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WO2016015780A1 - Dispositifs de gestion d'énergie - Google Patents

Dispositifs de gestion d'énergie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016015780A1
WO2016015780A1 PCT/EP2014/066610 EP2014066610W WO2016015780A1 WO 2016015780 A1 WO2016015780 A1 WO 2016015780A1 EP 2014066610 W EP2014066610 W EP 2014066610W WO 2016015780 A1 WO2016015780 A1 WO 2016015780A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
bidirectional
bus
adaptor
mode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2014/066610
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Pedro José MALLOL PÉREZ
Jose Luis MALLOL PÉREZ
José Jesús CARRIÓ CUESTA
Original Assignee
Ibereco Energía, S. L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ibereco Energía, S. L. filed Critical Ibereco Energía, S. L.
Priority to PCT/EP2014/066610 priority Critical patent/WO2016015780A1/fr
Publication of WO2016015780A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016015780A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for DC mains or DC distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of DC sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to methods and devices for energy management.
  • Energy management devices are known in the art. Such devices in the customer's premise, include hardware and software, and are designed to control the operation of energy sources according to customer preferences and objectives such as reducing energy costs, or maintaining comfort or convenience.
  • the energy sources could include, but are not limited to, renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines or solar arrays, or energy accumulators, such as batteries or fuel cells.
  • an energy management device can accept energy pricing signals from a utility or third party energy services provider.
  • an energy management device The purpose of an energy management device is to control the provision of energy to the consumer from the most favorable source or sources of energy at any given moment.
  • the various required elements e.g. inverters, chargers, solar adapters, wind power adapters, etc.
  • each element needed a communication module with independent protocols and a controller, such as a PLC controller, or a computing device with an application for controlling each protocol and device independently. Therefore, any time a new power source was connected to the energy management device, its controller had to be programmed independently according to the protocols of the other power sources and modules that would form part of the device. This makes it very difficult to control the provision of energy from the power sources.
  • such devices only switch from one power source to another based on the preprogrammed protocols. Furthermore, they are very difficult to expand with further power sources or with further energy management devices.
  • an energy management device comprising at least a power bus, a first coupling unit, one or more power adaptors, a bidirectional inverter and a bidirectional DC/DC adaptor.
  • the power bus is operable at a DC voltage.
  • the first coupling unit is configured to be coupled to a load via a first coupling module and to a utility grid via a second coupling module.
  • the one or more power adaptors are configured to be coupled to one or more power sources, respectively, at a first input and coupled to the power bus at an output.
  • the one or more power adaptors are configured to convert the voltage of the one or more power sources to the power bus DC voltage.
  • the bidirectional inverter has a first coupling point configured to be coupled to the first coupling unit via a third coupling module and to the power bus at a second coupling point.
  • the bidirectional inverter is configured to convert the voltage of the utility grid to the power bus DC voltage and vice versa.
  • the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor has a first coupling point coupled to an electricity accumulator and a second coupling point coupled to the power bus. The output power of each of said power adaptors, bidirectional inverter and bidirectional DC/DC adaptor, and the second and third coupling modules are individually controllable so that the total power at the first coupling module matches said demand.
  • each of the power sources By individually controlling the output power of each of the power sources, it is possible to control the proportion of energy that shall be consumed by each one of them. If, for example, the available energy exceeds the one demanded from the load, an energy accumulator may be used to store the excess portion. All the elements (power adaptors, bidirectional inverter and bidirectional DC/DC adaptor) may function in a coordinated fashion. The conditions used to decide what the power sources used will be and what the destinations of energy will be may be programmable in a dynamic fashion. The programmed instructions, according to the date, hour, current and voltage data present at any given moment, as well as the consumption history and external instructions may condition the behaviour of the system.
  • each energy source is allowed to provide power to the power bus and/or to the load individually and in parallel. Therefore energy sources are optimally used according to a set of criteria set by the controller.
  • the device may supervise at any moment all the current, voltage and temperature parameters and make sure they are within safety ranges to avoid dangerous states for the system and for the people using the system.
  • the device may further comprise a controller.
  • the controller may be coupled to said power adaptors, to said bidirectional inverter and to said bidirectional DC/DC adaptor and configured to receive a power demand from said load and control (i) the output power of each of said power adaptors, bidirectional inverter and bidirectional DC/DC adaptor individually and (ii) the second and third coupling modules.
