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WO2016118179A1 - Perforateurs comprenant un matériau cellulaire métallique - Google Patents

Perforateurs comprenant un matériau cellulaire métallique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016118179A1
WO2016118179A1 PCT/US2015/026589 US2015026589W WO2016118179A1 WO 2016118179 A1 WO2016118179 A1 WO 2016118179A1 US 2015026589 W US2015026589 W US 2015026589W WO 2016118179 A1 WO2016118179 A1 WO 2016118179A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cellular material
metallic cellular
perforating gun
gun
metallic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/026589
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Zhenyu XUE
Jerry Leroy WALKER
Jason Paul METZGER
Original Assignee
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. filed Critical Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
Publication of WO2016118179A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016118179A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
    • E21B43/116—Gun or shaped-charge perforators
    • E21B43/117—Shaped-charge perforators

Definitions

  • the present application relates to perforating guns.
  • casing string After drilling the various sections of a subterranean wellbore that traverses a formation, individual lengths of relatively large diameter metal tubulars are typically secured together to form a casing string that is positioned within the wellbore.
  • This casing string increases the integrity of the wellbore and provides a path for producing fluids from the producing intervals to the surface.
  • the casing string is cemented within the wellbore.
  • hydraulic openings or perforations are made through the casing string and the cement and into the formation a short distance.
  • these perforations are created by detonating a series of shaped charges that are disposed within the casing string and are positioned adjacent to the formation. More specifically, one or more perforating guns are loaded with shaped charges that are connected with a detonator via a detonating cord. The perforating guns are then connected within a tool string that is lowered into the cased wellbore at the end of a tubing string, wireline, slick line, coil tubing, or other conveyance. Once the perforating guns are properly positioned in the wellbore such that the shaped charges are adjacent to the formation to be perforated, the shaped charges may be detonated, thereby creating the desired hydraulic openings.
  • the explosives contained within the perforating shaped charges may cause portions of the charge case to shatter, thereby generating fragments that can exit the perforating gun and enter the wellbore.
  • the generated debris may cause wellbore restrictions, choke downhole hardware, limit wellbore access, and plug the newly formed perforations, which in turn may lead to reduced hydrocarbon production, increased completion problems, and increased well costs.
  • the impact of the fragments on the gun wall may result in gun swell, which can cause problems when removing the perforating guns from the wellbore.
  • a portion of the perforating gun string gets stuck or breaks off while in the wellbore, a costly and time-consuming fishing operation may be needed to retrieve it before other operations can commence.
  • FIG. 1 provides an exemplary illustration of a system for operating a plurality of perforating gun assemblies from an offshore oil and gas platform.
  • FIG. 2 provides an exemplary illustration of a portion of a perforating gun.
  • FIG. 3 provides an exemplary illustration of a portion of a perforating gun.
  • FIG. 4 provides a graphical representation of the behavior of the metal foam under uniaxial loading.
  • the present application relates to perforating guns and, more particularly, to perforating guns containing a metallic cellular material (e.g., a porous metal or a metal foam) to mitigate debris formation.
  • a metallic cellular material e.g., a porous metal or a metal foam
  • FIG. 1 provides an exemplary illustration of a system 10 for operating a plurality of perforating gun assemblies 50 (illustrated as plurality of tandem gun assemblies) from an offshore oil and gas platform 12. While this example is illustrated as an offshore system 10, those skilled in the art will recognize the applicability and corresponding modification for onshore systems.
  • a semi-submersible platform 12 is centered over a submerged oil and gas formation 14 located below sea floor 16.
  • a subsea conduit 18 extends from deck 20 of platform 12 to wellhead installation 22 including subsea blow-out preventers 24.
  • Platform 12 has a hoisting apparatus 26 and a derrick 28 for raising and lowering pipe strings such as work string 30.
  • a wellbore 32 extends through the various earth strata including formation 14. As illustrated, a casing 34 is cemented within wellbore 32 by cement 36. Work string 30 includes various tools such as a gun string 44 comprising a plurality of perforating gun assemblies 50. When it is desired to perforate formation 14, work string 30 is lowered through casing 34 until the individual perforating gun assemblies 50 are properly positioned relative to formation 14. Thereafter, the shaped charges within the individual perforating guns 52 and 54 along the gun string 44 are sequentially fired, typically in either an uphole to downhole or a downhole to uphole direction. Upon detonation, the liners of the shaped charges form jets that create a spaced series of perforations extending outwardly through casing 34 and cement 36 and into formation 14, thereby providing fluid communication between formation 14 and wellbore 32.
