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WO2009117421A2 - Modulateurs hétérocycliques de gpr119 pour le traitement d’une maladie - Google Patents

Modulateurs hétérocycliques de gpr119 pour le traitement d’une maladie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009117421A2
WO2009117421A2 PCT/US2009/037408 US2009037408W WO2009117421A2 WO 2009117421 A2 WO2009117421 A2 WO 2009117421A2 US 2009037408 W US2009037408 W US 2009037408W WO 2009117421 A2 WO2009117421 A2 WO 2009117421A2
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group
compound
recited
trifluoromethyl
chloro
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PCT/US2009/037408
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WO2009117421A3 (fr
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Nicholas Smith
Celine Bonnefous
Steven P. Govek
Dongpei Wu
Anthony B. Pinkerton
Mehmet Kahraman
Travis Cook
Stewart A. Noble
Allen J. Borchardt
Thomas Prins
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Kalypsys, Inc.
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Publication of WO2009117421A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009117421A2/fr
Publication of WO2009117421A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009117421A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/56—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • Obesity is a growing threat to the global health by virtue of its association with a cluster of diseases that include insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, collectively known as the metabolic syndrome or syndrome X. It is well documented that patients with metabolic syndrome have a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke [Grundy S. M. et al. Circulation 112:e285-e290, 2005]. The treatment of obesity will require complex solutions, including increased public awareness to diminish food portions, improved food choices and increased physical activity. However, epidemiologic studies have shown that treating diabetes/insulin resistance in these patients can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease.
  • GPRl 19 modulators described herein might represent such an opportunity.
  • Current therapies for diabetes mellitus include: insulin; insulin secretagogues, such as sulphonylureas, which increase insulin secretion from pancreatic ⁇ -cells; glucose-lowering effectors, such as metformin which reduce glucose production from the liver; activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- ⁇ (PPAR- ⁇ ), such as the thiazolidinediones, which enhances insulin action; GLP-I mimetics, such as exenatide (Byetta); and ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors which interfere with gut glucose production.
  • insulin secretagogues such as sulphonylureas, which increase insulin secretion from pancreatic ⁇ -cells
  • glucose-lowering effectors such as metformin which reduce glucose production from the liver
  • activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- ⁇ (PPAR- ⁇ ) such as the thiazolidinediones
  • GIP and GLP-I are peptides, known as incretins, secreted from enteroendocrine K- and L-cells respectively in response to ingestion of nutrients, and have a wide variety of physiological effects that have been described in numerous publications over the past two decades. See, for example, Bojanowska, E. et al., Med. Sd. Monit., 2005, Aug 5 11(8): RA271-8; Perry, T. et al., Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2005, July 2(3): 377-85; and Meier, J.J. et al., Diabetes Metab. Res.
  • GIP and GLP-I are potent stimulators of the body's ability to produce insulin in response to elevated levels of blood sugar.
  • GLP- 1 glucose-lowering effects in addition to GLP- 1 's ability to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion including, but not limited to, an inhibition of the release of the hormone glucagon following meals, a reduction in the rate at which nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, and a reduction of food intake.
  • treatments to increase GLP-I may be used for a variety of conditions and disorders including but not limited to metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory diseases, psychosomatic, depressive, and neuropsychiatric disease including but not limited to diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2), metabolic syndrome, obesity, appetite control and satiety, weight loss, stress, inflammation, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's Disease, and other diseases of the central nervous system.
  • Type II diabetes patients display a decreased responsiveness to GIP but not GLP-I, with respect to its ability to stimulate insulin secretion.
  • the mechanism behind the decreased responsiveness to GIP remains unclear since Type II diabetics retain sensitivity to a bolus administration of GIP but not to a continuous infusion (Meier et al. 2004 Diabetes 53 S220-S224).
  • Moreover recent studies with a long-acting fatty-acid derivative of GIP showed beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in ob/ob mice following 14 days of treatment (Irwin N. et al. (2006) J. Med. Chem. 49, 1047-1 054).
  • a molecule which may stimulate GLPl secretion would provide a therapeutic benefit.
  • a molecule which could stimulate both GLP-I secretion and insulin secretion through effects on the L-cell and direct effects on the ⁇ -cell would hold much promise for Type II diabetes therapy.
  • GLP- 1 receptor agonists have proven elusive, a feature that unfortunately is characteristic of Class B GPCRs. Meanwhile, the spectrum of signaling peptides affected by inhibition of DPP-IV remains unclear and could potentially extend significantly beyond GLP-I and GIP (8, 9). It is therefore worthwhile to search for therapeutic approaches which afford both the physiological selectivity of GLP-I signaling and the opportunity for orally active treatment modalities.
  • GPRl 19 was identified as a Class A, islet- enriched receptor which could potentially mediate the insulinotropic actions of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) observed in vitro (Soga T., et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2005, 326:744-751), but a later study suggested that oleoylethanolamide (OEA) was a more potent GPRl 19 agonist (Overton H. A., et al., Cell Metab, 2006, 3:167-175). Recently, a small molecule GPRl 19 agonist has been shown to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improve hyperglycemia in rodent models of diabetes (Chu Z.
  • GPRl 19 is expressed in human gastrointestinal regions and in human islets. Activation of GPRl 19 has been demonstrated to stimulate intracellular cAMP and lead to glucose-dependent GLP-I and insulin secretion. See, T. Soga et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 326 (2005) 744-751, herein incorporated by reference with regard to a background understanding of GPRl 19.
