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WO2009023063A2 - Récepteur d'énergie solaire doté d'une ouverture optiquement inclinée - Google Patents

Récepteur d'énergie solaire doté d'une ouverture optiquement inclinée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009023063A2
WO2009023063A2 PCT/US2008/007419 US2008007419W WO2009023063A2 WO 2009023063 A2 WO2009023063 A2 WO 2009023063A2 US 2008007419 W US2008007419 W US 2008007419W WO 2009023063 A2 WO2009023063 A2 WO 2009023063A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
receiver
reflector
solar radiation
aperture
absorber
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2008/007419
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2009023063A3 (fr
Inventor
David R. Mills
Philipp Schramek
Original Assignee
Ausra, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ausra, Inc. filed Critical Ausra, Inc.
Publication of WO2009023063A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009023063A2/fr
Publication of WO2009023063A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009023063A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
    • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/77—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with flat reflective plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/79—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with spaced and opposed interacting reflective surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/70—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits
    • F24S10/74—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits the tubular conduits are not fixed to heat absorbing plates and are not touching each other
    • F24S10/742—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits the tubular conduits are not fixed to heat absorbing plates and are not touching each other the conduits being parallel to each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S2023/87—Reflectors layout
    • F24S2023/872—Assemblies of spaced reflective elements on common support, e.g. Fresnel reflectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/42—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with only one rotation axis
    • F24S30/425—Horizontal axis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the present application relates to a solar energy receiver arranged to be illuminated by solar radiation from a reflector field and to transfer absorbed energy.
  • the receiver is adapted so as to present an effective aperture for illuminating radiation that is optically inclined relative to ground.
  • LFR arrays include a field of linear reflectors that are arrayed in parallel side-by-side rows. The reflectors may be driven to track the sun's motion. In these systems, the reflectors are oriented to reflect incident solar radiation to an elevated distant receiver that is capable of absorbing the reflected solar radiation. The receiver typically extends parallel to the rows of reflectors to receive the reflected radiation for energy exchange. The receiver typically can be, but need not be, positioned between two adjacent fields of reflectors.
  • the individual reflectors may be mounted to supports that are capable of tilting or pivoting. Examples of suitable supports are described in International Patent Publication Number WO05/003647, filed July 1, 2004, and International Patent Publication Number WO05/0078360, filed February 17, 2005, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • WO05/003647 International Patent Publication Number
  • WO05/0078360 International Patent Publication Number
  • the present application provides a solar energy receiver comprising an effective absorption aperture that is biased, so that solar radiation from a certain direction is preferentially absorbed by a solar radiation absorber in the receiver.
  • the effective absorption aperture may be optically inclined relative to a physical aperture in the receiver.
  • the effective absorption aperture of the receivers described herein may be inclined relative to ground.
  • a “substantially horizontal” aperture may be generally parallel to ground, e.g., within about +/- 10 degrees or less, within about +/- 8 degrees, within about +/- 5 degrees, within about +/- 3 degrees, or within about +/- 1 degree of a horizontal direction, relative to ground.
  • the terms “a” “an” and “the” are meant to encompass singular as well as plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Numerical ranges as used herein are meant to be inclusive of any endpoints indicated for the ranges, as well as any numerical value included in the ranges.
  • a solar energy receiver comprises a cavity having opposing side walls (e.g., two opposing side walls) and a physical aperture defined between the side walls.
  • a solar radiation absorber is disposed within the cavity and is arranged to be illuminated by solar radiation directed through the physical aperture.
  • a first reflector element is located at least partly within the cavity and is configured to reflect incident solar radiation toward the solar radiation absorber and so establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture.
  • the physical aperture in some variations may be oriented generally parallel to ground.
  • the solar radiation absorber may comprise a plurality of solar radiation absorber tubes, each configured to contain a heat transfer fluid, that are arranged side-by-side in the cavity and extend longitudinally along a length of the cavity.
  • the cavity in a receiver may be formed by an inverted trough, and the physical aperture may be defined between two opposing side walls (e.g., flared side walls) of the trough.
  • receivers may comprise a second reflector element located at least partly within the cavity, wherein the second reflector element is arranged to be asymmetric in the receiver with respect to the first reflector element, and the first and second reflector elements are configured to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber and so establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture.
  • the first reflector element and/or second reflector elements in a receiver may have a relatively planar reflective surface, or may have a concave curved reflective surface facing toward the solar radiation absorber. If a reflective surface of a reflector element in a receiver is curved, it may have an elliptical concave curvature facing toward the solar radiation absorber, and one focus of the elliptical reflective surface may be at or near an edge of the absorber and the other focus of the elliptical reflective surface may be selected to be at or near an outer edge of a reflector field directing incident solar radiation to the receiver.
  • either one or both of the reflector elements may have a planar reflective surface, and one or both of the reflector elements may have a curved reflective surface concave toward the absorber, which may or may not be an elliptical curved reflective surface.
  • the reflector elements may be asymmetric with respect to a receiver in a variety of ways.
  • the first and second reflector elements may have different lengths extending from a base of the cavity outwardly toward the physical aperture that admits incoming solar radiation.
  • the first and second reflector elements may extend outwardly from a base of the cavity at different angles relative to the base so as to create an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture.
  • the one or more reflector elements may be installed into a cavity of a receiver using any suitable means.
  • a reflector element may optionally be secured within a receiver cavity in such a way as to permit relative movement between the reflector element and the cavity, e.g., to accommodate differential thermal expansion between a reflector element and a trough.
  • a reflector element may be slidably mounted to a cavity by way of mounting brackets or clasps that permit relative movement between the reflector element and the cavity.
  • a reflector element may be more fixedly secured to a cavity in a receiver, e.g. by fasteners or an adhesive cement or the like to a wall of the cavity.
  • a position of at least one of the reflector elements may be adjustable, e.g., a length of a reflector element extending from a base of the cavity may be adjusted so as to tune the receiver for a particular application.
  • a reflector element may have any suitable construction and/or composition.
  • the reflector element may optionally comprise a polished metal element (e.g., a metal strip) or may comprise a reflective coating on a metal substrate.
  • the reflector element desirably comprises a thermally stable (e.g., PyrexTM) silvered glass mirror.
  • the silver coating may be laminated between two plates of thermally stable glass, e.g., to protect the silver coating against heat damage and/or environmental damage.
