 5% and 15% by weight.
  • the mixture is introduced into a fourth grinder. Some applications include mixing a roughening additive into the mixture.
  • a roughening additive can be selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, or grass.
  • a calcium additive can be added into the mixture in some embodiments.
  • the calcium additive can be selected from the group consisting of oyster shell, a salt comprising calcium or a calcium derivative, calcium carbonate, limestone, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, and egg shells.
  • Palm trees are found throughout the world in arid locations and palm fronds are frequently viewed as a source of waste or trash. Palm fronds are commonly burned or chopped up to be dispersed. However, palm fronds have a variety of nutrients.
  • palm fronds have an estimated Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) content that can be greater than or equal to approximately 40% and/or less than or equal to approximately 60%.
  • TDN Total Digestible Nutrient
  • palm fronds from Mexican Fan Palms (Washingtonia Robustas) have an estimated TDN content of approximately 51.8% on a dry matter basis.
  • Deglet Noor palm fronds can have a TDN content of approximately 52.1% on a dry matter basis.
  • Oil palm fronds have been estimated to have a metabolizable energy (ME) content of approximately 5.65 MJ/kg. Palm fronds harvested during the spring, such as during and between March and May, can have higher energy and TDN contents than they do during other times during the year.
  • ME metabolizable energy
  • Palm-based animal feeds can be used to feed a variety of animals, including horses or ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, or camels.
  • dates can have a TDN content that is greater than or equal to approximately 65% and/or less than or equal to approximately 90%.
  • dates from a Deglet Noor Palm tree can have a TDN content of approximately 87.9% on a dry basis.
  • Dates from Canary Palms can have a TDN content of approximately 86.7% on a dry basis.
  • dates and palm fronds can be combined in different forms and quantities in order to create a nutritious, effective, and sustainable animal feed from what was previously considered largely waste. Additionally, the main products of this feed can be grown in hot and dry conditions. In fact, these sources can thrive in conditions that might destroy products currently used in cattle feed.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed comprises about a 50:50 by weight mixture of palm fronds and dates, wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprises larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles, wherein the larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles are prepared by the process of: obtaining raw palm fronds with a moisture content of between about 1-15%; obtaining raw dates with a moisture content of less than about 10%; combining four parts by volume raw palm fronds with one part by volume raw dates and grinding the palm and dates together using about a 1 ⁇ 4 inch to a 2 inch grinder; sorting the palm frond-date mixture in a trommel equipped with openings from about a 1 ⁇ 4 inch to about a 1 ⁇ 2 inch in diameter; collecting the larger palm-date hay particles; collecting the smaller palm- date fine particles which pass through the screen of the trommel; mixing the palm frond-date hay
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the larger palm frond-date particles are approximately equal to or less than 2 inches in length.
  • the smaller palm frond-date particles comprise palm frond dust.
  • a method of producing sweet palm hay comprising: obtaining raw palm fronds; drying the raw palm fronds to a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; obtaining raw dates; drying the raw dates to a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; combining in a 4: 1 by volume ratio, dry palm fronds with dry dates into a palm frond-date mixture; introducing the palm frond-date mixture into a grinder having openings between about 0.2 to about 2 inches; using the grinder, grinding the palm frond-date mixture into first particles; sorting the first particles into a trommel equipped with a screen having openings between about 0.1 inch and 0.5 inch in diameter; collecting larger palm-date hay; collecting smaller palm frond-date grindings; and introducing the palm frond-date hay and the palm frond-date fines into a mixer at a ratio of between 1: 1 and 2.5: 1 by volume; using the mixer, mixing the palm frond
  • drying raw palm fronds to a moisture content of less than about 10% and/or less than about 15% is also contemplated.
  • the trommel sorts the first particles at a rate of between about one ton an hour and twelve tons an hour.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the sweet palm hay has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the raw palm fronds comprise palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canariensis palms.
  • the palm fronds are selected from the group consisting of oil palms, fan palms (e.g., Borassus palm), date palms, and coconut palms.
  • the raw dates comprise dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed comprises a mixture of palm frond component and a date component, wherein the palm frond component has a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; wherein the palm frond component comprises (i) palm fronds of approximately less than or equal to 2 inches in length and (ii) palm frond powder; wherein the date component has a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; and wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprising between 40-60 % by weight palm frond component and 40-60% by weight date component.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the sweet palm hay has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis. In some aspects, the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the raw dates comprises dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • an about 50:50 ratio by weight of a ground palm frond and ground date mixture is advantageous as a base feed for animals.
  • a double grind process for obtaining an approximately 50:50 ratio by weight of a ground palm frond and ground date mixture is advantageous as a base feed for a dairy cow.
  • Additional nutritional components can be added to the palm frond and date base, including, for example, protein additives.
  • roughage can be added.
  • a fruit/vegetable component can be added.
  • a sugar component can be added.
  • a roughening component can be added.
  • the feed mixture can be bagged.
  • the double grind process and preferred ratios are advantageous to achieve a sweet palm hay that has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • TDN total digestible nutrient
  • RSV relative feed value
  • additional additives can be combined with palm fruit and palm fronds in order to adjust nutritional content.
  • nutritional additives such as urea
  • nutritional additives such as wheat, corn, or other components described herein can be included to increase the available levels of nutritional content, such as protein, within the animal feed.
  • feeds with palm fronds, palm fruits, and additives such as urea, wheat, sorghum, milo, and/or other suitable additives including varieties of grains, can serve as an independent animal feed.
  • feeds with palm fronds, palm fruits, and additives can serve as a base feed to be combined with additional components depending on the desired characteristics of a final feed.
  • palm fronds themselves can serve as a base feed to be mixed with additional components.
  • palm fruit and/or seeds can be combined with general base feeds, such as alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, or grass, which can also be mixed with a portion of palm fronds.
  • an animal feed can include a processed palm frond component, a palm fruit component, and a nutritional additive.
  • the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive can have a ratio by weight between 5: 1 and 7: 1.
  • the palm fruit can be dates.
  • the nutritional additive can be urea.
  • the nutritional additive can be wheat.
  • palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight of approximately 6: 1.
  • the processed palm frond component can have a moisture content between 10 and 14%.
  • the palm frond component, the palm fruit component, and the nutritional additive can have a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive.
  • a method of making an animal feed can include collecting palm fronds, shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds, and combining a palm fruit component and a nutritional additive to the palm fronds, wherein the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a have a ratio by weight between 5: 1 and 7: 1.
  • the palm fruit can be date.
  • the nutritional additive can be urea.
  • the nutritional additive can be wheat.
  • collecting palm fronds can include collecting palm fronds with a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%.
  • making an animal feed can include drying the palm fronds to a moisture content between about 10% and about 14%.
  • shredding, chopping, or grinding the palm fronds includes shredding the palm fronds.
  • the palm fronds can be chopped after they are shredded.
  • the palm fronds can be ground after they are chopped.
  • a method of making an animal feed can include collecting palm fronds and drying the palm fronds in wind rows.
  • the palm fronds can be shredded, chopped, and/or ground when dried to a desired moisture content.
  • the palm fronds can be combined with a palm fruit component, such as dates, to the palm fronds.
  • the dates can be combined, for example, in a ratio of 8 units by volume of palm fronds for every unit by volume of dates.
  • the dates can be combined in a ratio of 8 pounds of date for every 50 pounds of palm fronds.
  • the palm frond and date mixture can be chopped and/or ground.
  • This mixture can be fed through a mill to collect mill run, such as wheat or other grain or material.
  • the resulting mixture can have approximately 30% mill run by weight. In some embodiments it can have more or less.
  • the mixture of palm frond, date, and mill run can then be run through a feed compressing machine, such as a cubing machine or extruder (e.g., pelletizer).
  • the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive can have a ratio by weight of approximately 6: 1.
  • the palm fruit and nutritional additive components can be combined with the palm fronds according to a ratio by weight of approximately 2000 parts palm frond to approximately 25 parts palm fruit to approximately 4 parts nutritional additive.
  • an animal feed can include a processed palm frond component, a palm fruit component, and a nutritional additive wherein the animal feed has a nutritional content at one or more of the following levels: approximately 15% crude protein, approximately 3% crude fat, approximately 25% crude fiber, approximately 12% ash, and approximately 0.5% minerals.
  • the animal feed can have a nutritional content that includes a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%, a crude fat content that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 8%, a crude fiber content that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 45%, an ash content that is greater than or equal to approximately 4% and/or less than or equal to approximately 17%, and a mineral content that is greater than or equal to approximately 0.1% and/or less than or equal to approximately 1%.
  • a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%
  • a crude fat content that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 8%
  • a crude fiber content that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 45%
  • an ash content that is greater than or equal to approximately 4% and/or less than or equal to approximately 17%
  • the animal feed can have a nutritional content that includes a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 12% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%, a crude fat content that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 5%, a crude fiber content that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%, an ash content that is greater than or equal to 8% and/or less than or equal to 12%, and a mineral content that is greater than or equal to 0.3% and/or less than or equal to 0.7%.
  • a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 12% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%
  • a crude fat content that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 5%
  • a crude fiber content that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%
  • an ash content that is greater than or equal to 8% and/or less than or equal to 12%
  • a mineral content that is greater than
  • an animal feed can include a palm frond component that includes chopped palm fronds having a moisture content between 10% and 25%; a palm fruit component including one or more of dates, palm berries, and palm seeds; and a nutritional additive.
  • the palm fruit component and the nutritional additive have a ratio by weight between 5: 1 and 7: 1.
  • the animal feed has a crude protein content between 5% and 30% and a fiber content between 15% and 45%.
  • a method of making an animal feed from palm fronds can include collecting palm fronds, placing the palm fronds in rows, allowing the palm fronds to dry to a moisture content of between 10% and 25%, chopping the palm fronds, grinding the palm fronds, and combining a palm fruit component and a nutritional additive to the palm fronds.
  • the ratio of palm fronds to palm fruit can be between approximately 70: 1 and approximately 90: 1.
  • the combined palm fronds, palm fruit, and nutritional additive can be cubed.
  • an animal feed can include a processed palm frond component, a palm fruit component, and a nutritional additive, wherein the nutritional additive is between 20 and 40 percent of a total weight of the animal feed.
  • the palm fruit can be date.
  • the nutritional additive can be wheat.
  • the processed palm frond components can have a moisture content between 10% and 14%.
  • the feed can be cube and/or pellet shaped.
  • the nutritional additive can be mill run from a mill. In some embodiments, the mill run comprises wheat.
  • a method of cleaning a mill with an animal feed can include providing a base feed comprising a palm frond component and a fruit component, passing the base feed through an inlet to a mill that contains mill run different from the base feed, and collecting a mixture of the base feed and mill run from an outlet to the mill.
  • the mixture can include at least about 5 percent mill run by weight.
  • the mixture can include at least 20 percent or about 20 percent mill run by weight.
  • the mixture can include between 20 percent (or about 20 percent) and 40 percent (or about 40 percent) mill run by weight.
  • the ratio of the palm frond component to the fruit component in the base feed is about 8 to 1 by volume.
  • the ratio is about 8 to 10 by weight.
  • the mill run can include wheat.
  • the fruit component can be palm fruit, such as dates.
  • the mixture of the base feed and mill run can be fed through a feed compressing machine.
  • the feed compressing machine can be a cubing machine or a pelletizer.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of producing a by-product of organic waste.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of processing a palm component and a date component.
  • Figure 3 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of preparing an animal feed.
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of processing a palm component.
  • Figure 5A is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of cleaning a mill.
  • Figure 5B is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of preparing a compressed feed mixture such as a cubed and/or pelletized animal feed mixture.
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of preparing an animal feed.
  • Figure 7 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of preparing an animal feed.
  • Figure 8 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of preparing an animal feed.
  • Figure 9 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a method of preparing an animal feed.
  • Figure 10A shows an animal feed for smaller animals.
  • Figure 10B shows an animal feed for medium-sized animals.
  • Figure IOC shows an animal feed for larger animals.
  • Figure 11 illustrates a system of pelletizing the byproducts of organic waste.
  • Figure 12 illustrates an example embodiment of a palm waste processing system.
  • Figure 13A shows one example hopper assembly.
  • Figure 13B shows one example hopper assembly.
  • Figure 14 schematically illustrates a screen assembly that includes a screen and a baffle.
