WO2018007169A1 - Soupape à fluide pouvant être traversée axialement par un écoulement - Google Patents
Soupape à fluide pouvant être traversée axialement par un écoulement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018007169A1 WO2018007169A1 PCT/EP2017/065507 EP2017065507W WO2018007169A1 WO 2018007169 A1 WO2018007169 A1 WO 2018007169A1 EP 2017065507 W EP2017065507 W EP 2017065507W WO 2018007169 A1 WO2018007169 A1 WO 2018007169A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- flow
- fluid
- fluid valve
- axial flow
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K1/00—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces
- F16K1/12—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces with streamlined valve member around which the fluid flows when the valve is opened
- F16K1/123—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces with streamlined valve member around which the fluid flows when the valve is opened with stationary valve member and moving sleeve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K27/00—Construction of housing; Use of materials therefor
- F16K27/02—Construction of housing; Use of materials therefor of lift valves
- F16K27/029—Electromagnetically actuated valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K31/00—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices
- F16K31/02—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic
- F16K31/06—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid
- F16K31/0644—One-way valve
- F16K31/0651—One-way valve the fluid passing through the solenoid coil
Definitions
- the invention relates to an axial flow Bares fluid valve, in particulardeffenabsperrventil with an electromagnet, which has a coil, a core and a flow through bare armature unit and magnetic yokes, a housing in which the electromagnet is arranged, a first connecting piece, at a first axial In the end of the housing is fixed and in which a Umströmungs phenomenon is arranged, which has a valve seat, a second connecting piece, which is fixed to an opposite axial end of the housing and a closing surface at an axial end portion of the armature unit, which cooperates with the valve seat.
- Such fluid valves are also referred to as coaxial valves, hydraulic valves ordeementabsperrventile. These fluid valves are used, for example, to shutdown or release a coolant path in a motor vehicle, on the one hand to ensure the fastest possible heating of the flow-through aggregates and on the other hand to prevent their overheating.
- it is necessary to ensure the lowest possible flow through the fluid valve to minimize the pumping power to be applied and, secondly, to minimize the power consumption of the fluid valve, which is normally actuated electromagnetically To consume energy.
- Such a coaxial valve is known for example from EP 1 255 066 A2.
- This valve has a tube serving as a closing body, which is fixed radially inside an armature of the electromagnet and extends through the core to the opposite axial end of the electromagnet.
- an outlet connection piece is fastened to the housing of the electromagnet, in which a flow-around body with valve seat is formed, onto which the pipe can be placed for closing the flow cross-section.
- the bypass body has a solid body portion over which the bypass body is secured to the housing and a valve body forming the second body, which is expected to be formed of a second component, which is fastened by a screw on the first part.
- a fluid valve with a flow body on which a valve seat is formed, which cooperates with an axially movable and flow-through closure tube.
- the bypass body is formed in two pieces, wherein the part having the valve seat is arranged axially displaceable relative to the fixed first part.
- the sliding part is made of two different components, wherein in the region of the valve seat a different material from the rest of the body is used.
- the Umströmungsharm and the valve seat are integrally made of an elastomer, eliminating additional manufacturing steps. Instead, the Umströmungsterrorism can be produced in only one manufacturing step. Accordingly, the assembly is simplified. Furthermore, the closing force is enhanced because the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet forces the elastic bypass body against the closing surface of the armature unit. In addition, the tightness is improved, since coaxial errors between the valve seat and the armature unit can be compensated by the elasticity of the Umströmungs stressess.
- the elastomer has a hardness of 80 to 90 Shore. These are sufficiently strong to be able to prevent excessive movements and yet have sufficient rubber-elastic properties.
- the elastomer is an ethylene-propylene-diene rubber which is a crosslinked rubber structure having. This results in a high thermal and chemical resistance with good elastic properties.
- the Umströmungsharm on an outer peripheral ring, which is connected via webs with a flow around the Umströmungs emotionss.