  • the optically inclined absorption aperture of the receivers described herein may be biased to accommodate any illumination scheme from a field of reflectors.
  • a reflector field may be configured to be asymmetric with respect to a receiver to accommodate seasonal variations in illumination from the sun and/or daily variations in illumination.
  • a biased receiver may be used in instances when it desired to preferentially collect light during certain periods of a diurnal cycle, e.g., during afternoon or morning hours.
  • a receiver may comprise an effective aperture biased to accommodate an east- west oriented reflector field.
  • east-west oriented arrays may be used to increase an annualized collection from a solar energy collector system, and/or used in certain locations to accommodate seasonal variations in sun position.
  • a receiver may comprise an effective aperture biased to accommodate a symmetric or asymmetric north- south oriented reflector field, e.g., one that is designed to preferentially reflect sunlight during certain periods of a diurnal cycle, such as an afternoon period.
  • a symmetric or asymmetric north- south oriented reflector field e.g., one that is designed to preferentially reflect sunlight during certain periods of a diurnal cycle, such as an afternoon period.
  • the receivers may be configured so that a plane defined by a physical aperture of a receiver is generally horizontal (parallel to ground), in some cases a receiver body can be tilted so that receiver comprises an inclined physical aperture as well as an optically inclined absorption aperture.
  • solar energy receivers comprise a linearly extending trough having side walls and a physical aperture defined by longitudinally extending marginal edges of the side walls, a plurality of linearly extending absorber tubes located side- by-side within the trough and arranged (when the receiver is located in situ) to be illuminated by solar radiation.
  • a linearly extending reflector element may be located at least in part within the trough adjacent one of the side walls and may be arranged to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber tubes and so establish an optically inclined absorption aperture.
  • receivers comprise a cavity and a physical aperture defined between side walls of the cavity and a solar radiation absorber disposed within the cavity.
  • the solar radiation absorber is arranged to be illuminated by solar radiation directed through the physical aperture.
  • a first optical element is located at least partly within the cavity or proximate to the cavity so as to establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture.
  • the first optical element may diffract incident solar radiation toward the absorber, may refract incident solar radiation toward the absorber, or may reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber.
  • the first optical element may comprise a grating, or a lens, or a reflector.
  • these receivers may comprise one or more additional optical elements that are located at least partly within the cavity or proximate to the cavity.
  • a receiver may comprise first and second optical elements, each located at least partly within the cavity or proximate to the cavity so as to establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture.
  • a physical aperture of the receiver may be substantially parallel to ground.
  • Solar energy collector systems comprise one or more reflector fields, and an elevated receiver comprising a solar radiation absorber that is configured to receive and absorb solar radiation directed from the one or more reflector fields through a physical aperture of the receiver.
  • the elevated receiver comprises an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture. In some instances, the plane of the physical aperture may be substantially parallel to ground.
  • the one or more reflector fields may be arranged asymmetric with respect to the elevated receiver, and the effective absorption aperture may be inclined toward a designated side of the one or more reflector fields.
  • a reflector field in a solar energy collector system may be oriented in a north-south direction or in an east-west direction.
  • the solar energy collector systems may be configured (e.g., through a combination of reflector field arrangement and a configuration of a biased receiver optically inclined toward a designated side of a reflector field) to preferentially collect solar radiation over a certain period during a diurnal cycle (e.g., during the afternoon or morning) and/or over a certain time of year (e.g., a season).
  • a system may employ an east-west reflector field (e.g., an asymmetric east-west oriented reflector field).
  • An east-west field may for example be employed to accommodate a latitude at which the solar energy collector system is located or to increase an annualized collection of the system.
  • Some systems may employ a north-south oriented reflector field, which may in some cases be arranged to preferentially reflect light to a biased receiver at a certain time of day, e.g., in the afternoon hours.
  • a north-south solar energy collector system may also be configured to preferentially collect solar radiation to increase an annualized collection of that system.
  • the methods comprise reflecting solar radiation from one or more reflector fields through a physical aperture of an elevated receiver to be incident on a solar radiation absorber, wherein the receiver comprises an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to ground so as to preferentially receive and absorb solar radiation from a designated side of the receiver.
  • an amount of solar radiation reflected from a first side of the one or more reflector fields to the receiver is greater than an amount of solar radiation reflected from a second side of the one or more reflector fields.
  • the effective absorption aperture may be inclined toward the first side of the one or more reflector fields.
  • the effective absorption aperture in the receiver may be established by mounting a first reflector element at least partly within a cavity of the receiver, the cavity housing the absorber.
  • the first reflector element is configured to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber and so establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to ground.
  • Certain methods may comprise establishing the effective absorption aperture by mounting a second reflector element at least partly within the cavity.
  • the second reflector element is arranged to be asymmetric in the receiver with respect to the first reflector element, and the first and second reflector elements are configured to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber and so establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to ground.
  • the methods may for example be adapted for preferentially collecting solar radiation during a certain time of year and/or during a certain portion of a diurnal cycle, e.g., by configuring the reflector fields to preferentially reflect solar radiation during the selected time period and arranging the optically inclined aperture of the biased receiver to receive and absorb the preferentially reflected solar radiation.
  • the methods may be used in connection with asymmetric reflector fields to preferentially collect solar energy at a certain time of day (e.g., afternoon or morning) and/or during a certain period in a year, e.g., during a certain season.
  • the methods may be adapted for increasing an annualized collection of a solar energy system.
  • the methods may be used in connection with an asymmetric east- west oriented reflector field, e.g., depending on the latitude of the reflector field and/or in connection with an asymmetric north-south oriented reflector field, e.g., one that has been biased toward collecting sunlight at a certain time of day, e.g., during the afternoon hours.
  • the present application provides methods of establishing an optically inclined absorption aperture within a solar energy receiver having a plurality of linearly extending side-by-side absorber tubes, wherein a linearly extending reflector element is located at least in part within a cavity of the receiver so one side of the absorber tubes and is disposed to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber tubes.
  • Methods for biasing solar radiation collection in a solar energy collector system comprise reflecting solar radiation from reflectors in one or more reflector fields to an elevated receiver, and biasing the receiver to preferentially collect solar radiation from a subset of the reflectors.
  • the methods may utilize any of the biased receivers as described herein.
  • the methods may for example comprise preferentially collecting reflected solar radiation from reflectors located on an eastern side of the receiver, e.g., to preferentially collect solar radiation during afternoon hours.
