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WO2010114360A1 - Appareil de fusion de noyaux d'isotopes d'hydrogène - Google Patents

Appareil de fusion de noyaux d'isotopes d'hydrogène Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010114360A1
WO2010114360A1 PCT/NL2009/000213 NL2009000213W WO2010114360A1 WO 2010114360 A1 WO2010114360 A1 WO 2010114360A1 NL 2009000213 W NL2009000213 W NL 2009000213W WO 2010114360 A1 WO2010114360 A1 WO 2010114360A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
shockwave
vessel
shockwaves
wall
centre
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2009/000213
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English (en)
Inventor
Bernard Jozef Reits
Original Assignee
Bernard Jozef Reits
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bernard Jozef Reits filed Critical Bernard Jozef Reits
Publication of WO2010114360A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010114360A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for fusing nuclei of hydrogen isotopes, comprising a spherically shaped vessel filled with a medium and means for generating a spherical Shockwave inside the vessel that converges towards a centre of the vessel.
  • the apparatus according to the invention substantially obviates this disadvantage. It is characterised in that the means are arranged for generating a series of successive, separate spherical Shockwaves.
  • a pressure increase in the medium caused by the first Shockwave results in an increased propagation speed for the second Shockwave, an even more increased propagation speed for the third Shockwave and so on, which means that the successive Shockwaves will catch up one another.
  • a time delay between the successive Shockwaves is chosen such that the Shockwaves will reach simultaneously the centre of the spherically shaped vessel.
  • the medium in the centre will undergo a substantially adiabatic compression, during which a pressure such high and eventually a temperature such high is reached that nuclei of hydrogen isotopes present in the medium may fuse.
  • An important additional advantage is that for a series of stepwise pressure increases in the medium the growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities will be reduced, as only during a very short time and only very close to the centre very large density gradients will occur.
  • a favourable embodiment of the apparatus is characterised in that the amplitudes of successive Shockwaves increase.
  • the amplitudes of successive Shockwaves increase at least substantially exponentially. It can be proved that in this case the compression will be perfectly adiabatic .
  • a further favourable embodiment with which a precise radial symmetry of the successive Shockwaves can be guaranteed is characterised in that the means comprise a large set of Shockwave generators, mounted onto or inside a wall of the vessel and distributed substantially uniform over the wall of the vessel. It may be noted here that it is not necessary to cover the entire wall with Shockwave generators. For obtaining a high precision spherical Shockwave it is sufficient to mount for example a hundred Shockwave generators onto or inside the wall, the parameters of which are chosen in a manner well known in the art such that the separate Shockwaves will at least near the centre unite and form a closed spherical Shockwave .
  • a favourable embodiment of the apparatus with which it is nevertheless possible to generate very powerful successive Shockwaves with a precise radial symmetry and with mutually very short time intervals is characterised in that the set of Shockwave generators consists of a number of disjoint subsets of Shockwave generators, the Shockwave generators within each subset being distributed substantially uniform over the wall.
  • each closed spherical Shockwave is generated by a subset of Shockwave generators, which implies that every discrete Shockwave generator will contribute to only one spherical Shockwave.
  • the parameters of the generated Shockwaves are to be chosen in a manner well known in the art so that the separate Shockwaves will at least near the centre unite and form a closed spherical Shockwave.
  • the apparatus as described in the previous paragraphs can be used for generating single fusion reactions, for example in order to optimise process parameters, like the optimal time delays between the successive Shockwaves and the optimal amplitudes of the successive Shockwaves.
  • optimise process parameters like the optimal time delays between the successive Shockwaves and the optimal amplitudes of the successive Shockwaves.
  • the set of reflectors consists of a number of disjoint subsets of reflectors, the reflectors within each subset being equal and being distributed substantially uniform over the wall, such that each subset generates precisely one spherical Shockwave.
  • the surface area and the position of the different reflectors one may generate in this way a series of successive separate spherical Shockwaves which realise an adiabatic compression in the medium in the centre of the vessel.
  • a further favourable embodiment is characterised in that a Shockwave generator comprises an actuator, coupled to a diaphragm forming part of the wall.
  • the vessel becomes actually a hermetically closed vessel that can be filed with all kinds of medium.