- the Umströmungsterrorism can be easily mounted on its peripheral ring in the valve, while the actual, the flow influencing Umströmungs Kunststoff is attached only via the webs and thus can move slightly elastic in the flow channel. Between the webs are the free flow cross-sections through which the fluid can flow with the valve open from the inflow side of the Umströmungs stressess to the downstream side.
- the circumferential ring is connected to the flow area via four webs distributed uniformly over the circumference.
- a particularly simple attachment of the Umströmungs stresses is achieved in that the peripheral ring of the Umströmungs stresses is clamped axially in the direction of the housing via a shoulder of the first connecting piece. So can be dispensed with additional fasteners. Due to the bracing of the peripheral ring this also serves to seal the Umströmungs stressess outward due to its elastic properties.
- This support ring can be used as the bypass body for introducing the fluid into the armature unit with low pressure loss and flow resistance and thus be attached in a mounting step in the attachment of the first connecting piece to the housing.
- an annular protuberance is formed on at least one of the axial bearing surfaces of the peripheral ring of the Umströmungs stressess.
- this protuberance the contact pressure on this protuberance can be increased during clamping and so the sealing effect of the peripheral ring can be strengthened.
- these supports are formed on the support ring, so that no additional components are required and the installation remains simple. Also, these supports do not generate additional pressure loss.
- the webs are axially on reinforcing members, which are clamped downstream of the peripheral ring and which have a higher rigidity than the webs.
- reinforcing members By such reinforcing members, the elastic deformability of the Umströmungs stressess can be adjusted in the axial direction to desired values.
- the maximum stroke of the armature unit is slightly larger than the distance of the pressure-balanced valve seat to the closing surface of the armature unit in the open state. This ensures that no too large deflection of the elastic Umströmungs stressess is generated when the armature unit is placed on the Umströmungsharm by the acting spring force or the electromagnetic force. This prevents fatigue of the material. A sufficient closing force is generated in any case by the counterforce due to the pressure difference on the flow body in the closed state.
- This restriction of the freedom of movement of the anchor unit is preferably limited by a constriction of a sleeve in which the armature is guided. So no additional Hubbegrenzungen be installed, whereby the assembly is facilitated.
- the movement of the armature unit can be limited by a stop ring in a circumferential groove of the armature, against which the core rests in the energized state of the valve.
- a maximum stroke is set, which reliably prevents an excessive deflection of the bypass body by the applied closing force of the armature unit for both a normally open and a normally closed valve, without an increased installation effort is required because the stop ring must be used anyway To prevent sticking of the anchor to the core after the current supply.
- Figure 1 shows a side view of a fluid valve according to the invention in normally open version in a sectional view.
- Figure 2 shows a side view of a fluid valve according to the invention in normally closed version in a sectional view.
- FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a bypass body of the fluid valve from FIGS. 1 and 2.
- Figure 4 shows a side view of an alternative Umströmungs stresses in a sectional view.
- the inventive, axially flow-through bare fluid valve which can be used for cooling circuits of internal combustion engines, hybrid or electric vehicles, has an electromagnet 10 which is arranged in a housing 12.
- the electromagnet 10 consists of a coil 14, which is wound on a coil support 16, and return elements 18, 20, 22, which are formed by two arranged at the axial ends of the bobbin 16 return plates 18, 20 and a coil 14 surrounding the yoke 22 ,
- a sleeve 24 is fixed, in the interior of which a core 26 of the electromagnet 10 is fixed and in which an armature 28 of the electromagnet 10 is slidably mounted.
- a plug 30 is formed on the housing 12, the electrical contact lugs 32 extend through the housing 12 to the coil 14.
- the core 26 has a radially inner, open to the sleeve 24, circumferential recess 34 which viewed from the armature 28 extends to a contact surface 36 against which a compression spring 38 is applied, which biased at its opposite end against an annular projection 40 of the armature 28 rests and surrounds the sleeve 24 in this area.
- the radially inner annular projection 40 at the axial end 41 of the armature 28 is formed corresponding to a conical projection 42 extending from the recess 34 of the core 26 in the radially outer region, whereby the armature 28 is partially immersed in the core 26 when the coil 14 is energized can.
