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WO2013186648A2 - Dispositif d'hyperpolarisation de fluide - Google Patents

Dispositif d'hyperpolarisation de fluide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013186648A2
WO2013186648A2 PCT/IB2013/054300 IB2013054300W WO2013186648A2 WO 2013186648 A2 WO2013186648 A2 WO 2013186648A2 IB 2013054300 W IB2013054300 W IB 2013054300W WO 2013186648 A2 WO2013186648 A2 WO 2013186648A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fluid
magnetic resonance
hyperpolarizer
operable
hyperpolarization
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2013/054300
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2013186648A3 (fr
Inventor
Lucian Remus Albu
Daniel Robert ELGORT
Anne Eugenie SAKDINAWAT
David Thomas ATTWOOD
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips N.V.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips N.V. filed Critical Koninklijke Philips N.V.
Publication of WO2013186648A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013186648A2/fr
Publication of WO2013186648A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013186648A3/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
    • G01R33/282—Means specially adapted for hyperpolarisation or for hyperpolarised contrast agents, e.g. for the generation of hyperpolarised gases using optical pumping cells, for storing hyperpolarised contrast agents or for the determination of the polarisation of a hyperpolarised contrast agent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
    • A61B5/055—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
    • G01R33/54—Signal processing systems, e.g. using pulse sequences ; Generation or control of pulse sequences; Operator console
    • G01R33/56—Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques, e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution
    • G01R33/5601—Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques, e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution involving use of a contrast agent for contrast manipulation, e.g. a paramagnetic, super-paramagnetic, ferromagnetic or hyperpolarised contrast agent
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/62—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using double resonance

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the hyperpolarization of atoms, in particular to the use of X-rays with orbital angular momentum for the hyperpolarization.
  • a static magnetic field is used by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners to align the nuclear spins of atoms as part of the procedure for producing images within the body of a patient or subject.
  • This large static magnetic field is referred to as the Bo field.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging systems or scanners typically are used to image the concentrations or properties of protons, or hydrogen atoms, in a subject. Magnetic resonance imaging systems are especially useful for imaging the soft tissues of a subject. Contrast agents are often used to enhance imaging.
  • the invention provides for a fluid hyperpolarizer, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, and a magnetic resonance imaging system in the independent claims. Embodiments are given in the dependent claims.
  • aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a apparatus, method or computer program product.
  • aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "circuit," “module” or “system.”
  • aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer executable code embodied thereon. Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized.
  • the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium.
  • a 'computer-readable storage medium' as used herein encompasses any tangible storage medium which may store instructions which are executable by a processor of a computing device.
  • the computer-readable storage medium may be referred to as a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium.
  • the computer-readable storage medium may also be referred to as a tangible computer readable medium.
  • a computer-readable storage medium may also be able to store data which is able to be accessed by the processor of the computing device. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to: a floppy disk, a magnetic hard disk drive, a solid state hard disk, flash memory, a USB thumb drive, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, and the register file of the processor.
  • optical disks include Compact Disks (CD) and Digital Versatile Disks (DVD), for example CD-ROM, CD-RW, CD-R, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW, or DVD-R disks.
  • the term computer readable-storage medium also refers to various types of recording media capable of being accessed by the computer device via a network or communication link. For example a data may be retrieved over a modem, over the internet, or over a local area network.
  • Computer executable code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
  • a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer executable code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof.
  • a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
  • 'Computer memory' or 'memory' is an example of a computer-readable storage medium.
  • Computer memory is any memory which is directly accessible to a processor.
  • 'Computer storage' or 'storage' is a further example of a computer-readable storage medium.
  • Computer storage is any non- volatile computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments computer storage may also be computer memory or vice versa.
  • a 'processor' as used herein encompasses an electronic component which is able to execute a program or machine executable instruction or computer executable code.
  • References to the computing device comprising "a processor” should be interpreted as possibly containing more than one processor or processing core.
  • the processor may for instance be a multi-core processor.
  • a processor may also refer to a collection of processors within a single computer system or distributed amongst multiple computer systems.
  • the term computing device should also be interpreted to possibly refer to a collection or network of computing devices each comprising a processor or processors.
  • the computer executable code may be executed by multiple processors that may be within the same computing device or which may even be distributed across multiple computing devices.
  • Computer executable code may comprise machine executable instructions or a program which causes a processor to perform an aspect of the present invention.
  • Computer executable code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages and compiled into machine executable instructions.
  • the computer executable code may be in the form of a high level language or in a pre-compiled form and be used in conjunction with an interpreter which generates the machine executable instructions on the fly.
  • the computer executable code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server.
  • the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
  • a 'user interface' as used herein is an interface which allows a user or operator to interact with a computer or computer system.
  • a 'user interface' may also be referred to as a 'human interface device.
  • a user interface may provide information or data to the operator and/or receive information or data from the operator.
  • a user interface may enable input from an operator to be received by the computer and may provide output to the user from the computer.