  • Figure 15A shows a screen assembly that includes a screen.
  • Figure 15B shows a screen assembly that includes a screen.
  • Figure 15C shows a screen assembly that includes a screen.
  • This application describes a variety of systems, methods and products, including byproducts of organic waste material that can be obtained through improved methods of their processing, recycling, and/or disposal.
  • This application also describes various methods for recycling and/or disposing of these organic materials, including methods for obtaining byproducts associated with the processing of these organic materials.
  • organic materials can be turned into fuels, fertilizers, structural components, and/or animal feeds, etc.
  • the production of these byproducts has proven challenging. In particular, it can be challenging to adequately process organic and other waste products, such as palm fronds.
  • systems and methods for processing organic waste into a bio-friendly byproduct can include introducing a first waste material comprising palm frond particles into a first grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than three inches, the first waste material having a moisture content below 20% by weight.
  • the first grinder can be configured to grind the first waste material into first particles having a length less than three inches.
  • the first particles of the first waste material can be introduced into a second grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than one inch.
  • the second grinder is used to grind the first particles into second particles having a length less than 1 inch.
  • a second waste material comprises palm dates that can be introduced into a third grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than one inch, the second waste material having a moisture content below 15% by weight.
  • a third grinder is used to grind the second waste material into grinds and/or crumbles having a length and/or diameter less than one inch.
  • the first waste material and the second waste material can be introduced into a mixer at a ratio of between 5:3 and 4: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio can be 1: 1. In some embodiments the ratio can be 2: 1. Other ratios and various mixtures are contemplated as described in more detail herein.
  • a mixer can be used to mix the first waste material and the second waste material into a mixture.
  • nutritional additives can be added. Ratios and types of nutritional additives are described further herein. Additional grinders may also be used before and/or after mixing. Byproducts can be extruded, bagged and/or otherwise packaged for transport and/or delivery.
  • waste material comprises palm fronds.
  • Byproducts formed with a base of palm fronds and combined with flesh of fruit, such as palm fruit (e.g., dates), can be a sustainable and affordable feed product that can be developed in hot climates or anywhere the disposal of palm waste takes place. Palm fronds with less than a threshold moisture content are shredded, chopped and/or ground, and mixed with palm fruit. Additives such as urea can increase the nutritional content.
  • Waste byproducts that include palm fronds, palm fruit, and/or additives can serve as a base feed for other components. Palm fronds can also serve as a base feed for other components.
  • Animal feeds with a variety of bases can have palm fruit added.
  • Animal feeds with a variety of bases, including palm fronds can include a variety of other components added.
  • Processed palm fronds and palm fruit can be combined according to a variety of different ratios.
  • palm fronds and palm fruit can be combined according to a ratio by weight of approximately 80 pounds of processed palm fronds for each pound of palm fruit.
  • the ratio by weight of processed palm fronds to palm fruit can be greater than or equal to approximately 70 and/or less than or equal to approximately 90.
  • smaller ratios may be desired.
  • palm fronds and palm fruit can be combined according to a ratio by weight of approximately 8 pounds of processed palms fronds for each pound of palm fruit.
  • the ratio can be approximately 5 to 1, or even lower, such as approximately 2.5 to 1, 1 to 1, or less than 1 to 1.
  • palm fronds and palm fruit can be combined according to a ratio by weight of approximately 8 pounds of processed palm fronds for each 10 pounds of palm fruit. In some embodiments, this ratio can be approximately 5 pounds of processed palm fronds for each 10 pounds of palm fruit. In some embodiments, the ratio can be approximately 1 pound of processed palm fronds for each 10 pounds of palm fruit.
  • a waste material e.g., palm frond
  • a binding agent e.g., palm dates, grapes, raisins, apples, honey, etc.
  • the total amount of waste material and binding agent is about 90% waste material and about 10% binding agent by weight.
  • the proportion of waste material is between about 30% and 95% while the proportion of binding agent is between about 5% and 70% by weight.
  • the proportion of waste material is between about 55% and 93% while the proportion of binding agent is between about 7% and 45% by weight.
  • the proportion of waste material is between about 75% and 91% of the proportion of binding agent is between about 9% and 25% by weight. These proportions may only describe the relationship between the waste material and binding agent. For example, if the proportion of waste material is 90% of the combination and proportion of binding agent is 10% by weight, the addition of other ingredients to the final byproduct (e.g., trophic additives, nutritional supplements, fill materials, fiber components, protein components, vegetable components, processing additives, scratch) may reduce the total proportion of waste material to be less than 90% and the total proportion of the binding agent to be less than 10%.
  • other ingredients to the final byproduct e.g., trophic additives, nutritional supplements, fill materials, fiber components, protein components, vegetable components, processing additives, scratch
  • the proportions between the waste material and binding agent since this proportion may be influenced by the type of grinder available, the size of the screens used, the availability of waste materials and/or binding agent, the desired consistency, the desired palatability/taste of the waste byproduct, and/or any nutritional requirements of the waste byproduct.
  • palm fronds and palm fruit can be combined according to a ratio by weight of approximately 10 pounds of processed palms fronds for each pound of palm fruit.
  • the ratio can be approximately 12 to 1.
  • the ratio can be approximately 15 to 1, 20 to 1, or even larger, such as approximately 25 to 1 or greater in some embodiments.
  • these ratios can be by volume instead of by weight.
  • a ratio by volume of 8 to 1 would indicate that a mixture of processed palm fronds and palm fruit was formed by mixing 8 scoops of processed palm fronds with 1 scoop of palm fruit.
  • the ratio is such that the mixture is not too sticky to gum up or block the processing machine.
  • stickiness of the mixture is desirable and advantageous to produce a desired feed consistency and composition.
  • nutritional additives can be added to the mixture to modify the desired nutritional content.
  • urea can be combined with palm fronds and dates. This can increase the available protein content. Finding the correct mixture can help maximize the protein content. If too much urea is added, it may actually diminish the total protein content of the mixture.
  • a preferred ratio by weight of dates to urea within a palm frond base can be 6: 1. In some embodiments the ratio by weight of dates to urea within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 5: 1 and/or less than or equal to approximately 7: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of dates to urea within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 11:2 and/or less than or equal to approximately 13:2. In some embodiments, the identified ratios of dates to urea can be by volume instead of weight.
  • an animal feed can include approximately 98.6% palm frond by weight, approximately 1.2% date by weight, and approximately 0.2% urea by weight.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to urea of 2000 to 25 to 4. The ratios of different components can vary according to different embodiments.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to urea of 2000 to 24 to 4.
  • the weight- based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and urea can be between 65: 1 and 75: 1.
  • additives can be added to a mixture of palm fronds and palm fruit or to a mixture of palm fronds, palm fruit, and urea in order to modify the desired nutritional content.
  • These additives can include, but are not limited to, almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, pits, and/or other rough, edible products; cotton seed, corn, wheat, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potato, lettuce, tomato, peaches, apples, strawberries, soy, turnips, and/or fruit rind or peel, etc.; and/or beet pulp, sugar beets, sugar cane, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, grapes, and/or raisins, etc.
  • wheat can be combined with palm fronds and dates or other fruit or sugar components. This can increase the protein content.
  • Wheat can be in the form of mill run in some embodiments.
  • a preferred ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be 3: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 1: 1 and/or less than or equal to approximately 5: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 2: 1 and/or less than or equal to approximately 4: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 5: 1 or less than or equal to approximately 1: 1. In some embodiments the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 10: 1. In some embodiments the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 15: 1. In some embodiments, the identified ratios of wheat to dates can be by volume instead of weight. In other embodiments, suitable mixtures can be achieved using another fruit and/or vegetable component and/or another protein component.
  • an animal feed can include approximately 60% palm frond by weight, approximately 10% date or other fruit or sugar component by weight, and approximately 30% wheat or other grain component by weight.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 6 to 1 to 3. The ratios of different components can vary according to different embodiments.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 5 to 1 to 4.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 7 to 1 to 2.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 8 to 1 to 4.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 8 to 1 to 5. In some embodiments, an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 8 to 1 to 3. In some embodiments, an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 20 to 1 to 9. In some embodiments, the proportion of date can be greater, and an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat such as 0.75 to 1 to 0.75.
  • the weight-based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and wheat can be between 1 : 1 and 2: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and wheat can be greater than 2: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and wheat can be less than 1: 1. In other embodiments, suitable mixtures can be achieved using other fruit and/or vegetable components and/or other protein components.
  • an animal feed can include lower proportions of a palm frond component.
  • an animal feed can include approximately 33% palm frond by weight, approximately 33% date or other fruit or sugar component by weight, and approximately 33% wheat or other grain component by weight.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 1 to 1 to 1.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 0.8 to 1 to 0.8.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 0.1 to 1 to 0.5.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 2.5 to 1 to 1.
  • the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to the weight of palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 15: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 10: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 3: 1.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed sweet palm hay comprises about a 50:50 by weight mixture of palm fronds and dates, wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprises larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles, wherein the larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles are prepared by the process of: obtaining raw palm fronds with a moisture content of between about 1-15%; obtaining raw dates with a moisture content of less than about 10%; combining four parts by volume raw palm fronds with one part by volume raw dates and grinding the palm and dates together using about a 1 ⁇ 4 inch to a 2 inch grinder; sorting the palm frond-date mixture in a trommel equipped with openings from about a 1 ⁇ 4 inch to about a 1 ⁇ 2 inch in diameter; collecting the larger palm-date hay particles; collecting the smaller palm-date fine particles which pass through the screen of the t
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the larger palm frond-date particles are approximately equal to or less than 2 inches in length.
  • the smaller palm frond-date particles comprise palm frond dust.
  • a method of producing sweet palm hay comprising: obtaining raw palm fronds; drying the raw palm fronds to a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; obtaining raw dates; drying the raw dates to a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; combining in a 4: 1 by volume ratio, dry palm fronds with dry dates into a palm frond-date mixture; introducing the palm frond-date mixture into a grinder having openings between about 0.2 to about 2 inches; using the grinder, grinding the palm frond-date mixture into first particles; sorting the first particles into a trommel equipped with a screen having openings between about 0.1 inch and 0.5 inch in diameter; collecting larger palm-date hay; collecting smaller palm frond-date grindings; and introducing the palm frond-date hay and the palm frond-date fines into a mixer at a ratio of between 1: 1 and 2.5: 1 by volume; using the mixer, mixing the palm frond
  • drying raw palm fronds to a moisture content of less than about 10% and/or less than about 15% is also contemplated.
  • the trommel sorts the first particles at a rate of between about one ton an hour and twelve tons an hour.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the sweet palm hay has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the raw dates comprises dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed comprises a mixture of palm frond component and a date component, wherein the palm frond component has a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; wherein the palm frond component comprises (i) palm fronds of approximately less than or equal to 2 inches in length and (ii) palm frond powder; wherein the date component has a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; and wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprising between 40-60 % by weight palm frond component and 40-60% by weight date component.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the sweet palm hay has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the raw dates comprises dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • an about 50:50 ratio by weight of a ground palm frond and ground date mixture is advantageous as a base feed for animals.
  • a double grind process for obtaining an approximately 50:50 ratio by weight of a ground palm fornd and ground date mixture is advantageous as a base feed for a dairy cow.
  • Additional nutritional components can be added to the palm frond and date base, including, for example, protein additives.
  • roughage can be added.
  • a fruit/vegetable component can be added.
  • a sugar component can be added.
  • a roughening component can be added.
  • the feed mixture can be bagged.
  • the double grind process and preferred ratios are advantageous to achieve a sweet palm hay that has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • TDN total digestible nutrient
  • the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260. Additional aspects and alternative combinations are described further herein for various animal feeds, the teachings of which may be relied upon individually or collectively in other advantageous combinations.
  • nutritional additives can be added to the mixture to modify the desired nutritional content. For example, in some embodiments, urea can be combined with palm fronds and dates. This can increase the available protein content.
  • a preferred ratio by weight of dates to urea within a palm frond base can be 6: 1. In some embodiments the ratio by weight of dates to urea within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 5: 1 and/or less than or equal to approximately 7: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio by weight of dates to urea within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 11:2 and/or less than or equal to approximately 13:2. In some embodiments, the identified ratios of dates to urea can be by volume instead of weight.
