WO2014078347A1

WO2014078347A1 - Actively released food additives

Info

Publication number: WO2014078347A1
Application number: PCT/US2013/069791
Authority: WO
Inventors: Michael H. BAYM; Roderick A. Hyde; Jordin T. Kare; Eric C. Leuthardt; Elizabeth A. Sweeney; Lowell L. Wood, Jr.
Original assignee: Baym Michael H; Hyde Roderick A; Kare Jordin T; Leuthardt Eric C; Sweeney Elizabeth A; Wood Lowell L Jr
Priority date: 2012-11-13
Filing date: 2013-11-13
Publication date: 2014-05-22

Abstract

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for actively releasing food additives to deliver aromatic compounds to consumers during food or drink consumption. The food additives may be contained within an encapsulation layer. The encapsulation layer may be configured to release the food additives in response to being exposed to energy provided by an activation source proximate to the food additives. The activation source may be incorporated into, or connected with, an eating utensil or an oral implant. The activation source can be manually controlled by a consumer, can be controlled based on conditions near the food additives, or can be programmed with a release schedule that defines how and when food additives are to be released.

Description

ACTIVELY RELEASED FOOD ADDITIVES

Michael H. Baym

Roderick A. Hyde

Jordin T. Kare

Eric C. Leuthardt

Elizabeth A. Sweeney

Lowell L. Wood, Jr.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to and/or claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the "Priority Applications"), if any, listed below {e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC § 1 19(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)).

Priority Applications:

United States Patent Application No. 13/675,935; entitled ACTIVELY RELEASED FOOD ADDITIVES; naming Michael H. Baym; Roderick A.

Hyde; Jordin T. Kare; Eric C. Leuthardt; Elizabeth A. Sweeney; and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors; filed 13 November 2012.

United States Patent Application No. 13/675,940; entitled ACTIVELY RELEASED FOOD ADDITIVES; naming Michael H. Baym; Roderick A.

United States Patent Application No. 13/675,942; entitled ACTIVELY RELEASED FOOD ADDITIVES; naming Michael H. Baym; Roderick A.

Hyde; Jordin T. Kare; Eric C. Leuthardt; Elizabeth A. Sweeney; and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors; filed 13 November 2012. All subject matter of the Priority Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Applications, including any priority claims, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This disclosure relates to food additives. More specifically, this disclosure relates to food additives and systems and methods for actively releasing the contents of the food additives.

SUMMARY

[0002] Inhaling aromatic compounds while consuming food or drink can affect the consumer's perception of the quantity and/or quality of the consumed food or drink. In some instances, inhaling the aromatic compounds can satiate a consumer and potentially lower consumption, leading to health benefits.

Accordingly, it is advantageous to provide a system and method for actively releasing food additives to deliver aromatic compounds to consumers during food or drink consumption.

[0003] In some embodiments, the food additives may be contained within an encapsulation layer. The encapsulation layer may be configured to release the food additives in response to being exposed to energy provided by an activation source proximate to the food additives. The activation source may be

incorporated into, or connected with, an eating utensil or an oral implant. The activation source can be manually controlled by a consumer, can be controlled based on conditions near the food additives, or can be programmed with a release schedule that defines how and when food additives are to be released. In other embodiments, the encapsulation layer can be configured to release the food additives upon exposure to particular conditions, for example, conditions that may be found in a consumer's mouth.

[0004] In some embodiments, multiple distinct food additives can be contained within separate layers of a multi-layered encapsulation, and each layer of the encapsulation may have distinct properties. In other embodiments, multiple distinct food additives, each contained within separate encapsulation layers with distinct properties, can be introduced to the consumer at the same time. The distinct properties of the encapsulation layers provide for the food additives to be released at a range of times and/or in response to a variety of conditions.

[0005] In some embodiments, food additives can be incorporated into food products during processing and/or packaging of the food products. In other embodiments, the food additives can be packaged and sold to be added to food products by the consumer. The food additives can be packaged with an activation source and instructions for use. In some embodiments, software (or a link to software) can be provided to the consumer along with the food additive, and/or the activation source in a single package.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1 A illustrates a cross section of an example of an encapsulated food additive or food additive agent.

[0007] Figure 1 B illustrates a cross section of an example of multiple food additives or food additive agents encapsulated in a multi-layered encapsulation.

[0008] Figure 2A illustrates a cross section of an example of an encapsulated food additive or food additive agent including an identification tag.

[0009] Figure 2B illustrates a cross section of an example of an encapsulated food additive or food additive agent including an identification tag.

[0010] Figure 3A illustrates an example of a food product including a food additive uniformly mixed throughout a food portion.

[0011] Figure 3B illustrates an example of a food product including a food additive concentrated at a particular location within a food portion.