  • the user interface may allow an operator to control or manipulate a computer and the interface may allow the computer indicate the effects of the operator's control or manipulation.
  • the display of data or information on a display or a graphical user interface is an example of providing information to an operator.
  • the receiving of data through a keyboard, mouse, trackball, touchpad, pointing stick, graphics tablet, joystick, gamepad, webcam, headset, gear sticks, steering wheel, pedals, wired glove, dance pad, remote control, and accelerometer are all examples of user interface components which enable the receiving of information or data from an operator.
  • a 'hardware interface' as used herein encompasses an interface which enables the processor of a computer system to interact with and/or control an external computing device and/or apparatus.
  • a hardware interface may allow a processor to send control signals or instructions to an external computing device and/or apparatus.
  • a hardware interface may also enable a processor to exchange data with an external computing device and/or apparatus. Examples of a hardware interface include, but are not limited to: a universal serial bus, IEEE 1394 port, parallel port, IEEE 1284 port, serial port, RS-232 port, IEEE-488 port, Bluetooth connection, Wireless local area network connection, TCP/IP connection, Ethernet
  • connection control voltage interface, MIDI interface, analog input interface, and digital input interface.
  • a 'display' or 'display device' as used herein encompasses an output device or a user interface adapted for displaying images or data.
  • a display may output visual, audio, and or tactile data. Examples of a display include, but are not limited to: a computer monitor, a television screen, a touch screen, tactile electronic display, Braille screen,
  • Cathode ray tube (CRT), Storage tube, Bistable display, Electronic paper, Vector display, Flat panel display, Vacuum fluorescent display (VF), Light-emitting diode (LED) displays, Electroluminescent display (ELD), Plasma display panels (PDP), Liquid crystal display (LCD), Organic light-emitting diode displays (OLED), a projector, and Head-mounted display.
  • CTR Cathode ray tube
  • Storage tube Bistable display
  • Electronic paper Electronic paper
  • Vector display Flat panel display
  • VF Vacuum fluorescent display
  • LED Light-emitting diode
  • ELD Electroluminescent display
  • PDP Plasma display panels
  • LCD Liquid crystal display
  • OLED Organic light-emitting diode displays
  • projector and Head-mounted display.
  • Magnetic Resonance (MR) data is defined herein as being the recorded measurements of radio frequency signals emitted by atomic spins by the antenna of a
  • a 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image' or 'magnetic resonance image' is defined herein as being the reconstructed two or three dimensional visualization of anatomic data contained within the magnetic resonance imaging data. This visualization can be performed using a computer.
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra data is defined herein as being the recorded measurements of radio frequency signals emitted by atomic spins by the antenna of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer during a magnetic resonance experiment scan which contains information which is descriptive of multiple resonance peaks.
  • the invention provides for a fluid hyperpolarizer for
  • Hyperpolarizing as used herein encompasses aligning the spins of nuclei in a predetermined direction.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer comprises a narrow band X-ray source for producing a narrow band X-ray beam.
  • a narrow band X-ray beam as used herein encompasses a beam of X-rays or energetic photons which have a restricted bandwidth. For instance the bandwidth of the X-ray beam may be 1 keV or less.
  • An example of an X-ray source which is not narrow band would be a conventional X-ray tube which produces a full spectrum of X-rays through the Bremsstrahlung process.
  • a narrow band X-ray source may be constructed for instance by taking a conventional X-ray tube or X-ray source and using a device which only allows X-rays in a certain energy range to pass.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer further comprises at least one spiral zone plate operable for imparting orbital angular momentum to the narrow band X-ray beam.
  • the spiral zone plate is further operable for focusing the narrow band X-ray beam into a focus volume. That is to say that the individual photons which comprise the narrow band X-ray beam are filtered such that the overall narrow band X-ray beam has a net orbital angular momentum.
  • the orbital angular momentum can be described by a mode number. The higher the mode number the more effective the process may be.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer further comprises a hyperpolarization chamber for receiving the fluid.
  • the focus volume is within the hyperpolarization chamber. This embodiment may have the benefit that any fluid within the hyperpolarization chamber will be hyperpolarized when a portion of the fluid is within the focus volume.
  • the above mentioned fluid hyperpolarizer could be implemented in a variety of ways.
  • a container or cuvette could be positioned into the hyperpolarization chamber and all or a portion of the fluid may be hyperpolarized.
  • the hyperpolarization chamber may be supplied with an inlet and outlet so that a fluid may be continuously hyperpolarized.
  • the narrow band X-ray source produces a narrow band of X-ray beams with an energy approximately 10 keV to 25 keV.
  • the energy of the narrow band X-ray source can be between 10 keV and 35 keV and in some cases even as high as 40 keV.
  • a spiral zone plate may be constructed using a combination of a phase zone plate and a Fresnel zone plate. These may be two individual plates or the pattern may be combined into a single plate.