  • Some of these methods may comprise biasing the receiver to preferentially collect reflected solar radiation from a subset of the receivers to increase an annualized collection for the solar energy collector system.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a variation of a solar energy receiver having an optically inclined aperture.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates another variation of a receiver with an optically inclined aperture.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates another example of a receiver with an optically inclined aperture.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates yet another variation of a receiver with an optically inclined aperture.
  • FIG. 5 shows a largely diagrammatic representation of a LFR system that comprises a field of ground mounted reflectors that are arrayed in rows, and associated receivers.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a receiver with an effective absorption aperture that is optically inclined.
  • FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate another example of a receiver with an effective absorption aperture that is optically inclined.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates typical reflections of solar radiation toward an elevated receiver.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a solar array including a receiver having an optically inclined aperture.
  • Solar energy receivers are described here that are biased toward absorbing solar energy directed thereto from a certain direction.
  • the receivers comprise a physical aperture that admits solar radiation into a receiver cavity that houses a solar radiation absorber.
  • the physical aperture of the receiver may be substantially horizontal, and may open downward.
  • the receivers also comprise an effective aperture that is optically inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture, so that solar radiation from a certain direction is preferentially absorbed by the solar radiation absorber in the receiver.
  • the effective absorption aperture of the receivers described herein may be inclined relative to ground.
  • reflectors that are configured to direct solar radiation to an elevated receiver are arranged symmetrically with respect to that receiver.
  • the receiver or receivers and the respective rows of reflectors are positioned to extend linearly in a north-south direction, with the reflector fields symmetrically positioned relative to the receivers.
  • the reflectors can be pivotally mounted and driven to track (apparent) east- west motion of the sun during successive diurnal periods.
  • the reflectors may be driven through an angle approaching about 90° to track motion throughout a single diurnal period.
  • East west extending LFR arrays have also been proposed.
  • reflectors in a solar energy collector system may be asymmetrically with respect to an elevated receiver that is configured to receive and absorb solar radiation directed thereto from the reflectors.
  • the receiver is located at one end of a reflector field having north-south extending linear reflectors or when the receiver is positioned within an inherently asymmetrical reflector field having east-west extending linear reflectors. In both of these situations so-called cosine losses can occur at the receiver, with a resultant loss of collection efficiency.
  • Reflectors may be asymmetrically arranged relative to a receiver to account for seasonal variations, which vary as a function of latitude at which the array is placed, or to account for daily variations in illumination.
  • an array output may be increased during certain seasons and/or at certain times of day.
  • a solar array may be configured to be asymmetric to increase output during high demand periods, high power price periods, relatively low insolation periods, to increase output near the end of a day, e.g., so as to shorten a thermal energy storage time requirement overnight, and/or to increase an annualized collection from the array.
  • the biased receivers as described herein may be used in connection with any solar array configuration and/or reflector field configuration in which preferential absorption of solar radiation from a certain direction is desired, e.g., a symmetric or asymmetric east-west extending array, or a symmetric or asymmetric north south extending array.
  • Asymmetric arrays may be addressed in part by tilting the receiver so that the physical aperture of the receiver presents equally to radiation reflected from near and far field positions relative to the aperture axis.
  • this approach may result in the establishment of thermal convection currents within the receiver and a consequential significant fall in collection efficiency.
  • receivers comprising an optically inclined aperture are discussed herein primarily in connection with LFR arrays, it should be understood that the concepts described herein may be adapted to other types of receivers in other types of solar energy collector systems.
  • the receivers having optically inclined apertures may be adapted for any type of solar thermal energy collector system, photovoltaic system, or thermoelectric system.
  • Certain of the receivers described herein comprise a cavity having opposing side walls and a physical aperture defined between the side walls.
  • a solar radiation absorber (which can be any suitable type of solar radiation absorber) is disposed within the cavity and arranged to be illuminated by solar radiation directed through the physical aperture.
  • One or more optical elements are located at least partly within the cavity or proximate to the cavity so as to establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to a plane defined by the physical aperture. It should be noted that the effective absorption aperture may be larger or smaller than the physical aperture. Further, although adjusting the one or more optical elements affects the effective absorption aperture, in general the physical aperture to the receiver may be substantially unchanged by the adjustment of the one or more optical elements.
  • the one or more optical elements used to form the inclined absorption aperture can be any suitable elements that are capable of directing solar radiation to an absorber.
  • an optical element may function to capture solar radiation that passes through the physical aperture, but without the presence of the optical element, would not be incident on the absorber.
  • an optical element may comprise a diffractive element, a refractive element, or a reflective element.
  • an optical element may comprise a diffraction grating, a graded index region, a lens, or a reflector.
  • the configuration of the optical element within a cavity, partly within a cavity, or proximate to a cavity (e.g., adjacent to a cavity) may be selected so as to diffract, refract, or reflect a desired amount of incident solar radiation toward the absorber.
  • receiver 100 comprises a solar radiation absorber 101.
  • the receiver 100 comprises a housing 111 having an interior cavity 102 that houses the absorber 101.
  • a housing may have any suitable shape and configuration, e.g., a housing may comprise a plate, a cylindrical housing, or a box-like housing.
  • a downward opening physical aperture 104 admits solar radiation into the cavity 102 where it can be absorbed by absorber 101.
  • the physical aperture 104 can define a plane 105.
  • the receiver 100 may be oriented such that the plane 105 is generally horizontal (i.e., generally parallel to ground).
  • the receiver comprises a reflector element such that solar radiation directed through the physical aperture from a designated direction is preferentially absorbed over solar radiation directed through the physical aperture from another direction.
  • the reflector element 106 is placed along a first side wall 107 of the cavity 102 of receiver 100.
  • the reflector element 106 may be disposed within the cavity 102 as shown, or may at least partially extend outside of cavity 102, e.g., out through aperture 104.
  • Solar radiation that is directed through the aperture 104 along a direction 112B is incident upon the reflective surface 108 of reflector element 106, and the reflective surface 108 is configured to reflect that solar radiation toward the absorber 101.
  • solar radiation that is directed through the aperture along direction 112A is incident upon a second side wall 109 of the receiver 101 and does not reach the absorber 101.
  • the presence of the reflector element 106 along the first side wall 107 of the cavity 101 with no corresponding reflector element along the second side 109 of the cavity 101 results in an effective absorption aperture 110 that is inclined relative to the plane 105 defined by the physical aperture 104.