  • a gun string 44 comprising a plurality of perforating gun assemblies 50.
  • wellbore 32 has an initial, generally vertical portion 38 and a lower, generally deviated portion 40 which is illustrated as being horizontal. It should be noted, however, by those skilled in the art that the perforating gun assemblies of the present disclosure are equally well-suited for use in other well configurations including, but not limited to, inclined wells, wells with restrictions, non-deviated wells and the like.
  • Work string 30 includes a retrievable packer 42 which may be sealingly engaged with casing 34 in vertical portion 38 of wellbore 32.
  • a gun string 44 At the lower end of work string 30 is a gun string 44.
  • gun string 44 has at its upper or near end a ported nipple 46 below which is a time domain firer 48.
  • Time domain firer 48 is disposed at the upper end of a tandem perforating gun assembly 50 including first and second guns 52 and 54.
  • a plurality of such perforating gun assemblies 50 each including a first gun 52 and a second gun 54 are utilized.
  • a blank pipe section 56 Positioned between each perforating gun assembly 50 is a blank pipe section 56.
  • tandem perforating gun assemblies 50 have been described with blank pipe sections 56 therebetween, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that any arrangement of perforating guns 52,54 may be utilized including both more or less perforating guns 52,54 and sections of blank pipe 56, including no sections of blank pipe 56, without departing from the principles of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 provides an exemplary illustration of a portion of a perforating gun 100.
  • Perforating gun 100 includes a carrier gun body 102 made of a cylindrical sleeve having a plurality of radially reduced areas depicted as scallops or recesses 104. Radially aligned with each of the recesses 104 is a respective one of a plurality of shaped charges, only eleven of which, shaped charges 106-126, are visible in FIG. 2.
  • Each of the shaped charges, such as shaped charge 116 includes an outer housing, such as shaped charge housing 128, and a liner, such as liner 130. Disposed between each housing and liner is a quantity of high explosive.
  • the shaped charges are retained within carrier gun body 102 by a charge holder 132 which includes an outer charge holder sleeve 134 and an inner charge holder sleeve 136.
  • outer tube 134 supports the discharge ends of the shaped charges
  • inner tube 136 supports the initiation ends of the shaped charges.
  • detonator cord 140 Disposed within inner tube 136 is a detonator cord 140, which is used to detonate the shaped charges.
  • the initiation ends of the shaped charges extend across the central longitudinal axis of perforating gun 100 allowing detonator cord 140 to connect to the high explosive within the shaped charges through an aperture defined at the apex of the housings of the shaped charges.
  • Each of the shaped charges is longitudinally and radially aligned with one of the recesses 104 in carrier gun body 102 when perforating gun 100 is fully assembled.
  • the shaped charges are arranged in a spiral pattern such that each of the shaped charge is disposed on its own level or height and is to be individually detonated so that only one shaped charge is fired at a time. It should be understood by those skilled in the art, however, that alternate arrangements of shaped charges may be used, including cluster type designs wherein more than one shaped charge is at the same level and is detonated at the same time, without departing from the principles of the present application.
  • a volume 144 defined by the charge housings 128 and the charge holder 132 may contain a metallic cellular material 142 to mitigate debris formation. As illustrated, the metallic cellular material 142 fills the volume 144. However, in some embodiments, the metallic cellular material 142 may only partially fill the volume 144.
  • FIG. 3 provides an exemplary illustration of a portion of a perforating gun 200.
  • the perforating gun 200 is similar to the gun string 100 of FIG.2 except that a metallic cellular material 242 shaped to receive the shaped charges and function as the charge housings 128 thereof illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • Perforating gun 200 includes a carrier gun body 202 made of a cylindrical sleeve having a plurality of radially reduced areas depicted as scallops or recesses 104. Radially aligned with each of the recesses 204 is a respective one of a plurality of shaped charges, only five of which, shaped charges 206-214, are visible in FIG. 3.
  • Each of the shaped charges such as shaped charge 206 is configured to be received by the metallic cellular material 242 that fills a volume 244 defined by the charge holder 232.
  • a tube 236 passes through the metallic cellular material 242 and supports the initiation ends of the shaped charges.
  • a detonator cord 240 Disposed within the tube 236 is a detonator cord 240, which is used to detonate the shaped charges.
  • the metallic cellular material 242 may fill a volume defined by the carrier gun body 202 and the charge holder 232 may be omitted.
  • the metallic cellular material 142,242 may advantageously be lightweight, have high specific strength, and deform non-linearly, which enhances energy absorption.
  • FIG. 4 provides a graphical representation of the behavior of the metal foam under uniaxial loading.
  • the vertical axis of FIG. 4 represents stress ( ⁇ ) and the horizontal axis represents strain ( ⁇ ).
  • the curve of FIG. 4 is divided into three regions: linear elastic region I, collapse region II (where plateau stress remains relatively constant), and densification region III.