- a peripheral circumferential groove 44 is formed at the end of the projection 40 of the armature 28, in which a non-magnetizable stop ring 46 is disposed against the the core 26 is applied in the energized state.
- the armature unit 49 extends, viewed from the first connecting piece 60, initially cylindrically, whereupon a conical section 50 follows, followed by a cylindrical section 51 of reduced diameter, in which the transition between the tube 48 and the armature 28 is formed.
- a conical-section-shaped, circumferential extension 52 is formed, from the end of which the Anchor unit 49 continues cylindrical again with the diameter, which is also formed in the entrance area.
- the design of the anchor unit is identical, but due to the reversed flow direction in the embodiment in Figure 1, the constriction 50 in the tube 48 and the extension 52 in the armature 28 is formed, while in the embodiment 2, the constriction 50 in the armature 28 and the extension 52 in the tube 48 is formed.
- the compression spring 38 respectively surrounds the cylindrical portion 51 of reduced diameter, which is formed on the tube 48 so that it serves as a guide of the compression spring 38.
- the facing away end portions 54, 56 of the tube 48 and the armature 28 have in the present embodiments, the same inner diameter, which ends in an annular thin closing surface 57, which can serve as a closing surface for a corresponding valve seat 58, which in a first, as Inlet serving port 60 is disposed and disposed either opposite to the end portion 54 of the armature 28 or opposite to the end portion 56 of the tube 48.
- the housing 12 of the fluid valve has at its axial ends axially extending annular projections 62, 64, each of a corresponding annular projection 66, 68 of the first connecting piece 60 and serving as an outlet second connecting piece 70 directly with the interposition of an O-ring 72nd be seized.
- the first connection piece 60 and the second connection piece 70 can be fastened correspondingly to these projections 62, 64, for example, by laser welding.
- the second connecting piece 70 also has, in its radially inner region, an axially extending annular projection 74 which engages around the projection 62 of the housing 12 from the inside and, in the case of the fluid valve shown in FIG. 1, the axial end section 54 surrounds the armature 28 and is disposed radially within the projection 64 and the axial end portion 56 of the tube 48 immediately surrounds the fluid valve shown in Figure 2 and is disposed radially within the projection 62.
- the first connection piece 60 has a shoulder 76, via which an outer peripheral ring 77 of a flow body 78 and an annular extension 79 of a support ring 80 in the attachment of the first connection piece 60 against the annular projection 62 of the housing 12 in the embodiment of Figure 1 and the projection 64 of the housing 12 is clamped in the embodiment of Figure 2, so that the support ring 80 and the Umströmungsêt 78, which simultaneously forms the valve seat 58 or on which a corresponding valve seat 58 can be formed, are fixed in position.
- the Umströmungs crusher 78 is formed axially symmetrical, with its Umströmungs Victoria 81 has a central convex inflow surface 82, to which further radially outward lying a concave inflow surface 84 connects. This passes over a radius in a first in the radially outer region convex discharge surface 86, from which radially outward four webs 89 extend over which the Umströmungs Society 81 of the Umströmungs stressess 78 is attached to the peripheral ring 77 and between which the fluid flow from the upstream side can reach the downstream side and thus into the interior of the anchor unit 49.
- the convex discharge surface 86 is adjoined by a planar region, which forms the valve seat 58 and from which a concave discharge surface 88 extends up to the center axis of the flow body 78.
- this flow-around body 78 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is made entirely of an elastomer, such as ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, in one piece and has correspondingly elastic properties, as a result of which it is both slightly axial is movable and light tilting positions can take what can be adjusted accordingly by the hardness of the material used and the width of the webs.
- FIG. 4 additionally shows that annular protrusions 93, which serve as sealing rings radially outwards, are formed on axial bearing surfaces 91, with which the peripheral ring 77 rests in the installed state against the support ring 80 and the shoulder 76 of the first connecting piece 60 ,
- the bypass body 78 cooperates with the adjoining support ring 80, which is clamped with the radially outwardly extending annular extension 79 between the peripheral ring 77 of the Umströmungs stressess 78 and the projection 62 of the housing 12.
