WO2018157656A1 - Solar shingle system, and manufacturing method and mounting method therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided are a solar shingle system, and a manufacturing method and a mounting method therefor. The system comprises solar shingles (1) and a mounting assembly. Each solar shingle comprises a light transmitting panel (11), a first adhesive containing sheet (12), a flexible film solar chip (15), a second adhesive containing sheet (13), and a light transmitting back plate (14) that are stacked and fixed together in sequence, and further comprises a left protective edge (16), a right protective edge (17), and a junction box (18). In the transverse direction of the solar shingle, the left protective edge (16) of a solar shingle is connected with the right protective edge (17) of an adjacent solar shingle by means of insertion, so as to form a smooth waterproof connection part (4).

Description

Solar power tile system and preparation and installation method thereof

Cross-reference to related applications

This application claims the rights to the invention patent applications filed on March 2, 2017 from the State Intellectual Property Office of China, with application numbers of 201710122320.8 and 201710123292.1, respectively. The entire contents of the above-identified patent application are hereby incorporated by reference.

Technical field

The present invention relates to a solar power tile system and a method of making and installing the solar power tile system.

Background technique

The integration of green elements such as solar energy into buildings has become a trend in building development. Green buildings have a rich connotation. The rational and efficient use of clean energy (especially solar energy) is an important part of green building. The generation of solar film power generation buildings is a new design consciousness that exceeds energy awareness in the field of architectural design and plays an important role in the human ecological environment. The development of photovoltaic grid-connected and building integration technology marks the transition of solar thin film power generation technology from remote areas to cities, marking the transition of solar energy from supplementary energy to alternative energy, marking the unsustainable development of the energy system of human society. The energy system is transitioning to a sustainable energy system.

Solar power tile application technology is a new technology and is a viable new option in architecture. Solar power tiles use solar energy, a huge renewable energy source, to generate electricity. Solar power tiles can be installed on buildings as well as multi-purpose building materials to form actual building components. The solar power tile system uses solar thin film to generate electricity on the roof of the building, and then uses the current collecting system to collect the electrical energy for the daily use of the building itself, thereby enabling the green solar energy to be effectively utilized. In addition, the solar power tile has a wavy curved surface and a glass texture, so it can give the product a perfect sensory effect, making it widely applicable to building roofs.

In a solar power tile system, it is particularly important to provide an appropriate drainage mechanism because the waterproofing of the roof of the building can be guaranteed by solving the drainage problem of the solar power tile system.

Summary of the invention

[Technical purpose]

The present invention has been made in order to solve the above technical problems and other technical problems mentioned later.

【Technical solutions】

According to one aspect of the invention, a solar power tile system is provided. The solar power tile system includes a plurality of solar power tiles and mounting components. Each of the solar power tiles includes: a tile body extending in a lateral direction and a longitudinal direction; and a waterproof joint portion respectively disposed at both ends of the tile body in a lateral direction. The mounting assembly mounts the solar power tile on a roof. In the lateral direction, adjacent solar power tiles are connected to each other by the waterproof joint.

Preferably, the waterproof joint comprises a left side guard and a right side guard of the tile body. The left retaining edge of each solar power tile is interposed with the right retaining edge of the adjacent solar power tile.

Preferably, the tile body comprises a light transmissive panel, a first film, a flexible film solar chip, a second film and a light transmissive backing plate which are sequentially stacked together. The light transmissive panel is an ultra white glass panel. The light transmissive backsheet is a flexible glass backsheet.

Preferably, a junction box is disposed on an outer surface of the light transmissive backboard. The junction box can be a photovoltaic junction box.

Preferably, the tile body further comprises a third clip film. The third film is disposed between the first film and the second film and is located at both ends of the flexible thin film solar chip in the lateral direction.

Preferably, a sealant is disposed between the tile body and the waterproof joint.

Preferably, the left side guard includes a left lap edge, a left edge strip, a left connecting strip and a left tile frame. The right side guard includes a right lap edge, a right edge, a right link, and a right tile.

Preferably, the left retaining edge and/or the right retaining edge are integrally formed.