  • GPRl 19 activation of GPRl 19 is very unlikely to induce hypoglycemia (Chu Z., et al. Endocrinology, 2007, 148:2601-2609) [Oi l] Agonists to GPRl 19 may be of therapeutic value for diabetes and associated conditions, particularly Type II diabetes, obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis.
  • GPRl 19-mediated diseases in a patient by administering the compounds.
  • Xi is selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, CH 2 and CR 3 ;
  • X 2 is selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, CH 2 and CR 4 ;
  • X3 is selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, CH 2 , CH, and C-methyl;
  • Gi is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 Rb, NR 7 , and optionally substituted N-heterocycloalkyl;
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, lower alkyl, lower heteroalkyl, NRs, O and SO 2 , any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • Ri is selected from the group consisting of aryl, N-containing heteroaryl; arylalkyl, and N-containing heteroarylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, amino, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or, when Gi is substituted N-heterocycloalkyl, R 2 may be null;
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, lower amino, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perfluoroalkyl, and lower perfluoroalkoxy, or R 3 and R 4 taken together may form a 5- 6-membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • Rs, Re, R7, and Rs are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, phenyloxy, acyl, carboxyl, amino, lower heteroalkyl, lower alkylthio, lower aminoalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, lower aryl, lower arylalkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower heteroaryl, lower heteroarylalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, and lower heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted, or R 5 and R 6 , taken together, form oxy; and
  • Ra and Rb are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, lower amino, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, lower perfluoroalkyl, lower perfluoroalkoxy, optionally substituted lower cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower heteroaryl, and optionally substituted phenyl.
  • Ri is selected from the group consisting of aryl and N-containing heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • Ri is selected from the group consisting of substituted phenyl and substituted, monocyclic N-containing heteroaryl.
  • Ri is substituted pyridyl.
  • Ri is substituted phenyl.
  • Gi is NR 7 .
  • Gi is NH.
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C 3 alkyl, Ci-C 3 hydroxyalkyl, Ci-C 3 alkynyl, perfluoromethyl, and perfluoromethoxy.
  • Gi is CR a Rb,
  • Gi is optionally substituted N-heterocycle.
  • G 2 is a bond.
  • Gi is optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, and hydroxy.
  • Gi is optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl ethyl, methoxy, and hydroxy.
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, lower alkyl, lower heteroalkyl, and NRs, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C1-C3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 heteroalkylcontaining one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O
  • Rg is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C3 alkynyl, perfluoromethyl, and perfluoromethoxy.
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of NR 8 and CH 2 ;
  • R 8 is hydrogen
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionally substituted. [033] In certain embodiments, R 2 is substituted pyridyl. [034] In certain embodiments, R 2 is substituted phenyl. [035] In certain embodiments, compounds have structural Formula II:
  • Gi is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 , and NR 7 ;
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CH 2 , and NRs;
  • Xi is selected from the group consisting of CRio and N;
  • X 2 is selected from the group consisting of CRi 2 , N, O, and S;
  • X 3 is selected from the group consisting of CR 14 , N, O, and S;
  • Yi is selected from the group consisting of CR 2 I, N, O, and S;
  • Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of CR 22 , N, O, and S;
  • Y3 is selected from the group consisting of CR 23 , N, O, and S;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower amino, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted; q is an integer from O to 3;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of CH, O, and N;
  • R5, R 6 , R 7 , and Rs are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, amino, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted , or R 3 and R 4 , taken together, may form oxy; and
  • Rio, Ri 2 , Ri4, Ri9, R 2 i, R 22 , R 2 3, R 2 7, and R 2 8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, amino, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, thioalkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkynyl , heteroarylalkynyl, heterocycloalkylalkynyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, acyloxy, arylalkoxy, ary
  • Yi is selected from the group consisting of CR21 and N;
  • Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of CR 22 and N;
  • Y3 is selected from the group consisting of CR23 and N.
  • R 27 and R 2 8 taken together with R 2 to which they are attached, form cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 27 and R 2 8 taken together with R 2 to which they are attached, form cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
  • said cycloalkyl is a C 3 -C 7 monocyclic cycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted; and said heterocycloalkyl, is a C 4 -C 7 monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted.
  • said C 4 -C 7 monocyclic heterocycloalkyl is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, and morpholine, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • compounds have structural Formula III:
  • Gi is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 , and NR 7 ;
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CH 2 , and NR 8 ;
  • Xi is selected from the group consisting of CH and N;
  • X 2 is selected from the group consisting of CH and N;
  • X3 is selected from the group consisting of CH and N;
  • Yi is selected from the group consisting of CR21 and N;
  • Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of CR 22 and N;
  • Y 3 is selected from the group consisting of CR 23 and N;
  • Zi is selected from the group consisting of CR 24 and N;
  • Z 2 is selected from the group consisting of CR25 and N;
  • Z 3 is selected from the group consisting of CR 26 and N;
  • Z 4 is selected from the group consisting of CR 27 and N; q and r are each independently an integer from 0 to 3;
  • R 7 , and Rs are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower amino, lower alkynyl, lower heteroalkyl;
  • Rig, Ri9, R21, R 22 , R 2 3, R 24 , R 2 5, R 2 6, and R 27 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, amino, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, thioalkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkynyl , heteroarylalkynyl, heterocycloalkylalkynyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, acyloxy, arylalkoxy, aryloxy, hetero
  • Gi is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 , and NR 7 ;
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CH 2 , and NRs.