  • the controller may be local or remote. It may be part of the EMD device or it may be external and communicate with the EMD device via a cable or wirelessly. In case the controller is external the EMD device may comprise a communication module for receiving instructions from the controller. In case of small devices the controller may be local. In case of larger and/or more complex devices a local controller may implement a basic service functionality and a remote controller may be used, in communication with the local controller to provide program instructions for control of the various modules of the device.
  • the device when the controller receives an instruction to transition from a first power source providing a first output power to a second power source to provide the first output power, the device may be configured during a first period to maintain provision of power from the first power source while the second power source is stabilising its output voltage. Then, during a second period the device may be configured to provide power from the first and the second power source. Then, during a third period the device may be configured to disconnect the provision of power from the first power source and maintain the provision of power from the second power source.
  • the device may be configured during a first stage, to increase the output power of the second power source while maintaining the output power of the first power source; during a second stage, to verify that the output power of the second power source is sufficient to replace the output power of the first power source and that the output of the second power source is sufficiently stable; and- during a third stage, to lower the output power of the first power source.
  • This allows an even smoother transition from the first power source to the second power source and it may be suitable for programmed transitions that are not in response, e.g., to unexpected changes in demand.
  • the excessive output power during the second period may be stored in the energy accumulator. Therefore no energy may be lost by using this transition technique.
  • said one or more power adaptors and said bidirectional inverter may be programmable adaptors. Therefore they may be programmed to adapt to various power sources and even be reprogrammed in case a power source is replaced by another one without the need to change the adaptor.
  • the bidirectional inverter and/or the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor may also be programmable.
  • the same programmable power adapter type may be used to perform the functions of the bidirectional inverter and/or of the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor and/or of the one or more power adaptors.
  • one of the power adaptors may comprise at least one DC/DC adaptor. This may be configured to be coupled to a DC power source such as a solar power source. However, any other type of DC power source may be coupled to the DC/DC adaptor.
  • one of the power adaptors may comprise at least one AC/DC adaptor. This may be configured to be coupled to an AC power source such as a wind turbine power source. However, any other type of AC power source may be coupled to the AC/DC adaptor.
  • the one or more adaptors may be configured to receive an input voltage between 12V and 900V and generate the power bus DC voltage. Therefore any renewable energy source may be coupled to the power adaptor without the need for additional regulators.
  • the power bus DC voltage is substantially equal to 400V.
  • a 400V power bus allows for reduced losses if the distance between various modules of the system or between interconnected systems is significant. Furthermore it is a relatively common voltage level, e.g. in data centers, therefore it may be conveniently implemented with common parts.
  • the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor may be configured to be coupled to an electricity accumulator. Therefore any excess power produced by renewable sources may be stored therein and/or also power from the grid during off-peak hours, i.e. during hours of lower grid cost, may be stored to be used during peak hours, i.e. during hours of higher grid cost.
  • the controller may be configured to control the power adaptors and the coupling modules so that the device is operable in at least one of the following modes: a) a reduced mode, b) an off-peak hour mode, c) a peak-hour mode, d) a renewable excess mode, or e) a renewable scarcity mode.
  • a by-pass selector may be configured to maintain the second coupling module in the closed position and the third coupling module in the open position.
  • the by-pass selector may isolate the device while, at the same time, the load is unaffected and continues to be provided energy from the grid or any other external generator.
  • the controller may be configured to maintain the second and third coupling modules in a closed position, to instruct the bidirectional inverter to provide power to the power bus and the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor to provide power to the energy accumulator.
  • This allows the EMD device to take advantage of off-peak power provided by the grid which may be at a reduced price and offer it at a later time to the load, when e.g. prices are higher.
  • the controller may be configured to maintain the second and third coupling modules in a closed position, instruct the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor to provide power from the energy accumulator to the power bus and the bidirectional inverter to provide power from the power bus to the load. This allows the EMD to provide all its available power to the load and, if this is not sufficient to cover the demand of the load, to also tap the missing amount of energy from the grid.
  • the controller may be configured to maintain the second coupling module in the open position, the third coupling module in the closed position, instruct one or more power adaptors to provide power to the power bus, the bidirectional inverter to provide power from the power bus to the load and the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor to provide power from the power bus to the energy accumulator.
  • the excess energy may be stored in the energy accumulator for later use.
  • the excess energy may be provided to the grid, i.e. sold to the utility provider, if the agreement between the user and the utility provider so permits.