  • an animal feed can include approximately 98.6% palm frond by weight, approximately 1.2% date by weight, and approximately 0.2% urea by weight.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to urea of 2000 to 25 to 4. The ratios of different components can vary according to different embodiments.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to urea of 2000 to 24 to 4.
  • the weight- based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and urea can be between 65: 1 and 75: 1.
  • additives can be added to a mixture of palm fronds and palm fruit or to a mixture of palm fronds, palm fruit, and urea in order to modify the desired nutritional content.
  • These additives can include, but are not limited to, almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, pits, and/or other rough, edible products; cotton seed, corn, wheat, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potato, lettuce, tomato, peaches, apples, strawberries, soy, turnips, and/or fruit rind or peel, etc.; and/or beet pulp, sugar beets, sugar cane, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, grapes, and/or raisins, etc.
  • wheat can be combined with palm fronds and dates or other fruit or sugar components. This can increase the protein content.
  • Wheat can be in the form of mill run in some embodiments.
  • a preferred ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be 3: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 1: 1 and/or less than or equal to approximately 5: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 2: 1 and/or less than or equal to approximately 4: 1.
  • the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 5: 1 or less than or equal to approximately 1: 1. In some embodiments the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 10: 1. In some embodiments the ratio by weight of wheat to dates within a palm frond base can be greater than or equal to approximately 15: 1. In some embodiments, the identified ratios of wheat to dates can be by volume instead of weight. In other embodiments, suitable mixtures can be achieved using another fruit and/or vegetable component and/or another protein component.
  • an animal feed can include approximately 60% palm frond by weight, approximately 10% date or other fruit or sugar component by weight, and approximately 30% wheat or other grain component by weight.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 6 to 1 to 3. The ratios of different components can vary according to different embodiments.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 5 to 1 to 4.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 7 to 1 to 2.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 8 to 1 to 4.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 8 to 1 to 5. In some embodiments, an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 8 to 1 to 3. In some embodiments, an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 20 to 1 to 9. In some embodiments, the proportion of date can be greater, and an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat such as 0.75 to 1 to 0.75.
  • the weight-based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and wheat can be between 1 : 1 and 2: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and wheat can be greater than 2: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of palm frond to the combined weight of dates and wheat can be less than 1: 1. In other embodiments, suitable mixtures can be achieved using other fruit and/or vegetable components and/or other protein components.
  • an animal feed can include lower proportions of a palm frond component.
  • an animal feed can include approximately 33% palm frond by weight, approximately 33% date or other fruit or sugar component by weight, and approximately 33% wheat or other grain component by weight.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 1 to 1 to 1.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 0.8 to 1 to 0.8.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 0.1 to 1 to 0.5.
  • an animal feed can include weight-based ratios of palm frond to date to wheat of 2.5 to 1 to 1.
  • the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to the weight of palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 15: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 10: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight-based ratio of the combined weight of dates and wheat to palm frond can be between approximately 1: 1 and approximately 3: 1.
  • Dates and/or other palm fruit can be added to the palm fronds according to a variety of methods.
  • the dates can be diced, chopped, or crumbled and mixed in as such.
  • the dates can be chopped into fine crystals, having a consistency roughly equivalent to sugar.
  • the dates can be liquefied and poured or sprayed onto the palm fronds.
  • a liquid such as water, can be added to the dates to make them easier to pour, spray, and/or mix with the palm fronds.
  • additional additives such as the urea and/or wheat, can be mixed with the dates before being mixed with the palm fronds.
  • additional additives can be added to the palm fronds before or after the dates.
  • date (or other additive) and palm frond can be chopped and/or ground after the dates (or other additive) and palm fronds have been mixed together.
  • the mixtures described herein can produce a product that rivals or surpasses the nutritional content of current feeds.
  • a mixture can have a TDN content of approximately 55%. It can have an a crude protein content of approximately 15%, a crude fat content of approximately 2.7%, a crude fiber content of approximately 25%, and an ash content of approximately 12%.
  • additional minerals can be included, either through the urea or other additive, and the final result can have approximately 0.5% of minerals.
  • a mixture can have varying levels of a crude protein content.
  • a mixture can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 1% and/or less than or equal to approximately 10%.
  • a mixture can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 6%.
  • one or more nutritional additives can be added such that the mixture can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • a mixture can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 8% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • a mixture can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 12% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • a desired protein content can depend on the type of animal expected to eat the feed. For example, in some embodiments feed prepared for dairy cattle can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 10% and/or less than or equal to approximately 20%. In some embodiments, feed prepared for beef cattle can have a crude protein content that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • a mixture can have a TDN that is greater than or equal to approximately 45% and/or less than or equal to approximately 65%. In some embodiments a mixture can have a TDN that is greater than or equal to approximately 50% and/or less than or equal to approximately 60%. In some embodiments a mixture can have a TDN that is greater than or equal to approximately 60% and/or less than or equal to approximately 70%. In some embodiments a mixture can have a TDN that is greater than or equal to approximately 70% and/or less than or equal to approximately 80%.
  • the unexpectedly high value of the TDN of the sweet palm hay is easy to digest, results in fast weight gain and imparts glossy coats.
  • Another unexpected result is that animals fed a diet of sweet palm hay produce a limited-odor and/or odorless manure because the sweet palm hay is thoroughly digested in the gut of the animal.
  • the limited-odor and/or odorless manure produced by animals fed upon sweet palm hay limits and/or does not attract flies or other insects or pests.
  • a mixture can have a crude fat content that can be greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 8%. In some embodiments a mixture can have a crude fat content that can be greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 5%.
  • a mixture can have a fiber content that can be greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 45%. In some embodiments, a mixture can have a fiber content that can be greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • the ash content in some embodiments can be greater than or equal to 4% and/or less than or equal to 17%. In some embodiments, the ash content can be greater than or equal to approximately 8% and/or less than or equal to approximately 12%. In some embodiments laws may limit the ash content that can be in the feed, and the ash content can be capped at a legal limit, for example at 12%.
  • the amount of minerals and/or additives can in some embodiments be greater than or equal to approximately 0.2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 1%.
  • any type of palm frond is contemplated.
  • Washington Robustas (Mexican Fan Palms), Washingtonia Filiferas (California Fan Palms), Phoenix Canariensis (Canary Island Date Palms), Phoenix Dactylifera (Date Palms), or any other date or oil palm can be used.
  • any type of date can be used.
  • a Deglet Noor palm, or a Canary Palm can be used.
  • the dates may include the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit. Preferably, the dates are allowed to dry until they have a moisture content less than or equal to approximately 10%.
  • a moisture content of the dates is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 12%. In some embodiments, a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 3% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15% can be used. In some embodiments, a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 4% and/or less than or equal to approximately 8% can be used. In some embodiments the moisture content can exceed 10%. In some embodiments, the dates are dried to a moisture content of less than about 11%. In some embodiments, other fruits or materials besides dates can be used. For example, palm seeds or other types of palm fruit, such as oil palm berries, can be used instead of or in addition to dates. These alternative fruit or fruit mixtures can be combined with palm fronds and/or other additives such as urea and/or wheat according to the various ratios described herein.
  • Palm fronds can be tough, and general processing used for other types of feed bases, such as alfalfa, to prepare for use in feeds may be insufficient or too expensive for palm fronds. For example, placing raw palm fronds into a tub grinder may not produce palm fronds that are sufficiently chopped to be used in feeds. Additionally, raw palm fronds are generally too wet to be thrown directly into a tub grinder or other grinding or chopping machine. A variety of processes can be used to put the palm fronds into a form suitable for feed before combining them with dates or other products.
  • Figure 1 illustrates one method that can be used to process the raw palm fronds in combination with raw dates.
  • palm fronds once palm fronds have been collected, they can be laid out in wind rows. This can allow the wind and/or ambient air to dry the palm fronds. Steps can be taken to ensure growth of mold within the palm fronds is prevented or limited.
  • the wind rows can be sized such that the palm fronds are not packed too tightly or thickly, allowing fronds in the middle to dry.
  • the fronds can be periodically turned over or mixed to prevent the growth of mold and to make sure that the fronds dry evenly.
  • the palm fronds are arranged for drying in a manner that limits the amount of heat generated by the stacked palm fronds during the drying process.
  • the fronds are allowed to dry until they have a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 1% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%
  • palm fronds with a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 10% and/or less than or equal to approximately 20% can be used.
  • a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15% can be used.
  • a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 1% and/or less than or equal to approximately 10% can be used.
  • a moisture content greater than or equal to approximately 1% and/or less than or equal to approximately 25% can be used.
  • the moisture content can exceed 25%.
  • the palm fronds can be mixed with the raw dates and processed according to a variety of methods.
  • the palm fronds and date mixture can be fed through a grinder.
  • a grinder sold under the brand name Vermeer can be used to grind the palm fronds and date mixture.
  • the grinder is equipped with a screen having openings greater than or equal to approximately 0.1 inch and/or less than or equal to approximately 2 inches.
  • the screen has openings of less than approximately 1 inch.
  • the openings are of less than approximately 0.8 inch.
  • the openings are of less than approximately 0.6 inch.
  • the grinder is equipped with a screen having openings greater than or equal to approximately 0.2 inch and/or less than or equal to approximately 0.7 inch.
  • the screen has openings of less than approximately 0.5 inch.
  • the openings are of less than approximately 0.4 inch.
  • the openings are of less than approximately 0.3 inch.
  • a trommel screen can be used to sort the palm fronds and date mixture into two piles: finer pieces and longer pieces.
  • a trommel sold under the brand name Vermeer can be used.
  • the processed palm fronds and date sweet palm hay can form a base product that can be combined according to the various mixtures described herein, forming an animal feed.
  • various mixtures such as mixtures described herein, can be formed within a grinder.
  • palm fruit and/or other additives can be added with the palm fronds into the grinder.
  • the products can be prepared for use according to a variety of manners.
  • the feed can be left loose as initially mixed.
  • the feed can be baled or packaged.
  • baling or packaging can be done after feed has been processed.
  • One advantage of mixing dates into the palm fronds is that the palm frond powder can help provide a binding function, making it easier to grind the sticky dates. It is understood that "hay" is a broad term and are used in its ordinary sense in this application, including, for example, to refer broadly to a dried and cut herbage which is used for fodder.
  • cube is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense in this application, including, for example, to refer broadly to a compressed feed mixture.
  • References to a cubed shape can refer to a generally square or rectangular shape or to having a generally square or rectangular shaped cross section, but other shapes and cross sections are possible and contemplated, such as, for example, pellets and/or generally cylindrical shapes and/or shapes with a circular or rounded cross section.
  • Cubed feed may have one or more sides or dimensions that are longer than one or more of the other sides or dimensions.
  • different cubes within a batch of cubed feed may have different dimensions from other cubes within the batch. Additionally, the cubes do not necessarily have defined shapes, sides, edges or corners.
  • cubes or other forms of compressed feed can be formed with a feed compressing machine, such as a cubing machine or an extruder (e.g., pelletizer).
  • the machine can include a grinder that can mix and/or grind the components.
  • the grinder of the feed compressing machine can be used in addition to or instead of a grinder during the process described with respect to Figure 2.
  • the palm fronds added to the feed compressing machine can have been ground into a powder.
  • the machine can convey the resulting feed toward an area that can heat and compress the feed through a die or dies that shapes the feed into a cubed shape.
  • a liquid such as water
  • a liquid can be added to the mixture as it is compressed through a die.
  • Different dies can produce compressed feed of different sizes and/or shapes. After the feed passes through the die or dies the feed can be conveyed to an area for packaging and/or shipping.
  • the palm component can be processed into a powder that can be combined with the palm fruit component and one or more nutritional additives and then compressed or formed into cubes and/or other shapes.
  • a powdered palm component can be collected and stored for use as a base or component for other feed mixtures.
  • a palm component in a shredded, chopped, or ground form can be collected and stored for use as a base or component for other feed mixtures.
  • a mixture can be passed through a filter, such as a screen or strainer, after it goes through a grinder, whether a first grinder and/or a grinder associated with a feed compressing machine. This can help remove large pieces and hard pieces that might not grind up, such as pits of dates.
  • a mixture can pass through multiple filters.
  • a grinder may include a filter, and it may be desirable to pass the ground material through a second filter before it goes into the grinder or after it comes out of the grinder.
