Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
  • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/0023—Building characterised by incorporated canalisations
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
  • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
  • E04D13/17—Ventilation of roof coverings not otherwise provided for
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
  • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
  • E04D13/17—Ventilation of roof coverings not otherwise provided for
  • E04D13/174—Ventilation of roof coverings not otherwise provided for on the ridge of the roof
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
  • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
  • F24F5/0035—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning using evaporation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
  • F24F5/0075—Systems using thermal walls, e.g. double window
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F7/00—Ventilation
  • F24F7/02—Roof ventilation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
  • F24F5/0075—Systems using thermal walls, e.g. double window
  • F24F2005/0082—Facades
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
  • Y02B30/54—Free-cooling systems
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
  • Y02B30/90—Passive houses; Double facade technology

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of industrial, agricultural and civil constructions, namely, to the cooling of buildings by their facades and roofs, both in the construction of new buildings and in the reconstruction of previously exploited structures.
• Ventilation of facades and roofs is widely used to increase thermal insulation, indoor comfort, protect against weather conditions and improve aesthetic qualities.
• Ventilated facades are of different types, but generally have similar structures to those described in III. Building cladding elements are fixed to the wall by means of metal fasteners, longitudinal guides and vertical members. Thermal insulation is installed in contact with the wall. There is a vertical air passage between plates and thermal insulation layer that assures ventilation of the building.
• Ventilated facades have been developed to protect buildings from the combined effects of rain and wind, limiting the negative effects of rain drops, keeping building dry, with aesthetic features and undeniable advantages in thermal and acoustic insulation.
• ventilated facade comes from the use of the draft effect, realizing the natural ventilation of the facade, removing heat and moisture.
• Ventilated facades reduce summer costs for air cooling and heating costs in winter.
• Benefits of ventilated facades for buildings are: optimum solution combining thermal, aesthetics and water resistance; reduced time for preparing exterior walls surface; the brackets are easy to fix; installation is easy; good acoustics; easy to maintain.
• Roofs are of a multitude types, but generally have similar structures to those described in 111. In spite of this, they have common elements, namely A-shaped rafters with pliers, installed on the ridge and purlins. Along rafters are installed the counter slats, which fix anti-condense foil to the rafters, and the slats are installed along rafters, on the counter slats. Counter slats together with anti-condense cover and the foil form ventilation channels. The drafting effect achieves natural ventilation of the roof, removing heat and moisture. Thermal insulation is installed inside, between rafters. The cover is made up of panels, finished with ridge and other elements. The author of 111 proposes plastic slats with transverse holes, which would allow to increased air flow and, as a result, would increase the building cooling.
• Ventilated and thermally insulated covers reduce summer costs for cooling and winter heating costs, but they do not provide the necessary cooling of the premises in the building during summer, especially in the hot and dry regions, even having slats with transverse holes.
• the wet channel is located outside (sunny) and the dry channel - from the building wall side.
• the channels are separated by a porous sandy wall, glazed on the dry passage side.
• the porous wall is kept moist.
• a fan is located at the bottom of the device in the vicinity of wet and dry channels inlet and at the top - outlet of the humid channel into atmosphere.
• the dry channel is connected to the spaces in the building.
• Cooling efficiency is determined as the proportion of evaporation cooling capacity to fan and water pump energy consumption. The maximum cooling efficiency in the described experiments exceeded 10. The cooling system is functional during day and night.
• the method and means described in /4/ are based on the cooling of the indoor air of the building and function as follows.