[0012] Figure 3C illustrates an example of a food product including a food additive distributed in a pattern throughout a food portion.

[0013] Figure 4A illustrates an example of an eating utensil including an activation source.

[0014] Figure 4B illustrates a block diagram of the components of an exemplary eating utensil.

[0015] Figure 4C illustrates an example of an eating utensil including an activation source, an output mechanism, and a control mechanism. [0016] Figure 5A-5C illustrate various embodiments of an oral implant including an activation source.

[0017] Figure 6A illustrates a package including a container of encapsulated food additive or food additive agent and an activation source.

[0018] Figure 6B illustrates a package including a container of encapsulated food additive or food additive agent and an activation source, the package having a pointer to a downloadable release schedule printed on the packaging.

[0019] Figure 6C illustrates a package including a container of encapsulated food additive or food additive agent, an activation source, and removable media containing a release schedule.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Inhaling aromatic compounds while consuming food or drink can affect the consumer's perception of the quantity and/or quality of the consumed food or drink. Aromatic compounds can enter the nasal cavity via two routes. Aromas that are inhaled through the nose enter the nasal cavity via the orthonasal pathway. Aromas are also released into the nasal cavity during the process of chewing and swallowing food and/or drink; the pathway that these aromas follow is called the retronasal pathway. Aromatic compounds delivered to the nasal cavity via these two different routes stimulate different sectors of the brain. For example, aromatic compounds delivered via the orthonasal route activate brain regions associated with the anticipation of eating and desire to consume food. On the other hand, aromatic compounds delivered via the retronasal route activate brain regions associated with the sense of reward that comes from eating food. The former may cause a person to feel hungry and possibly eat more than necessary while the latter may cause a feeling of satiation and therefore the person may eat less, potentially leading to health benefits.

[0021] In some embodiments, food additives that produce aromatic compounds can be encapsulated such that the timing and/or location of their release can be controlled. For example, a food additive or food additive agent may be

surrounded by an encapsulation layer that is configured to release the food additive or food additive agent upon exposure to certain conditions. [0022] In some embodiments, the encapsulated food additives can be included in a food product by a manufacturer. In other embodiments, the encapsulated food additives can be provided to the end user or consumer and can be added to food products prior to consumption. In some embodiments, multiple distinct food additives or food additive agents can be contained within separate layers of a multi-layered encapsulation, each layer of the encapsulation may have distinct properties. In other embodiments, multiple distinct food additives or food additive agents, each contained within separate encapsulation layers with distinct properties, can be introduced to the consumer at the same time. The distinct properties of the encapsulation layers provide for the food additives to be released at a range of times and/or in response to a variety of conditions.

[0023] In some embodiments, the food additives or food additive agents can be released from their encapsulated state upon exposure to energy from an activation source. For example, an activation source may be coupled with a utensil body and configured to expose at least one encapsulated food additive to energy so as to release the food additive from its encapsulated state. The timing and/or location of releasing the food additives may be controlled by a consumer or may be preset according to a release schedule. In other embodiments, the activation source may be coupled with an oral implant body.

[0024] Some of the infrastructure that can be used with embodiments disclosed herein is already available, such as general-purpose computers, computer programming tools and techniques, digital storage media, and communication networks. A computing device may include a processor such as a

microprocessor, microcontroller, logic circuitry, or the like. The processor may include a special purpose processing device such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable array logic (PAL), programmable logic array (PLA), programmable logic device (PLD), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other customizable and/or programmable device. The computing device may also include a machine-readable storage device such as non-volatile memory, static RAM, dynamic RAM, ROM, CD-ROM, disk, tape, magnetic, optical, flash memory, or other machine-readable storage medium. Various aspects of certain embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. [0025] The embodiments of the disclosure will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. The components of the disclosed embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Furthermore, the features, structures, and operations associated with one embodiment may be applicable to or combined with the features, structures, or operations described in conjunction with another embodiment. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of this disclosure.

[0026] Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the systems and methods of the disclosure is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, as claimed, but is merely representative of possible embodiments. In addition, the steps of a method do not necessarily need to be executed in any specific order, or even sequentially, nor do the steps need to be executed only once.