  • Cubing the feed can present a variety of advantages. For example, cubed feed can be generally easier and more efficient to ship and/or store. As a further example, because cubes can be compressed when formed, they can have a greater density than loose feed allowing for more feed by mass to fit within the same volume. In some embodiments, cubes can be shipped and/or stored in large containers, such as sacks, boxes, or other containers. In some embodiments, containers can be sized to hold 1000 lbs of cubed feed. In some embodiments they can hold more or less. In some embodiments, cubes can be stored and/or shipped loosely.
  • Cubing the feed can also extend the shelf life of the feed.
  • loose feed might be good for about a year.
  • Cubed feed can be good for significantly longer.
  • packaging loose feed or cubed feed can also extend the shelf life of the feed.
  • a base feed can be passed through a mill to collect scrap material left in the mill that can be added to the feed.
  • a base feed including a mixture of palm fronds and palm fruit, such as dates can be fed through a mill that had previously been used to process or transport a first, different feed product.
  • the scraps of the first feed product that remain within the mill (referred to as the "mill run") can be picked up by the base feed and mixed in with it as an additive.
  • a palm frond and palm fruit mixture can be passed through a mill that had previously had wheat or other grains pass through, such as sorghum, milo, corn, etc.
  • the mill run can act as an additive to the palm frond and palm fruit mixture and can add a protein component to the mixture. In some embodiments, this can provide a desired nutritional content for the resulting feed and can also serve to clean the mill run from the various components of the mill, such as tanks, flues, and/or chutes. This can help minimize and/or eliminate cleaning costs that would otherwise be incurred.
  • the addition of a palm fruit to a base feed passed through the mill can help collect mill run by helping the base feed to adhere to the mill run. Additionally, as the base feed passes through the mill, the mill can help adequately mix the mill run with the base feed.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates one embodiment of this method.
  • a base feed can be provided and then passed through a mill.
  • the mill had previously been used for a different mixture or material, such as wheat or other grain or additive.
  • the base feed can include a palm frond component and a fruit component.
  • the fruit component can include palm fruit and/or other component that helps the base feed adhere to the mill run.
  • the fruit component can include peaches, apples, strawberries, turnips, fruit rind or peel, beet pulp, sugar beets, sugar cane, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, grapes, and/or raisins, etc.
  • the mixture which can contain a combination of the base feed and the mill run from the different mixture or material, can then be collected.
  • the mixture of the base feed and mill run can be passed through a feed compressing machine, such as a cubing machine or a pelletizer.
  • the mill can be connected to the feed compressing machine such that the mixture of the base feed and mill run can pass directly into the feed compressing machine from the mill.
  • the mill can also help provide a desired rate of mixed feed into the feed compressing machine.
  • the mixture of the base feed and mill run can be collected first from the mill and then inserted into a feed compressing machine.
  • a base feed can include any of the feeds described herein, such as various mixtures of processed palm fronds and palm fruit.
  • a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have at least 5 percent or about 5 percent mill run by weight.
  • a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have at least 10 percent or about 10 percent mill run by weight.
  • a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have at least 20 percent or about 20 percent mill run by weight.
  • a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have between about 20 and about 40 percent mill run by weight.
  • a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have between about 10 and about 30 percent mill run by weight. In some embodiments, a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have between about 25 and about 35 percent mill run by weight. In some embodiments, a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have between about 5 and about 20 percent mill run by weight. In some embodiments, a base feed passed through a mill to collect mill run can have greater than 40 percent mill run by weight, such as between approximately 40 percent and approximately 50 percent mill run by weight.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed sweet palm hay comprises about a 50:50 by weight mixture of palm fronds and dates, wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprises larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles, wherein the larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles are prepared by the process of: obtaining raw palm fronds with a moisture content of between about 1-15%; obtaining raw dates with a moisture content of less than about 10%; combining four parts by volume raw palm fronds with one part by volume raw dates and grinding the palm and dates together using about a 1 ⁇ 4 inch to a 2 inch grinder; sorting the palm frond-date mixture in a trommel equipped with openings from about a 1 ⁇ 4 inch to about a 1 ⁇ 2 inch in diameter; collecting the larger palm-date hay particles; collecting the smaller palm-date fine particles which pass through the screen of the t
  • obtaining raw palm fronds with a moisture content of less than about 10% and/or less than about 15% are also contemplated.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the larger palm frond-date particles are approximately equal to or less than 2 inches in length.
  • the smaller palm frond-date particles comprise palm frond dust.
  • a method of producing sweet palm hay comprising: obtaining raw palm fronds; drying the raw palm fronds to a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; obtaining raw dates; drying the raw dates to a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; combining in a 4: 1 by volume ratio, dry palm fronds with dry dates into a palm frond-date mixture; introducing the palm frond-date mixture into a grinder having openings between about 0.2 to about 2 inches; using the grinder, grinding the palm frond-date mixture into first particles; sorting the first particles into a trommel equipped with a screen having openings between about 0.1 inch and 0.5 inch in diameter; collecting larger palm-date hay; collecting smaller palm frond-date grindings; and introducing the palm frond-date hay and the palm frond-date fines into a mixer at a ratio of between 1: 1 and 2.5: 1 by volume; using the mixer, mixing the palm frond
  • drying raw palm fronds to a moisture content of less than about 10% and/or less than about 15% is also contemplated.
  • the trommel sorts the first particles at a rate of between about one ton an hour and twelve tons an hour.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the sweet palm hay has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the raw dates comprises dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed comprises a mixture of palm frond component and a date component, wherein the palm frond component has a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; wherein the palm frond component comprises (i) palm fronds of approximately less than or equal to 2 inches in length and (ii) palm frond powder; wherein the date component has a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; and wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprising between 40-60 % by weight palm frond component and 40-60% by weight date component.
  • the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the sweet palm hay has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • the sweet palm hay has a relative feed value (RFV) of greater than 170, 185, 200, 215, 230, 245 or 260.
  • the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the raw dates comprises dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • an about 50:50 ratio by weight of a ground palm frond and ground date mixture is advantageous as a base feed for animals.
  • a double grind process for obtaining an approximately 50:50 ratio by weight of a ground palm fornd and ground date mixture is advantageous as a base feed for a dairy cow.
  • Additional nutritional components can be added to the palm frond and date base, including, for example, protein additives.
  • roughage can be added.
  • a fruit/vegetable component can be added.
  • a sugar component can be added.
  • a roughening component can be added.
  • the feed mixture can be bagged.
  • the double grind process and preferred ratios are advantageous to achieve a sweet palm hay that has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • TDN total digestible nutrient
  • RSV relative feed value
  • systems and methods for processing organic waste into a bio-friendly byproduct can include introducing a first waste material comprising palm frond particles into a first grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than three inches, the first waste material having a moisture content below 20% by weight.
  • the first grinder can be configured to grind the first waste material into first particles having a length less than three inches.
  • the first particles of the first waste material can be introduced into a second grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than one inch.
  • the second grinder is used to grind the first particles into second particles having a length less than 1 inch.
  • a second waste material comprises palm dates that can be introduced into a third grinder configured to expel particles having a length and/or diameter no greater than one inch, the second waste material having a moisture content below 15% by weight.
  • a third grinder is used to grind the second waste material into grinds and/or crumbles having a length and/or diameter less than one inch.
  • the first waste material and the second waste material can be introduced into a mixer at a ratio of between 5:3 and 4: 1. Other ratios and various mixtures are contemplated as described in more detail herein.
  • a mixer can be used to mix the first waste material and the second waste material into a mixture.
  • nutritional additives can be added. Ratios and types of nutritional additives are described further herein.
  • a bio-friendly byproduct of organic waste processing systems and methods can include a nontoxic extrusion.
  • the nontoxic extrusion can comprise a first waste material comprising processed palm frond particles having a length of less than one inch and a moisture content below 20%.
  • the extrusion may comprise at least 36% of the first waste material by weight.
  • the nontoxic extrusion can comprise a second waste material comprising palm dates having a moisture content below 20% by weight.
  • the extrusion can comprise at least 15% of the second waste material by weight.
  • the processed palm fronds can be used as a base to which a variety of additives can be added for use in animal feed.
  • additives suitable for use in animal feed can include, for example, dog food, chicken livers, or other sources of protein or other nutrients.
  • Additives can also include plant based products such as citrus products, sugar beet pulp, wheat, brewer's grain, almond husks, peanut shells, grass clipping, fruit rinds and peels, potatoes, or general vegetable scraps.
  • Additives can also include molasses, tortilla scraps, dough and bread products, or any other processed product with nutritional value. These additives can be added to a palm frond base in any desired combination or quantity.
  • a palm frond base can be combined with different proportions of a roughening component, a vegetable and/or fruit component, and/or a sugar component.
  • a roughening component can include, for example, almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, pits, or other rough, edible products.
  • a vegetable and/or fruit component can include, for example, cotton seed, corn, wheat, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potato, lettuce, tomato, peaches, apples, strawberries, soy, turnips, fruit rind or peel, etc.
  • a sugar component can include, for example, beet pulp, sugar beets, sugar cane, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, grapes, raisins, etc.
  • particular additives, such as dates have a high nutritional content and a high sugar content and can be added as a vegetable/fruit component and/or a sugar component.
  • other vitamins and minerals can also be added.
  • the proportions used for an animal feed can depend on the type of animal that is expected to eat it. Although various embodiments described below provide examples specific to dairy and beef cows, it is understood that the various ratios described can be used in feed for a variety of animals, including horses or ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, or camels. Additionally, the various ratios described are understood to in some embodiments describe ratios of pre-mixed volumes and in other embodiments describe ratios by weight. In some embodiments, an animal feed for a dairy cow can have a palm frond component that is greater than or equal to approximately 50% and/or less than or equal to approximately 90%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 10%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 10% and/or less than or equal to approximately 20%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • an animal feed for a dairy cow can have a palm frond component that is greater than or equal to approximately 60% and/or less than or equal to approximately 80%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is greater than or equal to approximately 3% and/or less than or equal to approximately 7%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 13% and/or less than or equal to approximately 17%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 8% and/or less than or equal to approximately 12%.
  • an animal feed for a dairy cow can have a palm frond component that is approximately 70%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is 5%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is approximately 15%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is approximately 10%.
  • an animal feed for a beef cow can have a palm frond component that is greater than or equal to approximately 40% and/or less than or equal to approximately 60%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 35%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 35%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a beef cow can have a palm frond component that is greater than or equal to approximately 45% and/or less than or equal to approximately 55%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a beef cow can have a palm frond component that is approximately 50%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is approximately 25%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is approximately 25%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component. Palm Frond and Palm Fruit Base Feeds
  • animal feeds described herein that include a combination of a palm frond component and a palm fruit component can form a base for animal feed that can replace other bases, such as alfalfa.
  • the combined palm frond/fruit base can be in any form described above, including as loose feed, feed prepared into cubes, feed prepared into other shapes, etc.
  • the particular ratios can vary depending on the type of animal, though the various ratios described can be used for a variety of different animals.
  • the various ratios described below are understood to in some embodiments describe ratios of pre-mixed volumes and in other embodiments describe ratios by weight.
  • an animal feed for a dairy cow can have a palm frond/fruit base that is greater than or equal to approximately 70% and/or less than or equal to approximately 90%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a dairy cow can have a palm frond/fruit base that is greater than or equal to approximately 75% and/or less than or equal to approximately 85%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 7% and/or less than or equal to approximately 13%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 7% and/or less than or equal to approximately 13%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a dairy cow can have a palm frond/fruit base that approximately 80%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is approximately 10%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is approximately 10%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a beef cow can have a palm frond/fruit base that is greater than or equal to approximately 40% and/or less than or equal to approximately 70%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 40%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a beef cow can have a palm frond/fruit base that is greater than or equal to approximately 45% and/or less than or equal to approximately 60%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 25% and/or less than or equal to approximately 35%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 7% and/or less than or equal to approximately 13%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed for a beef cow can have a palm frond/fruit base that approximately 50%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is approximately 30%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is approximately 10%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • palm fruit and/or seeds can be added to different types of feed or feed bases, including, for example, alfalfa, soy, corn, wheat, hay, grass, and other silage. Palm fruit combined according to any of the ratios described herein, or in other suitable ratios, with a nutritional additive, such as urea and/or wheat, can also be added to other types of feeds or components of feeds, such as, for example, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, grass, and other silage. Because of the particular nutritional qualities of palm fruit, in some embodiments palm fruit can serve as both a vegetable/fruit component and a sugar component as part of the various ratios discussed above.