  • Xi and X 3 are each CH;
  • X 2 is N.
  • Xi and X 2 are each CH;
  • X 3 is N.
  • Xi is N
  • X 2 and X 3 are each CH.
  • X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are each CH. [048] In certain embodiments,
  • Y 2 is CR 22 ;
  • Y 3 is N.
  • Y 2 is CR 22 ;
  • Y 3 is CR 23 .
  • Z 3 is CR 26 ;
  • R 2 6 is not hydrogen.
  • Zi is N.
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of NH and CH 2 .
  • Gi is NH.
  • compounds have structural Formula IV:
  • Gi is selected from the group consisting of NH and CH 2 ;
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of NH, CH 2 , SO 2 , and O;
  • Zi is selected from the group consisting of CR 24 and N;
  • Z 4 is selected from the group consisting of CR 27 and N; q is an integer from 1 to 3; r is an integer from 1 to 3, or r may be 0 if R 27 is not hydrogen; and each Ri 8 , each Ri 9 , R 24 , R 26 , and R 27 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, amino, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, thioalkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl , heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkynyl , heteroarylalkynyl, heterocycloalky
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of NH and CH 2 .
  • Gi is NH.
  • Z 4 is CR 27 .
  • Zi and Z 4 are both N.
  • R 27 is not hydrogen.
  • R 27 and each Ri 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, optionally substituted arylamino, optionally substituted heteroarylamino, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, and optionally substituted aryloxy, provided that one OfR 27 and each Ri 8 is not hydrogen.
  • R 27 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyloxy and optionally substituted 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryloxy.
  • R 27 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyloxy and optionally substituted pyridinyloxy.
  • each Ri 9 is independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
  • each R19 is independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, perfluoromethyl, and perfluoromethoxy.
  • q is 1 or 2.
  • q is 2, and the two R19 groups are meta to each other.
  • composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Also provided is a method of treatment of a GPRl 19-mediated disease comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof.
  • said disease is a metabolic disease.
  • said disease is diabetes.
  • Also provided is a method of treatment of a GPRl 19-mediated disease comprising the administration of: i. a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein; and ii. another therapeutic agent.
  • said agent is selected from the group consisting of insulin, metformin, Glipizide, glyburide, Amaryl, gliclazide, meglitinides, nateglinide, repaglinide, pramlintide, PTP-112, SB-517955, SB-4195052, SB-216763, NN-57- 05441, NN-57-05445, GW-0791, AGN- 19 4 20 4, T-1095, BAY R3401, acarbose, miglitol, voglibose, Exendin-4, DPP728, LAF237, vildagliptin , BMS477118, PT-100, GSK-823093, PSN-9301, T-6666, SYR-322, SYR-619, Liraglutide, CJC-1134-PC, naliglutide, MK-0431, saxagliptin, GSK23A, pi
  • Also provided is a method for achieving an effect in a patient comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein to a patient, wherein the effect is the modulation of a metabolic disease.
  • acyl refers to a carbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or any other moiety were the atom attached to the carbonyl is carbon.
  • An “acetyl” group refers to a -C(O)C ⁇ 3 group.
  • An “alkylcarbonyl” or “alkanoyl” group refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such groups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl. Examples of acyl groups include formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkenyl will comprise from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.
  • suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso- butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like.
  • alkylene refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (- CH 2 -). Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.
  • alkylamino refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an amino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.
  • alkylidene refers to an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.
  • alkylthio refers to an alkyl thioether (R-S-) radical wherein the term alkyl is as defined above and wherein the sulfur may be singly or doubly oxidized.
  • suitable alkyl thioether radicals include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso- butylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulf ⁇ nyl, and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more triple bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • alkynylene refers to a carbon-carbon triple bond attached at two positions such as ethynylene (-C:::C-, -C ⁇ C-).
  • alkynyl radicals include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1- yl, 3-methylbutyn-l-yl, hexyn-2-yl, and the like.
  • alkynyl may include "alkynylene” groups.
  • acylamino as used herein, alone or in combination, embraces an acyl group attached to the parent moiety through an amino group.
  • acylamino is acetylamino (CH 3 C(O)NH-).
  • amino refers to — NRR , wherein R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves be optionally substituted. Additionally, R and R' may combine to form heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
  • aminoalkyl refers to an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such polycyclic ring systems are fused together.
  • aryl embraces aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthryl.
  • arylalkenyl or “aralkenyl refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • arylalkoxy or “aralkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
  • arylalkyl or “aralkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • arylalkynyl or “aralkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkynyl group.
  • arylalkanoyl or “aralkanoyl” or “aroyl,”as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an acyl radical derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, napthoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl
  • hydrocinnamoyl 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, and the like.
  • aryloxy refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy.
  • carbamate refers to an ester of carbamic acid (-NHCOO-) which may be attached to the parent molecular moiety from either the nitrogen or acid end, and which may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • N-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a
  • carbonyl when alone includes formyl [-C(O)H] and in combination is a -C(O)- group.
  • carboxyl or “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to -C(O)OH or the corresponding "carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acid salt.
  • An "O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • a “C-carboxy” group refers to a -C(O)OR groups where R is as defined herein.
  • cyano as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to -CN.