[0027] Figure 1A illustrates a cross section of an example of a food additive 102 (or a food additive agent) and an encapsulation layer 104. In the following description, the term "food additive" may be understood to refer to a "food additive agent" in some embodiments. For example, as used herein, the term "food additive" may be used in some instances to refer to both an aroma-producing food additive or a food additive agent and its surrounding encapsulation layer. The food additive 102, as described above, can be configured to produce an aroma when released from encapsulation. Aroma producing food additives may comprise esters, linear or cyclic terpenes, aromatic compounds, amines, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, thiols, or the like. In some embodiments, the food additive 102 or food additive agent is configured to change the odor, aroma, taste, texture, temperature, and/or color of a food product when released. In some embodiments, the food additive 102 or food additive agent comprises a chemical selected to stimulate (or to block) a taste receptor; it may affect sweet, bitter, sour, salty, or umami taste sensations. In some embodiments, the food additive 102 may be configured to cause a consumer of the food product to be satiated. In some embodiments, a satiety inducing food additive may comprise an odorant such as isoamyl acetate, aromas indicative of foods such as peppermint, bananas, green apples, sweeteners, or the like. Appetite reducing food additives may induce foul or unpleasing tastes or odors. In other embodiments the food additive 102 may be configured to increase a consumer's appetite. In yet other embodiments, the food additive 102 may be configured to increase the shelf life of a food product by providing a boost to the food product's natural aroma level that typically declines as the product ages.

[0028] In some embodiments, the food additive 102 may be an emulsion or mixture of various particular food additives or food additive agents. For example, in addition to aromatic compounds, the food additive 102 may include bacteria, enzymes, or other naturally occurring or synthetic agents. In some embodiments, for example, bacteria that naturally occurs in a consumer's mouth and contributes to retroaromas (aromas experienced via the retronasal pathway) can be included with one or more aroma-based flavorings formulated to stimulate the retronasal olfaction. The increased bacteria can lead to a longer lasting effect as the retroaromas tend to linger longer when naturally produced by bacteria in the mouth.

[0029] As depicted in Figure 1A, the food additive 102 or food additive agent is enclosed in an encapsulation layer 104. The encapsulation layer 104 can be configured to release the food additive 102 or food additive agent upon exposure to particular conditions. For example, the encapsulation layer 104 may comprise a reactive liposphere or liposome, an acoustically reactive liposphere or liposome, a microbubble, an electromagnetic energy absorber, or the like. In some embodiments the food additive 102 may be stored in the encapsulation layer 104 under pressure. In such embodiments, the food additive 102 may be more widely distributed when it is released from the encapsulation layer 104 based on the pressure difference.

[0030] In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 104 is configured to release the food additive 102 when exposed to energy from an activation source. In one such embodiment, the encapsulation layer 104 may comprise a material that has an acoustic resonance matching an ultrasonic frequency emitted by the activation source. In another embodiment, the encapsulation layer 104 may comprise a material that has a resonance that matches an electromagnetic frequency emitted by the activation source. In other embodiments, the encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release the food additive 102 in response to the activation source emitting energy at a particular frequency value.

[0031] In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release the food additive 102 in response to the activation source emitting energy within a particular frequency range. In other embodiments, the

encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release the food additive 102 in response to the activation source emitting energy at a plurality of frequency values or within a plurality of frequency ranges. The encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release the food additive 102 in response to various frequency values or a frequency within a frequency range or plurality of frequency ranges to accommodate being used with various activation sources.

[0032] In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 104 may be sensitive to the intensity of the energy emitted by the activation source. In such embodiments, the encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release the food additive 102 in response to the activation source emitting energy at a particular source intensity, within a particular source intensity range, or at a plurality or source intensities. The encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release the food additive 102 in response to various source intensities in order to accommodate being used with various activation sources.

[0033] Figure 1 B illustrates a cross section of an example of multiple food additives or food additive agents encapsulated in a multi-layered encapsulation. In some embodiments, such as the example embodiment of Figure 1 B, a second encapsulation layer 1 14 may be encapsulated within a first encapsulation layer 104. In some embodiments, each layer of the multi-layer encapsulation may be configured to release its contents in response to a respective form, frequency, and/or intensity of energy emitted by the activation source or other environmental conditions. Additionally, in some embodiments, the second encapsulation layer 1 14 may be configured to release the encapsulated food additive 1 12 or food additive agent at a point in time after the second encapsulation layer 1 14 has been released from the first encapsulation layer 104.

[0034] In some embodiments, the second encapsulation layer 1 14 is configured to release the food additive 1 12 or food additive agent upon exposure to ambient air. In other embodiments, the second encapsulation layer 1 14 is configured to release the food additive 1 12 upon exposure to particular conditions within a consumer's mouth. For example, the particular conditions within a consumer's mouth may include: the presence of a particular chemical, the presence of a particular pH level, the presence of a pH level within a particular range, a particular temperature, a temperature within a particular range of temperatures, a particular humidity level, or the like.