  • a palm fruit contains a high energy content and can be substituted for corn, for example, in some feed applications.
  • some palm fruits, such as dates include pits, which can provide a roughening component in some embodiments.
  • Figure 8 illustrates an example of a feed with a palm fruit component that serves as both a vegetable/fruit component and a sugar component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component including one or more types of base feeds, such as palm frond, alfalfa, soy, corn, wheat, hay, grass, and/or other silage components, forming the base feed component.
  • Figure 9 illustrates an example of a base feed component mixed with a vegetable/fruit component, a sugar component, and a roughening component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 50% and/or less than or equal to approximately 90%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 10%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 10% and/or less than or equal to approximately 20%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 15%.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 60% and/or less than or equal to approximately 80%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is greater than or equal to approximately 3% and/or less than or equal to approximately 7%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 13% and/or less than or equal to approximately 17%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 8% and/or less than or equal to approximately 12%.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is approximately 70%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is 5%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is approximately 15%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is approximately 10%.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 40% and/or less than or equal to approximately 60%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 35%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 35%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 45% and/or less than or equal to approximately 55%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is greater than or equal to approximately 20% and/or less than or equal to approximately 30%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is approximately 50%.
  • the feed can have a vegetable/fruit component that is approximately 25%.
  • the feed can have a sugar component that is approximately 25%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 50% and/or less than or equal to approximately 90%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 10%.
  • the feed can have a palm fruit component, such as dates, that is greater than or equal to approximately 2% and/or less than or equal to approximately 50%.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 60% and/or less than or equal to approximately 80%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is greater than or equal to approximately 3% and/or less than or equal to approximately 7%.
  • the feed can have a palm fruit component, such as dates, that is greater than or equal to approximately 5% and/or less than or equal to approximately 40%.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is approximately 70%.
  • the feed can have a roughening component that is 5%.
  • the feed can have a palm fruit component, such as dates, that is 25%. .
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 40% and/or less than or equal to approximately 60%.
  • the feed can have a palm fruit component, such as dates, that is greater than or equal to approximately 10% and/or less than or equal to approximately 45%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is greater than or equal to approximately 45% and/or less than or equal to approximately 55%.
  • the feed can have a palm fruit component, such as dates, that is greater than or equal to approximately 15% and/or less than or equal to approximately 35%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • an animal feed can have a base feed component that is approximately 50%.
  • the feed can have a palm fruit component, such as dates, that is approximately 30%.
  • the feed can also have varying amounts of a roughening component.
  • Systems and methods for processing, recycling, repurposing, and/or disposing of organic waste material can take on a number of forms.
  • the systems and methods can include introducing a combination of waste material and flesh of fruits into a grinder. This combination can be ground into chunks having a first diameter. In some embodiments these chunks can be introduced into a grinder to be ground into chunks having a second diameter.
  • the waste material has a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content.
  • the flesh of fruits has a moisture content below a second maximum moisture content. Ensuring that the waste material has a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content can support the efficient grinding of the waste material.
  • the moisture content of the waste material may slow down the grinding process, damage the grinder, and/or create undesired consistency.
  • the moisture content of the waste material can also support a desired consistency and/or nutritional content of the byproduct.
  • maintaining a moisture content of the flesh of fruits below the second maximum moisture content can provide the proper consistency of the ground chunk byproduct.
  • the flesh of fruits serves as a binding agent that provides the desired consistency of byproduct.
  • the flesh of fruits comprises one or more sweet fruits and/or vegetables, such as, for example, dates, peaches, apples, strawberries, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruits, lemons, grapes, raisins, etc.
  • the waste material comprises palm fronds.
  • the ratio of waste material to the flesh of fruits can be helpful in creating a desired consistency and/or maintaining the speed of production.
  • the ratio may also be influenced, for example, by the availability of the waste material and or flesh of fruits, the geographic region, the cost of supplies, the availability of transportation or other resources, the desired nutritional content, etc.
  • the combination of the waste material in the flesh of the fruits is introduced into the grinder at a ratio of between about 6: 1 and 14: 1 by volume. In some embodiments this ratio can be between about 5:3 and 4: 1 by volume. In certain embodiments, this ratio is between about 15: 1 and 20: 1 by volume.
  • the ratios of waste material to the flesh of fruits can also be measured by weight.
  • combination of the waste material and flesh of fruits is introduced into the grinder at a ratio between about 5: 1 and 10: 1 by weight.
  • this ratio can be between about 3:2 and 3: 1 by volume.
  • this ratio is between about 12: 1 and 18: 1 by volume.
  • the method of disposing of green waste further comprises arranging for the waste material to dry until the waste material reaches a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content.
  • Arranging for the waste material to dry to a certain level of moisture content can take a number of different forms.
  • arranging for the waste material to dry includes allowing the waste material to dry for a period of time. The period of time can range from five hours to five weeks. In some embodiments, the period of time is between about one day and 15 days.
  • Arranging for the waste material to dry can include allowing the waste material to dry in a windy area, in a dry climate, and/or in an oven. In such embodiments, the period of time to dry the waste material may be reduced.
  • arranging for the waste material to dry includes allowing and/or directing a third party to dry the waste material. In some embodiments, arranging for the waste material to dry occurs before the waste material is combined with the flesh of fruits. In other embodiments, the step occurs after the waste material is combined with the flesh of fruits but before being introduced into the grinder. In yet other embodiments, the step occurs after being ground a first time.
  • the method of processing and/or disposing of green waste can also comprise arranging for flesh of the fruits to dry until the flesh of the fruit reaches a moisture content below the second maximum moisture content.
  • Arranging for the flesh of fruits to try can also take a number of different forms.
  • arranging for the flesh of fruits to dry includes allowing the flesh of fruits to dry for a period of time. The period of time can range from 2 hours to 5 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, the period of time is between about 2 days and 18 days. In some embodiments, the period of time to dry the flesh of fruits can be reduced by, for example, using a heater, oven, and/or fan.
  • Preprocessing can include chopping, shredding, grinding, and/or any other processing or significant alteration of the waste material and/or flesh of fruits.
  • Preprocessing can refer to processing that occurs while the waste material contains a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content and/or while the flesh of fruits contains a moisture content below the second maximum moisture content.
  • preprocessing comprises chopping the waste material to a length shorter than a maximum length. In some embodiments the maximum length is about 8 inches. In some embodiments, the maximum length is between about 3 inches and 7 inches. In some embodiments, the maximum length is between 6 inches and 12 inches.
  • the ground chunk comprises a greater proportion of waste material then flesh of fruits by weight. Some considerations for what proportion of waste material is used within the ground chunk are already described above, such as the desired consistency. As a further example, in certain circumstances it is advantageous to create a byproduct that has a certain nutritional content for humans and/or other animals.
  • the ground chunk comprises between about 60% and 80% waste material by weight. In certain embodiments, the ground chunk comprises between about 45% and 75% waste material by weight. In some embodiments, the ground chunk comprises more than 80% waste material by weight.
  • post-processing may result in turning the ground chunk into a resulting byproduct.
  • post-processing comprises mixing in one or more additives.
  • additives may include, for example, roughening additives, calcium additives, "scratch", protein additives, fat additives, nutritional additives, mineral additives, vitamin additives, emulsifiers, sweetening additives, grain and/or cereal additives, binding agents, flavor additives, and/or preservatives may be added during post-processing.
  • these additives may be introduced into the grinder before and/or with the waste material and/or the flesh of fruits.
  • Post-processing may include shaping the resulting byproduct.
  • post-processing includes forming the resulting byproduct into the pellet.
  • Pellet can refer to a variety of shapes and sizes, including those mentioned above.
  • pellets can comprise cubes, clumps, balls, chunks, and/or bits.
  • postprocessing comprises forming the resulting byproduct into wafers, crumbles, sludge, briquettes, and/or blocks.
  • the type of post-processing that is used may be determined by the desired use of the resulting byproduct.
  • the resulting byproduct is used as an animal feed, including feed for livestock, poultry, cattle, etc. Certain embodiments allow for the resulting byproduct to serve as a biofuel, structural support, fertilizer, mulch, cleaning agent, lubricant, and/or roughage.
  • a byproduct comprises a ground chunk having a diameter less than a maximum diameter.
  • the maximum diameter is between about 1 inch and 5 inches. In other embodiments the maximum diameter is between about 0.2 inches and 1 inch. In some embodiments, the maximum diameter is less than 0.2 inches. In some embodiments, the maximum diameter is between about 2 inches and 8 inches.
  • the term diameter can be used with reference to a length dimension, a width dimension, and/or a thickness dimension as would be understood by one of skill in the art in view of the entire disclosure relied upon herein.
  • the ground chunk can be comprised of waste material and of flesh of fruits. In some embodiments the waste material comprises palm fronds.
  • the types of fruits used can include sweet fruits, for example, palm dates, peaches, apples, strawberries, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruits, lemons, grapes, raisins, etc.
  • the flesh of the fruits can provide a binding function with the waste material.
  • the waste material has a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content.
  • the flesh of the fruits has a moisture content below a second maximum moisture content.
  • the first maximum moisture content is between about 5% and 15% by weight.
  • the first maximum moisture content is between about 10% and 20% by weight.
  • the second maximum moisture content is between about 5% 15% by weight. In certain embodiments the second maximum moisture content is between about 10% and 20% by weight. In some embodiments the second maximum moisture content is between about 18% and 34%.
  • the second maximum moisture content may depend at least in part on a variety of factors, including, for example, the available power output of the machine, the ratio of waste material to the flesh of fruits, the desired consistency of the ground chunk, the desired nutritional content of the ground chunk, the shape and/or size of the screen openings through which the ground chunks are moved during, for example, the grinding process, and/or the volume of waste material and/or flesh of fruits to be processed.
  • processing may include chopping, shredding, grinding, adding or removing ingredients, and/or any other significant alteration of the waste material, flesh of fruits, and/or ground chunk.
  • the ground chunk can further comprise various additives.
  • the additive(s) used may depend at least in part on the availability, desired nutritional content, taste characteristics, and/or cost of the additive.
  • an additive is added after the ground chunk has been ground at least once.
  • the additive is added together into a grinder with the waste material and flesh of fruits before being ground.
  • a roughening additive can be added to the ground chunk.
  • the roughening additive can comprise one or more grains.
  • the roughening additive may comprise wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, grass, etc.
  • Some embodiments include other additives, such as a calcium additive.
  • the calcium additive comprises calcium but may include other nutritional and or functional properties as well.
  • the calcium additive may comprise one or more ingredients, such as, for example, oyster shell, a salt comprising calcium or a calcium derivative, calcium carbonate, limestone, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, and/or egg shells.
  • Other additives are included in some embodiments.
  • one or more nutritional additives are added to the byproducts in certain embodiments to create a resulting byproduct.
  • Some examples of nutritional embodiments include almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, fruit pits, cotton seed, corn, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, soy, turnips, fruit rind, and beet pulp.
  • sugar beets, sugar cane, peaches, apples, strawberries, citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, grapes, and/or raisins are added.
  • Figures 10A to IOC illustrate different sizes of waste byproducts that can be created.
  • the byproducts shown in Figures 10A through IOC show animal feeds for different sizes of animals.
  • Figure 10A shows an animal feed for smaller animals. Smaller animals may include, for example, chickens, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, ducks, geese, pigeons, turkeys, and rabbits. In some embodiments, smaller feeds may also be available to feed animals such as fish and small poultry.
  • Figure 10B shows a medium-sized byproduct next to a United States penny to show the scale of the size (e.g., diameter, length) of the byproduct.
  • Figure 10B illustrates a feed generally more customized for medium-sized animals.
  • Medium-size animals may include, for example, goats, sheep, hogs, cattle, chickens, and other animals capable of eating the feed.
  • larger feeds are available that are intended for larger animals, such as, for example, horses, cattle, camels, mules, donkeys, elephants, buffalo, deer, elk, and moose.
  • Many animals may fit into multiple categories and may be able to eat feeds having a range of diameters and/or lengths.
  • FIG 11 illustrates a system 1100 of pelletizing byproducts of organic waste (e.g., palm fronds). Palm fronds are collected together and stored in a palm frond storage 1104. Waste management facilities or other facilities may collect palm fronds by receiving them from government officials and/or private citizens. The fronds may include the rachis, spines, and/or one or more leaflets. The storage may include bins, piles on the ground, a trash compacter, and/or placement of palm rows or some other formation (e.g., wind rows). Preferably during the collection, the palm fronds are allowed to dry to below a maximum moisture threshold, though this is not necessary.