Preferably, when the left retaining edge and the right retaining edge are mutually inserted, the left overlapping edge and the right overlapping edge overlap each other, and the left overlapping edge is positioned on the right side a right end surface of the right overlapping edge contacting the left insert, the right insert being inserted into a space formed by the left insert, the left connecting strip, and the left tile frame, and The right end surface of the right insert contacts the left tile frame.

Preferably, after the left guard and the right guard are inserted into each other, the left guard and the upper end of the right guard are flush. After the left retaining edge and the right retaining edge are inserted into each other, the left retaining edge and the lower retaining edge of the right retaining edge are flush. The left overlapping edge, the left insertion strip, the left connecting strip and the upper end surface of the left tile frame are flush. The right insert, the right connecting strip and the lower end surface of the right tile frame are flush.

Preferably, the upper end surface of the left retaining edge is provided with a drainage groove.

Preferably, a hook mounting hole is provided on the solar power tile. The hanger mounting hole is a blind hole. The blind hole completely penetrates the light transmissive back plate and partially penetrates the light transmissive panel.

Preferably, the diameter of the mounting hole of the hanging member on the transparent panel is larger than the diameter of the mounting hole of the hanging member on the transparent backing plate.

Preferably, the mounting assembly comprises: a plurality of battens attached to the roof; and a shackle attached to the battens and fitted into the shackle mounting holes, The solar power tile is thereby fixed to the battens.

Preferably, the length of the hook member protruding into the hook mounting hole is smaller than the depth of the hook mounting hole.

Preferably, the plurality of battens extend in the lateral direction and are spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction.

Preferably, a flexible spacer is disposed between the solar power tile and the battens.

Preferably, adjacent solar power tiles overlap each other in the longitudinal direction. A waterproof seal is provided at the lap joint. The waterproof seal is flexible. The waterproof seal includes a double-sided adhesive tape and/or a sealant strip. In the longitudinal direction, the overlapping width between adjacent solar power tiles is 50 mm to 150 mm.

Preferably, the material constituting the light transmissive back sheet comprises TPT, CPE, KPE, PVDF or AAA.

Preferably, a wire lead-out hole is provided on the light-transmissive back plate. The positive electrode wire and the negative electrode wire of the flexible thin film solar chip are connected by a connecting line, so that a plurality of flexible thin film solar chips form a parallel circuit, and then lead from the positive electrode lead wire and the negative electrode lead wire of the junction box.

Preferably, the roof is a sloped roof. The longitudinal direction of the solar power tile conforms to the slope direction of the slope roof.

Preferably, the solar power generating tile has a wavy curved shape when viewed along the longitudinal direction.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method of making and installing the solar power tile system described above is provided. The method includes:

Preparing a plurality of packaged flexible thin film solar chips;

Connecting the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead of the flexible thin film solar chip through a connecting line, so that the plurality of flexible thin film solar chips form a parallel circuit, and at the same time, the positive lead and the negative lead of the circuit are reserved;

Laying a second film on the transparent back plate, then placing the packaged flexible film solar chip, laying the first film and the third film, and finally installing the light-transmissive panel, thereby forming a pre-installed semi-finished product ;

Putting the semi-finished product into an autoclave or a laminating machine, setting a temperature and a pressure to perform a laminating process;

After the splicing process is completed, a junction box is mounted on the outer surface of the transparent back plate, sealed with a sealant, and a waterproof joint is installed, thereby obtaining a solar power tile;

Mounting a plurality of battens on the sloped roof in the direction of the slope of the sloped roof;

A plurality of solar power tiles are fixed to the battens in a bottom-up order using hooks, spacers, and waterproof seals.

[Technical effect]

By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention achieves the following beneficial effects:

1) The solar power generation of the present invention utilizes a multi-layered film to effectively join the light transmissive panel, the flexible thin film solar chip and the light transmissive back sheet, thereby solving the waterproof problem of the flexible thin film solar chip. Therefore, the solar power tile of the present invention can form a new high-tech roof, and can expand the application range of the solar film power generation technology, enabling buildings to generate electricity by using clean and environmentally friendly solar energy.