  • cycloalkyl or, alternatively, “carbocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl group wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12 carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • said cycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronapthyl, indanyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-lH-indenyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • "Bicyclic” and "tricyclic” as used herein are intended to include both fused ring systems, such as decahydronaphthalene, octahydronaphthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered) saturated or partially unsaturated type. The latter type of isomer is exemplified in general by, bicyclo[l,l,l]pentane, camphor, adamantane, and bicyclo[3,2,l]octane.
  • esters refers to a carboxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • ether refers to an oxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • halo or halogen
  • haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals.
  • a monohaloalkyl radical for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical.
  • Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.
  • haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
  • "Haloalkylene" refers to a haloalkyl group attached at two or more positions.
  • heteroalkyl refers to a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH 2 -NH- OCH 3 .
  • heteroaryl refers to a 3 to 7 membered unsaturated heteromonocyclic ring, or a fused monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system in which at least one of the fused rings is aromatic, which contains at least one atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
  • said heteroaryl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • heterocyclic rings are fused with aryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with other heteroaryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with heterocycloalkyl rings, or wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with cycloalkyl rings.
  • heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, pyranyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzopyranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, chromonyl,
  • Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group containing at least one heteroatom as a ring member, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring members.
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members.
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 8 ring members in each ring.
  • said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 7 ring members in each ring. In yet further embodiments, said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.
  • "Heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or an additional heterocycle group.
  • heterocycle groups include aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3- benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[ 1 ,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihy-dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like.
  • the heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specifically prohibited.
  • hydrazinyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to two amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., -N-N-.
  • hydroxy refers to -OH.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • isocyanato refers to a -NCO group.
  • isothiocyanato refers to a -NCS group.
  • linear chain of atoms refers to the longest straight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • lower means containing from 1 to and including 6 carbon atoms.
  • lower aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means phenyl or naphthyl, which may be optionally substituted as provided.
  • lower heteroaryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means either 1) monocyclic heteroaryl comprising five or six ring members, of which between one and four said members may be heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of
  • each of the fused rings comprises five or six ring members, comprising between them one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
  • lower cycloalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a monocyclic cycloalkyl having between three and six ring members. Lower cycloalkyls may be unsaturated. Examples of lower cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • lower heterocycloalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl having between three and six ring members, of which between one and four may be heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of
  • lower heterocycloalkyls examples include pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl. Lower heterocycloalkyls may be unsaturated. [0132]
  • R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and lower heteroalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. Additionally, the R and R' of a lower amino group may combine to form a five- or six-membered heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
  • nitro refers to -NO 2 .
  • perhaloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • sulfonate refers the -SO3H group and its anion as the sulfonic acid is used in salt formation.
  • thia and thio refer to a -S- group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced with sulfur.
  • the oxidized derivatives of the thio group namely sulfmyl and sulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.
  • thiol refers to an -SH group.
  • N-thiocarbamyl refers to an ROC(S)NR'- group, with R and
  • O-thiocarbamyl refers to a -OC(S)NRR' , group with R and
  • thiocyanato refers to a -CNS group.
  • trihalomethanesulfonamido refers to a X 3 CS(O) 2 NR- group with X is a halogen and R as defined herein.
  • trihalomethanesulfonyl refers to a X 3 CS(O) 2 - group where X is a halogen.
  • trihalomethoxy refers to a X 3 CO- group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethysilyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a silicone group substituted at its three free valences with groups as listed herein under the definition of substituted amino. Examples include trimethysilyl, tert- butyldimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl and the like.
  • any definition herein may be used in combination with any other definition to describe a composite structural group.
  • the trailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to the parent moiety.
  • the composite group alkylamido would represent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecule through an amido group
  • the term alkoxyalkyl would represent an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.
  • the term "optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the substituents of an "optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one or more substituents independently selected from the following groups or a particular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester, lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkylcarbonyl
  • Two substituents may be joined together to form a fused five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example forming methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy.
  • An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CH 3 ), fully substituted (e.g., -CF 2 CF 3 ), monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CF 3 ).
  • aryl, heterocycle, R, etc. occur more than one time in a formula or generic structure, its definition at each occurrence is independent of the definition at every other occurrence.
  • certain groups may be attached to a parent molecule or may occupy a position in a chain of elements from either end as written.
  • an unsymmetrical group such as -C(O)N(R)- may be attached to the parent moiety at either the carbon or the nitrogen.
  • Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds disclosed herein. These centers are designated by the symbols “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It should be understood that the invention encompasses all stereochemical isomeric forms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms, as well as d-isomers and 1-isomers, and mixtures thereof.
  • Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or any other appropriate method known in the art.
  • Starting compounds of particular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can be made and resolved by techniques known in the art.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may exist as geometric isomers.
  • the present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomers are provided by this invention. Additionally, the compounds disclosed herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms.
  • bond refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • a bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified.
  • a dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a molecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent at that position.
  • disease as used herein is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and causes the human or animal to have a reduced duration or quality of life.
  • combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
  • GPRl 19 modulator is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits an EC50 with respect to GPRl 19 activity of no more than about 100 ⁇ M and more typically not more than about 50 ⁇ M, as measured in the cAMP production assay and glucagon- like peptide- 1 (GLP-I) secretion assays described generally hereinbelow.
  • EC50 is that concentration of inhibitor which activates the activity of an enzyme (e.g., GPRl 19) to half-maximal level. Certain compounds disclosed herein have been discovered to exhibit modulatory activity against GPRl 19.