  • the palm fronds may be sun-dried, wind dried, spin dried, tumble dried, heat dried, and/or simply allowed to air dry over time. In some cases, the palm fronds are allowed to dry for at least a day, preferably at least a week.
  • the maximum moisture threshold may be less than 25% by weight, preferably less than 18% by weight, more preferably less than 15% by weight. However, depending on the arrangement of the waste disposal system, a higher moisture content may be possible.
  • palm fronds are placed in a first grinder 1108 to be ground to a first length and/or diameter .
  • the first grinder 1108 is outfitted with a first screen having holes with a first diameter. These holes will help ensure that only palm fronds having a first maximum length and/or diameter pass through the grinder 1108. Because palm fronds can be difficult to grind using traditional methods, grinding the palm fronds the first time at a larger first length and/or diameter before grinding them a second time at a smaller length and/or diameter has proven to be effective.
  • the diameter of the holes in the first screen 1108 may be between about 1 to 3 inches, preferably around 2 inches.
  • the first grinder is manufactured by Vermeer.
  • the first screen may be outfitted with a baffle to help minimize the number of particles (e.g., fibers) of palm frond with a length and/or diameter greater than the first maximum length and/or diameter that pass through the first screen 1108.
  • the baffles are discussed in more detail below.
  • the palm fronds may be a second grinder 1112.
  • the second grinder 1112 may be different from the first grinder 1108.
  • the second grinder 1112 is the same as the first grinder 1112 except that the first screen has been replaced with a second screen.
  • the second screen regardless if it is on the first grinder or on the second grinder, has holes having a second length and/or diameter.
  • the holes in the second screen will help ensure that only palm frond particles having a second maximum length and/or diameter will pass through the second grinder 1112.
  • the second screen may be outfitted with a baffle, as with the first screen, to help ensure that no particles having a length and/or diameter greater than the second maximum length and/or diameter pass through the second grinder 1112.
  • the second maximum length and/or diameter may be between about 1/8 inch and about 11 ⁇ 2 inches and is preferably between about 1/4 inch and about 3/4 inch. While smaller particle sizes help in later parts of the system (e.g., with mixing, pelletizing), it also creates challenges in throughput and/or efficiency of the grinder 1112. In particular, too small of a second maximum length and/or diameter can create clogging and/or backlog problems in the disposal system, as more fully described below. In some embodiments, a suitable second maximum length and/or diameter is 1 ⁇ 2 inch. Other lengths and/or diameters are also workable.
  • the first and/or second screen may be curved and/or flat but are preferably curved.
  • the palm fronds that have been ground a second time to a second maximum length and/or diameter are mixed with other materials in a mixer 1116. These materials may include grains, nutritional supplements, roughening additives, fruits (e.g., dates), binding agents (e.g., canola), fill material, and/or other additives.
  • the mixer 1116 may stir, shake, knead, compress, rotate, and/or blend the ingredients together to form a mixture.
  • the mixture may be as described elsewhere herein.
  • the mixture comprises a base feed.
  • ingredients may be added according to prescribed ratios and/or percentages (e.g., by weight, by volume) described elsewhere herein. Additionally, the ingredients and their proportions may be selected in such a way as to achieve a target nutritional content. For example, the waste byproduct may be used as an animal feed for certain types of animals with particular nutritional needs. These nutritional needs may vary by animal.
  • an extruder or pelletizer 1120 forms the mixture into a pellet.
  • Pelletizing the waste byproduct can increase the ease of transportation, disposal, and/or storage. For byproducts that will be used for feeds, palletization can make the feed more accessible and/or appetizing to animals.
  • the pelletizer 1120 may comprise a pellet mill and/or other machine. Generally, the pelletizer 1120 heats the mixture and forces it through a plate with holes having a certain hole diameter. The hole diameter determines the diameter of the pellets (e.g., Figures 10A through IOC). The hole diameter may be between about 0.1 inches and about 0.4 inches, depending on the use of the pellet.
  • the hole diameter may be less than 0.1 inches or greater than 0.4 inches.
  • the hole diameter is about 0.8 inches.
  • the length and/or diameter of a resulting pellet may have a length and/or diameter of any of the hole diameters described above.
  • the pelletizer (e.g., pellet mill) 1120 heats the mixture up to a minimum temperature in order to pass the mixture through the holes.
  • the minimum temperature may depend on the formulation of the mixture that is used.
  • the pelletizer uses steam to achieve the minimum temperature and/or to serve as a binding agent for the mixture. The steam may also be used to lubricate the mixture as it passes through the holes.
  • some embodiments include a cooler that reduces the temperature of the plate. The cooler may also be used to cool down the mixture after it has exited the holes.
  • the plate comprises a thermally insulating material (e.g., wood, plastic) that does not require a cooler for its operation.
  • the plate may also comprise a layer of metal having a thickness configured to dissipate heat rapidly enough to minimize or negate the need for a cooler.
  • the pelletizer cuts the mixture into particular lengths of pellets. However, in some embodiments, the mixture is allowed to freely exit the plate and break off due to its own weight, thus creating a range of pellet lengths.
  • Figure 12 illustrates an example embodiment of a palm waste disposal system 1200. Though the use of palm and dates are illustrated, other waste products may be used instead and/or in addition. Embodiments illustrated by Figure 12 include preferred elements (in solid lines) and may include optional elements (in dotted lines).
  • the system 1200 begins with the collection of initial waste ingredients, such as palm material 1204 and/or date 1248.
  • the palm material 1204 may be dried and/or allowed to dry at the palm dryer 1208.
  • a tumble dryer is used to dry the palm fronds to a first maximum moisture content.
  • the first maximum moisture content is between about 3% and 23% by weight. In some embodiments the first maximum moisture content is between about 7% and 20% by weight.
  • the first maximum moisture content is between about 10% and 17% by weight, more preferably around 14%.
  • a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content can prevent blockages of flow of palm through the system 1204 and/or prevent malfunction of the machinery in the system 1204.
  • the palm dryer 1208 may use other methods of drying, as described herein.
  • the palm material 1204 is sent to a first palm grinder 1212.
  • the palm may be allowed and/or forced to pass through one or more first screens having holes with a first length and/or diameter.
  • the resulting first palm particles may have a first maximum length and/or diameter determined by the diameter of the holes in the first screens.
  • the first maximum length and/or diameter of the first palm particles may be between 0.8 inches and 4.5 inches.
  • the maximum length and/or diameter may be about 3 inches.
  • the first maximum length and/or diameter of the first palm particles is between 1.4 inches and 2.7 inches.
  • the first maximum length and/or diameter is about 2 inches.
  • the first palm grinder is manufactured by Vermeer.
  • the first screen may be outfitted with a baffle to help ensure that palm frond particles with a length and/or diameter greater than the first maximum length and/or diameter do not pass through the first screen. Such a screen with a baffle is described in more detail below.
  • the resulting first palm particles may be sorted by a trommel screen 1216.
  • the trommel screen may include a rotor to move particles from one end of the trommel screen to another. As the particles move to the end of the trommel screen 1216, some of the smaller palm grinding 's may be filtered out.
  • the trommel screen 1216 may comprise a screen having openings with a maximum size smaller than the diameter of the holes in the first screens. This will permit relatively larger palm particles to pass through to a second grinding while the smaller palm particles can bypass the second grinding.
  • the maximum size of the openings in the trommel screen 1216 may be comparable to the size of the holes in the second palm grinder 1228.
  • the openings may be between 0.1 inches and about 0.9 inches in diameter.
  • some of the resulting palm particles may later be used for palm hay 1224. The palm hay may undergo further processing and/or treatment in the system 1200. Alternatively, it may undergo different processing not shown here.
  • the trommel screen 1216 may be physically situated between the first palm grinder and the second palm grinder so that the first grinder 1212, first sorting 1216, and second grinding 1228 may automatically and smoothly move palm particles from one system element to the next without significant human intervention.
  • first grinder 1212, first sorting 1216, and second grinding 1228 may automatically and smoothly move palm particles from one system element to the next without significant human intervention.
  • conveyor belts, rotors, and/or hoppers may be included to facilitate the movement of the palm particles.
  • Some of the resulting particles can be useful for various aspects. For example, some particles may be somewhat larger and may be useful in the creation of palm hay, as described in more detail herein. Relatively larger palm particles that do not exit the trommel screen 1216 as smaller palm grindings 1220 or palm hay 1224 may be referred to as the first sorted palm particles.
  • the first sorted palm particles may enter a second grinder 1228.
  • a second grinder different 1228 from the first palm grinder 1212 may be used.
  • the second palm grinder 1228 may comprise the first palm grinder 1212 where the first screens have been switched out with different screens.
  • the second screens (e.g., the screens of the second palm grinder), regardless if they are on the first grinder or on a separate second grinder, have holes having a second diameter.
  • the holes in the second screen will help ensure that only palm frond particles having a second maximum length and/or diameter pass through the second palm grinder 1228.
  • the second screens may be outfitted with baffles, as with the first screens, to help ensure that no particles having a length and/or diameter greater than the second maximum length and/or diameter pass through the second grinder.
  • the diameter of the holes in the second screens may be between about 1/16 inch and about 15/16 inch and is preferably between about 1/4 inch and about 3/4 inch. In some embodiments, the diameter is about 1/2 inch. Holes of 1/2 inch can help prevent clogging and/or backlog problems in the disposal system 1200 while allowing proper mixing of the palm with other additives, as more fully described below.
  • the resulting second palm particles may optionally gather in a storage bin 1232.
  • the storage bin may comprise a hopper.
  • the storage bin may simply be an area on the floor.
  • the storage bin 1232 also includes any particles 1220 that bypassed the second palm grinder 1232.
  • the palm particles are sent into a mixer 1264.
  • the mixer 1264 also receives other ingredients, such as a grain (or cereal) 1236, a roughening additive 1240, a binding agent 1244, and/or any other additive as described herein. Also added to the mixer are the ground dates.
  • dates 1248 are dried in a date dryer 1252.
  • the dryer 1252 may comprise sun-drying, wind drying, spin drying, tumble drying, heat drying, and/or air drying.
  • the dates are allowed to air dry and/or sun dry for at least a day, preferably at least a week.
  • the dates are dried to a moisture content below a second maximum moisture content by weight.
  • the second maximum moisture content is between about 0.5% and 35% by weight.
  • the second maximum moisture content is between about 3% and 20% by weight.
  • the second maximum moisture content is between about 5% and 16%.
  • the second maximum moisture content may depend at least in part on a variety of factors, including, for example, the available power output of the system and system components, the ratio of waste material to the flesh of fruits, the desired consistency of the dates, the desired nutritional content of the finished byproduct 1296, the shape and/or size of the screen openings through which the date particles are moved during, for example, the milling process, and/or the volume of waste material and/or flesh of fruits to be processed.
  • the dates 1248 reach a moisture content of at most the second maximum moisture content, the dates are moved into a hammer mill 1256.
  • the hammer mill 1256 grinds the dates into smaller particles.
  • the hammer mill 1256 may alternately be referred to as a grinder.
  • the dates are pulverized by the hammer mill.
  • the dates may include the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the hammer mill may be equipped with screens with optional baffles.
  • the screens and/or baffles may be similar to those in the first palm grinder and/or second palm grinder.
  • the screens may have holes with a maximum diameter.
  • the maximum diameter may be between about 0.05 inch and about 1 inch and is preferably between about 0.2 inch and about 0.6 inch.
  • the resulting date particles may be stored in a storage bin 1260 or other storage area until needed.
  • the date particles may then be mixed with the palm material 1204 and, optionally, other ingredients described herein.
  • the mixer 1264 mixes the palm material 1204 (e.g., resulting second palm particles) and the dates 1248 (e.g., the resulting date particles) and, optionally, other ingredients (e.g., grain 1236, roughening additive 1240, binding agent 1244). This creates an edible foodstuff that may undergo further processing.
  • the mixer may mix ratios among palm, dates, grain (e.g., wheat, corn), and/or nutritional additive as described herein.
  • the mixture may contain between about 7% and 88% palm by weight.
  • the mixture contains between about 18% and 70% palm by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 25% and 45% palm by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 36% and 92% palm by weight.