- the support ring 80 has a radially inner flow guide surface 90, which serves as an inflow surface of the fluid and extends concavely radially inward and with a radially inner portion 92 extending radially and opposite to the end portion 54 of the armature 28 in the version of Figure 2 or to the end portion 56 of the tube 48 in the version of Figure 1 ends.
- this annular projection 94 is radially surrounded by a stepped extension 96 at the end of the sleeve 24 and lies radially inward against one end of the core 26 and a sealing ring 98 resting axially against the core 26 and formed as a lip sealing ring , at.
- this step-shaped widening 96 of the sleeve 24 is surrounded by a seal 100, which rests against the projection 62 of the housing 12 in the radially outer region.
- the lip sealing ring 98 abuts against the axial end of the core 26 with its radially extending lip support 102.
- two sealing lips 104, 106 extend from the radial ends, of which the radially inner sealing lip 104 rests against the tube 48 from radially outside and the radially outer sealing lip 106 rests against the projection 94 of the support ring 80.
- the lip ends 108 are oriented opposite to the radially inner region 92 of the support ring 80.
- the first port 60 are arranged with the flow body 78 and the support ring 80 and the lip seal 98 at the other end of the housing 12. Accordingly, the lip seal 98 abuts with its lip support 102 against an annular, radially extending constriction 110 of the sleeve 24, which limits the displacement of the armature 28 to the first connection piece 60.
- the radially inner sealing lip 104 is correspondingly radially against the thin axial end portion 54 of the armature 28 at.
- the fluid passes only from the second connecting piece 70 along the gap between the tube 48 and the core 26 in Figure 2 or along the gap between the sleeve 24 and the armature 28 in the space 112, which is correspondingly filled with fluid, while passing through the Seal 100 and a seal 114, which is located on the armature side between the sleeve 24 and the projection 64 of the housing 12, a fluid flow to the electromagnet 10 in the outer region of the sleeve 24 is reliably prevented.
- this fluid valve can be switched with low electromagnetic forces, since there is a pressure equalization on the moving parts, so that only the restoring force of the compression spring 38 is overcome must be to switch the fluid valve. Thus, the size and the energy consumption of the fluid valve can be reduced. As soon as the valve is opened, the pressure across the gap also spreads into the space 112 in the shortest time, whereby a pressure equalization of the moving parts of the fluid valve is created, so that only the existing friction and the spring force must be overcome for switching.
- the first connection piece 60 including the flow body 78 and the support ring 80 and the lip sealing ring 98, can be exchanged with the second connection piece 70, with the result that this fluid valve has to be used without any other components both normally closed and normally open can be executed.
- the solenoid 10 In the embodiment according to the figure 1 must be energized to close the fluid valve of the solenoid 10, so that the closing surface 57 of the tube 48 rests on the valve seat 58 of the Umströmungs stressess 78, while in the embodiment of Figure 2, the solenoid 10 must be actuated to the closing surface 57 of the armature 28th to lift off the valve seat 58.
- the special design of the Umströmungs stresses as a one-piece elastomer has the advantage that with a correct choice of materials, such as EPDM both a good processability of the plastic and an elasticity of the Umströmungs emotionss is present.
- This causes the flow body is pressed with the valve seat with the valve closed due to the applied pressure gradient against the closing surface of the armature unit, whereby the closing force is increased. Excessive deflection of the flow body is prevented by the supports.
- the Umströmungsisson and thus the valve seat are loaded so that it can adapt to its position by slight tilting in not completely coaxial with the anchor unit, which in turn ensures a complete closure.
- the maximum armature stroke up to the stop on the constriction of the sleeve or on the stop ring is slightly larger than the nominal distance between the closing surface in the open state of the valve and the valve seat with non-pressurized Umströmungsharm.
- the Umströmungsève may have a sealing function to the outside, so that it can be dispensed with additional O-rings. By such an embodiment of the Umströmungs emotionss the manufacturing costs can be reduced.
- the two closing surfaces do not necessarily have to be the same, but may possibly differ from one another for setting the pressure loss curves.