  • the medium consists at least substantially of heavy water, to which preferably a lithium compound and/or a beryllium compound has been added.
  • Heavy water contains much deuterium, which forms the basis for the fusion reaction.
  • the medium is the fuel here, there will be no problems associated with unwanted reflections of the Shockwave.
  • the medium forms an excellent shielding for the radiation that is produced during the fusion reaction and the lithium compound and/or the beryllium compound can easily be dissolved in the heavy water.
  • a favourable embodiment according to a further aspect of the invention is characterised in that the centre of the spherically shaped vessel contains a sphere having a diameter of 0,5 to 1,5 millimetres.
  • the sphere may be kept in place with an electromagnetic suspension system for example. The advantage is that the converging spherical Shockwave will reflect on the surface of the sphere, which increases the pressure in the medium near the surface of the sphere.
  • the sphere consists of a core made of a high density material having a lithium containing cladding.
  • the high density material for example iron, guarantees a substantially complete reflection of the converging spherical Shockwave, while the cladding will produce tritium near the surface of the sphere, because roughly 50 percent of the neutrons produced by previous or momentary fusion reactions will hit the lithium containing layer.
  • the sphere may therefore be seen as a physical catalyst for the fusion reactions to take place.
  • Fig. 1 schematically represents a possible embodiment of an apparatus for generating a spherical
  • FIG. 2 schematically represents a possible embodiment for generating four spherical Shockwaves in cross section;
  • FFiigg.. 33AA schematically represents a regular icosahedron;
  • Fig . 3B schematically represents a geodetic sphere, based on a regular icosahedron
  • Fig . 4A schematically represents the amplitudes of four spherical Shockwaves
  • FFiigg.. 44BB schematically represents the summed Shockwaves as observed in the medium
  • Fig. 4C schematically represents the summed Shockwaves as observed in the medium near the centre
  • Fig. 5A schematically represents a segment of a sphere based on a regular icosahedron with five reflectors
  • Fig. 5B schematically represents a segment of a sphere based on a regular icosahedron with five reflectors and a Shockwave generator
  • Fig. 5C schematically represents part of the wall of a spherically shaped vessel with reflectors and a
  • FIG. 6A schematically represents a possible embodiment of a Shockwave generator in cross section
  • Fig. 6B schematically represents this Shockwave generator in front view
  • Fig. 7A schematically represents an alternative embodiment of a Shockwave generator in cross section
  • Fig. 7B schematically represents this Shockwave generator in front view.
  • Fig. 1 schematically represents a possible embodiment of an apparatus for generating a spherical Shockwave in cross section.
  • the apparatus consists of a spherically shaped vessel 1 having a diameter of for example 1.5 meter, manufactured of for example stainless steel and provided with a group of Shockwave generators 2, each provided with a metal foil 3 which in fact forms part of the wall of vessel 1.
  • Shockwave generators 2 are distributed evenly over the surface of vessel 1 and they are connected to a steering unit 4, in such a manner that Shockwave generators 2 can simultaneously generate a Shockwave in a liquid medium contained in vessel 1.
  • the separate Shockwaves merge to one spherical Shockwave which converges towards a centre 5, in the process of which it will become steeper while its amplitude increases. This results in the medium in centre 5 being heavily compressed and heated during a short time span. Subsequently, an attenuated Shockwave will diverge from centre 5 and reflect against the wall of vessel 1, after which the process will be repeated.
  • the attenuation factor depends on the type of compression that takes place in centre 5. If it is a true adiabatic compression, then the attenuation will be minimal.
  • Fig. 2 schematically represents a possible embodiment for generating four spherical Shockwaves in cross section.
  • the apparatus consists of a spherically shaped vessel 1 having a diameter of for example 1.5 meter, manufactured of for example stainless steel, in which four subgroups of
  • Shockwave generators 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d are mounted, each provided with a metal foil 3 which in fact forms part of the wall of vessel 1.
  • Subgroup 2a is connected to a steering unit 4a
  • subgroup 2b is connected to a steering unit 4b
  • subgroup 2c is connected to a steering unit 4c
  • subgroup 2d is connected to a steering unit 4d.
