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WO2009158630A1 - Procédé et système pour estimer des débits de fuite de fluide à l'aide de capteurs à fibre optique distribués - Google Patents

Procédé et système pour estimer des débits de fuite de fluide à l'aide de capteurs à fibre optique distribués Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009158630A1
WO2009158630A1 PCT/US2009/048878 US2009048878W WO2009158630A1 WO 2009158630 A1 WO2009158630 A1 WO 2009158630A1 US 2009048878 W US2009048878 W US 2009048878W WO 2009158630 A1 WO2009158630 A1 WO 2009158630A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fluid
leak
sensor
barrier
rate
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2009/048878
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Andrew Strong
Gareth P. Lees
Rogerio Tadeu Ramos
Original Assignee
Schlumberger Technology Corporation
Schlumberger Canada Limited
Prad Research And Development Limited
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Holdings Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/US2008/085042 external-priority patent/WO2009070769A1/fr
Application filed by Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Schlumberger Canada Limited, Prad Research And Development Limited, Schlumberger Technology B.V., Services Petroliers Schlumberger, Schlumberger Holdings Limited filed Critical Schlumberger Technology Corporation
Publication of WO2009158630A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009158630A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
    • G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
    • G01M3/24—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic vibrations
    • G01M3/243—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic vibrations for pipes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
    • G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
    • G01M3/042—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point by using materials which expand, contract, disintegrate, or decompose in contact with a fluid
    • G01M3/045—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point by using materials which expand, contract, disintegrate, or decompose in contact with a fluid with electrical detection means
    • G01M3/047—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point by using materials which expand, contract, disintegrate, or decompose in contact with a fluid with electrical detection means with photo-electrical detection means, e.g. using optical fibres

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to methods and systems for detecting leaks, ruptures or impacts on a structure, and more particularly to a system and method employing optical fibers for detecting leaks, ruptures or impacts on a structure, including estimating fluid leak flow rates.
  • leaks can develop in localized parts of such structures. Often such a leak is detected after it has become large, leading to unplanned repairs that can take a long time, as equipment, material and personnel need to be mobilized on short notice. Locating the leak is also an important issue. Sometimes the leak cannot be located with a simple visual inspection, requiring the replacement of long sections of the structure. For example, leaks can be of seawater into the structure, which can promote problems, such as corrosion or contamination of hydraulic lines, or leakage of oil or gas out of the structure.
  • the exemplary embodiments of the present invention which provide a novel leak, rupture or impact detection system (which may also be referred to as "apparatus") and method that employ one or more sensing systems, which can include optical fibers, as part of a structure or in close proximity to the structure to detect and locate a leak, rupture or impact therein.
  • sensing systems and “sensors” are used interchangeably herein.
  • the sensors can be based on various principles, such as the detection of water, humidity, oil, gas, and the like.
  • the sensors can be distributed (e.g., using optical time or frequency domain reflectometry) or multipoint sensors and can include optical fiber sensors, and the like.
  • a sensor which detects a change in attenuation or index of refraction of an optical fiber also can be employed.
  • the location of the leak, rupture or impact can be detected using optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) or frequency domain techniques.
  • the sensor can be based on Brillouin, Raman or Rayleigh scattering, or a fiber Bragg grating, and the like.
  • the optical fiber can be imbedded or placed in close proximity to a material which is affected by the presence of fluid (e.g., water, oil, gas, etc.) to be detected. Such material can be applied as a coating to the fiber or as a rod twisted with the fiber or as a rod having the fiber wrapped around the rod.
  • Such material can swell, or shrink, or dissolve, or break down or have any other suitable characteristics, which undergo a change in the presence of such a fluid.
  • Such change can affect the optical fiber by increasing or reducing strain on the fiber or chemically reacting with the fiber or an intermediate material thereof and which also can be a material that can swell, or shrink, or dissolve, or break down or have any other suitable characteristics, which undergo a change in the presence of such a fluid.
  • the intermediate material can be the same as or different than the material in which the optical fiber is embedded or can be placed in close proximity thereto.
  • the material affected by the presence of fluid can be any suitable polymer, metal, ceramic, gel, or combination thereof, and the like.
  • the senor or sensors can be imbedded into the structure, e.g., a flexible pipe, for example, during a manufacturing process thereof, including processes, such as extrusion, pulltrusion or laying of the sensor on the surface of the polymer as it cures, and the like.
  • a flexible pipe can include any suitable pipes e.g., flexible riser or umbilical, used, for example, for subsea, marine applications, and the like, such as subsea oil and gas exploration and production, and the like.