- the two closing surfaces do not necessarily have to be the same, but may possibly differ from one another for setting the pressure loss curves.
- Umströmungs emotionss may optionally be dispensed with the supports on the support ring or these can be replaced by reinforcing members, which are arranged between the Umströmungs phenomenon and the support ring and restrict the elasticity of the Umströmungs stresses.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
Abstract
L'invention concerne des soupapes à fluide pouvant être traversées axialement par un écoulement, en particulier des robinets d'arrêt de réfrigérant. Les soupapes sont pourvues d'un électroaimant (10), qui présente une bobine (14), un noyau (26) et une unité armature (49) pouvant être traversée par un écoulement ainsi que des éléments culasse magnétique (18, 20, 22), d'un carter (12), dans lequel l'électroaimant (10) est agencé, d'une première tubulure de raccordement (60), qui est fixée à une première extrémité axiale du carter (12) et dans laquelle est agencé un corps d'écoulement (78) qui présente un siège (58) de soupape, d'une deuxième tubulure de raccordement (70), qui est fixée à une extrémité axiale opposée du carter (12) et d'une surface de fermeture (57) sur une partie d'extrémité axiale (54, 56) de l'unité armature (49), laquelle coopère avec le siège (58) de soupape. L'invention vise à simplifier la fabrication et simultanément de garantir une force de fermeture plus élevée. À cet effet, selon l'invention, le corps d'écoulement (78) et le siège (58) de soupape sont fabriqués d'une pièce à partir d'un élastomère.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102016112408.7 | 2016-07-06 | ||
DE102016112408.7A DE102016112408B4 (de) | 2016-07-06 | 2016-07-06 | Axial durchströmbares Fluidventil |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2018007169A1 true WO2018007169A1 (fr) | 2018-01-11 |
Family
ID=59276708
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2017/065507 WO2018007169A1 (fr) | 2016-07-06 | 2017-06-23 | Soupape à fluide pouvant être traversée axialement par un écoulement |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE102016112408B4 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2018007169A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019101473A1 (fr) * | 2017-11-23 | 2019-05-31 | Pierburg Gmbh | Douille pour une soupape à fluide et soupape à fluide pouvant être traversée axialement |
CN114593255A (zh) * | 2020-12-03 | 2022-06-07 | 马勒国际有限公司 | 电动阀 |
CN118548340A (zh) * | 2024-07-29 | 2024-08-27 | 余姚市三力信电磁阀有限公司 | 一种直动式高压轴向型电磁阀 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102018127810A1 (de) | 2018-11-07 | 2020-05-07 | Pierburg Gmbh | Axial durchströmbares Fluidventil |
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DE19837694A1 (de) * | 1998-08-19 | 2000-02-24 | Aws Apparatebau Arnold Gmbh | Coaxialventil mit Gegendruckrückentlastung |
EP1235012A2 (fr) * | 2001-02-22 | 2002-08-28 | müller co-ax AG | Soupape coaxiale |
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DE951691C (de) | 1953-07-24 | 1956-10-31 | Zimmermann & Jansen Gmbh | Absperrschieber mit einem beweglichen Absperrkoerper, der aus einem Rohrstueck besteht |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019101473A1 (fr) * | 2017-11-23 | 2019-05-31 | Pierburg Gmbh | Douille pour une soupape à fluide et soupape à fluide pouvant être traversée axialement |
CN114593255A (zh) * | 2020-12-03 | 2022-06-07 | 马勒国际有限公司 | 电动阀 |
CN114593255B (zh) * | 2020-12-03 | 2023-12-22 | 马勒国际有限公司 | 电动阀 |
CN118548340A (zh) * | 2024-07-29 | 2024-08-27 | 余姚市三力信电磁阀有限公司 | 一种直动式高压轴向型电磁阀 |
CN118548340B (zh) * | 2024-07-29 | 2024-09-27 | 余姚市三力信电磁阀有限公司 | 一种直动式高压轴向型电磁阀 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE102016112408B4 (de) | 2023-09-14 |
DE102016112408A1 (de) | 2018-01-11 |
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