  • linear elastic region I the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve is only partially reversible. During loading, small-scale localized plastic deformation has already taken place within the sample.
  • the metallic cellular material 142,242 in the perforating gun 100 may mitigate the impact-induced stress to the gun body 102,202 thus reducing the gun swell.
  • the metallic cellular material 142,242 may also significantly decelerate fragments and debris formed upon detonation of the shape charges and hold some or all the debris in the gun.
  • Metallic cellular material 142,242 may be fabricated to maximize the energy absorption capability by adjusting foam parameters including alloying elements, density level, cell size, wall thickness, and uniformity.
  • the metallic cellular material 142,242 may have a void volume of about 10% to about 60%, which corresponds to a density of about 90% to about 40% solid material.
  • the metallic cellular material 142,242 may have an open cell metal foam or a closed cell metal foam.
  • the metallic cellular material 142,242 may be formed by at least one of: aluminum, steel, lead, zinc, titanium, nickel, and alloys or metal matrix composites thereof. Improvements to the modulus and plateau stress may, in some instances, be achieved via heat treatment of the metallic cellular material 142,242. Additionally, particulate or whisker reinforcement (e.g., carbon fibers, metal fibers, ceramic fibers, carbon particles, metal particles, ceramic particles, or combinations thereof) may be included in the metallic cellular material 142,242 to increase the energy absorption capability. Combinations of the foregoing may also be implemented.
  • particulate or whisker reinforcement e.g., carbon fibers, metal fibers, ceramic fibers, carbon particles, metal particles, ceramic particles, or combinations thereof
  • Embodiments disclosed herein include:
  • A. a perforating gun that includes a carrier gun body; a charge holder disposed within the carrier gun body; a plurality of shaped charge housings supported within the carrier gun body; and a metallic cellular material disposed within a volume defined by the plurality of shaped charge housings and the charge holder.;
  • a perforating gun that includes a carrier gun body; a charge holder disposed within the carrier gun body; and a metallic cellular material disposed within a volume defined by the charge holder and being shaped to receive a plurality of shape charges;
  • a perforating gun that includes a carrier gun body; and a metallic cellular material disposed within a volume defined by the carrier gun body and being shaped to receive a plurality of shape charges;
  • Each of embodiments A, B, and C may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: wherein the metallic cellular material has a void volume of about 10% to about 60%; Element 2: wherein the metallic cellular material partially fills the volume; Element 3: wherein the metallic cellular material is a metal foam; Element 4: Element 3 and wherein the metal foam is an open cell foam; Element 5 : Element
  • the metal foam is a closed cell foam
  • Element 6 wherein the metallic cellular material is a porous metal
  • Element 7 wherein the metallic cellular material is formed by at least one of: aluminum, steel, lead, zinc, titanium, nickel, and an alloy thereof
  • Element 8 wherein the metallic cellular material is reinforced with particles, whiskers, or a combination thereof
  • Element 9 wherein the metallic cellular material has been heat treated to improve a modulus and a plateau stress of the metallic cellular material.
  • exemplary combinations applicable to Embodiments A, B, C, and D include: Element 1 in combination with Element 2; Element 1 in combination with Element 3 and optionally Element
  • Element 1 in combination with Element 6; Element 2 in combination with Element 3 and optionally Element 4 or 5; Element 2 in combination with Element
  • Element 6 Element 7 in combination with Element 3 and optionally Element 4 or 5; Element 7 in combination with Element 6; Element 8 in combination with Element 3 and optionally Element 4 or 5; Element 8 in combination with Element 6; Element 9 in combination with Element 3 and optionally Element 4 or 5; Element 9 in combination with Element 6; Element 2 in combination with one or more of Elements 6-9; Element 6 in combination with one or more of Elements 7-9; Element 7 in combination with one or more of Elements 8-9; and Elements 8 and 9 in combination. Element 1 in combination with one or more of Elements 6-9; and combinations thereof.
  • compositions and methods are described herein in terms of “comprising” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps.
  • compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un perforateur qui peut comprendre un matériau cellulaire métallique (par exemple, un métal poreux ou une mousse métallique) pour atténuer la formation de débris. Par exemple, un tel perforateur peut comprendre un corps de pistolet de support ; un porte-charge disposé à l'intérieur du corps de pistolet de support ; une pluralité de logements de charge mis en forme supportés à l'intérieur du corps de pistolet de support ; et un matériau cellulaire métallique disposé à l'intérieur d'un volume défini par la pluralité de logements de charge mis en forme et le porte-charge.
PCT/US2015/026589 2015-01-23 2015-04-20 Perforateurs comprenant un matériau cellulaire métallique WO2016118179A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201562107127P 2015-01-23 2015-01-23
US62/107,127 2015-01-23