  • the controller may be configured to maintain the second coupling module in the open position, the third coupling module in the closed position, instruct one or more power adaptors to provide power to the power bus, the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor to provide power from the energy accumulator to the power bus and the bidirectional inverter to provide power from the power bus to the load.
  • the EMD device takes full advantage of all its resources.
  • the controller may estimate that the load demands do not exceed the total capacity of its power providers at a given moment and, therefore, may use the full capacity of the renewable sources as well as tap to the energy accumulators (e.g. one or more batteries or fuel cells) that may provide the extra power needed to cover the demand.
  • accumulators may be one or more batteries and the controller may be configured to regenerate the one or more batteries.
  • the controller may operate the batteries in an optimal way according to the manufacturer ' s instructions, so that the lifetime of the batteries is extended. Furthermore, it may implement special regenerating cycles to the batteries when the batteries are not used. For example, in lead-acid batteries, it may send specially controlled pulsing DC current to the battery to avoid the accumulation of sulphate crystals in the electrolyte. However, other regeneration techniques may be followed according to the type of battery.
  • the accumulators may comprise one or more fuel cells.
  • a hydrogen generator may also be provided for generating hydrogen for the fuel cells.
  • the controller may be configured to control the output power of each of said adaptors individually and the second and third coupling modules based on pricing information received from a utility provider. For example, it may control in real time the price of energy and the use of energy and automatically apply optimised modes of operation so that the total cost of energy during, e.g. a 24h period may be minimised. Therefore, even if the EMD may be in a position to cover the power needs of the load at a given moment or time period, the controller may select not to use said EMD energy if the price from the grid is low at that period. On the contrary, it may opt to operate in a "forced" off-peak hour mode, thus maximising the energy accumulation for later use.
  • a method of controlling an energy management device comprises identifying a power demand from a load connected to the EMD; identifying a desired mode of operation to provide the required power to the load to cover the identified power demand; controlling the second and third coupling modules of the EMD; and instructing the one or more power adaptors, the bidirectional inverter and the bidirectional DC/DC adaptor to provide power in response to the identified mode of operation.
  • the controller may maintain provision of power from the first power source during a first period while the second power source is stabilising its output voltage. Then, the controller may provide power from the first and the second power source during a second period. Finally, it may disconnect the provision of power from the first power source and maintains the provision of power from the second power source during a third period.
  • the overlap of different power sources avoids any microinterruptions that may be produced during the transition from one source to another. The extra power generated during the transition may be stored in the accumulators.
  • a controller may comprise a memory and a processor.
  • the memory may store computer program instructions executable by the processor. Said instructions may comprise functionality to execute a method of controlling an energy management device according to embodiments disclosed herein.
  • a computer program product comprising program instructions.
  • the program instructions when executed on a computer system may cause a computer system to perform a method of controlling an energy management device according to embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the computer program may be updated with information from e.g. the utility provider that provides hourly pricing charts. It may, therefore, change the mode of operation of the EMD based on the received information.
  • the computer program may be stored in recording media or carried by a carrier signal.
  • a user may allow the program to be automatically updated or not based on security policies and concerns.
  • the EMD may be connectable to a computer network, e.g. the internet, and receive instructions or updates to the programs from a remote location. Therefore, a plurality of EMDs may be controlled simultaneously and any updates may be cascaded to the EMDs at substantially the same time. Also, performance data may be sent from the EMDs to a central controller for statistical or monitoring purposes.
  • the device may be configured to be integrable in a domestic environment.
  • it may be manufactured according to standard sizes of domestic electric appliances to be e.g. integrated or built-in in kitchens.
  • the device may comprise a casing of a size similar to a size of integrable, e.g. in kitchens, domestic appliances, such as washing machines or dishwashers. All the elements of the system may also be integrated in one electronic plate. This allows the reduction of size and cost.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of an energy management system according to an example.
  • Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of the operation modes of a system according to an example.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a reduced mode of operation according to an example.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an off-peak hour without renewables mode of operation according to an example.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a peak hour without renewables mode of operation according to an example.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an excess mode of operation according to an example.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a scarcity mode of operation according to an example.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates an example power source transition chart.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an energy management system according to an example.
  • Energy management system (EMS) 100 comprises an energy management device (EMD) 1 10 coupled to a plurality of energy sources and to a load 101 where power is supplied.