  • receiver 100 is effectively tilted toward incoming solar radiation from direction 1 12B without physically tilting aperture 104.
  • the receivers with optically inclined apertures may comprise two or more reflector elements.
  • the two or more reflector elements may have a variety of asymmetric configurations relative to an absorber in a receiver so as to make an effective absorption aperture that is asymmetric relative to the absorber.
  • the two or more reflectors may be arranged to be asymmetric in the receiver with respect to the absorber in a variety of ways.
  • the reflector elements may have different lengths, be disposed at different angles, and/or be situated at different displacements relative to an absorber in a receiver.
  • Reflectors may be curved, and/or may comprise multiple sections. Reflectors may be positioned on opposing sides of a receiver, or may be placed adjacent to each other.
  • receiver 200 comprises first and second reflector elements 206 and 213, respectively, that are directed outwardly from a base or rear portion 214 of the receiver toward physical aperture 204 in the receiver housing 21 1.
  • the first and second reflector elements may be contained within a receiver cavity 202 that houses absorber 201, or one or both of the reflector elements may extend out of the cavity, e.g., through aperture 204.
  • Incident solar radiation 203 enters the receiver cavity 202 through the physical aperture 204.
  • a first reflector element 206 is disposed along a first side wall 207 of housing 211, and a second reflector element 207 is disposed along a second opposing side wall 209 of housing 211.
  • a length 215 of reflector element 206 is longer than a length 217 of reflector element 213, radiation from direction 212B is preferentially directed to absorber 201 over radiation from direction 212A, so that the effective absorption aperture 210 is tilted relative to a plane 205 defined by the physical aperture 204.
  • FIG. 3 An example of a receiver comprising two reflector elements disposed at different angles relative to an absorber in the receiver is shown in FIG. 3.
  • first and second reflector elements 306 and 313, respectively, are directed outwardly from a base or rear portion 314 of a cavity 302 of receiver 300, and toward physical aperture 304 in the receiver housing 311.
  • the first and second reflector elements 306 and 313 are located at least partially within the cavity 302 housing the absorber 301, although in some cases one or both of the reflector elements may extend out of the cavity, e.g., through aperture 304.
  • Incident solar radiation 303 enters a receiver cavity 302 that houses absorber 301 through the physical aperture 304.
  • the first reflector element 306 is disposed along a first side wall 307 of housing 31 1 and is generally orthogonal to base 314.
  • the second reflector element 313 is disposed along a second side wall 309 of housing 311 but is not generally orthogonal to the base 314, and is instead angled away from absorber 301.
  • This asymmetry between the two reflectors 306 and 313 leads to an effectively asymmetric absorption aperture 310 that is able to preferentially admit radiation 303 from direction 312B over radiation from direction 312A.
  • the effective aperture 310 is tilted relative to a plane 305 defined by the physical aperture 304.
  • FIG. 4 Another variation of a receiver having an effectively tilted absorption aperture is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the receiver 400 comprises first and second reflector elements 406 and 413, respectively.
  • the first reflector element 406 is disposed along a first side wall 407 of the cavity 402
  • the second reflector element 413 is disposed along a second sidewall 409 of the cavity 402.
  • the reflector elements 406 and 413 are each located at least partially within the cavity 402 housing absorber 401, although in some cases one or both of the reflectors may extend out of the cavity 402, e.g., through aperture 404.
  • reflector element 406 is closer to absorber 401 than is reflector element 413.
  • the effective aperture 410 created by the two reflector elements 406 and 413 is effectively tilted relative to a plane 405 defined by the physical aperture 404.
  • Solar radiation 403 that is directed through aperture 405 from direction 412B will be preferentially absorbed over radiation directed through aperture 405 from direction 412A.
  • a reflective surface of any of the reflector elements may be curved (concave or convex) or planar.
  • a reflector may comprise multiple sections, which may for example be arranged in a generally circumferential manner with respective to a receiver. If a receiver comprises two reflectors, and the two reflector elements have different reflective surfaces with different curvatures, those differences in curvature may create or contribute to an asymmetric absorption aperture in the receiver. Further, in some cases, reflectivities of two reflector elements in a receiver may be different, which can also create or contribute to an optically inclined absorption aperture.
  • a physical aperture may be offset relative to a center of an absorber in addition to creating an inclined absorption aperture to further bias the receiver toward receiving and absorbing radiation from a particular direction.
  • the extent of inclination of an effective absorption aperture and, hence, the disposition of the reflector element may vary from one collector system installation to another and can be determined by such factors as the geometrical relationship of the receiver to the associated reflector field (in terms of height, reflection path angle, reflection path length, aperture width, etc.).
  • the absorption aperture parameters for a given collector installation may readily be calculated trigonometrically by those skilled in solar collection field design.
  • a reflector element may optionally extend beyond a physical aperture of a receiver cavity (e.g., a trough), depending upon the reflector field, and the geometric relationship of the receiver to the reflector field, with which the receiver is in use associated, but the reflector element desirably is located wholly within the trough.
  • reflector element may be concave elliptical in curvature facing toward a solar radiation absorber, rather than flat.
  • the elliptical reflector's two foci may be located, for example, with one focus at or near the edge of the absorber (e.g., an array of solar radiation absorber tubes) farthest from the elliptical reflector element and the other focus at or near the edge of the longer reflector field farthest from the receiver unit.
  • the absorber e.g., an array of solar radiation absorber tubes
  • Such an arrangement may allow a smaller absorber (e.g., a smaller absorber tube array, or a higher spatial concentration of absorber tubes) for a given aperture opening.
  • reflector elements may have any suitable curvature and are not limited to flat, substantially flat, or elliptical as described above. In particular, reflector elements having any suitable curvature between flat and elliptical may be used. In two-reflector element variations, each reflector may have any suitable curvature and thus any suitable combination of curvatures may be used.
  • a reflector element used in a receiver may have any suitable construction and/or composition.
  • a reflector element may be elongated and extend along side walls of a receiver cavity, e.g., as illustrated and described in connection with FIGS. 1 to 4 above.
  • a reflector element may optionally comprise a polished metal element (e.g., a metal strip) or comprise a reflective coating on a metal substrate.
  • a reflector element desirably comprises a thermally stable (e.g., PyrexTM) silvered glass mirror.