  • Zone plates may be for instance constructed using a metal or other X-ray absorbing material on a substrate such as ceramic, glass, sapphire, silicon, or silicon nitrate (Si3N4). At higher energy thicker and thicker layers of metal are necessary to block the X-rays.
  • the spiral zone plate is a zone plate combining a phase zone plate and a Fresnel zone plate. In some embodiments this may be a combination of two separate plates or it may be a pattern which is a combination of the two.
  • the narrow band X-ray source comprises an X-ray tube operable for generating a broad spectrum X-ray beam.
  • This for instance may also include an X-ray source generated by a Linac source.
  • the narrow band X-ray source further comprises a monochromator operable for producing the narrow band X-ray beam using the broad spectrum X-ray beam.
  • the hyperpolarization chamber further comprises an X- ray intensity sensor for measuring an intensity level of the narrow band X-ray beam.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer further comprises a control unit operable for adjusting the intensity of the X-ray beam. This embodiment may be beneficial because the amount of
  • hyperpolarization created by the X-ray beam may be better controlled.
  • the controller may be used to adjust a fluid flow rate or a fluid exposure duration.
  • the amount of hyperpolarization can be controlled not just by controlling the X-ray intensity but also controlling how long the fluid or portion of the fluid is within the focus volume.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer further comprises a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet.
  • the fluid inlet is operable for supplying fluid to the hyperpolarization chamber.
  • the fluid outlet is operable for draining fluid from the hyperpolarization chamber.
  • This embodiment may be beneficial because a fluid may be continuously hyperpolarized by the fluid hyperpolarizer.
  • the hyperpolarization chamber may be designed so that the fluid flows through the focus volume or volumes. This of course may enable continuous hyperpolarization.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer may also have a flow sensor for controlling the fluid flow through the polarization chamber. This may enable the embodiment of using a controller to adjust or control the fluid flow rate or the fluid exposure duration.
  • the hyperpolarization chamber comprises a nuclear polarization detector for measuring the hyperpolarization of the fluid at the fluid outlet.
  • the nuclear polarization detector may for instance incorporate a magnet and a coil for measuring an NMR signal from the fluid.
  • This embodiment may be beneficial because the amount of hyperpolarization can be better controlled.
  • a process or other control system may use the measurement of the hyperpolarization of the fluid to control the intensity of the X-ray beams and/or the fluid flow rate to make the hyperpolarization more uniform.
  • the X-ray optics surrounding the spiral zone plate or plates incorporates a central stop array and an order sorting aperture for better controlling the focus of the narrow band X-ray beam into the focus volume.
  • the invention provides for a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer for acquiring nuclear magnetic resonance data from an analysis volume.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer comprises a fluid hyperpolarizer according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the analysis volume as used herein encompasses a region of a magnetic field generated by a magnet of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer which is of sufficient strength and uniformity for producing a region from which a magnetic resonance spectra data is able to be acquired.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer further comprises a sample chamber at least partially within the analysis volume.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer further comprises a conduit for connecting the fluid outlet to the sample chamber. The conduit is operable for supplying the sample chamber with the fluid.
  • Various embodiments may comprise a controller for acquiring the nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data and/or controlling the operation of the spectrometer.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer further comprises a blood pump system operable for pumping blood from a subject and supplying at least one blood component to the fluid inlet.
  • a blood pump as used herein may encompass a simple pump or it may also contain components which are used to process and/or filter the blood.
  • the blood pump may include a device for diluting the blood, it may also comprise a centrifuge, membrane or other means for separating the blood component out.
  • the blood pump system is further operable for returning the blood to the subject. In this case the blood pump system may function similarly to those pumps used for kidney dialysis and/or extracting plasma from the blood of a subject.
  • sample chamber further comprises a sample outlet.
  • the blood pump system is operable for returning the at least one blood component to the blood using the sample outlet before returning the blood to the subject.
  • the invention provides for a magnetic resonance imaging system operable for acquiring magnetic resonance data from an imaging volume.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system further comprises a fluid hyperpolarizer according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system further comprises a dispenser operable for receiving the fluid from the fluid hyperpolarizer.
  • the dispenser is operable for injecting the fluid into a subject located at least partially within the imaging volume.
  • the dispenser and the fluid hyperpolarizer may be incorporated into a single unit in some embodiments.
  • the hyperpolarized fluid is generated from the fluid. This embodiment may be beneficial because the fluid hyperpolarizer creates the hyperpolarized fluid immediately before use. This may increase the effectiveness of using the hyperpolarized fluid for magnetic resonance imaging.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system further comprises a memory for storing machine executable instructions.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system further comprises a processor for controlling the medical apparatus.