  • compounds will exhibit an EC50 with respect to GPRl 19 of no more than about 10 ⁇ M; in further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an EC50 with respect to GPRl 19 of no more than about 5 ⁇ M; in yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an EC50 with respect to GPRl 19 of not more than about 1 ⁇ M; in yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an EC50 with respect to GPRl 19 of not more than about 200 nM, as measured in the GPRl 19 assay described herein.
  • the phrase "therapeutically effective” is intended to qualify the amount of active ingredients used in the treatment of a disease or disorder. This amount will achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the said disease or disorder.
  • the term "therapeutically acceptable” refers to those compounds (or salts, prodrugs, tautomers, zwitterionic forms, etc.) which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • patient means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. Preferably, the patient is a human.
  • prodrug refers to a compound that is made more active in vivo.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein may also exist as prodrugs, as described in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism : Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M. Wiley- VHC A, Zurich, Switzerland 2003).
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are structurally modified forms of the compound that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compound.
  • prodrugs can be converted to the compound by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compound when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • a wide variety of prodrug derivatives are known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage or oxidative activation of the prodrug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug"), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity. Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of a compound.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
  • the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, including acid addition salts. Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. Basic addition salts may also be formed and be pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P. Heinrich. Wiley- VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).
  • terapéuticaally acceptable salt represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible and therapeutically acceptable as defined herein.
  • the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl
  • basic groups in the compounds disclosed herein can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.
  • acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion.
  • the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds disclosed herein, and the like.
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • the cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N- methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, NN-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and NN-dibenzylethylenediamine.
  • nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, eth
  • a salt of a compound can be made by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with the appropriate acid.
  • compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, amides, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g. , by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, these methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of the subject invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof ("active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • active ingredient a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • Formulations of the compounds disclosed herein suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in- water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free- flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push- fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • suitable liquids such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen- free water, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen- free water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and nonaqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
  • Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound disclosed herein externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
  • systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi- liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
  • the active ingredient for topical administration may comprise, for example, from 0.001% to 10% w/w (by weight) of the formulation. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise as much as 10% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise less than 5% w/w. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise from 2% w/w to 5% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise from 0.1% to 1% w/w of the formulation.
  • Gels for topical or transdermal administration may comprise, generally, a mixture of volatile solvents, nonvolatile solvents, and water.
  • the volatile solvent component of the buffered solvent system may include lower (Cl- C6) alkyl alcohols, lower alkyl glycols and lower glycol polymers.
  • the volatile solvent is ethanol.
  • the volatile solvent component is thought to act as a penetration enhancer, while also producing a cooling effect on the skin as it evaporates.
  • the nonvolatile solvent portion of the buffered solvent system is selected from lower alkylene glycols and lower glycol polymers. In certain embodiments, propylene glycol is used.
  • the nonvolatile solvent slows the evaporation of the volatile solvent and reduces the vapor pressure of the buffered solvent system.
  • the amount of this nonvolatile solvent component, as with the volatile solvent, is determined by the pharmaceutical compound or drug being used. When too little of the nonvolatile solvent is in the system, the pharmaceutical compound may crystallize due to evaporation of volatile solvent, while an excess may result in a lack of bioavailability due to poor release of drug from solvent mixture.
  • the buffer component of the buffered solvent system may be selected from any buffer commonly used in the art; in certain embodiments, water is used. A common ratio of ingredients is about 20% of the nonvolatile solvent, about 40% of the volatile solvent, and about 40% water.
  • chelators and gelling agents Appropriate gelling agents can include, but are not limited to, semisynthetic cellulose derivatives (such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and synthetic polymers, and cosmetic agents.
  • Lotions include those suitable for application to the skin or eye.
  • An eye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containing a bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for the preparation of drops.
  • Lotions or liniments for application to the skin may also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such as an alcohol or acetone, and/or a moisturizer such as glycerol or an oil such as castor oil or arachis oil.
  • Creams, ointments or pastes are semi-solid formulations of the active ingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing the active ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or in solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aid of suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy base.
  • the base may comprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol, beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such as almond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivatives or a fatty acid such as steric or oleic acid together with an alcohol such as propylene glycol or a macrogel.
  • the formulation may incorporate any suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof.
  • suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof.
  • Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulose derivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, and other ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.
  • Drops may comprise sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions and may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable aqueous solution of a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or any other suitable preservative, and, in certain embodiments, including a surface active agent.
  • the resulting solution may then be clarified by filtration, transferred to a suitable container which is then sealed and sterilized by autoclaving or maintaining at 98-100 0 C for half an hour.
  • the solution may be sterilized by filtration and transferred to the container by an aseptic technique.
  • bactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the drops are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride (0.01%) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%).
  • Suitable solvents for the preparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol and propylene glycol.
  • Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
  • compounds may be conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • the formulations described above may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • Compounds may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day. The dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day. Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of one or more compounds which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • the compounds can be administered in various modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection.
  • the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity of the indication or condition being treated. Also, the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
  • one of the side effects experienced by a patient upon receiving one of the compounds herein is hypertension, then it may be appropriate to administer an anti-hypertensive agent in combination with the initial therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit of experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • increased therapeutic benefit may result by also providing the patient with another therapeutic agent for diabetes.
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • combination therapies include use of certain compounds disclosed herein with agents found in the following pharmacotherapeutic classifications as indicated below. These lists should not be construed to be closed, but should instead serve as illustrative examples common to the relevant therapeutic area at present.
  • combination regimens may include a variety of routes of administration and should include oral, intravenous, intraocular, subcutaneous, dermal, and inhaled topical.