  • a silvered coating may be laminated between two plates of a thermally stable glass, e.g., to protect the silver coating against heat damage and/or any other environmental exposure and/or contaminant.
  • a reflector element may be secured within a receiver, e.g., within a receiver cavity such as a trough-shaped cavity, using any suitable technique and fixture.
  • a reflector element may be secured within a receiver cavity in such a way that the reflector element and a receiver housing creating the receiver cavity can move relative to each other, e.g., to accommodate differential thermal expansion.
  • a reflector element may be mounted to a receiver housing (e.g., a trough) by way of mounting brackets or clasps that permit relative movement (e.g., sliding) between the reflector element and the trough.
  • a reflector element may be fixedly secured to a receiver housing (e.g., a wall of a trough), e.g., by fasteners, and/or an adhesive.
  • a position of a reflector element may be adjustable in a receiver so as to tune an optically inclined absorption aperture.
  • a reflector element may be positioned so as to increase or decrease a length that a reflector extends (from a rear portion or base of a receiver cavity that is opposite its physical aperture).
  • a reflector element may be positioned so as to adjust an angle of the reflector element in the cavity so as to direct more or less radiation to the absorber. Such adjustments may be made manually or automatically.
  • the solar radiation absorber can be any suitable absorber.
  • the absorber may comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending solar radiation absorber tubes that contain a heat transfer fluid, e.g., water and/or steam.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a typical LFR system that may employ a receiver as described herein.
  • the LFR system 500 comprises a field of ground mounted reflectors 510 that are arrayed in rows 511 and further comprises parallel elevated receivers 512, each of which may be constituted by aligned receiver structures 513 and comprise a downward facing aperture 518.
  • Several reflector rows 511 form reflector fields 540 that are disposed on opposite sides of elevated receivers 512.
  • the reflectors may be supported on space frames 520 and supported and pivotally driven on hoop-like supports 516.
  • the reflectors 510, frames 520 and supports 516 may for example be of the type described in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU2004/000883, filed July 1, 2004, International Patent Application No. PCT/AU2004/000884, filed July 1, 2004, U.S. Patent Application No. 12/012,821, filed February 5, 2008, U.S. Patent Application No. 12/012,829, filed February 5, 2008, and U.S. Patent Application No. 12/012,920, filed February 5, 2008, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the reflectors 510 are driven collectively or regionally, as rows or individually, to track movement of the sun (relative to the earth) and they are orientated to reflect incident radiation to respective ones of the elevated receiver 512. Also, some or all of the reflectors 510 may be driven so as to reorientate, when required, to change the direction of reflected radiation from receiver 512 to another.
  • each receiver 512 receives reflected radiation symmetrically from several (e.g., 4 to 20, 10 to 16, or 12) rows 511 of reflectors 510.
  • each receiver 512 receives reflected radiation symmetrically from the same number of reflector rows (e.g., 2 to 10 rows or 6 or 8 rows) at one side of the receiver as from the other side of the receiver (e.g., 2 to 10 rows or 6 or 8 rows).
  • Each row 511 of reflectors 510 and, hence, each receiver 512 might typically have an overall length of about 300 metres, and the parallel receivers 512 might typically be spaced apart by about 30 to about 35 metres.
  • the receivers 512 may be supported at a height of approximately 11 to approximately 15 metres by stanchions 514 which may be stayed by ground-anchored guy wires 515, although other support arrangements might be employed, e.g., those described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/012,920, filed February 5, 2008, which has already been incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • each of the receivers 512 comprises a plurality of receiver structures 513 that are connected together co-linearly to form an elongated elevated receiver comprising a row of the structures.
  • Each receiver structure might typically have a length of the order of about 12 meters and an overall width of the order of about 1.4 meters. In other variations, a receiver structure may have a length of about 10 meters to about 20 meters, and a width of about 1 meter to about 3 meters.
  • the receivers described herein may have a construction substantially similar to or the same as that described in the previously referenced International Patent Application No. WO2005/078360 or U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/012,829, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • FIG. 6 An example of a receiver construction is illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • Receiver unit 613 may for example be used in a solar array such as that illustrated in FIG. 5.
  • the receiver unit 613 comprises an inverted trough 614 which might typically be formed from stainless steel sheeting and which, as best seen in FIG. 6, has a longitudinally extending channel portion 615 and flared side walls 616 that, at their margins, define a downwardly facing aperture of the trough.
  • the trough 614 may be supported by and provided with structural integrity by side rails 617 and transverse bridging members 618, and the trough optionally may be surmounted by a roof 619, e.g., a corrugated steel roof.
  • the void between the trough 614 and the roof 619 may be filled with a thermal insulating material 620.
  • a window 621 interconnects the side walls 617 of the trough.
  • the window 621 may be formed from glass but it may in some instances be formed from a transparent heat resistant plastics material.
  • the window 621 may be relatively planar or curved, as shown.
  • a plurality e.g., 4 to 20, or 10 to 16
  • longitudinally extending absorber tubes 622 e.g., stainless steel or carbon steel
  • a heat exchange fluid typically water or, following heat absorption, water vapour.
  • the actual number of absorber tubes may be varied to suit specific system requirements, provided that each absorber tube has a diameter that is small relative to the dimension of the trough aperture between the side walls 616 of the trough.
  • the plurality of absorber tubes 622 does, in the limit, effectively simulate a flat plate absorber, as compared with a single-tube collector in a concentrating trough.
  • the absorber tubes 622 may be freely supported by a series of parallel support rails 623 which extend between side supports 624.
  • FIG. 7A-7E Another variation of a receiver configuration that may be used is provided in FIG. 7A-7E.
  • FIG. 7A an end section view of receiver structure 713 is shown.
  • Receiver structure 713 may for example be used in lieu of receiver structure 513 in a solar energy collector system such as that illustrated in FIG. 5.
  • the receiver structure 713 comprises an inverted trough 724, which may for example be formed from stainless steel sheeting.
  • the trough 724 has a longitudinal channel portion 726 and side walls 727, which may be flared.
  • the trough 724 may for example be similar to the trough illustrated in receiver unit 613 in FIG. 6.
  • the trough 713 may be supported by and provided with structural integrity by longitudinal members 760a-760c and arches 762.
  • Longitudinal members may be formed for example from tube steel and welded together, for example to form an approximately semi-cylindrical framework 764.