  • a leak detection system for a structure and method thereof, including a structure having a first barrier to a first fluid and a second barrier to a second fluid, the first barrier and the second barrier defining a space therebetween; and at least one sensor, placed in the space, and configured to detect presence of the first fluid or the second fluid in the space due to a fluid leak in the first barrier or the second barrier.
  • the fluid leak produces an acoustic emission
  • the at least one sensor comprises a fiber optic sensor configured to measure one or more characteristics of the acoustic emission
  • the system and method are configured to estimate the orifice diameter of the fluid leak based on the measured one or more characteristics, and to calculate a leak rate based on the estimated orifice diameter.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary structure in the form of a flexible pipe such as a pipe that can be used for subsea oil and gas exploration;
  • FIGs. 2A-2B illustrate exemplary placements for an exemplary leak detection sensor for the structure of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary leak detection sensor, which can be the sensor of FIGs. 2A-2B, including an exemplary sensing fiber wrapped onto a material affected by the presence of a fluid (e.g., water, oil or gas);
  • a fluid e.g., water, oil or gas
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the exemplary leak detection sensor of FIG. 3 after the material has increased in volume (e.g., swelled) due to the presence of the fluid, adding stress to the sensing fiber;
  • FIG. 5A illustrates a further exemplary embodiment of an exemplary leak detection sensor which can be the sensor used in FIGs. 2A-2B, including an exemplary material coating a fiber, wherein the material swells or contracts in the presence of the fluid, thereby changing the stress on the fiber;
  • FIG. 5B illustrates a further exemplary embodiment of an exemplary leak detection sensor which can be the sensor of FIGs. 2A-2B, including a coating or surface provided on a fiber which changes the characteristics of the fiber in the presence of the fluid;
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary sensing fiber wrapped onto a pipe, such as a flexible pipe, to make temperature, vibration and strain measurements thereon
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary sensing fiber embedded into a pipe, such as a flexible pipe, to make temperature, vibration and strain measurements thereon;
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary Coherent Rayleigh Noise (CRN)
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary Coherent Rayleigh Noise (CRN)
  • compositions, a group of elements or any other expression are preceded by the transitional phrase “comprising,” “including” or “containing,” it is understood that it is also contemplated the same composition, the group of elements or any other expression with transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting,” or “selected from the group of consisting of,” preceding the recitation of the composition, the elements or any other expression.
  • the structures which can be the subject of this invention can include any suitable structures, wherein detection of leaks is needed, such as any subsea pipe, subsea structure, e.g., a flexible pipe, such as a flexible riser or an umbilical.
  • any suitable structures wherein detection of leaks is needed, such as any subsea pipe, subsea structure, e.g., a flexible pipe, such as a flexible riser or an umbilical.
  • Such structures are known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 7,296,480 and 5,918,641, incorporated herein by reference.
  • element 1 is an internal reinforcement layer (e.g., made of metal, etc.), while elements 3 and 4 are external reinforcement layers (e.g., made of metal, etc.).
  • Element 2 is a layer used to provide fluid isolation from fluids traveling inside of the structure 100 and element 5 is an outer protection shell for fluid isolation from fluids outside of the structure 100.
  • the layers 2 and 5 can be made of any suitable material, such as polymers, and the like. Accordingly, the various layers or barriers can include any suitable polymer layers, metal layers, insulation layers, pipes, buoyancy layers, and the like, of the structure 100.
  • FIGs. 2A-2B show possible placement for exemplary sensors 6A and
  • the exemplary sensors 6A and/or 6B can be employed depending on the application.
  • FIG. 3 further illustrates an exemplary sensor 6 A or 6B, including a sensing fiber 7 (e.g., an optical fiber, etc.) that is wrapped onto a material 8 that is affected by a fluid (e.g., water, oil, or gas, depending on the application.).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the exemplary sensor 6 A or 6B of FIG. 3, after the material 8 has increased in volume (e.g., swelled) due to the presence of the fluid, thereby adding stress to and changing the optical characteristics of the sensing fiber 7.
  • FIG 5A illustrates a further exemplary embodiment of the sensor 6A or 6B, wherein the material 8 is coated onto the fiber 7 and such material can change the stress on the fiber 7 when the material 8 is in the presence of a fluid (e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application).
  • a fluid e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application.
  • the exemplary sensor 6A or 6B are described in terms of measuring a change in stress in the sensing fiber 7 caused by the material 8, in further exemplary embodiments, the exemplary sensor 6A or 6B can be configured to employ the sensing fiber 7 that is made sensitive to other changes in the material 8.