  • Execution of the instructions causes the processor to generate the hyperpolarized fluid using the fluid hyperpolarizer. Execution of the instructions further causes the processor to control the dispenser to inject the subject with the hyperpolarized fluid. Execution of the instructions further causes the processor to acquire the magnetic resonance data. This embodiment may be beneficial because the magnetic resonance imaging system can automatically generate a hyperpolarized fluid and inject it into a subject. These steps caused by the processor may also be used to form the steps for a method or for machine executable instructions on a computer- readable storage medium. As such the invention may also provide for a method and a computer program product.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system comprises a magnet operable to generate a main magnetic field.
  • the hyperpolarization chamber is located within the main magnetic field. This embodiment may be beneficial because the
  • hyperpolarized fluid may be generated within the magnetic field. This may eliminate the loss of hyperpolarization when the hyperpolarized fluid is brought into the magnetic field.
  • the narrow band X-ray beam has a trajectory through the focus volume.
  • the main magnetic field has a direction. That is to say that the field lines of the main magnetic field have a direction.
  • the trajectory is parallel to the trajectory. This embodiment may be beneficial because the nuclei are polarized and have their polarization aligned with the main magnetic field.
  • the narrow band X-ray source is located outside of the main magnetic field.
  • the X-ray source may be a bit remote from the magnet of the magnetic resonance imaging system and X-rays may travel through a tube with a vacuum or gas that does not absorb the X-rays very well. Removing the X-ray source from the vicinity of the magnet may be beneficial because X-rays are typically generated using an electron beam. Moving the electron beam further away from the magnetic field may provide for a lower cost method of providing the X-ray source.
  • a conventional MRI system may be retrofitted with the fluid hyperpolarizer as opposed to constructing a custom magnet for magnetic resonance imaging system that has a region of low magnetic field where the X-ray source can be located.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a fluid hyperpolarizer according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the typical X-ray flux spectrum from an X-ray tube.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates a spiral zone plate
  • Fig. 4 shows a further view of the spiral zone plate of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a spiral zone plate
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer according to a further embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates a magnetic resonance imaging system according to an embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
  • Embodiments of the invention may provide for inducing nuclear hyperpolarization in liquids using X-rays endowed with Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM).
  • OAM Orbital Angular Momentum
  • the embodiments described here may provides details on: (1) the generation and preparation of X-ray beams endowed with various amounts of OAM, (2) the manipulation of an OAM X- ray beam relative to a liquid sample in order to achieve optimal nuclear polarization, and (3) proposed device designs configured to induced nuclear polarization using OAM X-rays in specific liquid targets like water and saline solutions, or in blood, which may be removed from the body and possibly re-injected into the vasculature after being hyperpolarized and potentially mixed with additional substances.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal of the sample can be interrogated using
  • MRI magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • hyperpolarization device including how it is integrated or interfaced with the NMR measurement system, the subsequent MRI or MRS measurement may enable unique medical diagnostic procedures to be conducted that would otherwise not be possible.
  • medical procedures enabled by this invention are: detection and assessment of cancerous tissue, detection and assessment of vascular disorders like atherosclerosis, and detection and assessment of a wide range of metabolic disorders.
  • Detection and assessment of cancerous tissue can be enabled using this invention by hyperpolarizing a saline solution of 13C-labeled Pyruvate, which is injected into a patient who subsequently undergoes an MRS procedure inside a conventional MRI scanner.
  • the resulting MRS measurement will reveal the distribution of the 13C-labeled Pyruvate, as well as the key metabolic by-products of Pyruvate, Lactate and Alanine.
  • the ratios of Pyruvate, Lactate and Alanine in the tissue under investigation will allow detection and assessment of malignant tumours.
  • Detection and assessment of vascular disorders like atherosclerosis can be performed can be enabled using this invention by hyperpolarizing a solution of 13C-enriched water-soluble compound (bis-l,l-(hydroxymethyl)-l-13C-cyclopropane-D8), which is injected into a patient who subsequently undergoes an MR Angiogram (MRA) procedure inside a conventional MRI scanner.
  • MRA MR Angiogram
  • the MRA will reveal the distribution of hyperpolarized saline inside the patient's vasculature and thereby reveal the geometry of the interior of the patient's blood vessels.
  • Embodiments of the invention may overcomes the limitations of existing methods by enabling hyperpolarized liquid samples to be generated at the point of use inside or nearby a conventional MRI scanner.
  • liquid samples can be hyperpolarized as they are being injected into a patient or blood samples can be hyperpolarized as they are being removed from the patient.
  • This hyperpolarization method is also non-destructive and allows blood and other substances (e.g. cells, proteins) to be hyperpolarized without disrupting their natural state.
  • the ability to generate states of high degrees of polarization allows the subsequent MRI/MRS measurement to detect substances that are present in extremely low concentrations, which would be invisible to conventional MRI/MRS measurements.
  • Embodiment of the invention may be designed to induced large nuclear polarization (in excess of 10%) using OAM X-rays in flowing liquid targets (e.g. water, saline solutions or blood, which may be removed from the body and possibly re-injected into the vasculature after being hyperpolarized and potentially mixed with additional substances.