  • Trough 724 may be further supported and provided with structural integrity by transverse bridging member 766 in framework 764.
  • An outer shell, e.g., a smooth outer shell 768 of, for example, galvanized steel may be attached to framework 764 with for example adhesive.
  • the smooth outer shell 768 may provide a low wind profile and shed water and thus may reduce structural (e.g., strength and/or rigidity) requirements of receiver structure 713, and/or reduce moisture ingress into the receiver.
  • a void between trough 724 and outer shell 768 may be at least partially filled with a thermal insulating material 732, which may comprise the same or similar materials as described above with respect to receiver unit 613 and which provides the functions there described.
  • a physical aperture 775 is defined between side walls 727 of trough 724, e.g., between slot 770 and ledge 772 that extend from side walls 727.
  • the physical aperture 775 defines a plane 779.
  • a longitudinally extending window 725 (which may comprise glass or heat resistant plastic) may for example be supported by the slot 770 and the ledge 772 (if present) to interconnect side walls 727 of trough 724 to form a closed, heat retaining cavity 733 within the trough.
  • gas e.g., filtered air
  • port 774 e.g., to provide a laminar flow along window 725 to remove dust or other contaminants.
  • a window 725 may be unitary in nature, or may comprise several segments, e.g.., lapped segments.
  • Solar radiation 783 incident from reflectors (not shown) of an LFR array enters cavity 733 through the aperture 775. Additional variations of receivers and receiver structures, including window configurations and slot and ledge configurations are described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/012,829, filed February 5, 2008, which has already been incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • receiver structure 713 comprises a plurality of longitudinally extending (e.g., stainless steel or carbon steel) absorber tubes 734 for carrying a heat transfer fluid (e.g., water and/or steam) to be heated by solar radiation absorbed by the tubes.
  • the absorber tubes 734 may for example be supported by a rolling support tube 735 that may be configured to accommodate differential thermal expansion of the tubes during use. Further, an outside diameter of the tubes may be small relative to the aperture 775 that admits solar radiation into the cavity 733, e.g., so that the plurality of absorber tubes approximates a flat plate absorber.
  • Other examples of tube configurations and supports that may be used are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/012,829, filed February 5, 2008, which has already been incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • Each of the absorber tubes in any of the receivers described herein may be coated along its length with a solar absorptive coating that comprise a solar selective surface coating that remains stable under high temperature conditions in ambient air, or for example a black paint that is stable in air under high temperature conditions.
  • a solar absorptive coating that comprise a solar selective surface coating that remains stable under high temperature conditions in ambient air, or for example a black paint that is stable in air under high temperature conditions.
  • suitable solar spectrally selective coatings are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,632,542 and 6,783,653, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • a physical aperture may be offset relative to a center of a solar radiation absorber, e.g., a plurality of absorber tubes.
  • asymmetric aperture arrangement may be used to accommodate an asymmetrical arrangement of reflectors around a receiver, as described in more detail below.
  • receiver structure 713 comprises a trough 724, with an aperture 775 defined between two sidewalls 727 (which may or may not be flared as illustrated).
  • slot 770 and ledge 772 extend from sidewalls 727, and therefore aperture 775 is defined between the slot 7770 and ledge 772.
  • the aperture 775 is offset relative to a longitudinal center line 791 of the group of absorbers 734.
  • Such an offset aperture may be arranged for example so that a ray 778 reflected by the outer edge of a first reflector row 712-1 farthest from the receiver on one side is incident at the largest angle Oc 1 by which it may be incident on the absorber tube 734 nearest to reflector row 712-1, and so that a ray 780 reflected by the outer edge of a second reflector row 712-2 farthest from the receiver on the opposite side is incident at the largest angle ⁇ 2 which it may be incident on the absorber tube nearest to reflector row 712-2.
  • the angle Ct 2 may not be equal to the angle ⁇ i for an asymmetric array.
  • the receiver units as described thus far, e.g., in connection with FIGS. 6 and 7A- 7E may be suitable for use in a symmetrical reflector field, e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 5.
  • asymmetrical reflector field 8A and 8B in some cases illuminating solar radiation may be reflected from asymmetrical reflector fields 8A and 8B (with field 8B extending a longer distance than field 8 A from elevated receiver 812 supported by stanchion 814).
  • the receiver itself may be inclined slightly so that the receiver physical aperture 875 presents more favourably to the reflector field 8B.
  • two reflector elements may be mounted in receiver 812 with one at either side of the solar radiation absorber 822 (e.g., an array of absorber tubes).
  • the reflector elements may be of different lengths (i.e., extend downward from the receiver unit different distances), with the larger reflector element typically positioned facing toward, and on the on the far side of receiver 812 from, the longer reflector field (e.g., field 8B).
  • the reflector elements may both be flat or substantially flat, the reflector elements may both be elliptical, or either one of the reflector elements may be elliptical with the other flat.
  • the foci of an elliptical reflector element in these variations may be located, for example, with one focus at or near the edge of the absorber (e.g., an absorber tube array) farthest from the elliptical reflector element and the other focus at or near the farthest edge of the reflector field faced by the elliptical reflector element.
  • use of one or more elliptical reflector elements in a two- reflector variation may allow a smaller absorber tube array (higher concentration) for a given aperture opening but may also cause relatively increased absorption in the reflector compared to variations using flat reflectors.
  • receiver unit 613 comprises a reflector element 625, e.g., in the form of a silvered glass mirror positioned at least partially within the trough 614 and to one side of the absorber tubes 622 in a manner to establish an inclined absorber aperture 626 within the margins of the trough aperture.
  • the receiver 613 may be oriented such that a physical aperture 675 defined between side walls 616 is directed substantially downward, the effective absorption aperture 626 is tilted away from a horizontal plane 676 defined by the physical aperture 675.
  • the reflector element 625 extends beyond a plane 676 defined by the physical aperture 675, but is still contained with the cavity 615 by virtue of curved window 621.
  • a flat window may be used to close a physical aperture in a receiver, and a reflector element may not extend beyond a plane defined by the physical aperture.
  • receiver structure 713 comprises a reflector element 750 which may be in the form of a silvered glass mirror as described above.
  • the reflector element 750 is positioned at least partially within the cavity 733 defined by the trough 724.
  • the reflector element 750 which may have a substantially planar reflective surface or a curved reflective surface as described above, reflects incident solar radiation 783 toward the absorber tubes 734.