[0035] In some embodiments, the activation source may be programmed to release the contents of the first encapsulation layer 104 and the second

encapsulation layer 1 14 at different times according to a release schedule and/or other specific conditions. For example, in one embodiment, the first encapsulation layer 104 may be configured to release its contents (e.g., a food additive 102 and/or a second encapsulation layer 1 14) in response to the activation source emitting energy at a first frequency value, while the second encapsulation layer 1 14 is configured to release its contents (e.g., a food additive 1 12) in response to the activation source emitting energy at a second frequency value different from the first frequency value. In other embodiments, the first encapsulation layer 104 and the second encapsulation layer 1 14 may each be configured to release its respective contents in response to a respective emission from the activation source, the first emission having characteristics different from the second emission. The emission may be one of, for example: energy at a particular frequency, energy at a frequency within a range of frequencies, energy at a particular intensity, or an intensity within a range of intensities.

[0036] According to some embodiments, a mixture of various encapsulated food additives may be used to much the same effect as a multi-layered

encapsulation. For example, a mixture of two different encapsulated food additives, each being configured to release its food additive contents in response to a unique emission from the activation source or other environmental condition. Moreover, a mixture of encapsulated food additives may give greater control over when and where the food additives are released from encapsulation. In some embodiments, a set release schedule for each of the food additives in the mixture may be used to create a desired effect.

[0037] Figure 2A illustrates a cross section of an example of an encapsulated food additive 102 or food additive agent including an identification tag 202. In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 2A, the identification tag 202 may be incorporated into the encapsulation layer 104 and used to track food additives prior to being released from encapsulation. The identification tag 202 may be, for example, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, an odorant, or a fluorescent molecule. In some embodiments, the RFID tag may be microscopic and edible. The identification tag 202 may wirelessly communicate with (or be otherwise trackable by) an activation source, a personal computer, or other device. Being able to track the encapsulated food additives may lead to more precision in releasing the food additives and therefore better results.

[0038] Figure 2B illustrates a cross section of an example of an encapsulated food additive 102 or food additive agent including an identification tag 202. In some embodiments, as depicted in Figure 2B, the identification tag 202 may be incorporated into the food additive 102 or food additive agent. Incorporating the identification tag 202 into the food additive 102 or food additive agent may allow the food additive 102 to be precisely tracked before and/or after being released from encapsulation. In one embodiment, the encapsulation layer 104 may provide a barrier to detecting the identification tag 202 and therefore the presence of the food additive 102 or food additive agent may only be detected after being released from encapsulation.

[0039] Encapsulated food additives and food additive agents may be provided to consumers in many forms. In some embodiments, food additives may be incorporated into food products by a food product manufacturer during the processing of food products or prior to packaging a food product. In other embodiments, food additives may be packaged and provided to consumers independently of a food product. Depending on the type of encapsulation layer, the desired effect of the food additive, and other factors, the food additive may be configured to be added to a food product prior to or after a cooking/preparation process.

[0040] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate an example of a food product including a food additive as discussed herein. The food product of examples of Figure 3A, 3B, and 3C may each include a food portion 302 and a food additive. In some embodiments, the food portion 302 may be, for example, a liquid, a solid, a gel, a suspension, or the like. In some embodiments, the food additive may be uniformly mixed throughout the food portion, as shown for example in Figure 3A. In other embodiments, the food additive may be concentrated at a particular location within the food portion 302, as shown, for example, as a concentration 304 in Figure 3B. The food additive may be concentrated, for example, near the surface of the food portion, near the center of the food portion, within a particular sub-region of the food portion, near (or away from) the opening section of a container holding the food portion, or in any other location that fits with the purpose of the food additive. For example, if the purpose of the food additive is to satiate a consumer after a certain caloric intake, the food additive may be concentrated at a point where that caloric intake would be met. In another embodiment, the food additive may be distributed in a pattern throughout the food portion 302. For example, the food additive may be distributed as stripes 306a-306n through the food portion, as shown in the example of Figure 3C.

[0041] As introduced above, the encapsulation layer surrounding food additives or food additive agents may be configured to release the food additive or food additive agent in response to being exposed to energy provided by an activation source. In one embodiment, the activation source may be incorporated into an eating utensil. In another embodiment, the activation source may be incorporated into an oral implant or other device in or near the user's mouth.

[0042] Figure 4A illustrates an example of an eating utensil including an activation source. In the example of Figure 4A, the eating utensil 400 includes a utensil body 402 and an activation source 404. In some embodiments, the utensil body 402 may be a spoon, a fork, a knife, a spork, a chopstick, a bowl, a plate, a drinking straw, or the like. The activation source 404 may be coupled with the utensil body 402 and configured to expose encapsulated food additives or food additive agents to energy so as to release the food additives or food additive agents from encapsulation.