2) The mounting hole of the hanger is reserved on the solar power tile of the present invention to be connected and fixed by using a hanging member and a battens. At the same time, the aperture of the mounting hole of the hanging member on the light-transmitting panel is larger than the aperture on the transparent backing plate, thereby enabling the hanging member to completely sink into the transparent panel, ensuring that the outer surface is flat after installation.

3) The left and right retaining edges of the solar power generating tile of the present invention are respectively inserted into the corresponding retaining edges of the adjacent solar power generating tiles, thereby forming a waterproof jointing portion of the upper and lower sealed and flat products, thereby more effectively solving the problem of roof waterproofing. .

4) The upper and lower solar power tiles of the present invention are overlapped with each other, and the overlapping width is 50 mm to 150 mm. A flexible seal is provided at the lap joint to avoid direct contact between the two solar power tiles, and at the same time effectively solve the waterproof problem in the longitudinal direction of the roof.

5) A flexible rubber pad is disposed between the hanging member of the present invention and the light transmissive panel and the transparent back plate, and a flexible rubber pad is disposed between the transparent back plate and the battens, thereby making the roof mounting component It does not directly contact solar power tiles, avoids wear, improves the stability and reliability of the solar power tile system, and extends the service life of the solar power tile system.

DRAWINGS

In order to facilitate the understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be described in more detail below based on the exemplary embodiments and the accompanying drawings. The same or similar reference numerals are used in the drawings to refer to the same or similar components. The drawings are only schematic and the dimensions and proportions of the components in the figures are not necessarily precise.

1 is a plan view of a solar power tile of the present invention.

2 is a cross-sectional view of the solar power tile taken along the cutting plane A-A of FIG. 1.

3 is an enlarged view of the left side of the solar power tile of FIG. 2.

4 is an enlarged view of the right side of the solar power tile of FIG. 2.

Figure 5 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the mounting structure of the present invention.

Figure 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the mounting structure of the present invention.

detailed description

[Overall structure]

Reference is first made to Figures 1, 2, 5 and 6. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a plan view of a solar power tile 1 of the present invention. Hereinafter, the horizontal direction in FIG. 1 is defined as the lateral direction of the solar power tile 1, and the vertical direction in FIG. 1 is defined as the longitudinal direction of the solar power tile 1. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the solar power tile 1 taken along the cutting plane A-A of FIG. 1. 5 and 6 show a state in which the solar power generating tile 1 is mounted on the slope roof 3, wherein Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane perpendicular to the lateral direction of the solar power generating tile 1, and Fig. 5 is along A cross-sectional view taken along the cutting plane BB perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the solar power generating tile 1 in Fig. 6.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the solar power tile system of the present invention mainly includes a solar power tile 1 and a roof mounting assembly. The solar power tile 1 is generally wavy. The roof mounting assembly is used to mount the solar power tile 1 on the sloping roof 3. The roof mounting assembly primarily includes a battens 21, a hanger 22, and a flexible seal. In the slope direction of the slope roof 3 (that is, the direction indicated by the arrow C in FIG. 6), a plurality of elongated battens 21 are fixed side by side on the slope roof 3 at equal intervals from each other, and attached A hook 22 is attached. The hook 22 is fitted into the mounting hole 112 on the solar power tile 1, thereby fixing the solar power tile 1 to the battens 21.

After the solar power tile 1 is fixed on the battens 21, the slope direction of the slope roof 3 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the solar power tile 1, and the extending direction of the elongated battens 21 is parallel to the lateral direction of the solar power tile 1. .

More specifically, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, in the lateral direction of the solar power generating tile 1, the left retaining edge 16 and the right retaining edge 17 of the solar power generating tile 1 adjacent to each other are inserted into each other, thereby forming a waterproof joint portion. 4. Further, as shown in FIG. 6, in the slope direction of the slope roof 3, adjacent solar power tiles 1 overlap each other with a lap width of 50 mm to 150 mm. A flexible seal is provided at the overlap between the mutually overlapping solar power tiles 1, and the flexible seal may include a double-sided tape 23-1 and a sealant 23-2.