  • Each subgroup of Shockwave generators is distributed evenly over the surface of vessel 1 and the Shockwave generators within each subgroup can simultaneously generate a Shockwave in a liquid medium contained in vessel 1.
  • the separate Shockwaves merge to one spherical Shockwave which converges towards a centre 5, in the process of which it will become steeper while its amplitude increases.
  • the steering units 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d are subsequently triggered with previously determined time delays.
  • the second spherical Shockwave propagates in a medium having a larger density than the first Shockwave, its propagation speed will be higher.
  • the third and fourth spherical Shockwave the propagation speed will be increasingly higher.
  • the four Shockwaves will reach centre 5 exactly simultaneously. At that moment, the medium in centre 5 will be compressed and heated for a short period of time. Subsequently, a single attenuated spherical Shockwave will diverge from centre 5 and reflect against the wall of vessel 1.
  • centre 5 consists of a sphere made of iron, having a diameter of 1 millimetre, with a lithium containing cladding having a thickness of 0,2 millimetres, kept in place with an electromagnetic suspension system not shown in the figure.
  • the iron sphere guarantees a substantially complete reflection of the converging spherical Shockwave, in the process of which the pressure in the medium will double, while the lithium containing cladding will produce tritium on the surface of the sphere with the aid of neutrons produced by previous or momentary fusion reactions.
  • the cladding may for example consist of lithium cobalt oxide, electroplated on the iron sphere.
  • spherical Shockwaves For the fusion of hydrogen isotopes, very powerful spherical Shockwaves are needed, generated by a set of Shockwave generators subdivided in for example four subsets that each produce one spherical Shockwave.
  • a regular polyhedron which forms the basis for a geodetic dome.
  • Fig. 3A schematically represents a regular icosahedron 6, which forms the basis for the embodiment shown here.
  • Fig. 3B schematically represents a regular icosahedron based on a geodetic dome 7, the vertices of which coincide with vessel 1. Every triangle of regular icosahedron 6 defines a subsurface of dome 7.
  • This subsurface is divided into four subsurfaces 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, the vertices of which coincide with vessel 1.
  • Shockwave generators 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d are mounted, being elements of four subsets of Shockwave generators. This means that every spherical Shockwave will be generated by twenty Shockwave generators. It is also possible to again subdivide subsurfaces 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d into for example four subsubsurfaces, each provided with a Shockwave generator. In that case every spherical Shockwave will be generated by eighty Shockwave generators.
  • Fig. 4A schematically represents the amplitudes of four spherical Shockwaves 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, generated by subgroups of Shockwave generators 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d.
  • First Shockwave 9a passes, having a relatively small amplitude, shortly afterwards Shockwave 9b passes having a larger amplitude and so on.
  • Shockwave 9a After Shockwave 9a has been passed, the pressure in the medium and the density of the medium have been increased. For that reason the propagation speed of Shockwave 9b and the subsequent Shockwaves will increase.
  • Fig. 4B schematically represents the summed Shockwaves 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d as observed in the medium, for example at a distance of 50 centimetres from centre 5. It can be seen that the slope of the separate Shockwaves has increased and that the summed Shockwaves approximate an exponentially growing Shockwave.
  • Fig. 4C schematically represents the summed Shockwaves 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d as observed in the medium near the centre. It can be seen that the slope of the separate Shockwaves has further increased and that the summed Shockwaves approximate a steeper exponentially growing Shockwave. The slope will further increase, until in centre 5 the slopes of the separate Shockwaves will completely merge.
  • Fig. 5A schematically shows a sphere 10 which envelops a regular icosahedron, not shown.
  • the vertices of the regular icosahedron define subsurfaces 11 on sphere 10.
  • five reflectors 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e have been mounted, in such a way that the surface area of subsurface 11 is optimally covered.
  • Reflector 12a is the smallest and it is located at the smallest distance of centre 5
  • reflector 12b is somewhat bigger and it is located at a slightly larger distance and so on. All reflectors substantially coincide with the wall of vessel 1 and the differences in distance amount for example to a few millimetres, dependent upon the size of vessel 1 and type medium used.