[0043] In some embodiments, the activation source 404 may be an ultrasonic source, an electromagnetic source, a radio frequency source, an infrared source, a near infrared source, or the like. In the embodiment where the activation source 404 is an ultrasonic source, the ultrasonic source may comprise an ultrasonic transducer configured to emit energy at a particular ultrasonic frequency. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic transducer may be configured to emit energy at various ultrasonic frequencies within a range of ultrasonic frequencies and/or with varying intensity. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic source may emit energy in various spectrums and intensities. For example, the electromagnetic source may emit energy in a visible spectrum, a terahertz spectrum, a microwave spectrum, and an ultraviolet spectrum, to name a few.

[0044] Figure 4B illustrates a block diagram of the components of an example eating utensil 400. As illustrated in Figure 4B, the eating utensil 400 may include, in addition to the activation source 404, a power source 406, a processor 408, a memory 410, a sensor or sensors 412, a communication system 414, a control mechanism 418, and/or an output mechanism 420, among other components, all interconnected by an interconnect 416.

[0045] In some embodiments, the power source 406 may be a battery or the like. The battery may be rechargeable and/or replaceable. In other embodiments, the power source 406 may be an energy harvesting power supply. The energy harvesting power may harvest mechanical energy, for example, when the consumer moves the utensil 400 to or from the mouth, or when the consumer bites onto a utensil or an oral implant.

[0046] According to various embodiments, processor 408 may be a

microprocessor, microcontroller, logic circuitry, or the like. The processor 408 may include a special purpose processing device such as an ASIC, PAL, PLA, PLD, FPGA, or other customized or programmable device. In some

embodiments, the processor may execute instructions which cause the activations source to expose the encapsulated food additives or food additive agents to energy. In one embodiment, the instructions may include determining when to cause the activation source 404 to emit energy based on a release schedule.

[0047] In some embodiments, memory 410 may include a non-transitory computer readable medium, such as a non-volatile memory, static RAM, dynamic RAM, ROM, CD-ROM, disk, tape, magnetic, optical, flash memory, or other computer readable storage medium. In one embodiment, memory 410 is configured to store a data structure representing a release schedule 422.

Release schedules are discussed in more detail below.

[0048] In order to release the food additive or food additive agent from

encapsulation more accurately, the eating utensil may include a variety of sensors 412. In one embodiment, the eating utensil 400 may include a sensor 412, for example a proximity sensor, to determine the position of the eating utensil relative to the consumer's mouth. In other embodiments, the eating utensil 400 may include a proximity sensor, or the like, to determine a location of the utensil within a consumer's mouth. In one embodiment, the proximity sensor may be configured to determine a relative motion of the eating utensil, for example when the eating utensil is approaching the consumer's mouth. In another embodiment, the proximity sensor may be configured to determine the relative position of the eating utensil to another body part of the consumer, for example the consumer's nose. In yet another embodiment, the proximity sensor may be configured to determine whether the consumer has placed the eating utensil within the consumer's mouth and whether the consumer's mouth has closed. In one embodiment, the eating utensil may include a photosensor to determine whether the eating utensil is within the mouth, or the eating utensil or oral implant may use the photosensor to determine closure of the mouth. In one embodiment, the eating utensil or oral implant may use an ultrasonic transducer (optionally the same as used for energy delivery to the encapsulated food additive) to determine proximity to a food product or to body parts. In one embodiment, the eating utensil or oral implant may use a RFID sensor to read RFID tags associated with the food additive. In one embodiment, the eating utensil or oral implant may use a photosource and detector to detect fluorescent tags associated with the food additive.

[0049] In some embodiments, the eating utensil 400 may include a sensor 412 that may be configured to determine contact of the utensil body 402 with a surface of the consumer's mouth. For example, in one embodiment, the sensor 412 may be a capacitive sensor, a pressure sensor, or the like configured to detect contact with the consumer's mouth. The sensor 412 may be configured to determine contact with the consumer's tongue, lip, tooth, or another interior surface of the consumer's mouth, for example. According to various embodiments, the sensor 412 may be coupled with a counter to determine the number of times a certain action has been performed by the consumer. For example, the counter may be configured to count the number of time the consumer has placed the utensil body 402 in the consumer's mouth. [0050] In another embodiment, the eating utensil 400 (or an oral implant) may include a sensor 412 configured to track the location of an encapsulated food additive. For example, the eating utensil 400 may include a sensor 412

configured to track an identification tag as described above. According to various embodiments, the sensor 412 may be configured to determine whether an encapsulated food additive is in contact with the utensil body 402 or the position of the encapsulated food additive relative to the utensil body 402, for example, whether the encapsulated food additive is at a particular distance from the utensil body 402.

[0051] In one embodiment, the eating utensil may include a sensor 412, such as an accelerometer, to detect a consumer's motion while using the eating utensil 400. The sensor 412 may be configured to determine when the consumer is engaging in an eating or a drinking motion.