  • liquid targets e.g. water, saline solutions or blood, which may be removed from the body and possibly re-injected into the vasculature after being hyperpolarized and potentially mixed with additional substances.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a fluid hyperpolarizer 100 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer 100 comprises a narrow band X-ray source 102.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer 100 further comprises a spiral zone plate 104.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer 100 is shown as further comprising a hyperpolarization chamber 106. Within the hyperpolarization chamber there are a number of focus volumes 108.
  • the narrow band X-ray source 102 generates a narrow band X-ray beam 110.
  • the narrow band X-ray beam 110 is shown in an expanded view 112.
  • the narrow band X-ray beam goes through a spiral zone plate 104. In this example there are multiple spiral zone structures on the plate.
  • the spiral zone plate 104 imparts an orbital angular momentum to the X-ray beams and focuses them to the focus volumes 108.
  • Fig. 1 also shows an optional controller 116.
  • the controller 116 may be used to control various components of the fluid hyperpolarizer 100. For example in this embodiment there is an optional fluid inlet 118 and fluid outlet 120 which enables fluid to enter and exit the hyperpolarization chamber 106 continuously. A hyperpolarized fluid may therefore be generated continuously or on demand.
  • the controller 116 may be used to control the operation and function of the fluid controller 122.
  • the controller 116 and the fluid controller 122 are shown as having a connection to the controller 124. Connections for other components with the controller 116 are also labeled 124.
  • the narrow band X-ray source 102 is shown as comprising an X-ray tube 126.
  • the X-ray tube 126 is operable for producing a broad spectrum X-ray beam 128.
  • the broad spectrum X- ray beam 128 then goes through a spatial filter 103.
  • the X-ray beam is then passed through a transversal coherence filter 132.
  • the transversal coherence filter 132 may for instance may be rectangular-shape channels through a plate.
  • the X-ray beam then further passes through another spatial filter 134.
  • the combination of the two spatial filters 130, 134 and the transversal coherence filter 132 provide X-rays that are traveling relatively parallel to each other and may then be fed into an X-ray monochromator 138. Between the spatial filter 134 and the X-ray monochromator 138 there is an electronic shutter 136 for stopping or blocking the broadband X-ray beam 128. At the exit of the X-ray monochromator 138 the broad spectrum X-ray beam 128 has been transformed into the narrow band X-ray beam 110. The narrow band X-ray beam 110 has a restricted bandwidth and the photons travel relatively parallel to one another. It can be seen that the controller 116 may also be used for controlling the operation and function of the components of the narrow band X-ray source 102.
  • the narrow band X-ray beam 112 passes through an array of stops. There is a stop for each of the spiral zone plates 104. At the exit of each of the spiral zone plates 104 there is X-ray beams with orbital angular momentum 142. Before passing into the hyperpolarization chamber 106 the X-ray beams 142 are again passed through an order sorting aperture 144.
  • the spiral zone plate 104 focuses the X-rays using a combination of a fork hologram with a Fresnel-type lens.
  • the order sorting aperture 144 blocks higher orders from the spiral zone plate 104.
  • an optional X-ray intensity meter 146 In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 there is shown an optional X-ray intensity meter 146.
  • the X-ray intensity meter is operable and is connected 124 for communicating with the controller 116.
  • the X-ray intensity meter 146 uses a sensor or sensors for detecting the intensity of X-ray energy coming through the hyperpolarization chamber 106. This may be useful for maintaining a constant level of hyperpolarization.
  • the placement of the X-ray intensity meter 146 may be in different locations. For instance the beam may be sampled at some point prior to it entering the hyperpolarization chamber 106.
  • an optional nuclear polarization device 148 Before the fluid 114 reaches the outlet 120 in this embodiment there is an optional nuclear polarization device 148.
  • the nuclear polarization device 148 is operable for measuring hyperpolarization of the fluid 114.
  • the nuclear polarization device 148 for example may be a small or simple NMR spectrometer.
  • the nuclear polarization device 148 is connected with the controller 116.
  • the fluid 114 flows through a duct on its way to the outlet 120 which is surrounded by an NMR coil 152. This is within the magnetic field generated by the magnets 150.
  • the arrow 154 shows the direction of the magnetic field generated by the magnets 150. This is also the same direction in which the fluid 1 14 is polarized.
  • a method and device for imparting high levels of nuclear magnetic polarization at room temperature if flowing fluids is describe.
  • the fluid flow injected in the hyperpolarization chamber 106 is controlled and monitored with a standard fluid flow controller 122.
  • the targeted fluid While in the hyperpolarization chamber 106 the targeted fluid is irradiated with an array of ⁇ 25keV X-ray beams, each endowed with OAM of a fixed charge (e.g.
  • OAM 40) and optically focused to a beam with a beam waist of ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ .. 4 ⁇ , for a depth of focus ranging from ⁇ 10 ⁇ to 400 ⁇ (as a function of the optical elements and OAM charge).