  • the amount of palm may be determined by the amount of nutritional content desired, the amount of palm available, and/or other factors.
  • the mixer 1264 may mix dates into the mixture at a by- weight percentage of between about 4% and 59% date. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 12% and 27% dates by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 8% and 22% dates by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 15% and 45% dates by weight. It may be desirable to include at least 30% dates by weight.
  • binding agents 1244 may be added to the mixture. Binding agents may include dates or other fruits, canola oil, peanut oil, corn syrup, soybean oil, palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, water, egg, alcohol, gelatin, agar, flax meal, butter, tapioca, vegetable puree, honey, agave, xanthan gum, and/or any other edible binder.
  • the binding agent comprises canola oil and is included at about 22% by weight of the total mixture.
  • the mixture may contain between about between about 15% and 92% binding agent by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 19% and 78% binding agent by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 25% and 65% binding agent by weight.
  • the mixture contains between about 20% and 35% binding agent by weight.
  • a binding agent may not only help keep the ingredients together, but it can add nutritional content to the final product.
  • the binding agent may add a particular flavor and/or texture that animals prefer.
  • the amount of binding agent included in the mixture may depend in part on the proportion of palm included in the mixture, the proportion of dates in the mixture, and/or proportion of other ingredients.
  • a roughening additive 1240 may be included in the mixture.
  • a roughening additive may provide an animal with appropriate fiber and other nutrients.
  • the roughening additive 1240 can comprise palm but may include one or more grains.
  • the roughening additive may include wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, and/or grass.
  • the mixture may contain between about between about 2% and 57% roughening additive by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 4% and 25% roughening additive by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 1% and 15% roughening additive by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 8% and 20% roughening additive by weight.
  • a common roughening additive is wheat, but other additives may be used. For example, in some embodiments, the roughening additive comprises about 12% of the mixture by weight. The mixture may include a greater proportion of roughening additive for poultry feeds.
  • a grain 1236 may be included in the mixture as well.
  • the grain 1236 may be included as part of the roughening additive 1240 or it may not be.
  • a common grain 1236 for animal feeds is rice, but wheat and corn are also used in many embodiments.
  • the mixture includes about 5% rice by weight.
  • Other grains include buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, hay, oats, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, and/or grass.
  • the mixture may contain between about between about 1% and 24% grains by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 3% and 16% grains by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 8% and 20% grains by weight. In some embodiments, the mixture contains between about 10% and 85% grains by weight.
  • Other additives may be added to the mixture as well.
  • calcium additives, "scratch", protein additives, fat additives, nutritional additives, mineral additives, vitamin additives, emulsifiers, sweetening additives, flavor additives, and/or preservatives can be added.
  • scratch is added to the feed to improve feed effectiveness.
  • Some embodiments of chicken feed include calcium additives (e.g., oyster shell, a salt comprising calcium or a calcium derivative, calcium carbonate, limestone, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, and/or egg shells).
  • the calcium additive may comprise calcium but may include other nutritional and or functional properties as well. This may apply to each of the ingredients above. In other words, a particular ingredient or additive may appropriately fall into more than one category.
  • the mixture may optionally pass from the mixer into a first hopper 1268.
  • the hopper 1268 may be functionally designed to prevent logjams in the flow of the system 1200.
  • the first hopper 1268 may use curved chutes to prevent material from getting jammed in corners of the chutes.
  • the first hopper feeds the mixture into a hammer mill 1272.
  • the hammer mill 1272 grinds the mixture into smaller particles.
  • the milled mixture may be referred to as crumbles, chunks, powder, fine particles, particulates, beads, cubes, and/or pellets (even before being "pelletized”).
  • the mixture is pulverized by the hammer mill 1272.
  • the hammer mill 1272 may be equipped with screens with optional baffles.
  • the screens and/or baffles may be similar to those in the hammer mill 1256.
  • the screens may have holes with a maximum diameter.
  • the maximum diameter may be between about 0.05 inch and about 1 inch and is preferably between about 0.2 inch and about 0.6 inch.
  • the resulting mixture particles may be passed to a second hopper 1276.
  • the second hopper 1276 may be configured to facilitate the flow of material through it and to avoid a blockage.
  • the pelletizer can make the feed more accessible and/or appetizing to animals.
  • the pelletizer may include a pellet mill and/or other machine.
  • the mixture is heated and forced through a plate with holes.
  • the plate may have holes with a diameter of between about 0.2 inches and about 0.5 inches, depending on the use of the pellet. In some embodiments, the plate hole diameter maybe less than 0.2 inches or greater than 0.5 inches.
  • the pelletizer 1280 heats the mixture up to a minimum temperature in order to pass the mixture through the holes.
  • the minimum temperature may depend on the formulation of the mixture that is used.
  • the pelletizer may use steam to achieve the minimum temperature and/or to serve as a binding agent for the mixture and may include a cooler.
  • the plate may comprise a thermally insulating material (e.g., wood, plastic).
  • the plate may also comprise a layer of metal having a thickness configured to dissipate heat rapidly enough to minimize or negate the need for a cooler.
  • the pelletizer may cut the mixture into particular lengths of pellets. In some embodiments, the mixture is allowed to freely exit the plate and break off based on gravity, thus creating a variety of pellet lengths.
  • the pelletizer 1280 may optionally send the finished pellets to a bagger 1288.
  • the bagger 1288 fills one or more bags with the pellets and then sends the bagged pellets to a wrapper 1292, which separates the bagged pellets into separate packages of product.
  • the finished byproduct 1296 can be used as animal feed, erosion protection, bait, fill material, and/or sandbagging.
  • the hopper assembly 1300 includes a receiving bin 1304, a funnel 1308, a flu 1312, a chute 1316, and an auger (not shown). Material may be fed into the receiving bin 1304. The material is guided by the funnel 1208 and through the flu 1312. The flu may have a diameter of 12 inches, 24 inches, or 36 inches. Other diameters are also possible. The auger may be 9 inches, 12 inches, or some other dimension.
  • the hopper assembly 1350 also includes a flu 1312, a hopper bowl 1354, and an input chute 1358. The chute 1358 has rounded corners whereas the hopper assembly 1300 has sharp corners.
  • the rounded corners of the chute 1358 are preferred over the sharp corners of the chute 1316 because the rounded corners prevent backups and blockages in the flow of material through the system 1300.
  • Either hopper assembly 1300, 1350 may be used as the first hopper 1268 and/or the second hopper 1276.
  • FIG 14 schematically illustrates a screen assembly 1400 that includes a screen 1404 and a baffle 1424.
  • the screen 1404 includes a plurality of holes 1408 through which material generally having a length and/or diameter less than the hole diameter 1412 may pass.
  • screens are generally imperfect since they sometimes allow particles having a larger length and/or diameter to pass through.
  • a baffle 1424 can be attached to the screen 1404. The baffle 1424 slows the movement of particles through the holes 1408 and thus allows the grinder and/or mill to further reduce the size of the particle while it is stuck on the baffle the screen 1404 as a screen depth 1416, and the baffle 1424 has a baffle depth 1428.
  • the screen depth 1416 and the baffle depth 1428 can be adjusted to achieve a target flow rate and/or particle size consistency.
  • the adjustment may be made using a screw mechanism.
  • specific baffle elements e.g., baffle strips
  • the screen 1404 and baffle 1424 are separated by a separation distance 1420.
  • the ratio of the hole diameter 1412 to the separation distance 1420 may range between about 1:4 to about 3: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio is between about 1:2 to about 2: 1, preferably about 1: 1. In certain configurations, a ratio of 1: 1 strikes a suitable balance between rate of flow of material and consistency of the particle size.
  • certain embodiments of the system 1200 have been found to work with particular efficiency and speed of grinding palm fronds.
  • the baffle 1424 may include one or more baffle strips (not shown in Figure 14). Each of the one or more baffle strips may be welded on the screen (e.g., the separation distance 1420 would be zero).
  • the baffle strips can allow for using a larger hole size in the screen while maintaining a similar quality in the grinding of the palm.
  • the baffle strips can be configured, for example, to slow the flow of palm particles therethrough. This slowing may be between about 1 ms and 500 ms, relative to a screen of the same hole size without the baffle strips. The slowing may be between 25 ms and 1200 ms in some embodiments where palm particles may need more time to be ground (e.g., when the palm has a higher moisture content).
  • the slowing may be between 45 ms and 2500 ms.
  • the baffle elements may allow for grinding palm that has a higher moisture content.
  • the higher moisture content palm may have greater than 15% moisture content by weight, greater than 30% moisture content by weight, greater than 50% moisture content by weight, and/or greater than 60% moisture content by weight.
  • the baffle may include a piece (e.g., strip) of metal welded across the length of the back of the screen, so that the baffle covers a portion of one or more holes 1408. In some embodiments, the baffle does not cover a center of the hole 1408.
  • the baffle strips may cover a certain percentage of the area of one or more of the plurality of holes 1408. For example, the baffle may cover between about 5% and 70% of each hole of at least one or more of the plurality of holes 1408. In some embodiments, the baffle may cover between about 10% and 55% of each hole of at least one or more of the plurality of holes 1408.
  • the baffle strips cover between about 15% and 45% of each hole of at least one or more of the plurality of holes 1408.
  • the baffle strips may be welded parallel to an orientation of a row of adjacent holes such that the baffles trip may be able to cover approximately the same amount of each adjacent hole.
  • the baffle strips may be disposed on an interior side (e.g., the grinding side) of the screens 1416. Additionally or alternatively, the baffle strips may be disposed on an exterior side (e.g., the exit side) of the screens 1416. In some embodiments, the baffles may be alternated on the interior side and the exterior side of the screens 1416.
  • the baffles may be associated with screens on one or more of the first and second grinders disclosed herein (e.g., the first palm grinder 1212 and/or the second palm grinder 1228 of Figure 12).
  • other grinders and/or mills e.g. the hammer mill 1272
  • One or more of the baffle strips may be disposed parallel to one another. This may be true even in embodiments where not all of the baffle strips are disposed on the same side of the screen 1416.
  • the baffles 1424 (e.g., the baffle pieces) may provide added strength and durability to the screens 1416.
  • the baffles 1424 may comprise a metal (e.g., iron, aluminum, steel, etc.).
  • a baffle may be a screen-like attachment to a screen configured to ensure that the palm fronds are ground to a proper length/diameter before being discharged from the grinder.
  • the baffle may have holes itself.
  • the baffle holes may have a different size hole as the screen to which it is attached.
  • the holes may be larger or smaller than the holes of the screen.
  • the baffle is a second "screen" identical to the screen to which the baffle is attached. In this way the baffle can provide some of the benefits described herein with respect to the baffles.
  • a method of disposing of organic green waste comprising introducing a combination of waste material and flesh of fruits into a grinder, the waste material having a moisture content below a first maximum moisture content and the flesh of the fruits having a moisture content below a second maximum moisture content; using the grinder, grinding the combination of the waste material and the flesh of the fruits into first chunks having a first maximum diameter; and grinding the first chunks into second chunks having a second maximum diameter.
  • any of examples 1-3 further comprising, prior to introducing the combination of the waste material and the flesh of the fruits into the grinder, arranging for the waste material to dry until the waste material reaches a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content.
  • any of examples 1-4 further comprising, prior to introducing the combination of the waste material and the flesh of the fruits into the grinder, arranging for the flesh of the fruits to dry until flesh of the fruits reaches a moisture content below the second maximum moisture content.
  • processing comprises combining the second chunks with a roughening additive.
  • the method of any of examples 1-13, wherein the roughening additive is selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, or grass.
  • processing comprises combining the second chunks with a calcium additive.
  • the method of example 16 wherein the calcium additive is selected from the group consisting of oyster shell, a salt comprising calcium or a calcium derivative, calcium carbonate, limestone, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, and egg shells.
  • processing comprises forming the resulting byproduct into a pellet.
  • a byproduct of disposal of organic green waste comprising a ground chunk having a diameter less than a maximum diameter, the ground chunk comprising: waste material having a moisture content below a first maximum moisture content; and flesh of fruit, the flesh having a moisture content below a second maximum moisture content; wherein the ground chunk comprises a greater proportion of waste material than flesh of fruit by weight.
  • the byproduct of example 20 wherein the waste material comprises palm fronds.