  • the EMD is coupled to the load at a first coupling point 102.
  • a first coupling element 103 such as a switch, may couple the first coupling point to an inverter 104.
  • a second coupling element 105 may couple the first coupling point 102 to the grid 106 (if present) and/or to an electrical generator 107.
  • the electrical generator 107 may form part of or be external to the EMD 1 10.
  • the electricity supply network (or grid) may not be present in isolated systems.
  • the system may also function with the provision of AC power provided by AC power generators (such as generator 107) that may use diesel, gas or any other type of fuel.
  • the inverter 104 may be responsible for converting the generated or stored energy to an AC power supply based on the power, phase, voltage and frequency characteristics required by the load 101 and the grid 106 (if present). Should the grid 106 be present the inverter may synchronize with the voltage levels, frequency and phase of the grid 106, so that the consumer ' s load 101 may not notice any change between inverter 104 and the grid 106.
  • the inverter 104 is coupled at a first point to the coupling point 102 and at a second point to a power DC bus 150.
  • the second function of the inverter 104 is to convert the power coming from the grid 106 (or generator 107) to power levels of the power bus 150 that may, for example, be used for charging batteries in the absence of other sources of energy or if it is programmed to do so.
  • the inverter 104 may comprise a bidirectional inverter or may comprise two elements, one being the inverter that converts the bus 150 voltage to AC power and the other a converter that converts alternating current, e.g. from the grid 106, to the DC voltage of the bus 150.
  • the electrical generator 107 may support or replace the electricity supply grid 106.
  • a DSC controller 108 may supervise and control the functional parameters of the electrical generator 107. It may control not only the electrical parameters (voltage, frequency, current) but also the mechanical parameters (r.p.m., temperature, oil pressure, etc.) of the generator 107.
  • the first and second coupling elements 103, 105 may be controlled by a bypass-selector (bypass) 109.
  • the required power, phases and levels of voltage and frequency may be parameters used to size the bypass 109 and the inverter 104.
  • the bypass 109 may be responsible for applying to the load 101 either power from the inverter 104 or from the grid 106, or from both according to a mode of operation.
  • the EMD 1 10 may also comprise a solar power adapter 1 15.
  • the solar power adapter may be coupled at a first point to a solar energy source 1 16 and at a second point to the power bus 150.
  • the solar power adapter 1 15 may be responsible for adapting the power supplied by a solar energy source 1 16, such as a solar array, to the power bus 150 voltage level.
  • the solar energy source 1 16 may comprise groups of solar panels. They may be associated in series and/or in parallel to achieve the desired supply power.
  • the solar power adapter 1 15 may implement an MPPT strategy ("maximum power point tracking") to achieve the maximum power from the panels of the solar array at all times.
  • MPPT optimized power control
  • the EMD 1 10 may further comprise a converter-charger 120.
  • the converter- charger 120 may be coupled at a first point to the power bus 150 and at a second point to one or more batteries 122.
  • the converter-charger 120 may perform two functions, the conversion of voltages and discharge currents of batteries 122 to the power bus 150 voltage and the charging of the batteries 122 with the energy of the bus 150.
  • the batteries 122 may be responsible for storing excess energy. They may be associated in series and/or in parallel to achieve the desired power supply and expected capacity.
  • the converter-charger 120 may follow a charging strategy according to the battery technology and the charge-discharge cycles that supports the battery group. This element may be a single bidirectional converter module or two modules, one being a converter of battery voltage to power bus voltage and the other a battery charger.
  • the EMD 1 10 may further comprise a wind power adapter 130.
  • the wind power adapter 130 may be coupled at a first point to the power bus 150 and at a second point to one or more wind turbines 132. As in the case of the solar power adapter 1 15, the wind power adapter 130 may be responsible for converting the voltage and current according to an MPPT strategy to achieve maximum power.
  • Several wind power adapters 132 may coexist to adapt to various wind turbines.
  • the voltage range of the power adapters may be between 12V and 900V.
  • the EMD 1 10 may further comprise a power converter 135 for a hydrogen generator 137.
  • the power converter 135 may adapt the power bus voltage to the voltages and currents required by the hydrogen generator 137.
  • the hydrogen generator 137 may be coupled to a hydrogen storage module 136.
  • the hydrogen storage module 136 may store any generated hydrogen.
  • the EMD 1 10 may further comprise a power adapter 160 for fuel cells.