• the fan sends outside building air into dry and damp channels. It, moving along the wet pass, comes in contact with the water thin film on the porous surface of the wall and evaporates it. The surface cools due to water evaporation. The higher the outside air temperature, the greater is the evaporation intensity and the lower is the temperature of the porous surface.
• the air in the wet channel is loaded with water vapor and is thrown out through the top exit. Due to the cooling of the moist porous wall, the heat is transferred to the glazed and dry side and cool air. The air temperature in the cold and dry channel decreases and it is sent into the building's spaces through the top of the passage.
• the porous wall has a low thermal conductivity and poorly conducts heat from the moist channel to the dry channel. Long retention of water in it and high temperature leads to the appearance of microorganisms and mold, which jeopardizes the health of the building occupants. Special technology is required to produce porous material.
• the disadvantage of the above described methods and means is that they are not comprised in a method and means with common properties, each of them having the described drawbacks.
• the problem solved by the present invention is buildings cooling during high outdoor temperatures and the preservation of indoor heat in the cold season of the year.
• the building cooling process and its embodiments which include ventilation of the envelope through the channels between the outer casing and the thermal insulation layer
• the cooling of the air is achieved by spraying water into the cold and wet air channels formed by the cooled surface of the building and the surface of the thermal insulation layer and is extracted into the hot and humid air channels formed by the outer wall of the outer shell and the other surface of the thermal insulation layer being controlled by adjusting the transverse channel surfaces to the air inlet into the cold and humid air channels and its exit from the hot and humid air channels.
• Device of building cooling in the ventilated facade-shaped building which performs the method and contains finishing elements, placed on vertical fasteners, air channels, horizontal fixings, thermal insulation layer, vapor barrier, additionally contains cold and humid air channels and hot and humid air channels, which are joined together, forming at one end of the facade a passage between the cold and humid air channels and the hot and humid air channels, the cold and humid air channels are formed by the barrier surface of the building wall and a surface of the thermal insulation layer and the fasteners, and the hot and humid air channels are formed by the outer side of the wall and other surface of the thermal insulation layer and the fastening elements at the other end of the facade cold and humid air and hot and humid air channels are open and equipped with airflow control devices and cold and humid air channels are equipped with water sprayers.
• the roof-shaped cooling device which performs the method, includes cover made up of panels, finished with semicircular pile and other elements, rafters mounted on the ridge and purlins, counter slats, which fix the anti-condense foil to the rafters, and slats installed on the counter slats across the rafters, the counter slats together with the cover and the anti-condensation foil forming ventilation channels, and between the rafters the thermal insulation is installed on the inside, contains cold and humid air channels and hot and humid air channels,
• the cold and humid air channels being formed by the surface of the vapor barrier of the interior finishing wall with a surface of the thermal insulation layer and the fastening elements or rafters
• the hot and humid air channels are formed by the shell wall with the other surface of the thermal insulation layer and the fasteners and at the other end of the roof the cold and humid air channels and the hot and humid air ducts are open and equipped with airflow control device by positioning the ridge shell and the cold and humid air channels are provided with water sprayers.
• Device of building cooling in the shape of whole-building which performs the method and includes finishing elements placed on vertical fasteners, air channels, horizontal fasteners, thermal insulation layer, facade vapor barrier and cover, composed of panels, finished with roof ridge, rafters mounted on the ridge and purlins, counter slats, which fix the anti-condense foil to the rafters, and slats installed on the counter slats across the rafters, the counter slats together with the cover and the anti-condense foil forms ventilation ducts and between the rafters the thermal insulation on the inside of the roof is installed, it contains cold and humid air channels, hot and humid air channels and cold and dry air channels, cold and humid air channels and cold and dry air channels are placed inside the envelope and hot and humid air ducts are placed outside, cool and humid air ducts, and hot and humid air ducts are joined together forming a passage at the wall bottom, and cold and dry air channels, having a common wall with cold and humid air channels, are connected with