  • the material 8 can be configured such that it reacts with the fluid to be detected, creating a species that can affect the sensing fiber 7 reading, wherein such change in sensing fiber 7 reading can be caused by a change in temperature, chemical attack, attenuation or stress, and the like.
  • the senor 6 A or 6B configured as the optical fiber 7 can be modified to make the fiber 7 sensitive to fluids (e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application).
  • fluids e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application.
  • this can be achieved by providing a coating (or a surface) 11 on the optical fiber 7, thereby making the fiber sensitive to various fluids, such as water, gas, oil, and the like.
  • an employed polymer material such as acrylate or polypropylene can swell in the presence of water or oil, providing a strain to the fiber 7.
  • This strain can then be detected using any suitable methods, such as the use of fibre Bragg gratings, interferometers, Brillouin scattering, attenuation due to micro or macro bending, and the like. Accordingly, imparting sensitivity to the optical fiber 7 can modify its optical characteristics. This modification (or change) can be measured in any known manner, as summarized herein. Advantageously, such modification enables the optical fiber 7 to detect a leak of water, gas or oil into or out of the structure, without the use of intermediate materials, such as the material 8 of FIGs. 3-5A.
  • the exemplary sensors 6A or 6B can be employed with any suitable material, e.g., material 8, that is affected by the presence of fluids, gases, and/or liquids, such as water, seawater, gas, oil, and the like.
  • the role of the material 8 can be performed by the layer 2 or any other suitable layer of the structure 100 and used to change the stress on the sensor 6A (or 6B in the case of the other layers) configured as the fiber 7 embedded in the layer 2, when the layer 2, for example, increases or decreases in volume (e.g., swells or contracts) due to the presence of a fluid (e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application).
  • a fluid e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application.
  • a change in stresses on the sensing fiber 7 due to the expanded material 8 or layer 2 (or any other suitable layers of the structure 100) or the coating 11 (or surface 11) and/or modification of optical characteristics of the optical fiber can be used for locating and detecting a leak in the structure 100.
  • this can be done by using any suitable known techniques which can measure the change in stress and the corresponding changes in the optical characteristics of the sensing fiber 7, including distributed (e.g., using optical frequency domain reflectometry) or multipoint sensor techniques, detection of change in attenuation or index of refraction of the optical fiber 7, optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) or frequency domain techniques for detecting changes in the optical fiber 7, optical interferometer techniques, Brillouin, Raman or Rayleigh scattering, or a fiber Bragg grating techniques, and the like.
  • OTDR optical time domain reflectometer
  • the Bragg grating can be suitably designed so that it can detect and measure the change in the strain of the fiber 7 or of the change in the strain of the material around which the fiber 7 is wrapped or embedded.
  • the material 8 can include any suitable material that deforms in shape (e.g., swells or contracts) due to the presence of (e.g., contact with) a fluid (e.g., water, oil, gas, depending on the application), such as any suitable metals, ceramic, gel, plastics, polymers (e.g., acrylate or polypropylene for water), polypropylene or acrylate (e.g., for oil), and the like.
  • the sensor 6A or 6B can include the optical fiber 7 that is wound around a polymer layer 8 (FIG. 3) or embedded in a polymer layer 8 (FIG. 5A), which deforms in the presence of a fluid, such as water or oil.
  • the sensor is wound around a material, such as a polymer, with a pitch of less than 70 layer diameters.
  • FIGs 1-5 including the at least one sensor can be used in known pipe-in-pipe structures.
  • Such structures usually include thermal insulation, such as foam, placed in an annular area between two pipes, with each of the two pipes forming an impermeable barrier to a fluid.
  • a sensor placed in the annular area can detect the presence and location of a leak or leaks in such pipe-in- pipe structures.
  • at least one sensor based on the exemplary embodiments of FIGs.
  • 1-5 can be embedded in a composite material, which can be placed in a space defined by two impermeable barriers (e.g., in a flexible pipe, a riser, an umbilical or in a pipe-in-pipe structure) to detect a leak.
  • two impermeable barriers e.g., in a flexible pipe, a riser, an umbilical or in a pipe-in-pipe structure
  • distributed temperature, vibration, and strain measurements can be performed along the structure, for example, a flexible pipe, such as a flexible riser, or an umbilical, using optical fibers to detect leaks, ruptures or impacts that can affect the integrity of the flexible riser.
  • the optical fibers can be used for distributed temperature (T) measurements, distributed strain measurements (e.g., using Brillouin scattering), distributed vibration measurement (e.g., using Raleigh scattering), and the like.