  • the presence of the reflector element along one side of the receiver unit 713 but not along the opposing side creates an inclined aperture similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 6 above.
  • the reflector element 750 may extend longitudinally along the receiver unit 713, e.g., generally parallel to side rails 760a-760c of frame 764. It should be noted that the physical aperture 775 may be offset relative to a longitudinal center line of the absorber tubes 734 in addition to being optically inclined by one or more reflector elements 750.
  • the one or more optical elements used in the receivers to create an optically inclined absorption aperture may not be reflector elements but may instead comprise a refractive element or a diffractive element. Such elements may be placed along a side of a receiver as indicated for the reflector elements above, or they may incorporated into a window disposed on a physical aperture to a receiver cavity.
  • window 621 or window 725 may each comprise a diffractive portion or a refractive portion that results in preferential absorption of light by one side of the absorber.
  • a receiver window may comprise a diffraction grating, a graded index region, a lensed region, or may be wedged. If a grating is used, such grating may be formed, e.g., etched or molded, into a surface of the window.
  • an absorber may be configured to be asymmetric to accommodate asymmetric illumination due to the optically inclined absorption aperture.
  • An absorber may be made asymmetric in a variety of ways, e.g., by adjusting a shape or configuration of the absorber to favour illumination in one direction.
  • the tubes may be spaced asymmetrically, e.g., spaced closer together in regions of higher illumination.
  • Solar energy collector systems incorporating any type of reflector array, e.g., a reflector array that is oriented north-south, or east-west, and that has a reflector array that is symmetric or asymmetric with respect to a receiver, may be used in connection with the biased receivers as described herein.
  • a solar array may be configured to use a biased receiver as described herein to increase output during high demand periods, periods of high energy prices, relatively low insolation periods, and/or to increase output near the end of a day so as to shorten a thermal energy storage time requirement overnight.
  • a solar array incorporating a biased receiver may allow for an overnight thermal energy storage period to be reduced from about 8 hours to about 4 hours by biasing collection towards a later part of a day.
  • the biased receivers may be used in connection with a north-south oriented array.
  • the biased receivers may be used to accommodate an asymmetric north-south array, or may be used even though the reflectors are arranged symmetrical with respect to the receiver.
  • the biased receivers may for example be used with a north-south array so as to preferentially collect solar radiation at a certain time of day, e.g., during the morning or afternoon hours.
  • the reflectors in the north-south array may be configured to be asymmetric with respect to the elevated, biased receiver, e.g., as schematically illustrated in FIG. 8.
  • an asymmetric north-south oriented array there may be more reflectors on one side of a receiver than on another side of the receiver. Further, reflectors may be packed differently (e.g., spacings between reflector rows may be different) on one side of the receiver than on another side of the receiver, and/or reflectors on one side of a receiver may have a different distance to the receiver than reflectors on another side of the receiver. In any one of these asymmetric arrays, one or more receivers having a tilted effective absorption aperture may be used to accommodate asymmetry in the reflector field.
  • an asymmetric array may be set up to allow preferential collection of light at certain times of day.
  • the array may be configured to have more reflectors on the eastern side of the array to preferentially collect solar radiation during the afternoon hours.
  • the distances between reflectors e.g., inter-row spacings
  • distances between reflectors and a receiver may different on the eastern side of an array relative to a western side of an array.
  • a receiver that is optically inclined toward the eastern side of the array may be used to preferentially receive and absorb solar radiation from the eastern side.
  • an asymmetric north-south oriented array may be configured to have more reflectors on the western side of the array to preferentially collect solar radiation during morning hours.
  • the distances between reflectors e.g., inter-row spacings
  • distances between reflectors and a receiver may different on the eastern side of an array relative to a western side of an array.
  • a biased receiver that is optically inclined toward the western side of the array may be used.
  • the biased receivers may also be used in connection with east-west oriented solar arrays.
  • a solar energy collector system may be configured to be oriented east- west to increase an annualized collection from that system.
  • east-west oriented LFR solar arrays are provided in International Patent Publication No. WO 2008/022409 and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/007,926, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • the reflector fields in an east-west extending LFR array may be configured to be asymmetric with respect to a receiver, and may utilize the biased receivers as described herein to accommodate the asymmetry.
  • an east-west extending array may comprise a polar reflector field located on the polar side of a receiver, and an equatorial reflector field located on the equatorial side of the receiver.
  • the polar reflector field may be configured to be different than the equatorial field, e.g., to increase an annualized collection of the array.
  • an east west extending array may include asymmetric numbers of reflector rows and/or asymmetric row spacings between polar and equatorial reflector fields.
  • reflectors in the equatorial field may be located closer to the receiver than corresponding reflectors in the polar field.
  • one or more receivers having a tilted effective absorption aperture may be used to accommodate asymmetry in the reflector field.
  • inter-row spacings in the equatorial field may be smaller than corresponding inter-row spacings in the polar reflector field.
  • a polar reflector field may be configured to include more reflectors than an equatorial reflector field. Such configurations depend generally on the latitude at which the array is located.
  • FIG. 9 An example of an asymmetric east-west extending LFR array (903) is depicted in FIG. 9.
  • a polar reflector field (located to the northern side N of a center-line 901 of the receiver) in the case of an array located in the northern hemisphere) 910P comprises reflectors positioned in M parallel side-by-side rows 912P 1 , ,M extending generally in an east-west direction, and an equatorial reflector field (located to the southern side S relative to center-line 901 of the receiver in the case of an array located in the northern hemisphere) 910E comprises reflectors positioned in N parallel side by side rows 912Ej 1 N also extending generally in an east- west direction.
  • An elevated receiver 905 is configured to receive reflected solar radiation from the reflector fields 910P and 910E.
  • the elevated receiver 905 is biased toward the polar side, and hence includes optical element (e.g., a reflector element) 906 configured to create an optically inclined aperture in receiver 905.
  • Optical element 906 may for example be analogous to reflector element 750 illustrated in FIG. 7A or reflector element 625 illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • the reflectors in each field 910P and 910E are configured to reflect incident solar radiation (e.g., ray 913) to the receiver 905 during diurnal east west motion of the sun, and to be pivotally driven to maintain reflection of the incident solar radiation to the receiver during cyclic diurnal north-south motion of the sun. Additionally, the reflectors are pivotally driven to maintain reflection of the incident solar radiation to the receiver 905 during cyclic diurnal north-south motion of the sun in the (inclining and declining) directions indicated by arrow 21.