  • the power adapter 160 may be coupled at one point to the power bus 150 and to another point to a fuel cell module 162.
  • the power adapter 160 may be responsible for converting voltage and current based on an MPPT strategy to achieve maximum power based on the fuel cell type used.
  • a plurality of power adapters may coexist, if various types of groups of fuel cells are used requiring different discharge curves (e.g. hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, etc.).
  • the fuel cell module 162 may convert the oxidation reaction of a fuel (hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, etc.) to electricity.
  • the fuel cells may have a specific load curve demand depending on the type and specific technology used. They usually provide the maximum power in a narrow range of that curve and may require some adaptation for maximum power for highly variable demands.
  • the data bus 140 is the communication path between modules and elements of the system. Through this way the operating parameters may be exchanged and the operating states may be requested.
  • the use of standards such as CAN (Controller Area Network) and LIN (Local Interconnect Network) may allow interconnection and/or extension with modules or external telemetry systems.
  • a differential pair bus (RS422 or RS485) with a simple protocol may be sufficient to carry out the operating parameters and commands.
  • the power bus 150 may be used to exchange energy between the different elements making up the system. For simple systems of small capacity
  • a 48V DC BUS may be sufficient, although this may hinder its expansion in capacity or number of modules as it would need a big busbar section to contain large losses by high currents that it would need to handle. Therefore the use of a DC BUS of 400V may be more convenient because, although it requires better insulation compared to the 48V BUS, it is still common in commercial equipment, especially in data centers. Consequently, it may not require rare components. Furthermore, it may significantly reduce the current drive and control, thus reducing any losses even with much lower sections than the 48V for the same power. This may allow increasing the distance between the modules within the same cabinet or box and even allow the interconnection of separate systems located several meters apart with resistive losses relatively small if an increase in system capacity is desired.
  • the EMD 1 10 may further comprise a local controller 170. It may be a human interface of the system for local interaction. It may be composed of a data reporting system, visual and audio indicators in smaller example systems and alphanumeric or graphic displays in more complete example systems. To enter variation parameters, for simple cases, several keys (such as “accept”, “cancel”, “forward”, “backward”) would be sufficient and for more complex systems it may comprise alphanumeric keyboards or touch screens with contextual menus. As an alternative to the latter an application may be used in a mobile device (PDA, "Smartphone” or “Tablet”) connected to the system wirelessly, e.g. via Bluetooth, IR or WIFI.
  • PDA mobile device
  • Smartphone Smartphone
  • Tablet wirelessly, e.g. via Bluetooth, IR or WIFI.
  • This local control may be informed of the status of the system ' s performance, the energy consumption, the energy source, the consumption statistics, alerts and alarms, and operational details of each source and consumption energy.
  • the level of detail of the information provided and the possibility of modifying the system data may depend on the type of access to ensure security according to the level of knowledge needed about the system (manufacturer, maintenance, supervisor, user). This information may not replace the security controls implemented as isolators or stoppages or alarms and emergency signs will always be present regardless of the presence or absence of the local controller 170.
  • Each of the elements that supply DC voltage to the power bus 150 may be coupled to a digital signal controller (DSC).
  • DSCs are control systems for each system element. They may be responsible for controlling at low level the function of energy adaptation and for monitoring security parameters. They may operate each element independently according to the general parameters that derive from a central controller 175. In case of conflict between the parameters specified by the central controller 175 and specific predetermined security parameters, the respective DSC may operate in safety mode and signal an alarm to central controller 175.
  • Each DSC may communicate with the other modules through the data bus 140.
  • the central controller 175 may be responsible for any communications with the local controller 170 and the remote controller 180.
  • the central controller 175 may implement control strategies and programs of energy flow between modules of the system. It may also store and process data for historical and statistical purposes.
  • a computer network 177 such as the internet, may be responsible for the transport of control data between the remote controller 180 and the central controller 175. Its composition may depend on the infrastructure for network access at the point of installation. In case there is no wired access it may operate with a GPRS, EDGE, UMTS modem, WIFI or WIMAX point of access if there is respective coverage, or with a cable modem or adsl if there is wired coverage.
  • the remote controller 180 may perform the functions of the local controller 170 remotely. It may be a web application to display the same functions and control as the local controller. In certain cases of isolated systems it may replace the local control completely eliminating the need for it. This item may not replace or disconnect any security controls, selectors or stoppages or alarms and emergency signs that may be present regardless of the presence or absence of local and remote control.
  • Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of the operation modes of a system according to an example.
  • the system may have two basic modes of operation depending on whether renewable energy sources, such as solar and/or wind power sources, are present or not.
  • decision box 205 it is checked if there is presence of renewable energy. If so, then in decision box 210, the system decides based on whether the demand for energy consumption is less than that offered by these sources. If there is more energy than what is demanded by the load, then in decision box 215, it verifies the state of the battery and if the battery accepts further charging it initiates or continues the cycle of load. Otherwise, according to the charge-discharge policy it may decide not to charge the battery if it does not meet the criteria for optimum charging. In that case, if the hydrogen generation module is present, then, in decision box 220, it will check if there is still capacity to continue storing. Based on the answer it may proceed to generate more hydrogen for storage or, otherwise, it may provide the power to the grid.
  • renewable energy sources such as solar and
  • decision box 225 if the demand follows the pattern of peak consumption. This is detected by historical and consumption patterns. If a consumption peak is detected, then it checks, in decision box 230 if the batteries are below the threshold minimum scheduled according to the charge-discharge policy to be considered discharged. If the answer is negative, i.e. if the batteries are not considered discharges, the system may proceed to cover the demand with supply from the batteries. Otherwise, i.e. if the batteries are considered below a minimum discharge limit, then it checks, in decision box 235, if the fuel cell module is present and there is enough fuel for generation, it will proceed with generation by this means.
  • the system checks, in decision box 240 if the fuel cell module is present and there is enough fuel for generation. Then the system considers if there is a long-term consumption need and proceeds as in decision box 235 to generate energy from the fuel cell module. Otherwise, if it is considered either that a long-term demand is expected and not enough fuel is present or that there are no fuel cells, the system will check, in decision box 245, if the batteries are above a discharge state and proceed thereupon to support the demand with supply from the batteries. Otherwise it may fulfil the demand with support from the grid.
  • decision box 250 it is checked if the demand by the load is less than the programmed level to allow support by the energy stored in batteries or fuel cells. If so, then the system switches to bypass mode and the load is connected directly to the grid (or other external power generator). The battery inverter may pass to charging mode and proceed to a battery charge cycle.
  • decision box 255 it checks if there is energy stored in the fuel cells. If so then the load is covered by the energy generated by the fuel cells. If there is no fuel cell or no fuel can be confirmed in decision box 255, then it checks, in decision box 260, if the batteries are considered discharged. If the batteries are not considered discharged, then the system may support the demand with supply from the batteries. If the batteries are below the minimum level, then the batteries may not support consumption but they may be allowed to charge. In this charging state it may remain only if the programmed limit is less than a safety limit or the one contracted from the grid. Otherwise it will activate the protection limitations of the grid.
  • All outputs from the decision tree pass through a filter 265 that controls the modes of operation based on date-time or other variable limit parameters that may dynamically change the origin and destination of energy.
  • the new date and time settings, and other operating limits may be modified locally by the local controller or be sent by the remote controller.
  • the local controller may get external information like time pricing charts from the electricity supply company or other values from the utility provider (e.g. promotions, offers, updates in the segmentation of the consumption rates, etc.). This latter information may be obtained and processed and formatted from a private server or, if the option is enabled in the controller, it may be obtained directly from the website or server of the original source of the data. Boxes 270 to 282 illustrate the different modes of operation of the system.
  • Mode 270 is a battery charging mode starting or continuing a cycle of battery charging. This cycle may depend on the type of battery used and the number of charge and discharge cycles that may be supported.
  • Mode 272 is a fuel cell generation mode. If the hydrogen generator module is available this mode may control the hydrogen generation process.
  • Mode 274 is a grid supplying mode. If this mode is programmed in the configuration parameters, then the inverter 104 may supply more energy than the one demanded by the load. The excess is thus supplied to the electricity network and the bypass may connect the inverter to the grid and to the load.
  • Mode 276 is a battery discharging mode. This mode discharges the batteries according to the programmed level to supply power to the power bus with the adapter-charger 108.
  • Mode 278 is a grid mode. This mode activates the bypass by connecting the inverter 104 to the load and to the grid. Furthermore, it controls the inverter 104 to adjust the level of energy provided to the programmed level.