[0052] One anticipated use for the sensors 412 is to determine when to release a food additive or food additive agent from encapsulation. For example, the activation source 404 may be configured to emit energy based on what the sensor 412 detects and thereby cause the food additive or food additive agent to be released. In one embodiment, the sensor 412 may be configured to determine a quantity of food a person has consumed over a period of time and use this information to control the release of a food additive or food additive agent from encapsulation. In some embodiments, the sensor 412 may be configured to sense the quantity of food consumed by the consumer, for example, the mass, volume, or the like. Release schedules based on the quantity of food consumed, among other types of release schedules, are discussed in more detail below.

[0053] Returning to the example of Figure 4B, in some embodiments, the eating utensil may include a communication system 414 configured to receive and/or update a release schedule. The communication system 414 may be configured to communicate with a computer system, an external database, external sensors, or external control device or system. According to some embodiments, the communication system 414 may be a wireless communication system, such as a Bluetooth™, Wi-Fi, or other radio frequency (RF) communication system. In other embodiments, the communication system 414 may be a wired communication system. In another embodiment, the communication system 414 may be an optical communication system, such as an infrared or visible spectrum

communication system. In yet another embodiment, the communication system 414 may include a physical media device and a consumer may use physical media to communicate with the eating utensil 400. In some embodiments, the physical media may be removable media such as optical discs (e.g., Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CDs), memory cards (e.g., Compact Flash card, Secure Digital card, Memory Stick), floppy disks, Zip disks, magnetic tapes, or a single in-line memory module (SIMM).

[0054] Returning to the example of Figure 4B, according to various

embodiments, the eating utensil may include a control an output mechanism 420. In some embodiments the output mechanism 420 may be configured to notify the consumer of certain events. For example, the output mechanism 420 may notify the consumer that the activation source 404 has emitted energy to release a food additive. Additionally, the output mechanism 420 may be used to provide feedback to the consumer in the process of programming a release schedule, as discussed in more detail below. According to various embodiments, the output mechanism 420 may provide feedback to the consumer as haptic vibration, text or images on a display, or audio, for example.

[0055] Returning again to the example of Figure 4B, in some embodiments, the eating utensil may include a control mechanism 418. According to various embodiments, the control mechanism 418 may be configured to allow the consumer to control the operation of elements of the eating utensil 400 including, for example, the activation source 404. In one embodiment, the control

mechanism 418 may be configured to allow a consumer to download or upload a release schedule from or to a database of shared release schedules. In some embodiments the control mechanism 418 may be embedded in the eating utensil or may be external to the eating utensil and configured to communicate with the eating utensil, for example through communication system 414.

[0056] In various embodiments, the control mechanism 418 may comprise a release element, a start element, a selection element, and/or a recording element. In one embodiment the release element is configured to allow a consumer to initiate the activation source 404 by activating the release element. In response to the release element being activated, the activation source 404 exposes the encapsulated food additives to energy in order to release the food additive or food additive agents. In another embodiment, the start element may operate in a similar fashion. When a consumer activates the start element, the activation source 404 may begin to expose the encapsulated food additives or food additive agents according to a release schedule. The recording element, according to one embodiment, may be configured to allow a consumer to record a custom release schedule. In one embodiment, the recorded release schedule may be shared with other consumers by uploading the release schedule to a database of shared release schedules.

[0057] Figure 4C illustrates an example of an eating utensil 400 including an activation source 404, an output mechanism 420, and a control mechanism. In the example of Figure 4C, the output mechanism 420 is represented as an LCD display. The control mechanism is shown as a collection of elements 432, 434, and 436. Element 432 may be, for example, a release element or a start element as discussed above, element 434 may be a recording element, and element 436 may be a selection element. The selection element 436 in the example of Figure 4C allows a consumer to scroll through and select from a menu displayed on the LCD output mechanism 418.

[0058] In some situations, for example when it is desired that the food additives are released from encapsulation in a consumer's mouth, an activation source outside of the consumer's mouth may not be as effective. Therefore, in some embodiments, an oral implant, or other orally placed device, may be fitted with an activation source and other components as described with regard to the eating utensil above. Figures 5A-5C illustrate various embodiments of an oral implant including an activation source. As used herein, an oral implant may be any orally placed device whether permanently, semi-permanently, or temporarily implanted so as to be removable. In some embodiments, the oral implant may be custom fit, for example by a dentist, or may be available in various predetermined sizes to fit a range of consumers.