  • the interaction of the OAM with the molecules within the fluid establish the alignment of the molecular momenta to the direction of the OAM vector, and consequently - through hyperfme interaction - lead to the alignment along the same direction of the nuclear magnetic momenta of the nuclei.
  • the nuclear polarization is proportional to the intensity of the beam, the square of the OAM value, reverse proportional to the square of the wavelength of the photons within the beam and reverse proportional to the beam waist of the beam.
  • a step function of the intensity of the beam determines an exponentially saturated increase of the nuclear polarization in time with a linear time parameter dependent of the molecular specificity.
  • the polarized volume included within the boundaries of the "depth of focus” region is in the range of 10 5 ⁇ 3 .
  • Embodiment of the invention may provide for a method and an apparatus capable of delivering a hyperpolarized fluid flow in excess of 2 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ 3 /8.
  • Actions which may help the hyperpolarization be more efficient include:
  • OAM 200 e.g. OAM 200, a gain of 25
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the X-ray flux from a typical X-ray tube.
  • the x-axis is the energy 200 in keV and the y-axis is the X-ray flux 202 in arbitrary units.
  • the X-ray emission for silver target 204 and an indium alloy target 206 are shown.
  • the location of the silver K a line for silver is labeled 210.
  • the K a line 208 for indium 206 is also labeled. It can be seen that the emission of the two K a lines 208, 210 is roughly a factor of 10 higher than the surrounding Bremsstrahlung emission at the adjacent energies. It may therefore be beneficial in some embodiments to adjust the X-ray monochromator to use the X-rays at the K a lines to increase the intensity of the narrow beam X-ray beam.
  • a microfocus X-ray tube operated at ⁇ 40kV, with an anode with a Konul resonant emission at around 25keV.
  • the flux corresponding to the resonant K a level emission is—10 time higher than the Bremsstrahlung emission at adjacent energies. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • the transversal coherence of the source may be controlled with the transversal coherence source filter and spatial filters (pin holes).
  • the longitudinal/temporal coherence of the X-ray beam is controlled by a monochromator made with two Si ⁇ 111> crystals, oriented at angles appropriate for the selection of the 25keV beam.
  • the bandwidth of the signal is a parameter of the system and can be controlled/modified with the monochromator in conjunction with the spatial filters dimensions
  • the X-ray beam flux and energy may be controlled with the X-ray tube power (anode voltage, beam current), and optical train parameters (pin holes sizes, monochromator angles), in a close loop with the "Intensity measurement device", which is placed as the termination of the optical train.
  • Figs. 3 and 4 show scanning electron microscope images of a spiral zone plate 300 with an orbital angular momentum charge 40.
  • the spiral zone plate has 300 ⁇ diameter objects with 40 nm outermost zone with half period.
  • the spiral zone plate 300 is a combination of a phase zone plate with a focusing Fresnel zone plate.
  • the spiral zone plate 300 shown in Figs. 3 and 4 are used for imparting an orbital angular momentum of 40 to a 10 kev X-ray beam.
  • the pattern of a single spiral zone plate can be in multiple locations on a 2D plane, with a separation of ⁇ 50 ⁇ between adjacent elements.
  • Fig. 5 shows an example of an array 500 of spiral zone plates 502.
  • the spiral zone plate array 500 comprises 52 spiral zone plates 502. Each has an orbital angular momentum charge of 10.
  • the individual spiral zone plate patterns are indented to be representative and are not accurate in this Fig.
  • optical train for these diffractive elements call for isomorphic arrays of
  • a sample holder device or hyperpolarization chamber may for instance be a fluid cuvette with thin walls (0.2mm) and low X-ray attenuation, with a thickness higher than the "depth of focus” ( ⁇ 1.5mm) and an exposed surface larger than the projection of the OAM beam array at the focal plane (for the 52 elements array, an exposed surface of a circle with a 3 mm diameter).
  • the fluid is injected within this cuvette with a "flow control device", which is controlled in a feedback loop with the "NMR polarization measuring device"
  • a miniature NMR polarization measuring device may be used.
  • the micro NMR device may be capable of creating a Larmor magnetic field (with an electromagnet, at low fields of ⁇ 50mT) and parallel to the orientation of the hyperpolarization vector (parallel to the OAM vector and the direction of the propagation of the X-ray beams).
  • the RF transmit and receive coils are winded around the fluid outlet.
  • the NMR pulse sequence interrogates the fluid with small flip angles, such that the hyperpolarized state is not significantly modified during the measurements. The time between the measurements is controllable.
  • the measurement results are used for controlling the optical parameters of the hyperpolarizer (X-ray beam power, energy, bandwidth, coherence) within an algorithm that optimizes the cost functions for the nuclear degree of polarization and polarization timing.
  • the specificity of the hyperpolarized molecule, dilution and temperature are also taken into account.