  • compounds disclosed herein may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics, insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, biguanide agents, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands, meglitinides, protein tyrosine phosphatase-lB (PTP-IB) inhibitors, GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase- 3) inhibitors , GLP-I (glucagon like peptide- 1), GLP-I analogs, DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) inhibitors, RXR ligands, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase A inhibitors, an AGE breaker, PPAR modulators, non-glitazone type PPAR ⁇ agonist, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, cholesterol
  • compounds disclosed herein may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: insulin, metformin, Glipizide, glyburide, Amaryl, gliclazide, meglitinides, nateglinide, repaglinide, amylin mimetics (for example, pramlintide), PTP-112, SB-517955, SB-4195052, SB-216763, NN-57-05441, NN-57-05445, GW-0791, AGN- 19 4 20 4, T-1095, BAY R3401, acarbose, miglitol, voglibose, Exendin-4, DPP728, LAF237, vildagliptin , BMS477118, PT-100, GSK-823093, PSN-9301, T-6666, SYR-322, SYR-619, Liraglutide, CJC-1134-PC, naliglutide, MK
  • compounds disclosed herein may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: cholescystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (for example sibutramine), dopamine agonists (for example, bromocriptine and like) sympathomimetic agents, ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor agonists, leptin, leptin analogues, leptin receptor agonists, galanin antagonists, lipase inhibitors (for example Orlistat), Neuropeptide-Y antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor agonists or antagonists, cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists (for example, rimonabant and like), ciliary neurotropic factors (CNTF, for example Axokine), human agouti-related proteins (AGRP), ghrelin receptor antagonists, histamine 3 receptor antagonists, appetite suppressants (for example, bupro
  • CCK-A cholesc
  • compounds disclosed herein may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants and combinations thereof with other agents, anaesthetics and combinations thereof with other agents, expectorants and combinations thereof with other agents, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and combinations thereof; antihypertensives, opioids, topical cannabinoids, and other agents, such as capsaicin.
  • an agent selected from the group comprising: corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants and combinations thereof with other agents, anaesthetics and combinations thereof with other agents, expectorants and combinations thereof with other agents, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and combinations thereof; antihypertensives, opioids, topical cannabinoids, and other agents, such as capsaicin.
  • compounds disclosed herein may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: betamethasone dipropionate (augmented and nonaugemnted), betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, prednisone, methyl prednisolone, diflorasone diacetate, halobetasol propionate, amcinonide, dexamethasone, dexosimethasone, fluocinolone acetononide, fluocinonide, halocinonide, clocortalone pivalate, dexosimetasone, flurandrenalide, salicylates, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etodolac, diclofenac, meclofenamate sodium, naproxen, piroxicam, celecoxib, cyclobenzaprine, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine/lidocaine, baclof
  • the multiple therapeutic agents may be administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses may be any duration of time ranging from a few minutes to four weeks.
  • certain embodiments provide methods for treating GPRl 19-mediated disorders in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of a compound disclosed herein effective to reduce or prevent said disorder in the subject, in combination with at least one additional agent for the treatment of said disorder that is known in the art.
  • certain embodiments provide therapeutic compositions comprising at least one compound disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional agents for the treatment of GPRl 19-mediated disorders.
  • diabetes type I and type II
  • conditions associated with diabetic diseases which include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, inadequate glucose tolerance, impaired glucose metabolism, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, erectile dysfunction, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, chronic microvascular complications, peripheral vascular disease, cataracts, stroke, foot ulcerations, renal failure, kidney disease, ketosis, metabolic acidosis, and related disorders, obesity, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, allergic diseases, fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, anorexia nervosa, bulimia vervosa, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic o
  • the disease is obesity and the effects to be achieved in a human or animal patient include decreasing body weight and controlling weight gain.
  • topical application of GPRl 19 agonists might be useful for the treatment of cellulite and other cosmetic conditions which are characterized by subcutaneous fat accumulation.
  • the disease is associated with perturbed bile acid metabolism, including, but not limited to gall bladder stones, cholecystitis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, jaundice, and obstetric cholestasis and the itch associated with it.
  • perturbed bile acid metabolism including, but not limited to gall bladder stones, cholecystitis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, jaundice, and obstetric cholestasis and the itch associated with it.
  • Metabolic diseases other than Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes which may be treated or prevented include, without limitation, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be used to treat insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis that are typically associated with an exaggerated inflammatory signaling.
  • the disease is a hyperproliferative condition of the human or animal body, including, but not limited to restenosis, inflammation, immune disorders, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, pain, migraine, angiogenesis-related conditions or disorders, proliferation induced after medical conditions, including but not limited to surgery, angioplasty, or other conditions.
  • compositions may be used to treat arthritis, including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis, acute rheumatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, neuropathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and pyogenic arthritis.
  • the compositions may also be used in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation, such as that associated with viral infections and cystic fibrosis.
  • the particular inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
  • inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include, without limitation: asthma, allergies, respiratory distress syndrome or acute or chronic pancreatitis.
  • respiratory system diseases may be prevented or treated including but not limited to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, peptic ulceration, gastritis, psoriasis, and skin inflammation.
  • the disease to be treated by the methods provided herein may be an ophthalmologic disorder.
