WO2008138923A1 - Pile à combustible pour une utilisation dans la génération d'électricité à partir d'un substrat carboné solide - Google Patents
Pile à combustible pour une utilisation dans la génération d'électricité à partir d'un substrat carboné solide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008138923A1 WO2008138923A1 PCT/EP2008/055827 EP2008055827W WO2008138923A1 WO 2008138923 A1 WO2008138923 A1 WO 2008138923A1 EP 2008055827 W EP2008055827 W EP 2008055827W WO 2008138923 A1 WO2008138923 A1 WO 2008138923A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- oxygen
- electrochemical
- carbonaceous substrate
- anode
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- -1 oxygen ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004966 Carbon aerogel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000473 manganese(VI) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052960 marcasite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052683 pyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000909 Lead-bismuth eutectic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 2
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910020923 Sn-O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1233—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
- H01M4/905—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
- H01M8/0668—Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
- H01M8/0675—Removal of sulfur
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
- H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
- H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
- H01M8/1253—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides the electrolyte containing zirconium oxide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
- H01M8/126—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides the electrolyte containing cerium oxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical fuel cell for generating electricity from a solid carbonaceous substrate, comprising an electrochemical reactor and an oxidation reactor and a method of generating electricity from a solid carbonaceous substrate.
- the resulting oxide ions are transported under an electric potential and oxygen concentration gradients, through an ionically-conducting electrolyte (e.g. ZrO 2 - Y 2 O 3 yttrium- stabilised zirconia (YSZ) or Ce 09 Gd 0 1 O 1 95 (CGO)) 10s of ⁇ m thick, to an electronically conducting anode, at which those ions oxidise carbon particles, caused to impinge from a molten anolyte onto the anode, evolving CO 2 .
- an ionically-conducting electrolyte e.g. ZrO 2 - Y 2 O 3 yttrium- stabilised zirconia (YSZ) or Ce 09 Gd 0 1 O 1 95 (CGO)
- the first aspect of the invention therefore provides an electrochemical fuel cell for generating electricity from a solid carbonaceous substrate, comprising an electrochemical reactor and an oxidation reactor; wherein the electrochemical reactor comprises: a cathode for forming oxygen ions from an oxygen source; an anode for facilitating the dissolution of the oxygen into a liquid; and an ionically conducting electrolyte for transporting the dissolved oxygen to the anode; and wherein the oxidation reactor comprises: an inlet for introduction of the dissolved oxygen from the electrochemical reactor; a bed or slurry of solid carbonaceous substrate; an outlet for removal of the oxidised carbon species generated by oxidation of the carbonaceous substrate by the dissolved oxygen; and a second outlet for re-introduction of the deplenished liquid to the electrochemical reactor.
- the electrochemical reactor comprises: a cathode for forming oxygen ions from an oxygen source; an anode for facilitating the dissolution of the oxygen into a liquid; and an ionically conducting electrolyte for
- a particular feature of the first aspect of the invention is the use of a second separate reactor for the oxidation of the carbonaceous fuel.
- the dissolved oxygen and liquid are therefore transported from the electrochemical reactor to the oxidation reactor and contacted with the carbonaceous substrate.
- the dissolved oxygen oxidises the carbonaceous substrate resulting in the depletion of the dissolved oxygen from the liquid, evolving oxidised carbon species, in particular CO 2 or other carbon containing gases which can be further modified and/or are removed from the oxidation reactor and can be treated subsequently.
- the electrochemical reactor further comprises an inlet for the introduction of a source of oxygen.
- the source of oxygen can be any oxygen containing gas including O 2 and air.
- the source of oxygen can be compressed and provided in a supercritical state (i.e. >50 bar).
- the lifespan and efficiency of the electrodes is extended in the fuel cell of the present application.
- the range of substrates available for use in the fuel cell is therefore wider than that available for use in conventional fuel cells, which usually use gaseous (e.g. hydrogen, methane, etc) or liquid (e.g. methanol) fuels.
- gaseous e.g. hydrogen, methane, etc
- liquid e.g. methanol
- the fuel cell of the present application for example allows the use of carbonaceous substrates which comprise heteroatoms and which could not be used in conventional fuel cells. It will be appreciated that the apparatus of the present invention facilitates the subsequent treatment of the resulting CO 2 product by sequestration and sulphur removal.