Referring to FIGS. 1 to 4, the solar power tile 1 includes a light-transmitting panel 11, a first film 12, a flexible film solar chip 15, a second film 13, and a light-transmissive back plate 14, which are sequentially stacked and fixed together. The light transmissive panel 11 may be a wavy curved ultra-white glass panel. Both the first film 12 and the second film 13 are wavy. The light transmissive backsheet 14 can be a wavy curved flexible glass backsheet. The flexible thin film solar chip 15 may be a wavy curved flexible thin film solar chip. The solar power tile 1 further includes a left side guard 16 and a right side guard 17 on both sides and a junction box 18 disposed on the outer surface of the light transmissive backboard 14, and the junction box 18 may be a photovoltaic junction box. The solar power tile 1 further includes a third clip film 19. The third clip film 19 is also wavy. The third clip film 19 is disposed between the first film 12 and the second film 13 and is located at both ends of the flexible film solar chip 15.

As shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, at both ends of the light transmissive panel 11, the first clip film 12, the second clip film 13, the transparent back panel 14, and the third clip film 19, and the left guard 16 and the right guard respectively. A neutral weathering sealant 110 is disposed between the sides 17.

As shown in FIG. 1, a wire lead-out hole 14-1 is provided on the light-transmissive back plate 14. The positive electrode lead 15-1 and the negative electrode lead 15-2 of the flexible thin film solar chip 15 are connected by a connecting line 111, so that the plurality of flexible thin film solar chips 15 form a parallel circuit, and then the positive electrode lead line 18-1 and the negative electrode of the junction box 18 are formed. Lead line 18-2 leads. The arc surface between the junction box 18 and the transparent back plate 14 is closely attached and fixed. Materials constituting the light transmissive backsheet 14 include TPT, CPE, KPE, PVDF or AAA. The meaning of these terms is as follows:

T: DuPont's polyvinyl fluoride polymer PVF, trade name T (Tedlar);

P: PET film;

K: PVDF produced by Arkema, trade name K (Kynar);

E: EVA film, or polyolefin PO;

A: modified polyamide;

C: fluorocarbon coating;

PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride.

For example, TPT: Polyvinyl fluoride composite film, TPT adopts a composite process, and the two-side fluorine-containing material is Tedlar polyvinyl fluoride polymer PVF produced by DuPont of the United States, and PET is in the middle, and is compounded by an adhesive.

As shown in FIG. 2, a hook mounting hole 112 is provided on the solar power generating tile 1. The mounting hole 112 of the hanging member is a blind hole that penetrates the transparent back plate 14 but does not completely penetrate the transparent panel 11 , and the aperture on the transparent panel 11 is larger than the aperture on the transparent back plate 14 . The length of the hook 22 is less than the depth of the hitch mounting hole 112. A flexible rubber spacer is disposed between the hanging member 22 and the light transmissive panel 11 and the transparent back panel 14.

As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the left retaining edge 16 includes an integrally formed left lap edge 16-1, left insert 16-2, left tie strip 16-3, and left tile frame 16-4. The upper end faces of the left lap edge 16-1, the left blade 16-2, the left link 16-3, and the left tile frame 16-4 are flush. Similarly, the right retaining edge 17 includes an integrally formed right lap edge 17-1, a right insert 17-2, a right tie 17-3, and a right tile 17-4. The lower end faces of the right insert 17-2, the right connecting strip 17-3, and the right tile frame 17-4 are flush.

When the left retaining edge 16 and the right retaining edge 17 are inserted into each other, the left overlapping edge 16-1 and the right overlapping edge 17-1 overlap. The left overlapping edge 16-1 is positioned on the right overlapping edge 17-1, the right overlapping end of the right overlapping edge 17-1 contacts the left insertion 16-2, and the right insertion 17-2 is inserted by the left insertion 16-2 The left connecting strip 16-3 and the left tile frame 16-4 form a space, and the right end surface of the right insert 17-2 contacts the left tile frame 16-4. After the left retaining edge 16 and the right retaining edge 17 are inserted into each other, their upper and lower end faces are flush. Further, a drain groove is formed in the upper end surface of the left guard 16 .