• the result is to improve the cooling process of building in full and ensure it with fresh air, increase the difference between cold and hot air, coolant temperature control, heat conservation in the cold season, considerable savings in energy resources and reduction of gas emissions.
• flap control scheme a), the flaps closed position; b). the flaps open position;
• the facade-shaped device comprises cold and humid air channels 1 (fig. 1 , 2), hot and wet air ducts 2, which are joined together at the bottom and form a passage.
• the cold and humid air channels 1 are formed by the vapor barrier 3 of the building wall 4 and one surface of the thermal insulation layer 5.
• the hot and wet air ducts 2 are formed by the exterior wall of outer finish 6 and the other surface of the thermal insulation layer 5.
• the outer finish 6 and the thermal insulation layer 5 are installed on support 7, which is fixed to the wall 4 by screws 8.
• the cold and humid air channels 1 (fig.3) and the hot and humid air ducts 2 are provided with flaps 9 and 10.
• the cold and wet air ducts 1 are equipped with water sprayers 1 1 fixed on the supports 12.
• the flaps 9 and 10 are controlled by means of the axle 13, which has the levers 14 and 15 connected by sliding with the flaps 9 and 10, which are pivotally connected to the support 7.
• the roof-shaped device (fig. 4) comprises a cover 16 installed on the slats 17, which are in turn fixed to the counter slats 18.
• the anti-condense sheet 19 is installed between the rafters 20 and the counter slats 18.
• Counter slats 18, anti-condense sheet 19 and the cover 16 with the slats 17 form the hot and humid air channels 21.
• the rafters 20 are placed on the purlins 23 and ridge 24.
• the roof 25 is movable. From the inside (fig. 5) of the rafters 20 the inner finish 26 fixed on the slats 27 is placed.
• the thermal insulation 28 is installed between rafters 20.
• the junction of the channels (fig. 6) 22 with the channels 21 is formed by the counter slats 18 through preformed channels 29 installed in the thermal insulation 28 on the purlins 23.
• the mouth of the cold and wet air channels 30 (fig.7), is installed on the ridge board 24, under the roof ridge, on which is installed the limb of positioning device 31 and the water sprayers 32.
• the cold and humid air channels start from the mouth 30 of the cold and humid air channels, continuing through the channels 22, the preformed channels 29, that connect the cold and humid channels 22 and hot and humid channels 21 and the top of them connect with atmosphere.
• the ridge position control device 31 (fig. 8, 9) comprises small ridge 33 and large ridge 34.
• the small ridge 33 is fixed to the bar 35, on which a spring stop 36 is placed.
• the spring 37 is placed between the stop 36 and pipe 38.
• the bar 35 is slidably connected to the eccentric 39.
• the eccentric 39 is fixed to the common axis 40 for all eccentrics.
• Device of building cooling in the shape of whole-building contains roof cover 41 , hot and humid air ducts 42 formed by the cover 41 and one surface of the thermal insulation layer 43.
• the hot and humid air ducts 42 are joined to the hot and humid air channels 44 formed by facade cover 45 and the vapor barrier 46 of the building wall 47.
• the roof 49 is movable (as in the case of the roof-shaped device).
• the hot and humid air channels 42 communicate with the atmosphere through the passages 53 and the cold and humid air channels 51 communicate with the atmosphere through the channels 54.
• Water sprayers 55 are installed in channels 54.
• Intermediate wall 50 forms with the inner wall 56 of the building cold and dry air ducts 57.
• the inner wall 56 includes air passages 58.
• the cool and dry air channels 57 are connected to the fan outlet 59. The used air is drawn through the air duct 60.
• the position control device 48 is shown in fig. 8, 9.
• the flaps 9 and 10 of the facade- shaped device opens by turning the axis 13.
• the lever 14 sliding on the flap 10 pulls and opening it and the lever 15 sliding on lever's anti-arm of the flap 9 also opens it and the air can freely circulate in the cold and humid air channels 1 and the hot and humid air ducts 2.
• the sprayers 1 1 which spray water at the end of the cold and wet air channels 1. Water spraying considerably increases the contact surface of the water with air, which intensifies the heat extraction from it. Air in this area cools as a result of water evaporation, its density increases and drops down.
• the air in the hot and humid air channels 2 being heated by the sun's rays through the exterior finish wall 6 or the ambient heat, rises upwards.
• vertical aspiration is formed in the hot and humid air channels 2.
• Air entering the cold and wet air ducts 1 descends downstream of the sprayers 1 1, enters the hot and humid air channels 2, rises up and go into atmosphere. This process continues as water is sprayed by the sprayers 1 1.