  • Mode 280 is a grid only mode. This mode may be used when there is no other source of electricity but the utility network. It may activate the bypass by connecting the load to the grid and disconnects the inverter 104 or if the battery charge is needed it may activate the bypass by connecting the inverter to the load and to the grid and, furthermore by activating the inverter 104 in charging mode and the adapter-charger 108 also in charging mode.
  • Mode 282 is a fuel cell mode. This mode may be activated if there is fuel available and there are fuel cells available to generate power and the adapter 1 16 may conditions the power bus levels according to the programmed energy levels.
  • the system may function in a number of modes depending on the demand from the side of the load, of the availability of renewable energy generation and on the availability of stored energy.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a reduced mode of operation. This mode may be perceived as a safety mode. During said mode, the switch 103 is open and the switch 105 is closed. Therefore all power demands of the load 101 may be covered by the grid 106.
  • the bypass 109 may connect directly the grid 106 to the load 101 , disconnect the inverter 104 and therefore the rest of the system.
  • the system may remain in this mode when the EMD is off or is in a state of alert or emergency that could disrupt the service. In extreme cases, e.g. when the system requires disconnection for repair work or maintenance, this mode may also be available with an external bypass linking the load directly to the network by avoiding a controlled bypass, such as bypass 109.
  • a controlled bypass such as bypass 109.
  • the grid energy may be supplemented with the one generated by the electrical generator for the estimated portion.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an off-peak hour without renewables mode of operation.
  • the switches 105 and 103 may therefore be closed so that electricity flows from the grid to the load and to the EMD 1 10.
  • the bidirectional inverter 104 may be instructed to inject power to the power bus 150.
  • the bidirectional converter-charger 120 may be instructed to provide energy from the bus 150 to the batteries 122. Therefore, the total energy consumed by the system during this mode may be equal to the sum of the demand from the load 101 and from the batteries 122.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a peak hour without renewables mode of operation.
  • the switch 105 may therefore be closed so that electricity flows from the grid to the load 101 .
  • the switch 103 may be closed so that energy flows also from the EMD 1 10 to the load 101 with the bidirectional inverter 104 instructed to inject power from the power bus 150 to the load 101 .
  • the bidirectional converter- charger 120 may be instructed to provide energy from the batteries 122 to the bus 150. Therefore, the total grid energy consumed by the system during this mode may be equal to the difference of the demand from the load 101 minus the energy provided from the batteries 122.
  • the active impedance of the bidirectional inverter 104 is lowered.
  • the bidirectional inverter 104 must be in phase with the grid. This may be achieved with a PLL. That is, the inverter 104 follows the phase of the grid.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an excess mode. In this mode there is more energy available from the renewable energy sources than what is demanded by the load. The surplus is first intended to charge the batteries. When they do not accept more charge and if there is a hydrogen generator present and furthermore storage is possible, it proceeds to generate hydrogen.
  • the switch 105 is open and therefore the EMD 1 10 is disconnected from the grid.
  • the switch 103 is closed and the bidirectional inverter 104 is instructed to provide energy to the load
  • the renewable energy adapters 1 15, 130 inject energy to the power bus 150. However as this energy exceeds the demand from the load 101 , the surplus is directed to the batteries 122, through the charger 120, and/or to the hydrogen generator 137 through the power converter 135.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a scarcity mode.
  • the renewable sources e.g. the solar panels 1 16 and/or the wind turbines 132
  • the switch 105 is open, therefore no energy is provided form the grid 106 (or from the generator 107).
  • the switch 103 is closed and the bidirectional inverter 104 provides energy from the power bus 150 to the load 101 .
  • the module 1 15 provides energy from the solar panels 1 16 to the power bus 150.
  • the module 130 also provides power from the wind turbines 132 to the power bus 150.
  • the module 1 15 may provide power up to X1 and module 130 up to X2, where X1 +X2 ⁇ X.
  • the renewable energy sources 1 16 and 132 have no energy storage capabilities, it may be considered optimal to exhaust their energy generation capabilities during a scarcity mode.
  • the remaining demand portion (equal to X-X1 -X2) may be covered either from batteries 122 or from fuel cell module 162 or from a combination of both.
  • the controller may select the optimum combination of power levels provided by each source to ensure, on one hand, that the system may cover the needs of the load and, on the other hand, that the cost of the energy consumption is minimised.
  • the power source S1 may correspond to one power source, e.g. the grid 106 in safety mode, or a plurality of power sources, e.g. renewable sources 1 15 and 130. Any change in the mix of power sources is considered as a new power source for the purposes of describing the change sequence.