  • Applications of the invention include medical procedures enabled by this invention are: detection and assessment of cancerous tissue, detection and assessment of vascular disorders like atherosclerosis, and detection and assessment of a wide range of metabolic disorders.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600 comprises a fluid hyperpolarizer 100.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer has an inlet 118 and an outlet 120.
  • the spectrometer 600 further comprises a magnet 604 for generating a magnetic field. This magnetic field forms an analysis volume 606 from which nuclear magnetic resonance data may be acquired.
  • a nuclear magnetic resonance coil 608 Surrounding the sample chamber 602 is a nuclear magnetic resonance coil 608 for acquiring the data. Components such as power supplies and radio-frequency systems are well understood in the art and are not illustrated in this Fig.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600 is shown as being optionally connected to a hardware interface 612 of a computer system 610.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600 may comprise a computer 610 or other control or control system.
  • the hardware interface is connected to a processor 614.
  • the hardware interface enables the processor 614 to control the operation and function of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600.
  • the computer system is shown as further having a computer interface 616, computer storage 618 and a computer memory 620 connected to the processor 614.
  • the computer storage 622 is shown as containing nuclear magnetic resonance spectra data 622 acquired from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600.
  • the computer storage 618 is further shown as containing a nuclear magnetic resonance spectra 624.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra 624 was reconstructed from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra data 622.
  • the computer storage 620 is shown as containing a control module 626.
  • the control module 626 contains computer executable code which enables the processor 614 to control the operation and function of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600. This may include such things as operating the fluid hyperpolarizer and also for acquiring the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra data.
  • the computer memory 620 is further shown as containing a reconstruction module 628.
  • the reconstruction module contains computer executable code which enables the processor 614 to reconstruct the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra 624 from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra data 622.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600' according to a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600' comprises a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 600 that is connected to a blood pump 700.
  • the blood pump 700 has a sample inlet 702 for receiving blood or a blood product and a sample outlet 704 which is optionally there to return the blood or blood product to a subject 706. Blood is pumped through the inlet 702 into the blood pump 700.
  • the blood pump may either provide blood directly to the spectrometer 600 or it may process and/or separate the blood. For instance the blood may be thinned and/or a blood component may be removed from the blood.
  • At least one blood component is pumped from the blood pump 700 to the spectrometer 600.
  • the nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data is acquired and the blood product is optionally returned to the blood pump 700.
  • the blood or blood component may also be optionally returned to the subject 706.
  • the spectrometer 600' is shown as being controlled by a computer system 610 which is equivalent in function to the computer system shown in Fig 6.
  • the control module 626 also contains code for controlling the operation and function of the blood pump 700.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates a magnetic resonance imaging system 800 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system 800 is shown as comprising a magnet 804.
  • the magnet 804 is a cylindrical type superconducting magnet with a bore 806 through the center of it.
  • the magnet 804 has a liquid helium cooled cryostat with superconducting coils. It is also possible to use permanent or resistive magnets. The use of different types of magnets is also possible for instance it is also possible to use both a split cylindrical magnet and a so called open magnet.
  • a split cylindrical magnet is similar to a standard cylindrical magnet, except that the cryostat has been split into two sections to allow access to the iso-plane of the magnet, such magnets may for instance be used in conjunction with charged particle beam therapy.
  • An open magnet has two magnet sections, one above the other with a space in-between that is large enough to receive a subject: the arrangement of the two sections area similar to that of a Helmholtz coil. Open magnets are popular, because the subject is less confined. Inside the cryostat of the cylindrical magnet there is a collection of superconducting coils. Within the bore of the cylindrical magnet there is an imaging zone 802 where the magnetic field is strong and uniform enough to perform magnetic resonance imaging.
  • a magnetic field gradient coil 810 which is used for acquisition of magnetic resonance data to spatially encode magnetic spins within the imaging zone 802 of the magnet.
  • the magnetic field gradient coil 810 is connected to a magnetic field gradient coil power supply 812.
  • the magnetic field gradient coil is
  • magnetic field gradient coils typically contain three separate sets of coils for spatially encoding in three orthogonal spatial directions.
  • a magnetic field gradient power supply 812 supplies current to the magnetic field gradient coils. The current supplied to the magnetic field coils is controlled as a function of time and may be ramped and/or pulsed.
  • a radio -frequency coil 814 Adjacent the imaging zone 804 is a radio -frequency coil 814.
  • the radio- frequency coil 814 is connected to a radio-frequency transceiver 816.
  • a subject 706 that is reposing on a subject support 808 and is partially within the imaging zone 802.
  • a radio-frequency coil 814 Adjacent to the imaging zone 802 is a radio-frequency coil 814 for manipulating the orientations of magnetic spins within the imaging zone 802 and for receiving radio transmissions from spins also within the imaging zone 802.
  • the radio- frequency coil 814 may contain multiple coil elements.
  • the radio -frequency coil 814 may also be referred to as a channel or an antenna.
  • the radio-frequency coil is connected to a radio frequency transceiver 816.