[Preparation and installation method]

The method of preparing and installing the solar power tile system of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following steps:

Preparing a plurality of packaged flexible thin film solar chips 15;

The positive electrode lead 15-1 and the negative electrode lead 15-2 of the flexible thin film solar chip 15 are effectively connected by a connecting line 111, so that the plurality of flexible thin film solar chips 15 form a parallel circuit while the positive lead and the negative electrode of the circuit are reserved. lead;

A second clip film 13 is laid on the transparent back plate 14, and then the packaged flexible thin film solar chip 15 is placed, then the first clip film 12 and the third clip film 19 are laid, and finally the light transmissive panel 11 is mounted, thereby forming Pre-installed semi-finished products have been completed;

Putting the pre-installed semi-finished product into an autoclave or a laminating machine, setting the temperature and pressure to perform the laminating process;

After the splicing process is completed, the junction box 18 is mounted on the outer surface of the light transmissive back plate 14, sealed with a sealant, and the waterproof joint 4 (ie, the left guard 16 and the right guard 17) is mounted, thereby Obtain solar power tile 1;

In the slope direction of the slope roof 3, the battens 21 are installed at equal intervals on the slope roof 3;

The solar power tile 1 is fixed to the battens 21 in order from bottom to top and from left to right by means of the hooks 22 and the flexible rubber blocks.

It should be understood that some of the above steps are not necessary, the order between the steps may be adjusted and optimized according to actual conditions, and the processes, operations, features, and the like included in each step may be adjusted according to actual conditions. And optimization.

The technical objects, technical solutions, and technical effects of the present invention have been described in detail above with reference to specific embodiments. It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made by those skilled in the art are included in the scope of the present invention within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[reference list]

1 solar power tile

11 translucent panel

12 first clip film

13 second clip film

14 transparent backplane

14-1 wire lead hole

15 flexible thin film solar chip

15-1 positive lead

15-2 negative lead

16 left retaining edge

16-1 left lap

16-2 left insert

16-3 left connecting strip

16-4 left tile frame

17 right side

17-1 right lap

17-2 right insert

17-3 right connecting strip

17-4 Right tile frame

18 junction box

18-1 positive lead wire

18-2 negative lead wire

19 third clip film

110 neutral weatherproof sealant

111 cable

112 mounting hole for mounting

21 hanging watts

22 hooks

23-1 double-sided adhesive tape

23-2 sealing strip

3 slope roof

4 waterproof joint

Claims (20)