• the amount of sprayed water, droplet size and air velocity in the cold and humid air channels I determine the amount of heat transmitted to the air through the walls of these channels.
• the amount of heat transmitted to the cold and humid air channels 1 from the hot and humid air channels 2 is small due to the thermal insulation layer 5.
• the roof-mounted device works in the following way.
• the small ridge 33 and the large ridge 34 are opening by rotating the axis 40, and hence, the eccentric 39. It pushes the bar 35 and through it the small ridge 33 lifting it. The bar 35 moves and pushes upward large ridge 34 with the stop 36.
• the small ridge 33 and the large ridge 34 are raised above the cover 16 and the air penetrates the hot and humid air channels 21 and the open of the cold and wet air ducts 22.
• Sprayer 32 starts spraying water. Many small droplets form a large surface of contact with the warm air cause intense water evaporation.
• the air in the area is cooled down and go down from the mouths of the cold and humid air channels 30 through the cold and humid air channels 22 to the preformed channels 29.
• the air in the channels 21 heated by the thin cover 16, begins to move upward reducing the heating density.
• there is a flow between the open and wet air ducts 22 and the exit of the hot and humid air channels 21 which continues all time as the air temperature allows the evaporation of the water, the sprayer 32 operates and the small ridge 33 and the large ridge 34 are raised .
• the sprayer 32 stops water spraying, the small ridge 33 and the large ridge 34 are dropped down by means of the eccentric 39.
• the system goes into thermal insulation mode.
• the building cooling device in the shape of the entire building, works in the following way during warm weather, when the building needs cooling.
• Raising of the ridge 49 (fig. 10) and starting of the sprayer 55 results in air draft through the channels 54, the cold and humid air channels 51, the ducts 52, the hot and humid air channels 44 and the hot and humid air channels 42 to the passages 53 in the atmosphere.
• the fan 59 With the lifting of the ridge 49 and starting sprayer 55, the fan 59 is also switched on, which sends fresh air into the cool and dry air ducts 57.
• the air in the cold and humid air channels 51 is cooled by spraying water through the sprayers 55 and absorbs the heat from the channels of the cool and dry air 57 through the intermediate wall 50.
• the air in the cold and dry air channels 57 being propelled by the fan 59 enters the building and provides the living bodies with fresh and cold air. It being used is extracted through the air duct 60.
• the cooling device of the building in the shape of the whole building through the discharge works in the following way during warm weather, when the building needs cooling.
• Starting fan 61 (fig. 11) and starting sprayer 55 leads to the air movement through the channels 54, cold and humid air channels 51, channels 52, hot and humid air channels 44 and hot and humid air channels 42 to the passages 53 and in atmosphere.
• fan 59 is also switched on, which sends fresh air into the cool and dry air channels 57.
• the air in the cool and humid air channels 51 moving with speed, intensifies water evaporation and thus enhances cooling.
• Sprayer 55 spray water that absorbs heat from the cool and dry air channels 57 through the intermediate wall 50.
• the air in the cool and dry air channels 57 is propelled by the fan 59 into the building and provides it with cold and fresh air. It being used is extracted through the air duct 60.
• the devices considerably reduce the summer indoor air-conditioning costs and winter heating costs, which considerably lowers electricity and heat consumption.
• the annual energy savings are at least 310kWh/m2 on the south side of the building and reducing of C02 by 0.146 tons/m2.
• the data presented are for the experimental conditions for the annual heating consumption of 30.1kWh/m2 per year and cooling 14.3kWh/m2 annually at an average annual ambient temperature of 19°C and a humidity of 75%.
• Zero net energy technology application guide indirect evaporative cooling.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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• Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
• Building Environments (AREA)

Abstract

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Publications (1)

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Cited By (3)

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Citations (6)

• 2016
  • 2016-10-04 MD MDA20160108A patent/MD20160108A2/ro not_active Application Discontinuation
• 2017
  • 2017-10-04 WO PCT/MD2017/000006 patent/WO2018066994A1/fr active Application Filing

Patent Citations (6)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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