  • Fig. 5B schematically represents a segment of a sphere 10, with reflector 12e being provided with a Shockwave generator 2 with which initially a spherical Shockwave can be generated. Subsequently, reflectors 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e may reflect this Shockwave over and over again, in the process of which the amplitude of Shockwave will decrease or on the contrary increase if nuclear fusion is taking place to a sufficiently large extent.
  • the very first compression may be a substantially adiabatic compression too.
  • subsurfaces 11 of sphere 10 into for example four subsubsurfaces, each provided with for example five reflectors 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e .
  • each spherical Shockwave will be realised with eighty reflectors.
  • the reflectors may for example consist of metal disks with five different diameters and heights, which are mounted onto the inside of the wall of vessel 1. Between the reflectors the wall of vessel 1 may be covered with a shock-absorbing layer or one may use the reflection on the wall for generating an additional spherical Shockwave.
  • Fig. 5C schematically shows part of the wall of a spherical vessel 1 with reflectors 12a,..12e, the reflectors 12e each being provided with a Shockwave generator 2.
  • An expanding Shockwave emanating from centre 5 will first reflect from reflectors 12a and generate in this way a first spherical Shockwave, next reflect from reflectors 12b and so on.
  • FIG. 6A schematically represents a possible embodiment of a Shockwave generator 2 in cross section.
  • Shockwave generator 2 consists of a hollow cylindrical body 13, on the outside provided with a thread so that it can be screwed into an opening of vessel 1.
  • a front side of Shockwave generator 2 is closed with a copper foil 14 that is welded onto cylindrical body 13.
  • a thin disc 15 made of an insulating material is placed and underneath a disc coil 16 is placed which is supported by a thick disc 17 made of an insulating material.
  • a capacitor 18 is placed which can be charged via a connector 19 and a charge resistor 20, as well as a thyratron 21 and a series resistor 22.
  • FIG. 6B schematically shows this Shockwave generator 2 in front view, with body 13, foil 14 and disc coil 16, represented with a dotted line.
  • Fig. 7A schematically represents an alternative embodiment of a Shockwave generator 2 in cross section.
  • Shockwave generator 2 consists of a rod-shaped object 24, on the outside provided with a thread so that it can be screwed into an opening of vessel 1.
  • a parabolically shaped combustion chamber 25 is made, a front of which is closed with a stainless steel foil 26 that is welded onto rod-shaped object 24 and that is supported by a grid 27 which is sufficiently strong to withstand the pressure inside vessel 1.
  • a combustible gas may flow into combustion chamber 25 and via three-way valve 29 combustion chamber 25 may be evacuated or oxygen may flow into combustion chamber 25.
  • combustion chamber 25 may be filled with a suitable gas mixture
  • the gas mixture is ignited near the focal point of combustion chamber 25 with a spark plug 30 via a connector 31. In this way, a Shockwave is generated in the medium present in vessel 1.
  • a spring loaded overpressure valve 32 is accommodated, which prevents a static pressure build up in combustion chamber 25.
  • Fig. 7B schematically represents this Shockwave generator 2 in front view, with rod-shaped object 24, foil 26 and grid 27.
  • a desired radiation diagram for the shock wave may be obtained by providing disc coil 16 or grid 27 with a radius of curvature, such that also foil 14 or foil 26 will assume this desired radius of curvature.
  • the pitch of disc coil 16 may be varied and the mesh width of grid 27 may be varied in order to realise a desired tapering of the Shockwave.
  • the amplitude of the Shockwave may be varied by selecting the charge voltage of capacitor 18 or the pressure of the gas mixture in combustion chamber 25. While being in use, a spherical Shockwave with an energy of for example 1 kilojoule oscillates in vessel 1 with a frequency of about 1 kilohertz. For each period, the losses are estimated to be 20 percent.
  • each fusion reaction must generate 2 kilojoules. Therefore the apparatus must generate typically 2 mega- watts in order to maintain the oscillation.
  • Energy may be extracted in the form of heat, but it is also possible to convert part of the energy stored in the Shockwave directly to energy.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un appareil de fusion de noyaux d'isotopes d'hydrogène, comprenant : une enceinte sphérique (1) remplie d'un milieu contenant des isotopes d'hydrogène, et des groupes de générateurs d'ondes de choc (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) produisant à l'intérieur de l'enceinte (1) des séries d'ondes de choc sphériques distinctes convergeant vers le centre (5) de l'enceinte (1). Les temps séparant les ondes de choc sphériques successives sont choisis pour que toutes les ondes de choc arrivent simultanément au centre (5) de l'enceinte (1). Ledit centre (5) peut contenir une minuscule sphère de fer enrobée d'un revêtement au lithium.