- the oxidation reactor therefore provides an inlet for the carbonaceous substrate.
- the carbonaceous substrate can be provided continuously while the fuel cell is in use or in a batch wise manner.
- the carbonaceous substrate can be provided to the oxidation reactor continuously in a co-current or counter current flow with the dissolved oxygen.
- the carbonaceous substrate is provided to the oxidation reactor continuously in a counter current flow with the dissolved oxygen.
- Electrolyte e.g. YSZ: 2O 2 ⁇ (cathode) >2O 2 ⁇ (anode) (8)
- the temperature of the electrochemical reactor and the oxidation reactor can be separately controlled and optimised. It will be appreciated that the optimum temperature of the reactors will depend on the melting point of the liquid and the integrity of the reactor compartments.
- liquid preferably exists in a liquid form at a temperature above 400 0 C.
- the liquid is preferably a molten metal or alloy in which the oxygen is dissolved.
- the molten metal is preferably provided as a eutectic material.
- the molten metal can be selected from one or more of Sn, Pb or Pb-Bi.
- a particular example of a eutectic material for the present invention is Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE).
- the anode is a liquid, particularly a molten metal as defined above.
- the liquid, e.g. the molten metal is provided as a solvent for the oxygen.
- the amount of oxygen dissolved in the molten metal should preferably not exceed the oxygen solubility of the molten metal. If the dissolved oxygen solubility is exceeded, a metal oxide will form which can be used to oxidise the carbonaceous substrate. For example, if the dissolved oxygen solubility of the molten tin is exceeded then SnO 2 will form which itself could oxidise carbon.
- the Sn-O phase diagram predicts that two liquids (Sn + SnO 2 ) should co-exist at > 1318 K. After depletion of the dissolved oxygen in the oxidation reaction, the liquid, e.g. the molten metal will then be returned to the electrochemical reactor for further oxygenation.
- the electrolyte is preferably selected from one or more of ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 , yttrium stabilised zirconia and Ce 09 Gd O iOi 95 .
- the cathode is preferably La 06 Sr 04 Co 02 Fe 0 8 O 3 or La 06 Sr 04 MnO 3 (LSM).
- the solid carbonaceous substrate can be any material comprising carbon.
- the solid carbonaceous substrate can be selected from one or more of coal, petroleum derived fuels, petroleum coke, natural gas, naphtha, low/high sulphur fuel oil, hydrocarbons including long chain hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, propane etc, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon black, carbon aerogels, graphite, charcoal, carbon-based polymers including plastics such as polyethylene, biomass, pitch, tar, asphalt, wood, waste carbon products etc.
- the hydrogen content is oxidised to water and at higher temperatures (» 972 K) CO, rather than CO 2 .
- the carbon monoxide in combination with the H 2 O can be reformed to syngas (CO + H 2 ).
- This endothermic reforming reaction provides a means of controlling autothermicity in the oxidation reactor.
- the second aspect of the invention provides a method of generating electricity from a solid carbonaceous substrate, comprising
- the steps of forming the oxygen ions at a cathode, transporting the oxygen ions to an anode and dissolving the oxygen in a molten metal and the step of oxidising the carbonaceous fuel are carried out in separate reaction vessels.
- the present invention therefore provides a method of generating electricity from a solid carbonaceous substrate, comprising
- steps 1), 2) and 3) are carried out in a first reaction vessel and step 4) is carried out in a second reaction vessel.
- steps 1), 2) and 3) are carried out in an electrochemical reactor and step 4) is carried out in an oxidation reactor as defined in the first aspect of the invention.
- step 3) of the method of the second aspect involves dissolving the oxygen into a liquid anode, wherein said anode is preferably a molten metal or alloy.
- the present invention therefore provides a method of generating electricity from a solid carbonaceous substrate, comprising 1) forming oxygen ions from an oxygen source at a cathode; 2) transporting the oxygen ions to an anode via an ionically conducting electrolyte;
- steps 1), 2) and 3) are preferably carried out in a first reaction vessel and step 4) is preferably carried out in a second reaction vessel.