  • Ophthalmologic diseases and other diseases in which angiogenesis plays a role in pathogenesis may be treated or prevented and include, without limitation, dry eye (including Sjogren's syndrome), macular degeneration, closed and wide angle glaucoma, retinal ganglion degeneration, occular ischemia, retinitis, retinopathies, uveitis, ocular photophobia, and of inflammation and pain associated with acute injury to the eye tissue.
  • the ophthalmologic disease to be treated is glaucomatous retinopathy and/or diabetic retinopathy.
  • the ophthalmologic condition to be treated is post-operative inflammation or pain as from ophthalmic surgery such as cataract surgery and refractive surgery.
  • the disease to be treated by the methods provided herein may be an autoimmune disease.
  • Autoimmune diseases which may be prevented or treated include, but are not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory pain, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, periodontal disease, temporomandibular joint disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Grave's disease, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, atopic dermatitis, graft vs.
  • Inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include, but are not limited to: asthma, allergies, respiratory distress syndrome or acute or chronic pancreatitis.
  • the particular autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the compounds provided herein are also useful in treating tissue damage in such diseases as vascular diseases, migraine headaches, periarteritis nodosa, thyroiditis, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, sclerodoma, rheumatic fever, neuromuscular junction disease including myasthenia gravis, white matter disease including multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, polymyositis, gingivitis, periodontis, hypersensitivity, swelling occurring after injury, ischemias including myocardial ischemia, cardiovascular ischemia, and ischemia secondary to cardiac arrest, and the like.
  • diseases as vascular diseases, migraine headaches, periarteritis nodosa, thyroiditis, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, sclerodoma, rheumatic fever, neuromuscular junction disease including myasthenia gravis, white matter disease including multiple s
  • the disease to be treated by the methods of the present invention may be a cardiovascular condition.
  • said cardiovascular condition is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, idiopathic cardiomyopathies, heart failure, angiogenesis-related conditions or disorders, and proliferation induced after medical conditions, including, but not limited to restenosis resulting from surgery and angioplasty.
  • the disease to be prevented or treated by the methods of the present invention may be autism.
  • GIP glucose -dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
  • GPRl 19 agonists increase GLP-I and GIP secretion both in vitro and in vivo
  • GPRl 19 agonists in this patent might be important for the prevention or treatment of bone loss induced by age or diseases in which the normal functions of osteobalsts or osteoclasts are altered.
  • Such diseases include, for example, osteopenia and osteoporosis.
  • certain compounds and formulations disclosed herein may also be useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats.
  • Reagents (a) NaH, DMF, 65 0 C, 18h. (b) AcOH, 12O 0 C, 18h. (c) NaOH, MeOH, 25- 9O 0 C, l-3h. (d) DMF-DMA, RT, 18h. (e) AcOH, reflux, 6h. (f) MeOH, reflux, 18h. (g) l-(isocyanomethylsulfonyl) -4-methylbenzene, K 2 CO 3 , EtOH, 6O 0 C, 3h.
  • Reagents (a) 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione, CuCl, Cs 2 CO 3 , NMP, 12O 0 C, 18h. (b) K 2 CO 3 , DMF, 8O 0 C, 18h. (c) BH 3 THF, reflux, 3h. (d) Coupling reagent (i.e. HATU, EDC/HOBt), base (i. e. TEA, JV-methyl morpholine),ACN, RT, 18h. (e) (i) Oxalyl Chloride, DCM, DMF (ii) Amino derivatives, TEA, O 0 C. (f) Trifluoromethyl 2,3 ,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoate, pyridine, DMF, RT, 2.5h. (g) Ri 27 -NH-Ri 28 , DMF, RT, 18h.
  • Reagents (a) 2,5-Dimethoxytetrahydrofl ⁇ ran, AcOH/l,4-dioxane, 100 0 C, 6h. (b) 2-Bromoacetyl bromide, DCM, RT, 18h. (c) Phenols, K 2 CO 3 , acetone, RT, 18h. (d) Anilines, K 2 CO 3 , acetone, 100 0 C, 18h.
  • Reagents (a) NaH, DMA, 7O 0 C, 1.5 h. (b) TFA, DCM, RT, 30 min. (c) Coupling reagent (i.e. HATU, EDC/HOBt), base (i. e. TEA, N-methyl Morpholine),ACN, RT, 18h.
  • Coupling reagent i.e. HATU, EDC/HOBt
  • base i. e. TEA, N-methyl Morpholine
  • ACN RT, 18h.
  • Step 1 Methyl l-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2- carboxylate
  • Methyl lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (11.3 g, 90.3 mmol) was added portionwise to a vigorously stirred mixture of sodium hydride (60%, 3.0 g, 75 mmol) and DMF (50 mL) at rt under N 2 . After 30 min, the reaction became homogeneous, and then 2,3-dichloro- 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (7.0 mL, 50 mmol) was added. After an additional 30 min at rt, the reaction was heated at 60 0 C for 17 h, allowed to cool to rt, poured into 0.16N HCl (500 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 2).
  • Step 1 Methyl l-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole-5- carboxylate
  • Step 1 (3-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanamine
  • Step_i tert-Butyl 4-(l-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate
  • tert-Butyl 4-( 1 -(3 -chloro-5 -(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)- 1 H-pyrrole-2- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate was prepared from tert-butyl A- aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate and Intermediate 1 following the procedure outlined in
  • Step 2 l-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-(piperidin-4-yl)-lH- pyrrole-2-carboxamide
  • Acetyl chloride (1 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of tert-butyl 4-(l-(3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)- 1 H-pyrrole-2-carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate (0.24 g, 0.50 mmol), DCM (20 mL), and MeOH (5 mL). After 15 min at rt, the reaction was concentrated to give l-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N- (piperidin-4-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxamide as a yellow oil.