  • T distributed temperature
  • distributed strain measurements e.g., using Brillouin scattering
  • distributed vibration measurement e.g., using Raleigh scattering
  • such an exemplary sensing system 200 can include one or more optical fibers 9 deployed along a flexible riser 10 either in an internal structure of the flexible riser 10, as shown in FIG. 7, or strapped on or wrapped around the outside of the flexible riser 10, as shown in FIG. 6.
  • Such fibers 9 can be connected to a surface unit (e.g., OTDR, etc., not shown) for distributed temperature, vibration, and strain measurements, and the like, performed in any known manner.
  • the 200 can be used for leak detection. For example, if fluid starts leaking from the riser 10, which may be submerged in water, the riser will undergo an instant pressure change from the flow line internal pressure to the pressure of the water surrounding the riser. Such depressurization process generates acoustic waves due to the decompression of the fluid, as well as temperature changes (e.g., based on the Joule- Thompson effect in the case of a gas leaking from the riser). Accordingly, the distributed temperature and vibration measurements using the fiber 9 coupled to the surface unit can be used to detect where the leak is coming from on the riser 10 in any known manner.
  • the exemplary embodiments are described in terms of the structure 100 and 200 and the flexible riser 10, the exemplary embodiments can be applied to any suitable structures, such as pipes, pipes in pipes, integrated production bundles, offloading pipes, jumpers, risers, umbilicals, Christmas trees, flexible pipes, manifolds, control units, well heads, pieces of subsea equipment, and the like, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art(s).
  • suitable structures such as pipes, pipes in pipes, integrated production bundles, offloading pipes, jumpers, risers, umbilicals, Christmas trees, flexible pipes, manifolds, control units, well heads, pieces of subsea equipment, and the like, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art(s).
  • the exemplary embodiments are described in terms of the exemplary sensors being sensitive to changes in stress, e.g., caused by a material or materials whose property or properties change when contacted with gas or liquid
  • the sensors may be made sensitive to other changes in the material used, such as at least one property that changes in the presence of a liquid or gas.
  • the material such as a polymer, or a composite material, could be such that it reacts with the fluid to be detected creating a species that could affect the fibre sensor reading.
  • This change in sensor reading could be caused by a change in temperature, chemical attack, attenuation or stress among others.
  • the sensors could be made sensitive to changes other than stress, in the material of the sensors, such as the coating or surface on the sensors.
  • the material of the sensors e.g., the coating or surface
  • the fluid to be detected e.g., liquid or gas
  • the change in sensor reading could be caused by a change in one or more property, such as a change in temperature, chemical attack, attenuation or stress.
  • the at least one property that changes in the presence of liquid or gas includes one or more of deformation, swelling, shrinking, dissolution, cracking, rupture, heating, cooling, softening, hardening, and chemical reaction.
  • the present invention includes recognition that oil or gas leakage from oil or gas -transporting conduits (e.g., pipelines) is a significant problem in terms of both the capital loss and the potential hazards presented.
  • oil or gas leaks sources are very difficult to pinpoint.
  • techniques for detecting leaks from gas or oil pipelines involve detecting the acoustic signals (e.g., sound/vibrations) created by the gas or oil escaping through an orifice in the pipeline.
  • exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed towards novel techniques for detecting oil or gas leaks by monitoring of such acoustic signals.
  • exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide an optical fiber sensor for applications in monitoring of conditions, such as leak detection in terrestrial oil or gas and oil pipelines.
  • the exemplary system described with respect to FIGs. 1-7 enables the detection and location of leaks in such pipelines, as described above.
  • Another method of detection and location of leaks in such pipelines is via measurement of the localized cooling (or heating) arising from the presence of a leak (of high-pressure oil or gas or hot oil respectively), which can be conducted with any known apparatus and method, e.g., thermocouples, distributed temperature sensors (DTS) Brillouin Optical Time- Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR) or Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) or other discrete optical fiber temperature sensors).
  • DTS distributed temperature sensors
  • BOTDR Brillouin Optical Time- Domain Reflectometer
  • FBG Fiber Bragg Gratings
  • Exemplary embodiments of this invention utilize detection and measurement of acoustic emissions (and in particular the characteristic frequencies emitted) from, for example, high pressure oil or gas pipeline leaks, to enable estimates of the leak flow rates.
  • oil or gas leaks are expected to give rise to acoustic emissions having characteristic frequencies, dependent upon factors such as: oil or gas pressure and composition; pipe bore diameter; leak orifice diameter and shape/profile; and/or backfill properties (e.g., including depth of backfill, permeability, particle size distribution, moisture content, material composition etc.)