- the resulting oxidised carbon species is preferably a carbon containing gas or a mixture of carbon containing gases, more preferably carbon dioxide.
- Electrolyte e.g. YSZ: 2O 2 ⁇ (cathode) >2O 2 ⁇ (anode) (14) Anode: Ae ⁇ + 2[O ⁇ ⁇ 2O 2 ⁇ (15)
- the method of the second aspect of the invention can be carried out at a temperature of 400 to 2000 0 C, preferably 400 to 1200 0 C.
- the electrochemical reaction can be carried out at a temperature of 400 to 1200 0 C, depending on the combination of electrolyte, cathode and anode employed.
- the oxidation reaction can preferably be carried out at a temperature of 400 to 1200 0 C, depending on the desired product gas composition.
- the solid carbonaceous substrate can be any material comprising carbon. Improved oxidation of the carbonaceous substrate can be obtained when the substrate is provided as solid particulate matter with a high surface area.
- the carbonaceous substrate can therefore be pretreated prior to oxidation to form particles of the substrate by for example, pyrolysis, partial oxidation, grinding, mechanical size reduction, etc.
- the method of the second aspect therefore provides the step of converting the carbonaceous substrate into particulate material prior to its contact with the dissolved oxygen. It will be appreciated that the smaller the size of the particles, the more surface area is available for reaction with the dissolved oxygen.
- the particles of the solid carbonaceous substrate are therefore preferably from 1 to 100,000 micrometres, more preferably 10 to 10,000 micrometres, alternatively 10 to 1000 micrometres or 100 to 1000 micrometres in diameter.
- the solid carbonaceous substrate can additionally or alternatively be pretreated to modify the carbon/hydrogen ratio of the substrate, for example using high temperature pyrolysis. This pre-treatment will allow manipulation of the composition of the resulting oxidised carbon species. Hydrogen generated during the high temperature pyrolysis step can be collected and used for example as a fuel for fuel cells.
- the CO 2 produced by the method of the second aspect can be further treated for example by sequestration and/or sulphur removal. Sequestration can be carried out by compression and condensation (wherein the pressure can be derived from the continuous evolution of CO 2 ). Alternatively, the CO 2 may be dissolved for example in DEA and separated through absorption.
- the fuel cell and method of the present application provides a number of advantages over the use of fuel cells currently known in the art.
- the fuel cell and method of the present invention provides improved efficiency (i.e. less CO 2 emitted per kW) compared with electrical power generation by convention fossil fuel combustion.
- the generation of electricity from substrates such as coal and/or waste carbon products overcomes problems associated with the security and reliability of energy conversion as it allows the use of indigenous coal and/or waste carbon products.
- the fuel cell and method of the present application further obviates problems of gasification and gaseous fuel purification associated with conventional fuel cells.
- the third aspect of the invention provides a use of an electrochemical fuel cell of the first aspect of the invention for generating electricity from a carbonaceous substrate.
- Figure. 1 shows a schematic of carbon-air fuel cell, coupled to a combustion reactor in which carbon particles are oxidised to CO 2 by dissolved oxygen in molten metal or alloy;
- Figure 2 shows the predicted temperature dependences of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes (line (a)), and reversible cell voltage (line (b)), for molten tin oxidation by oxygen, assuming the worst case of SnO 2 as the (unwanted) product, as the oxygen solubility (predicted as ca. 0.32 at.% at 1170 K and 1.6 at.% at 1320 K) in molten tin is exceeded; and
- FIG 3. shows a further schematic of a fuel cell of the invention comprising an electrochemical reactor (1) and an oxidation reactor (6).
- the electrochemical reactor comprises a cathode (2) and an anode (4) linked via an electrolyte (3).
- Oxygen is provided to the electrochemical reactor via inlet (5).
- the dissolved oxygen in the liquid anode is transported to the oxidation reactor (6) via an outlet (7) and passes over a bed (8).
- Carbonaceous substrate is supplied to the bed via inlet (9) to flow counter current to the dissolved oxygen flow.
- the resulting carbon dioxide is removed from the oxidation reactor via outlet (11) and the deplenished liquid anode is recycled to the electrochemical reactor and more specifically to the anode via outlet (10).