  • the byproduct of any of the above examples, the byproduct of example 20, wherein the flesh of the fruits comprises flesh of palm dates.
  • the ground chunk comprises a ratio of the waste material to the flesh of the fruits of between about 6: 1 and 14: 1 by volume.
  • a bio-friendly byproduct of organic green waste disposal comprising a nontoxic extrusion configured for availability in an arid region and configured to be consumable by domesticated animals, the extrusion comprising a first waste material comprising processed palm frond particles having a length of less than one inch and a moisture content below 20%, the extrusion comprising at least 36% of the first waste material by weight; and a second waste material comprising crumbles of palm date flesh having a moisture content below 20% by weight, the extrusion comprising at least 15% of the second waste material by weight.
  • the byproduct of Example 37 wherein the nontoxic extrusion comprises at least 20% by weight of a binding agent comprising an oil configured to provide nutritive value.
  • the byproduct of any of Examples 37-38, wherein the nontoxic extrusion comprises at least 10% by weight of a cereal additive configured to supply fiber content.
  • Example 44 the byproduct of Example 44, wherein the roughening additive is selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, and grass.
  • the roughening additive is selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, and grass.
  • TDN total digestible nutrient
  • the nontoxic extrusion further comprises a nutritional additive selected from the group consisting of almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, fruit pits, cotton seed, corn, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, soy, turnips, fruit rind, and beet pulp.
  • a nutritional additive selected from the group consisting of almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, fruit pits, cotton seed, corn, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, soy, turnips, fruit rind, and beet pulp.
  • the byproduct of any of Examples 37-48, wherein the first waste material comprises palm selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the byproduct of any of Examples 37-50, wherein the nontoxic extrusion comprises a ratio of the first waste material and the second waste material at between 5:3 and 4: 1.
  • a method of repurposing organic green waste into a bio-friendly byproduct comprising introducing the first waste material comprising palm frond particles into a first grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than three inches, the first waste material having a moisture content below 20% by weight; using the first grinder, grinding the first waste material into first particles having a length less than three inches; and introducing the first particles of the first waste material into a second grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than one inch; using the second grinder, grinding the first particles into second particles having a length less than 1 inch; introducing the second waste material comprising palm dates into a third grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than one inch, the second waste material having a moisture content below 15% by weight; using the third grinder, grinding the second waste material into crumbles having a diameter less than one inch; introducing the first waste material and the second waste material into a mixer at a ratio of between 5:3 and 4: 1; using
  • Example 54 the method of Example 53, further comprising the step of arranging for a first waste material comprising palm fronds to dry until the first waste material reaches a moisture content below 20% by weight.
  • Example 53 wherein arranging for the first waste material comprising palm fronds to dry comprises using a tumble dryer.
  • Example 56 wherein arranging for the second waste material comprising palm dates to dry comprises using a tumble dryer.
  • a tumble dryer comprises using a tumble dryer.
  • the method of any of Examples 53-57 further comprising the step of mixing a binding agent comprising oil configured for consumption into the mixture, wherein the mixture comprises between 25% and 65% binding agent by weight.
  • the method of any of Examples 53-62, wherein arranging for a first waste material to dry comprises arranging the first waste material to dry until the first waste material reaches a moisture content of between 5% and 15% by weight.
  • Example 65 the method of Example 65, wherein the roughening additive is selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, or grass.
  • the roughening additive is selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, or grass.
  • the method of any of Examples 65-67 wherein the calcium additive is selected from the group consisting of oyster shell, a salt comprising calcium or a calcium derivative, calcium carbonate, limestone, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, and egg shells.
  • the calcium additive is selected from the group consisting of oyster shell, a salt comprising calcium or a calcium derivative, calcium carbonate, limestone, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, and egg shells.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed comprising an approximately 50:50 by weight mixture of palm fronds and dates, wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprises larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles, wherein the larger palm frond-date particles and smaller palm frond-date particles are prepared by the process of obtaining raw palm fronds with a moisture content of between about 1-15% obtaining raw dates with a moisture content of less than about 10% combining about four parts by volume raw palm fronds with one part by volume raw dates; grinding the palm frond-date mixture in a grinder equipped with openings from about 1/4 inch to about 2 inches in diameter; sorting the palm frond-date mixture in a trommel equipped with openings from about 1/4 inch to about 1/2 inch in diameter; collecting the larger palm-day hay particles; collecting the smaller palm frond-date fine particles which passes through the screen of the trommel; mixing the palm frond-
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed of Example 69 wherein the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed of any of Examples 69-70 wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed has a total digestible nutrient (TDN) of greater than 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% of the dry matter basis.
  • TDN total digestible nutrient
  • RSV relative feed value
  • a method of producing sweet palm hay comprising obtaining raw palm fronds; drying the raw palm fronds to a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; obtaining raw dates; drying the raw dates to a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; combining in a 4: 1 by volume ratio, dry palm fronds with dry dates into a palm frond-date mixture; introducing the palm frond-date mixture into a grinder having openings between about 0.2 to about 2 inches; using the grinder, grinding the palm frond-date mixture into first particles; sorting the first particles into a trommel equipped with a screen having openings between about 0.1 inch and 0.5 inch in diameter; collecting larger palm frond-date hay; collecting smaller palm frond-date grindings; and introducing the palm frond-date hay and the frond-date fines into a mixer at a ratio of between 1: 1 and 2.5: 1 by volume; using the mixer, mixing the palm fronds
  • Example 75 the method of Example 75, wherein the trommel sorts the first particles at a rate of between about one ton an hour and twelve tons an hour.
  • the method of any of Examples 75-76, wherein the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • the method of any of Examples 75-79, wherein the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the method of any of Examples 75-80, wherein the raw dates comprises dates from a Deglet Noor palm or a Canary Palm.
  • a palm frond and date based animal feed comprising a mixture of palm frond component and a date component, wherein the palm frond component has a moisture content of between approximately 1% and approximately 15%; wherein the palm frond component comprises (i) palm fronds of approximately less than or equal to 2 inches in length and (ii) palm frond powder; wherein the date component has a moisture content of approximately 10% or less; and wherein the palm frond and date based animal feed comprising between 40-60 % by weight palm frond component and 40-60% by weight date component.
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed of Example 84 wherein the raw dates contain the skin, the flesh, and/or pits of the fruit.
  • TDN total digestible nutrient
  • RSV relative feed value
  • the palm frond and date based animal feed of any of Examples 84-87 wherein the raw palm fronds comprises palm fronds selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • a method of disposing of organic green waste comprising arranging for waste material comprising palm fronds to dry until the palm fronds reach a moisture content below a first maximum moisture content, wherein the first maximum moisture content is 15% by weight; arranging for fruit comprising dates to dry until a flesh of the dates reaches a moisture content below a second maximum moisture content, wherein the second maximum moisture content is 10% by weight; while the palm fronds contain a moisture content below the first maximum moisture content, shredding the palm fronds to a length less than a maximum length, wherein the maximum length is 8 inches; while the flesh of the dates have a moisture content below the second maximum moisture content, introducing a combination of the palm fronds and the dates at a ratio of palm fronds to flesh of dates of between about 6: 1 and 14: 1 by volume into a grinder; using the grinder, grinding the combination into first chunks having a diameter between about 1 inch and 5 inches; grinding the first chunks into second
  • a bio-friendly byproduct of organic green waste disposal comprising a nontoxic extrusion configured for availability in an arid region and configured to be consumable by domesticated animals, the extrusion comprising a first waste material comprising palm frond particles having a length of less than one inch and a moisture content below 20%, the extrusion comprising at least 36% of the first waste material by weight; a second waste material comprising crumbles of palm date flesh having a moisture content below 20% by weight, the extrusion comprising at least 15% of the second waste material by weight; a binding agent comprising an oil configured to provide nutritive value to domesticated animals; and a cereal additive comprising at least 5% fiber content by weight; wherein the byproduct comprises at least 5% crude protein by weight; at least 2% crude fat by weight; and at least 10% crude fiber by weight.
  • the byproduct of any of examples 91-93, wherein the nontoxic extrusion comprises at least 20% by weight of a binding agent comprising an oil configured to provide nutritive value.
  • the byproduct of any of examples 91-94, wherein the nontoxic extrusion comprises at least 10% by weight of a cereal additive configured to supply fiber content.
  • the byproduct of any of examples 91-95, wherein the nontoxic extrusion has a crude protein content of between 5% and 30% by weight.
  • the byproduct of example 99, wherein the roughening additive is selected from the group consisting of wheat, buckwheat, milo, alfalfa, soy, corn, hay, oats, rice, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, quinoa, and grass.
  • a nutritional additive selected from the group consisting of almond shells, walnut husks, peanut shells, fruit pits, cotton seed, corn, brewer's grain, distiller's grain, potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, soy, turnips, fruit rind, and beet pulp.
  • the byproduct of any of Examples 91-103, wherein the first waste material comprises palm selected from the group consisting of Washingtonia Robusta palms, Washingtonia Filifera palms, and Phoenix Canadensis palms.
  • the byproduct of any of examples 91-105, wherein the nontoxic extrusion comprises a ratio of the first waste material and the second waste material at between 5:3 and 4: 1.
  • a method of repurposing organic green waste into a bio-friendly byproduct comprising introducing the first waste material comprising palm frond particles into a first grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than three inches; using the first grinder, grinding the first waste material into first particles having a length less than three inches; and introducing the first particles of the first waste material into a second grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than one inch; using the second grinder, grinding the first particles into second particles having a length less than 1 inch; introducing the second waste material comprising palm dates into a third grinder configured to expel particles having a diameter no greater than one inch; using the third grinder, grinding the second waste material into crumbles having a diameter less than one inch; introducing the first waste material and the second waste material into a mixer at a ratio of between 5:3 and 4: 1; using the mixer, mixing the first waste material and the second waste material into a mixture.
  • the method of any of Examples 107 or 53-68 wherein at least one of the first grinder or the second grinder comprises a screen and a plurality of baffle strips, the screen comprising a plurality of holes, each of the plurality of holes having a hole area and a hole diameter.
  • Example 109 the method of Example 108, wherein the screen is separated from one or more of the baffle strips by a separation distance, wherein a ratio of the hole diameter to the separation distance is between about 1:4 and 3: 1.
  • each of the first and second grinders comprises a screen and a plurality of baffle strips.
  • the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result.
  • the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des sous-produits de déchets organiques pouvant être obtenus par l'intermédiaire de procédés impliquant leur traitement, leur recyclage et/ou leur élimination. Un procédé d'obtention d'un sous-produit écologique peut comprendre l'introduction d'un premier déchet, qui comprend des particules de feuille de palmier dans un premier broyeur conçu pour expulser les particules ayant une longueur et/ou un diamètre inférieur ou égal à trois pouces (environ 76 mm). Le premier déchet a une teneur en humidité inférieure à 20 % en poids. Le premier broyeur peut être conçu pour broyer le premier déchet en premières particules ayant une longueur inférieure à trois pouces (environ 76 mm). Un deuxième broyeur peut être utilisé pour broyer les premières particules en secondes particules ayant une longueur inférieure à 1 pouce (environ 25 mm). Un troisième broyeur peut être utilisé pour broyer le second déchet en grains et/ou miettes ayant une longueur et/ou un diamètre inférieur à un pouce (environ 25 mm).
PCT/US2018/024078 2013-02-20 2018-03-23 Systèmes et procédés de traitement et de recyclage de déchets organiques et sous-produits associés WO2018175921A1 (fr)

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US16/577,861 US20200156125A1 (en) 2013-02-20 2019-09-20 Systems and methods for organic waste processing and recycling and byproducts thereof

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US201762476639P 2017-03-24 2017-03-24
US62/476,639 2017-03-24
US201862622823P 2018-01-26 2018-01-26
US62/622,823 2018-01-26

Related Parent Applications (2)

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PCT/US2014/017207 Continuation-In-Part WO2014130578A1 (fr) 2013-02-20 2014-02-19 Aliment pour animaux à base de palmes
US14/769,058 Continuation-In-Part US11071313B2 (en) 2013-02-20 2014-02-19 Palm-based animal feed

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US12201127B2 (en) 2013-02-20 2025-01-21 Palm Silage, Inc. Palm-based animal feed

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US12201127B2 (en) 2013-02-20 2025-01-21 Palm Silage, Inc. Palm-based animal feed

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