  • incident solar radiation e.g., ray 913
  • the reflectors are pivotally driven to maintain reflection of the incident solar radiation to the receiver 905 during cyclic diurnal north-south motion of the sun in the (inclining and declining) directions indicated by arrow 21.
  • an east-west solar array may be configured so that the number of reflector rows M in a polar field is greater than the number of reflector rows N in an equatorial field.
  • an angle of incidence ⁇ i relative to a perpendicular axis Z of the reflector
  • optical aberrations such as astigmatism and the like may be decreased.
  • a reflector in a polar field may have a greater effective incident surface area as well as an ability to produce a better focus at the receiver than a corresponding reflector in the equatorial field positioned the same distance from the receiver.
  • a biased receiver as described herein may be used that has an effective absorption aperture inclined toward the polar field, but that is not necessarily physically tilted toward the polar field.
  • An east-west array may be made asymmetric between polar and equatorial arrays in other ways, e.g., by making a polar field or an equatorial field closer to an elevated receiver, and/or by making inter-row spacings in a polar field (e.g., 915Pi >2 ) different than inter-row spacings in an equatorial field (e.g., 915E] 2 ).
  • Examples of such arrays are provided in International Patent Publication No. WO 2008/022409 and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/007,926, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • each of the features illustrated FIG. 9 for an east-west array apply also to north-south oriented arrays that may be used with the biased receivers as described herein.
  • a solar array is envisioned wherein a receiver analogous to receiver 905 extends longitudinally in a north-south direction rather than in an east-west direction, and reflectors analogous to reflectors 912Pi M are located on an eastern or western side of the receiver instead of on a polar side, and reflectors analogous to reflector 912Ei, ... ⁇ are located on an eastern or western side of the receiver instead of on an equatorial side.
  • the methods comprise biasing the collection of solar radiation by reflecting solar radiation from reflectors in one or more reflector fields to an elevated receiver, and biasing the receiver to preferentially collect solar radiation reflected from a subset of the reflectors in the one or more reflector fields.
  • the methods may utilize any elevated receiver having an optically inclined aperture as described herein to preferentially collect reflected solar radiation from a subset of the reflectors.
  • the methods may be used in connection with reflectors arranged symmetric with respect to a receiver, in many cases, the methods may be used in connection with reflectors arranged asymmetric with respect to a receiver, as described above.
  • the methods may be adapted for preferentially collecting solar radiation during a certain time of year and/or during a certain portion of a diurnal cycle, e.g., by configuring the reflector fields to preferentially reflect solar radiation during the selected time period and arranging the optically inclined aperture of the biased receiver to receive and absorb the preferentially reflected solar radiation.
  • the methods may be used in connection with asymmetric reflector fields to preferentially collect solar energy at a certain time of day and/or during a certain period in a year, e.g., during a certain season.
  • the methods may be used in connection with an asymmetric east-west oriented reflector field, e.g., depending on the latitude of the reflector field and/or in connection with an asymmetric north-south oriented reflector field, e.g., one that has been biased toward collecting sunlight at a certain time of day, e.g., during the afternoon hours.
  • the methods may be adapted for preferentially collecting solar radiation from a subset of the reflectors to increase an annualized collection from the solar energy collector system.
  • the methods may be adapted for collecting solar radiation from one or more asymmetric reflector fields, where an amount of solar radiation reflected from a first side of the one or more reflector fields to the receiver is greater than an amount of solar radiation reflected from a second side of the one or more reflector fields.
  • the effective absorption aperture may be inclined toward the first side of the one or more reflector fields.
  • the methods may comprise preferentially collecting reflected solar radiation from reflectors located on an eastern side of a north-south array, e.g., to preferentially collect solar radiation during afternoon hours, or preferentially collecting solar radiation from reflectors located on a western side of a north-south array, e.g., to preferentially collect solar radiation during morning hours.
  • Certain methods may comprise preferentially collecting solar radiation from reflectors located on an equatorial side of an east-west array, or from a polar side of an east- west array. In some situations, e.g., when an array is east-west oriented, the methods may comprise preferentially collecting solar radiation from a subset of the reflectors to increase an annualized collection from the solar energy collector system.
  • the methods may employ any of the biased receivers as described herein.
  • methods may comprise reflecting solar radiation from one or more reflector fields through a physical aperture of an elevated receiver to be incident on a solar radiation absorber.
  • the receiver used in these methods comprises an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to ground so as to preferentially receive and absorb solar radiation from a designated side of the receiver.
  • the effective absorption aperture in the receiver may be established as described above, e.g., by mounting a first reflector element at least partly within a cavity of the receiver, the cavity housing the absorber, where the first reflector element is configured to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber and so establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to ground.
  • Certain methods may comprise establishing the effective absorption aperture by mounting a first and a second reflector element at least partly within the cavity.
  • the second reflector element is arranged to be asymmetric in the receiver with respect to the first reflector element, and the first and second reflector elements are configured to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber and so establish an effective absorption aperture that is inclined relative to ground.
  • the present application provides methods of establishing an optically inclined absorption aperture within a solar energy receiver having a plurality of linearly extending side-by-side absorber tubes, wherein a linearly extending reflector element is located at least in part within a cavity of the receiver so one side of the absorber tubes and is disposed to reflect incident solar radiation toward the absorber tubes.

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Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un récepteur d'énergie solaire comprenant une ouverture d'absorption efficace qui est inclinée, de sorte que le rayonnement solaire provenant d'une certaine direction puisse être absorbé de façon préférentielle par un absorbeur de rayonnement solaire présent dans le récepteur. L'ouverture d'absorption efficace est inclinée par rapport à une ouverture physique. Ainsi, dans un récepteur surélevé comprenant une ouverture physique tournée vers le bas définissant un plan qui est relativement parallèle au sol, l'ouverture d'absorption efficace du récepteur décrite dans les présentes peut être inclinée par rapport au sol, mais l'ouverture physique peut demeurer généralement parallèle au sol. Les récepteurs inclinés peuvent être utilisés dans des générateurs solaires de réflecteurs de Fresnel linéaires.
PCT/US2008/007419 2007-06-13 2008-06-13 Récepteur d'énergie solaire doté d'une ouverture optiquement inclinée WO2009023063A2 (fr)

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