PCT/NL2009/000213 2009-09-24 2009-11-06 Appareil de fusion de noyaux d'isotopes d'hydrogène WO2010114360A1 (fr)

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NL1037316 2009-09-24
NL1037316 2009-09-24

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8537958B2 (en) 2009-02-04 2013-09-17 General Fusion, Inc. Systems and methods for compressing plasma
US8891719B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2014-11-18 General Fusion, Inc. Systems and methods for plasma compression with recycling of projectiles
US8887618B2 (en) 2011-02-25 2014-11-18 General Fusion, Inc. Pressure wave generator with movable control rod for generating a pressure wave in a medium
US9267515B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2016-02-23 General Fusion Inc. Jet control devices and methods
US9403191B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2016-08-02 General Fusion Inc. Pressure wave generator with a sabot launched piston
US10002680B2 (en) 2005-03-04 2018-06-19 General Fusion Inc. Pressure wave generator and controller for generating a pressure wave in a liquid medium
US10115486B2 (en) 2015-03-11 2018-10-30 General Fusion Inc. Modular compression chamber

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3967215A (en) * 1966-04-29 1976-06-29 Bellak Johannes G Laser reactor
WO1996036969A1 (fr) * 1995-05-17 1996-11-21 Browne Peter F Reacteur a fusion
US20030215046A1 (en) * 2002-05-16 2003-11-20 Hornkohl Jason L. Pressure generating structure
US20060198487A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-07 General Fusion Inc. Fusionable material target
US20060198483A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-07 General Fusion Inc. Magnetized plasma fusion reactor

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3967215A (en) * 1966-04-29 1976-06-29 Bellak Johannes G Laser reactor
WO1996036969A1 (fr) * 1995-05-17 1996-11-21 Browne Peter F Reacteur a fusion
US20030215046A1 (en) * 2002-05-16 2003-11-20 Hornkohl Jason L. Pressure generating structure
US20060198487A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-07 General Fusion Inc. Fusionable material target
US20060198483A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-07 General Fusion Inc. Magnetized plasma fusion reactor

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10002680B2 (en) 2005-03-04 2018-06-19 General Fusion Inc. Pressure wave generator and controller for generating a pressure wave in a liquid medium
US9875816B2 (en) 2009-02-04 2018-01-23 General Fusion Inc. Systems and methods for compressing plasma
US8537958B2 (en) 2009-02-04 2013-09-17 General Fusion, Inc. Systems and methods for compressing plasma
US10984917B2 (en) 2009-02-04 2021-04-20 General Fusion Inc. Systems and methods for compressing plasma
US9424955B2 (en) 2009-02-04 2016-08-23 General Fusion Inc. Systems and methods for compressing plasma
US9271383B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2016-02-23 General Fusion, Inc. Systems and methods for plasma compression with recycling of projectiles
US8891719B2 (en) 2009-07-29 2014-11-18 General Fusion, Inc. Systems and methods for plasma compression with recycling of projectiles
US8887618B2 (en) 2011-02-25 2014-11-18 General Fusion, Inc. Pressure wave generator with movable control rod for generating a pressure wave in a medium
US9746008B2 (en) 2011-02-25 2017-08-29 General Fusion Inc. Pressure wave generator with movable control rod for generating a pressure wave in a medium
US10092914B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2018-10-09 General Fusion Inc. Jet control devices and methods
US9463478B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2016-10-11 General Fusion Inc. Jet control devices and methods
US9267515B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2016-02-23 General Fusion Inc. Jet control devices and methods
US9403191B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2016-08-02 General Fusion Inc. Pressure wave generator with a sabot launched piston
US10391520B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2019-08-27 General Fusion Inc. Pressure wave generator with a sabot launched piston
US10115486B2 (en) 2015-03-11 2018-10-30 General Fusion Inc. Modular compression chamber

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