  • Step 3 Isopropyl 4-(l-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrr ⁇ )le-2- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate
  • 3-Fluoro-2-hydrazinyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine was prepared from 2,3-difluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine following the procedure outlined for Intermediate 3.
  • the title compound was prepared from 3-fluoro-2-hydrazinyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and Intermediate 1 following the procedure outlined in EXAMPLE 1.
  • n-Butyllithium (15.0 mL, 2.5M, 37.5 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of diisopropylamine (3.76 g, 37.2 mmol) and THF (50 mL) at -78 0 C under N 2 . After 30 min, a solution of 2,3-dichloropyridine (5.0 g, 34 mmol) and THF (50 mL) was added dropwise. After an additional hour at -78 0 C, iodine (8.6 g, 34 mmol) was added.
  • Chlorotrimethylsilane (10.2 rnL, 80.1 mmol) was added to a mixture of 2,3-dichloro-4- iodopyridine (11 g, 40 mmol), sodium iodide (12 g, 80 mmol), and ACN (150 mL). The resulting mixture was refluxed overnight, allowed to cool to rt, and concentrated. Sat'd sodium thiosulfate (100 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3).
  • Step 4 l-(3-Chloro-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-N'-(3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide
  • Step 1 (2-Fluoro-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)methanamine
  • Step 1 (4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanamine
  • Step 1 l-(2-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
  • n-BuLi (15 mL, 2.5M) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (3.76 g, 37.23 mmol) in THF (50 mL) cooled to -78 0 C and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78 0 C. This was followed by the addition of a solution of 2,3-dichloropyridine (5 g, 34.01 mmol) in THF (50 mL) and the mixture was stirred at -78 0 C for 1 h. To the mixture was added I 2 (8.58 g, 33.78 mmol) and the mixture was warmed to -3O 0 C and stirred for 5 min..
  • Step 1 S-Chloro-l-hydrazinyl-S-methylpyridine
  • n-BuLi 52 mL, 2.5M was slowly added to a cooled (-45 0 C) solution of diisopropylamine (13.13 g, 130 mmol) in THF (50 mL) and it was stirred at this temperature for 1 h.
  • the mixture was cooled to -78 0 C followed by addition of a solution of 2-chloro-3-fluoro-4-iodopyridine (25.7 g, 100 mmol) in THF (150 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at -78 0 C for 1.5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was then quenched by the slow addition of H 2 O (100 mL).
  • Step 3 NSl-BisCS-Chloro- ⁇ -Ctrifluoromethylt ⁇ yridin-l-ylHH-pyrrole-l- carbohydrazide
  • Step 2 l-(3-Chloro-4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N'-(3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide
  • Step 1 l-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazole-2-carboxylic acid
  • Step 2 N',l-Bis(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-imidazole-2- carbohydrazide
  • Step 1 l-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-indole-2-carboxylic acid
  • Step 1 l-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
  • Step 1 l-(2-Chlorophenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
  • Step 2 N'-(3-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-l-(2-chlorophenyl)-lH- pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide
  • the title compound can be prepared as described in EXAMPLE 53 using 2,3-difluoro- 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine as the starting material.
  • 1 H NMR 300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 8.83 (bs, IH), 8.59 (s, IH), 8.33 (s, IH), 7.77 (m, 3H), 7.24 (m, IH), 7.16 (m, IH), 6.43 (m, IH).
  • Step 1 Methyl l-(3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2- carboxylate
  • Step 2 l-(3-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
  • the title compound can be prepared as described in EXAMPLE 53 using 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine and 2-hydrazinyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine as the starting materials.
  • 1 H NMR 300 MHz, CD 3 OD
  • LCMS 416 (M+H) + .
  • the title compound can be prepared as described in EXAMPLE 53 using 3-chloro-2- fluoropyridine and 3-chloro-2-hydrazinylpyridine as the starting materials.
  • Step 5 3-(2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid
  • Step 1 Methyl l-(4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate
  • Step 4 l-(4-(Diethylamino)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
  • the title compound was synthesized as described in EXAMPLE 1 using l-(4- (diethylamino)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and (4-(4- fluorophenoxy)phenyl) methanamine hydrochloride as the starting materials.
  • Step 1 l-(4-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
  • Step 1 Methyl l-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-pyrrole-2- carboxylate

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés et des procédés qui peuvent être utiles en tant qu’inhibiteurs de GPR119 pour le traitement ou la prévention de maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires.
PCT/US2009/037408 2008-03-17 2009-03-17 Modulateurs hétérocycliques de gpr119 pour le traitement d’une maladie WO2009117421A2 (fr)

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WO2011113947A1 (fr) 2010-03-18 2011-09-22 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Combinaisons d'agonistes de gpr119 et d'inhibiteurs de dpp-iv, linagliptine, pour le traitement du diabète et d'états apparentés
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WO2012004270A1 (fr) 2010-07-05 2012-01-12 Sanofi Dérivés 1,3-propanedioxyde à substitution spirocyclique, procédé de préparation et utilisation comme médicament
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JP2012530757A (ja) * 2009-06-24 2012-12-06 ベーリンガー インゲルハイム インターナショナル ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング 新規化合物、医薬組成物及びそれに関する方法
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