  • inventions of the present invention include developing Coherent Rayleigh Noise ("CRN") in the fiber optic sensor, configured as a distributed interferometer, and processing the developed CRN in the fiber optic sensor to provide for monitoring the conduits.
  • CRN may be generated in the fiber optic sensor by injecting a coherent beam of electromagnetic radiation into the fiber optic sensor, wherein the coherent beam and the fiber optic sensor are configured to provide for interference effects of the backscatter in the fiber optic at a detection point.
  • the interference effects in the backscatter from the fiber optic sensor at a detection point may be provided by configuring the length of the fiber optic to be shorter than a coherence of the source producing the beam, by configuring the coherent beam as a pulse of the coherent electromagnetic radiation having a pulse duration equivalent to or shorter than a coherence length of the source producing the pulse of the coherent electromagnetic radiation and the like.
  • the optical fiber sensor or sensors configured as distributed interferometer may be the sensors of the exemplary system described above in connection with FIGs 1-7.
  • the exemplary system of FIGs 1-7 may be operated as described above to detect and locate a leak, rupture or impact in a structure, and a separate optical fiber, configured as a distributed interferometer, may be included to monitor acoustic signature of the leak as a distributed interferometer.
  • FIG. 8 shows the acoustic spectrum collected in the region of the leak before the oil or gas leak occurred and which can be regarded as a background measurement.
  • the exemplary embodiments of this invention include a technique of measuring the characteristic frequencies of the acoustic emissions from a fluid leak, and using this data in an acoustic model to estimate the orifice diameter and hence the leak rate.
  • the technique of using acoustic emission to determine aperture size is well understood in the field, for example, as further described in Jingyan et al., 9 th International conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), 5- 8 Dec. 2006, pages 1-5, incorporated by reference herein.
  • the system and method described herein may be used to monitor conduits which are used in subsea exploration and conduits placed on surface of the earth or buried underground.
  • the system and method may be used with conduits which contain any liquids and/or gases, e.g., water, carbon dioxide, natural gas, oil or any combination thereof.
  • This principle of leak rate modeling based on acoustic emissions is coupled with information on localized rate of cooling by DTS (or, alternatively, by Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR)) for an improved estimate, as well as providing verification of the existence of a leak by more than one independent detection mechanisms.
  • DTS or, alternatively, by Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR)
  • BOTDR Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur un système de détection de fuite pour une structure et sur un procédé associé à celui-ci, le système comprenant une structure pourvue d’une première barrière pour un premier fluide et d’une seconde barrière pour un second fluide, la première barrière et la seconde barrière définissant un espace entre elles; et au moins un capteur, disposé dans l'espace, et configuré pour détecter la présence du premier fluide ou du second fluide dans l'espace en raison d'une fuite de fluide dans la première barrière ou la seconde barrière. La fuite de fluide produit une émission acoustique, le ou les capteurs comprennent un capteur à fibre optique configuré pour mesurer une ou plusieurs caractéristiques de l'émission acoustique, et le système et le procédé sont configurés pour estimer le diamètre d'orifice de la fuite de fluide sur la base de la ou des caractéristiques mesurées, et pour calculer un débit de fuite sur la base du diamètre d'orifice estimé.
PCT/US2009/048878 2008-06-26 2009-06-26 Procédé et système pour estimer des débits de fuite de fluide à l'aide de capteurs à fibre optique distribués WO2009158630A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0811705A GB0811705D0 (en) 2008-06-26 2008-06-26 Method and system for estimating fluid leak flow rates using distributed optical fibre sensors
GB0811705.3 2008-06-26
USPCT/US2008/085042 2008-11-26
PCT/US2008/085042 WO2009070769A1 (fr) 2007-11-26 2008-11-26 Système et procédé de détection de fuites, de rupture et d'impact d'une fibre optique

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US12/744,112 Continuation-In-Part US8520195B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2008-11-26 Method and system for estimating fluid leak flow rates using distributed optical fiber sensors

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US8994929B2 (en) 2011-08-09 2015-03-31 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for measuring seismic parameters of a seismic vibrator
US9003888B2 (en) 2009-02-09 2015-04-14 Shell Oil Company Areal monitoring using distributed acoustic sensing
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US9091589B2 (en) 2011-06-20 2015-07-28 Shell Oil Company Fiber optic cable with increased directional sensitivity
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RU2747789C1 (ru) * 2020-09-21 2021-05-14 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Поволжский государственный университет телекоммуникаций и информатики" Способ контроля герметичности каналов междугородной кабельной канализации волоконно-оптической линии передачи
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