Publications (1)

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WO2016118179A1 true WO2016118179A1 (fr) 2016-07-28

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023113836A1 (fr) * 2021-12-15 2023-06-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Manchon d'impact absorbant l'énergie pour canon de perforation
US12264561B2 (en) 2023-02-23 2025-04-01 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Perforating gun
US12312923B2 (en) 2023-09-27 2025-05-27 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Charge tube assembly

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3940262A (en) * 1972-03-16 1976-02-24 Ethyl Corporation Reinforced foamed metal
WO2000055567A1 (fr) * 1999-03-10 2000-09-21 Fraunhofer, Usa, Inc. Utilisation de mousses metalliques dans des systemes de blindage
US20020189802A1 (en) * 2001-06-19 2002-12-19 Tolman Randy C. Perforating gun assembly for use in multi-stage stimulation operations
US6554081B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2003-04-29 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Components and methods for use with explosives
US8739673B2 (en) * 2009-07-01 2014-06-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Perforating gun assembly and method for controlling wellbore pressure regimes during perforating

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3940262A (en) * 1972-03-16 1976-02-24 Ethyl Corporation Reinforced foamed metal
WO2000055567A1 (fr) * 1999-03-10 2000-09-21 Fraunhofer, Usa, Inc. Utilisation de mousses metalliques dans des systemes de blindage
US6554081B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2003-04-29 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Components and methods for use with explosives
US20020189802A1 (en) * 2001-06-19 2002-12-19 Tolman Randy C. Perforating gun assembly for use in multi-stage stimulation operations
US8739673B2 (en) * 2009-07-01 2014-06-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Perforating gun assembly and method for controlling wellbore pressure regimes during perforating

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023113836A1 (fr) * 2021-12-15 2023-06-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Manchon d'impact absorbant l'énergie pour canon de perforation
US12180810B2 (en) 2021-12-15 2024-12-31 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Energy-absorbing impact sleeve for perforating gun
US12264561B2 (en) 2023-02-23 2025-04-01 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Perforating gun
US12312923B2 (en) 2023-09-27 2025-05-27 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Charge tube assembly

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