- By-products, including ash are removed from the oxidation reactor via outlet (12).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
La présente invention concerne une pile à combustible électrochimique pour générer de l'électricité à partir d'un substrat carboné solide, comprenant un réacteur électrochimique pour la préparation d'oxygène dissous et un réacteur d'oxydation pour la réaction dudit oxygène dissous avec le substrat carboné solide. L'invention concerne en outre un procédé de génération d'électricité à partir d'un substrat carboné solide.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08750259A EP2156500A1 (fr) | 2007-05-14 | 2008-05-13 | Pile à combustible pour une utilisation dans la génération d'électricité à partir d'un substrat carboné solide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0709244.8A GB0709244D0 (en) | 2007-05-14 | 2007-05-14 | Fuel cells |
GB0709244.8 | 2007-05-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2008138923A1 true WO2008138923A1 (fr) | 2008-11-20 |
Family
ID=38219376
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2008/055827 WO2008138923A1 (fr) | 2007-05-14 | 2008-05-13 | Pile à combustible pour une utilisation dans la génération d'électricité à partir d'un substrat carboné solide |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2156500A1 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB0709244D0 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008138923A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2023057383A1 (fr) | 2021-10-07 | 2023-04-13 | Sangle Ferriere Bruno | Système de pile à combustible |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4826740A (en) * | 1986-09-15 | 1989-05-02 | Bruno Costa | Process for generating electrical energy by oxidation of a solid fuel in liquid metal |
EP0333261A2 (fr) * | 1988-03-14 | 1989-09-20 | Bruno Costa | Méthode et installation pour la production d'énergie électrique et de gaz pour des synthèses chimiques au moyen d'oxydation dans des bains métalliques fondus |
US5376469A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1994-12-27 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Direct electrochemical conversion of carbon to electrical energy in a high temperature fuel cell |
WO1999045607A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-10 | Celltech Power, Llc | Groupe electrogene a carbone-oxygene |
WO2003001617A2 (fr) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-03 | Celltech Power, Inc. | Arrangement de couches d'electrodes dans un dispositif electrochimique |
US20060019132A1 (en) * | 2004-05-19 | 2006-01-26 | Lipilin Alexander S | Liquid anode electrochemical cell |
US20060257702A1 (en) * | 2005-05-16 | 2006-11-16 | Clean Coal Energy, Llc | High temperature direct coal fuel cell |
-
2007
- 2007-05-14 GB GBGB0709244.8A patent/GB0709244D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2008
- 2008-05-13 EP EP08750259A patent/EP2156500A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-05-13 WO PCT/EP2008/055827 patent/WO2008138923A1/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4826740A (en) * | 1986-09-15 | 1989-05-02 | Bruno Costa | Process for generating electrical energy by oxidation of a solid fuel in liquid metal |
EP0333261A2 (fr) * | 1988-03-14 | 1989-09-20 | Bruno Costa | Méthode et installation pour la production d'énergie électrique et de gaz pour des synthèses chimiques au moyen d'oxydation dans des bains métalliques fondus |
US5376469A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1994-12-27 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Direct electrochemical conversion of carbon to electrical energy in a high temperature fuel cell |
WO1999045607A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-10 | Celltech Power, Llc | Groupe electrogene a carbone-oxygene |
WO2003001617A2 (fr) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-03 | Celltech Power, Inc. | Arrangement de couches d'electrodes dans un dispositif electrochimique |
US20060019132A1 (en) * | 2004-05-19 | 2006-01-26 | Lipilin Alexander S | Liquid anode electrochemical cell |
US20060257702A1 (en) * | 2005-05-16 | 2006-11-16 | Clean Coal Energy, Llc | High temperature direct coal fuel cell |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2023057383A1 (fr) | 2021-10-07 | 2023-04-13 | Sangle Ferriere Bruno | Système de pile à combustible |
FR3128064A1 (fr) * | 2021-10-07 | 2023-04-14 | Bruno SANGLE-FERRIERE | Système de pile à combustible |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0709244D0 (en) | 2007-06-20 |
EP2156500A1 (fr) | 2010-02-24 |
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