A solar power tile system comprising: Multi-chip solar power tile (1), each solar power tile (1) includes: a tile body that extends in the lateral and longitudinal directions, and Waterproof joints (4) respectively disposed at both ends in the lateral direction of the tile body; a mounting assembly that mounts the solar power tile (1) on a roof (3), It is characterized in that, in the lateral direction, adjacent solar power tiles (1) are connected to each other by the waterproof joint (4). The solar power tile system according to claim 1, wherein the waterproof joint (4) comprises a left side edge (16) and a right side edge (17) of the tile body, each piece of solar power generation tile (1) The left retaining edge (16) is mated with the right retaining edge (17) of the adjacent solar power generating tile (1). The solar power tile system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the tile body comprises a light transmissive panel (11), a first clip film (12), a flexible thin film solar chip (15), and a first layer laminated in sequence. Two clip film (13) and light transmissive back plate (14). The solar power tile system according to claim 3, wherein a junction box (18) is disposed on an outer surface of the light transmissive backboard (14). The solar power tile system of claim 3, wherein the tile body further comprises: a third film (19) disposed between the first film (12) and the second film (13) and located at both ends of the flexible film solar chip (15) in the lateral direction . A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a sealant (110) is disposed between the tile body and the waterproof joint (4). A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein The left guarding edge (16) includes a left overlapping edge (16-1), a left insertion strip (16-2), a left connecting strip (16-3), and a left tile frame (16-4), and The right bezel (17) includes a right lap edge (17-1), a right edge (17-2), a right link (17-3), and a right tile (17-4). The solar power tile system according to claim 7, wherein said left overlapping edge (16-1) and said when said left retaining edge (16) and said right retaining edge (17) are inserted into each other The right lap edges (17-1) are overlapped with each other, and the left lap edge (16-1) is positioned on the right lap edge (17-1), the right lap edge (17- The right end face of 1) contacts the left insert (16-2), and the right insert (17-2) is inserted by the left insert (16-2), the left link (16-3) And a space formed by the left tile frame (16-4), and a right end surface of the right insert (17-2) contacts the left tile frame (16-4). A solar power tile system according to claim 7 or 8, wherein After the left retaining edge (16) and the right retaining edge (17) are inserted into each other, the upper end faces of the left retaining edge (16) and the right retaining edge (17) are flush; After the left retaining edge (16) and the right retaining edge (17) are inserted into each other, the lower end faces of the left retaining edge (16) and the right retaining edge (17) are flush; The upper end faces of the left overlapping edge (16-1), the left insertion bar (16-2), the left connecting bar (16-3), and the left tile frame (16-4) are flush And The lower end faces of the right insert (17-2), the right connecting strip (17-3), and the right tile (17-4) are flush. A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein a drain groove is formed in the upper end surface of the left side guard (16). A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 3 to 10, wherein a hook mounting hole (112) is provided on the solar power tile (1), and the hook is mounted The aperture (112) is a blind aperture that completely penetrates the light transmissive backplate (14) and partially penetrates the light transmissive panel (11). The solar power tile system according to claim 11, wherein the diameter of the hook mounting hole (112) on the light transmissive panel (11) is larger than the mounting of the hook on the light transmissive back panel (14) The diameter of the hole (112). The solar power tile system of claim 11 or 12, wherein the mounting assembly comprises: a plurality of battens (21) fixed to the roof (3); a hanger (22) attached to the battens (21) and fitted into the hanger mounting hole (112), thereby fixing the solar power tile (1) to the Hang the tile (21). The solar power tile system according to claim 13, wherein a length of the hook member (22) extending into the hook mounting hole (112) is smaller than a depth of the hook mounting hole (112) . A solar power tile system according to claim 13 or 14, wherein a flexible spacer is disposed between the solar power tile (1) and the battens (21). A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein adjacent solar power tiles (1) overlap each other in the longitudinal direction and are disposed at the lap joint There are waterproof seals. A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 3 to 16, wherein the material constituting the light transmissive backsheet (14) comprises TPT, CPE, KPE, PVDF or AAA. A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 4 to 17, wherein a wire lead-out hole (14-1) is disposed on the light transmissive back plate (14); and The positive electrode wire (15-1) and the negative electrode wire (15-2) of the flexible thin film solar chip (15) are connected by a connecting wire (111), so that a plurality of flexible thin film solar chips (15) form a parallel circuit, and then The positive electrode lead wire (18-1) and the negative electrode lead wire (18-2) of the junction box (18) are taken out. A solar power tile system according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein said solar power tile (1) has a wavy curved shape when viewed along said longitudinal direction. A method of making and installing a solar power tile system according to any one of claims 1 to 19, the method comprising: Preparing a plurality of packaged flexible thin film solar chips (15); Connecting the positive electrode lead (15-1) and the negative electrode lead (15-2) of the flexible thin film solar chip (15) through a connecting line (111) to form a plurality of flexible thin film solar chips (15) to form a parallel circuit, At the same time, the positive lead and the negative lead of the circuit are reserved; Laying a second film (13) on the transparent back plate (14), then placing the packaged flexible film solar chip (15), and then applying the first film (12) and the third film (19). Finally, the light transmissive panel (11) is installed, thereby forming a pre-installed semi-finished product; Putting the semi-finished product into an autoclave or a laminating machine, setting a temperature and a pressure to perform a laminating process; After completing the splicing process, a junction box (18) is mounted on the outer surface of the light transmissive backboard (14), sealed (110) with a sealant, and a waterproof joint (4) is mounted, thereby Obtain solar power tiles; Installing a plurality of battens (21) on the roof (3); A plurality of solar power tiles are fixed to the battens (21) in a bottom-up order by means of hooks (22), spacers and waterproof seals.

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