  • a request and/or an instruction is received to change the power source S1 to a power source S2.
  • the system does not hand over power provision from S1 to S2 at point t1 , but maintains the provision of power from S1 until the point t2.
  • power is provided from both power sources.
  • the power source S2 is sufficiently stabilised to provide power to the load and therefore the power source S1 may be decommissioned at a step 315.
  • the moment t2 may be defined statically, based on known stabilisation curves of each power source or dynamically, by measuring the output of the power source S2 after its initiation. The excess power generated during time period At may e.g. be stored in the batteries.
  • the embodiments of the invention described with reference to the drawings comprise computer apparatus and processes performed in computer apparatus, the invention also extends to computer programs, particularly computer programs on or in a carrier, adapted for putting the invention into practice.
  • the program may be in the form of source code, object code, a code intermediate source and object code such as in partially compiled form, or in any other form suitable for use in the implementation of the processes according to the invention.
  • the carrier may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program.
  • the carrier may comprise a storage medium, such as a ROM, for example a CD ROM or a semiconductor ROM, or a magnetic recording medium, for example a floppy disc or hard disk.
  • the carrier may be a transmissible carrier such as an electrical or optical signal, which may be conveyed via electrical or optical cable or by radio or other means.
  • the carrier may be constituted by such cable or other device or means.
  • the carrier may be an integrated circuit in which the program is embedded, the integrated circuit being adapted for performing, or for use in the performance of, the relevant processes.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention porte sur des dispositifs de gestion d'énergie et des systèmes et procédés de commande desdits dispositifs et systèmes. Les dispositifs comprennent un bus de courant, apte à fonctionner à une tension de courant continu (CC), un ou plusieurs adaptateurs de courant, un convertisseur bidirectionnel et un adaptateur bidirectionnel CC/CC. Le dispositif est configuré pour être couplé à une charge pour recouvrir les demandes d'énergie de la charge et à la grille. Le courant de sortie de chacun desdits adaptateurs de courant, convertisseur bidirectionnel et adaptateur CC/CC bidirectionnel et (ii) des deuxième et troisième modules de couplage est apte à être commandée individuellement de telle sorte que le courant total au couplage de charge corresponde à ladite demande.
PCT/EP2014/066610 2014-08-01 2014-08-01 Dispositifs de gestion d'énergie WO2016015780A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2014/066610 WO2016015780A1 (fr) 2014-08-01 2014-08-01 Dispositifs de gestion d'énergie

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2014/066610 WO2016015780A1 (fr) 2014-08-01 2014-08-01 Dispositifs de gestion d'énergie

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112909988A (zh) * 2019-12-03 2021-06-04 阳光电源股份有限公司 离网型双馈风电机组发电系统、制氢系统及其控制方法
CN115622134A (zh) * 2022-11-29 2023-01-17 广东高斯宝电气技术有限公司 一种光伏发电系统的mppt调度控制方法

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US20080067869A1 (en) * 2006-08-04 2008-03-20 Evans Christopher J Power supply control for power generator
US20110115295A1 (en) * 2009-11-19 2011-05-19 Chong-Sop Moon Energy management system and grid-connected energy storage system including the energy management system
US20110148205A1 (en) * 2009-12-17 2011-06-23 Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. Power storage system and method of controlling the same
US20120043819A1 (en) * 2010-08-20 2012-02-23 Jin-Wook Kang Power storage system, method of controlling the same, and computer readable recording medium storing a program for executing the method

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080067869A1 (en) * 2006-08-04 2008-03-20 Evans Christopher J Power supply control for power generator
US20110115295A1 (en) * 2009-11-19 2011-05-19 Chong-Sop Moon Energy management system and grid-connected energy storage system including the energy management system
US20110148205A1 (en) * 2009-12-17 2011-06-23 Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. Power storage system and method of controlling the same
US20120043819A1 (en) * 2010-08-20 2012-02-23 Jin-Wook Kang Power storage system, method of controlling the same, and computer readable recording medium storing a program for executing the method

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112909988A (zh) * 2019-12-03 2021-06-04 阳光电源股份有限公司 离网型双馈风电机组发电系统、制氢系统及其控制方法
CN115622134A (zh) * 2022-11-29 2023-01-17 广东高斯宝电气技术有限公司 一种光伏发电系统的mppt调度控制方法

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