[0059] In one embodiment, as illustrated in the example of Figure 5A, the oral implant includes an implant body 502, an activation source 504, and a control mechanism 506. In various embodiments the implant body 502 may be

configured to be affixed to, or cover, a tooth, or teeth, of a consumer. For example, as illustrated in Figure 5A, the implant body may be a dental bridge structure or a dental cap. In another embodiment, as illustrated in the example of Figure 5B, the implant body 502 of the oral implant may be in the form of a removable device, such as a retainer or tooth guard, configured to be held in place by a consumer's teeth. In another embodiment, the oral implant may be configured to be held in place by a consumer's tongue, for example as illustrated in Figure 5C.

[0060] As described above with regard to the utensil body activation source, an oral implant embodiment, may also include a control mechanism. In addition to the embodiments described above, the control mechanism in an oral implant embodiment, may be configured to be activated by physical contact with a surface of a consumer's mouth. For example, the control mechanism may be activated by contact with the surface of a consumer's tooth or tongue.

[0061] As introduced above, an activation source may be configured to emit energy, thereby causing a food additive or food additive agent to be released from encapsulation, according to a release schedule. A release schedule may be configured to coordinate the release of various different food additives or food additive agents from encapsulation. For example, the release schedule may be configured to release a different food additive with each bite a consumer takes, release a food additive after a defined period of time or after a consumer has consumed a particular amount of food, etc.

[0062] In one embodiment, the release schedule may be stored on a machine readable medium and may be executed by a processor controlling the activation source. In one embodiments, the release schedule may be based on the composition of the food additive or food additive agent to be release. In various embodiments, the release schedule may define a duration of time between releases of a single food additive, a duration of time between releases of different food additives, an order for releasing different food additives, an amount of food additive to be released (e.g., the longer the activation source emits energy, the more food additive will be released), and/or a point of time at which to release a food additive. In some embodiments, the point of time may be defined as a point in time after a consumer has initiated eating or drinking a food product including the food additive, after a consumer has taken a defined number of bites, or after a food additive has been released a defined period of time.

[0063] According to various embodiments, the release schedule may be manually entered or recorded by a consumer and/or downloaded to the eating utensil or oral implant by the consumer, for example, via the communication system. In one embodiment, a consumer may manually input a release schedule into the eating utensil or oral implant from a printed release schedule. In another embodiment, a consumer may follow a pointer to a downloadable version of the release schedule. The pointer may be, for example, a uniform resource locator (URL), a barcode, a quick response (QR) code, or the like. In another

embodiment, the release schedule may be stored on removable media which can be installed in the eating utensil or oral implant or used to transfer the release schedule to a memory of the eating utensil or oral implant.

[0064] Figure 6A illustrates a package including a container of encapsulated food additive or food additive agent and an activation source. In the example of Figure 6A, the package 602 includes an eating utensil 604, such as the eating utensil described above with regard to Figures 4A, 4B, and 4C, and a container of encapsulated food additive 606. While the illustration of Figure 6A shows a container of encapsulated food additive 606, it should be understood that the package may include a food product that includes encapsulated food additives, or other various configurations.

[0065] In some embodiments, such as those illustrated in Figures 6B and 6C, a release schedule may be included in the package. In the example of Figure 6B, the release schedule may be printed on the package 602 as a pointer, such as barcode 608 or QR code 610, to a downloadable release schedule. Other pointers, such as a URL may also be printed on package 602. In one

embodiment, a release schedule may be printed on package 602 that holds the food additive or a food product containing a food additive. The consumer may then manually input the release schedule from the packaging. In another embodiment, package 602 may include a release schedule stored on removable media 612, such as optical discs (e.g., Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CDs), memory cards (e.g., Compact Flash card, Secure Digital card, Memory Stick), floppy disks, Zip disks, or magnetic tapes, which can be installed in the eating utensil or used to transfer the release schedule to a memory of the eating utensil.

[0066] This disclosure has been made with reference to various exemplary embodiments, including the best mode. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. While the principles of this disclosure have been shown in various embodiments, many modifications of structure, arrangements, proportions, elements, materials, and components may be adapted for a specific environment and/or operating requirements without departing from the principles and scope of this disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0067] The foregoing specification has been described with reference to various embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, this disclosure is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope thereof. Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to various embodiments. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, a required, or an essential feature or element. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined by the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1 . A food additive comprising:

at least one additive agent; and

at least one encapsulation layer surrounding the at least one additive agent, wherein the encapsulation layer is configured to release the at least one additive agent upon exposure to energy including one or more of ultrasonic energy, radiofrequency energy, near infrared energy, or electromagnetic energy.

2. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulation layer includes at least one of a reactive liposphere, reactive liposome, acoustically reactive liposphere, acoustically reactive liposome, microbubble, or

electromagnetic energy absorber.

3. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the energy is provided by an activation source proximate the food additive.

4. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one additive agent is further configured to change at least one of an odor or aroma of food when released.

5. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one additive agent is further configured to change at least one of a taste, texture, temperature, or color, of food when released.

6. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one additive agent is further configured to satiate a consumer when released.

7. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one additive agent is further configured to be released when the food additive is in contact with an activation source.

8. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one additive agent is further configured to be released based on a release schedule.

9. The food additive of claim 8, wherein the release schedule includes a first release schedule for a first additive agent and a second release schedule for a second additive agent.

10. The food additive of claim 8, wherein the release schedule includes a time interval between releasing a first additive agent and a second additive agent.

1 1 . The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulation layer has an acoustic resonance that matches an ultrasonic frequency emitted by the activation source.

12. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulation layer has an electromagnetic absorption frequency that matches an electromagnetic frequency emitted by the activation source.

13. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulation layer is configured to release the at least one additive agent in response to the activation source emitting energy at a particular frequency value.

14. The food additive of claim 1 , further comprising a secondary layer disposed within the encapsulation layer.

15. The food additive of claim 14, wherein the secondary layer is configured to release the at least one additive agent at one or more of a point in time, particular temperature, moisture, or particular pH after being released from the encapsulation layer.

16. The food additive of claim 1 , further including an identification tag.

17. The food additive of claim 16, wherein the identification tag is one or more of a radio frequency identification tag, odorant, or fluorescent molecule.

18. An oral implant, comprising:

an implant body; and

an activation source coupled with the implant body configured to emit energy to at least one encapsulated food additive responsive to the energy and configured to be released during consumption.

19. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the oral implant is configured to be affixed to or covers at least one tooth of a consumer.

20. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the activation source includes at least one of an ultrasonic source, electromagnetic source, radio frequency source, or near infrared source.

21 . The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the oral implant further includes a power source.

22. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the oral implant further includes a spatial sensor configured to determine the location of the food additive.

23. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the oral implant further includes a sensor to measure an amount of encapsulated food additive released from encapsulation.

24. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the oral implant further includes at least one of a clock, timer, or accelerometer .

25. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the oral implant further includes one or more of a wireless communication system, optical

communications system, infrared communications system, visible spectrum communications system, or physical media communications system.

26. The oral implant of claim 18, wherein the activation source is further configured to emit the energy to the at least one food additive based on a release schedule.

27. The oral implant of claim 26, wherein the release schedule includes a first release schedule for a first food additive and a second release schedule for a second food additive.

28. The oral implant of claim 18, further including an output mechanism configured to provide one or more of a haptic vibration output, or an audio output.

29. The oral implant of claim 18, further including a processor; and a memory.

30. The oral implant of claim 29, wherein the memory is configured to store a release schedule.

31 . The oral implant of claim 29, wherein the processor is configured to cause the activation source to emit energy to the at least one encapsulated food additive based on the release schedule.

32. The oral implant of claim 18, further including a control mechanism.

33. The oral implant of claim 32, wherein the control mechanism is embedded in the oral implant.

34. An eating utensil, comprising:

a utensil body; and an activation source coupled with the utensil body configured to emit energy including at least one of ultrasonic, radio frequency, or electromagnetic, or infrared energy to an encapsulated food additive during consumption.

35. The utensil of claim 34, wherein the utensil includes one or more of a spoon, fork, knife, spork, chopstick, bowl, plate, or drinking straw.

36. The utensil of claim 34, wherein the utensil further includes a power source.

37. The utensil of claim 34, wherein the utensil further includes at least one of a clock, timer, or accelerometer.

38. The utensil of claim 34, wherein the utensil further includes at least one of a wireless communication system, optical communication system, visible spectrum communication system, physical media communication system, or infrared communication system.

39. The utensil of claim 38, wherein the utensil further includes at least one sensor configured to determine one or more of the location of the at least one food additive, an eating motion, or a drinking motion.

40. The utensil of claim 34, further including an output mechanism.

41 . The utensil of claim 34, wherein the output mechanism provides at least one of a haptic vibration output, a visual output, or an audio output to a consumer.

42. The utensil of claim 34, further including a processor; and a memory.

43. The utensil of claim 42, wherein the memory is configured to store a release schedule.

44. The utensil of claim 43, wherein the processor is configured to cause the activation source to emit energy to the at least one encapsulated food additive based on the release schedule.

45. The utensil of claim 34, further including a control mechanism.

46. The utensil of claim 45, wherein the control mechanism includes a release element which, when activated by a consumer, causes the activation source to emit energy to the at least one encapsulated food additive.

47. The utensil of claim 45, wherein the control mechanism includes a recording element for initiating recording of a consumer specified release schedule.

48. The utensil of claim 47, wherein the recording element is configured to allow a consumer to share the consumer specified release schedule with other consumers.