  • the radio -frequency coil 814 and radio frequency transceiver 816 may be replaced by separate transmit and receive coils and a separate transmitter and receiver. It is understood that the radio-frequency coil 814 and the radio- frequency transceiver 816 are representative.
  • the radio-frequency coil 814 is intended to also represent a dedicated transmit antenna and a dedicated receive antenna.
  • the transceiver 816 may also represent a separate transmitter and a separate receiver.
  • the magnetic resonance imaging system 800 is shown as further comprising a fluid hyperpolarizer 100.
  • the fluid hyperpolarizer 100 is shown as supplying a dispenser 818 with hyperpolarized fluid.
  • the dispenser 818 is operable for dispensing the hyperpolarized fluid to the subject 706 using a dispensing tube 820.
  • the magnetic field gradient coil power supply 812, the radio -frequency transceiver 816, fluid hyperpolarizer 100, and the dispenser 818 are connected to the hardware interface 612 of a computer system 610.
  • the computer system 610 is equivalent to that as shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
  • the computer storage 618 is shown as containing a pulse sequence 822.
  • the pulse sequence 822 either comprises instructions used for controlling the magnetic resonance imaging system 800 to acquire magnetic resonance data 824 or a time sequence of commands which may be converted into instructions for controlling the magnetic resonance imaging system to acquire magnetic resonance data.
  • the computer storage 618 is further shown as containing magnetic resonance data 824 that was acquired from the magnetic resonance imaging system using the pulse sequence 822.
  • the computer storage 618 is further shown as containing a magnetic resonance image 826 reconstructed from the magnetic resonance data 824.
  • the computer memory 620 is shown as containing a control module 830.
  • the control module contains computer executable code which enables the processor 614 to control the operation and function of the magnetic resonance imaging system 800.
  • the control module 830 may enable the processor 614 to use the pulse sequence 822 to acquire the magnetic resonance data 824.
  • the pulse sequence 822 may also contain commands or instructions which can be converted into commands for controlling the operation of the fluid hyperpolarizer and the dispenser 818. In this way the hyperpolarized fluid can be dispensed in a way which is optimal for the acquisition of the magnetic resonance data 824.
  • the computer memory 620 is further shown as containing an image reconstruction module 832.
  • the reconstruction module 832 contains computer executable code which enables the processor 614 to reconstruct the magnetic resonance image 826 from the magnetic resonance data 824. While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments.
  • a computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif d'hyperpolarisation (100) pour l'hyperpolarisation d'un fluide (114). Le dispositif d'hyperpolarisation de fluide comprend une source de rayons X à bande étroite (102) pour la production d'un faisceau de rayons X à bande étroite (110, 112). Le dispositif d'hyperpolarisation de fluide comprend en outre au moins une plaque de zone en spirale (104) pouvant servir à conférer un moment angulaire orbital au faisceau de rayons X à bande étroite et pouvant servir à focaliser le faisceau de rayons X à bande étroite en un volume de focalisation (108). Le dispositif d'hyperpolarisation de fluide (106) comprend une chambre d'hyperpolarisation (106) destinée à recevoir le fluide. Le volume de focalisation se situe à l'intérieur de la chambre d'hyperpolarisation.
PCT/IB2013/054300 2012-06-11 2013-05-24 Dispositif d'hyperpolarisation de fluide WO2013186648A2 (fr)

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WO2016161241A1 (fr) * 2015-04-01 2016-10-06 The General Hosptial Corporation Système et procédé destinés à l'angiographie par résonance magnétique utilisant un fluide hyperpolarisé
US9500586B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2016-11-22 Nxgen Partners Ip, Llc System and method using OAM spectroscopy leveraging fractional orbital angular momentum as signature to detect materials
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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150260650A1 (en) * 2014-03-12 2015-09-17 Solyman Ashrafi System and method for making concentration measurements within a sample material using orbital angular momentum
US9267877B2 (en) * 2014-03-12 2016-02-23 Nxgen Partners Ip, Llc System and method for making concentration measurements within a sample material using orbital angular momentum
US9500586B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2016-11-22 Nxgen Partners Ip, Llc System and method using OAM spectroscopy leveraging fractional orbital angular momentum as signature to detect materials
WO2016161241A1 (fr) * 2015-04-01 2016-10-06 The General Hosptial Corporation Système et procédé destinés à l'angiographie par résonance magnétique utilisant un fluide hyperpolarisé
US11002677B2 (en) 2015-10-05 2021-05-11 Nxgen Partners Ip, Llc System and method for multi-parameter spectroscopy
CN114690099A (zh) * 2020-12-30 2022-07-01 中国科学技术大学 光超极化核磁共振成像装置及方法
CN113777123A (zh) * 2021-09-16 2021-12-10 安徽理工大学 一种核磁共振真三轴夹持器及应用方法
CN113777123B (zh) * 2021-09-16 2024-01-12 安徽理工大学 一种核磁共振真三轴夹持器及应用方法

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