WO2008131499A1

WO2008131499A1 - Method for treating banana leafspot disease and treatment composition

Info

Publication number: WO2008131499A1
Application number: PCT/BE2007/000035
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gordon Blackman; Gauthier Boels
Original assignee: Realco Sa
Priority date: 2007-04-26
Filing date: 2007-04-26
Publication date: 2008-11-06

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for treating cryptogamic diseases of plants and to a composition for carrying out this treatment. In particular, the invention relates to a method for treating banana and plantain leafspot diseases and to a composition used to carry out this treatment, comprising a boron chelate and/or a boron complex.

Description

Method for treating Sigatoka leaf spot and treatment composition

TECHNICAL AREA

The invention relates to a method for treating fungal diseases of plants and a composition for carrying out this treatment. In particular, the invention relates to a method for treating Sigatoka diseases of bananas and plantains and to a composition used to perform this treatment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART [0002] Black Sigatoka disease or black leaf streak disease caused by the Ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis and Yellow Sigatoka caused by the Ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella musicola are the most destructive foliar diseases of banana cultivation. . Attacks reduce photosynthesis, and if the number of functional leaves is insufficient between bloom and harvest, the diet matures prematurely, depriving the producer of commercialization. Black Sigatoka was first identified in 1963 on the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, Fiji. His presence was subsequently reported throughout the Pacific. It has also been observed in Asia (Bhutan, Taiwan, southern China including Hainan Island, Vietnam, Philippines, West Malaysia and Sumatra in Indonesia). In Latin America, black Sigatoka has been identified for the first time in 1972 in Honduras. It has spread to the north (Guatemala, Belize, southern Mexico) and to the south (Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia). It has recently been reported in Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, where it threatens to spread to the rest Caribbean. In Africa, this condition was first reported in Zambia in 1973 and in Gabon in 1978. It spread along the western coast to Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Ghana. Ivory Coast. Also present in Congo, it has probably spread eastward through the Democratic Republic of Congo

(formerly Zaire), reaching Burundi, Rwanda, western Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya and the Central African Republic. Around 1987, it was introduced on Pemba Island, from where it spread to Zanzibar and the coastal areas of Kenya and Tanzania. Black Sigatoka is also found in Malawi and Comoros. There is little doubt that its distribution is currently underestimated. Sigatoka leaf spot diseases originate from two related ascomycete fungi: Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, black Sigatoka disease agent, and M. musicola Leach ex Mulder, yellow Sigatoka disease agent. The control of the disease can be carried out using various types of fungicides. Contact fungicides act when in contact with the fungus. Systemic fungicides must be absorbed by the plant to act. The use of fungicides still effectively controls Sigatoka on commercial plantations, but their effects on the environment are worrisome.

Although it is possible to significantly reduce the number of treatments if they are practiced as part of a fight against warning, strains of Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola have developed a resistance to most of these products. in all the production regions of the globe (in Latin America, in the

Caribbean, Africa and Asia).

[0004] These systemic fungicides are generally applied in combination with an adjuvant agent. [0005] The mode of action of Mycosphaerella fijiensis comprises the production of an enzyme for degrading plant cell walls, resulting in the degradation of tissues. This degradation releases the cellular content, which serves as a substrate for the development of the microorganism, thus allowing the development of the disease. We know by WO 03/073858 A method of controlling plant diseases by inhibiting the extracellular enzymes of contaminating microorganisms. This document shows the effectiveness of boron, in the form of boric acid, in the inhibition of extracellular degradative enzymes. However, the composition of this document is in powder form, poorly soluble, and is therefore not suitable for aerial application in solution. In addition, this composition was phytotoxic to certain plants (zucchini) at effective concentrations. Tests have shown that to obtain the desired effect, doses of 530 g / ha, using a solution of 30 g / l of boric acid, were necessary, and that these doses had a negative effect. on the plant. Finally, its efficacy against black Sigatoka has not been proven. WO 2005/074687 discloses a method of treating banana diseases by application of a polyene antibiotic, preferably natamycin. The repeated use of such an antibiotic presents a risk of occurrence of resistance and is therefore a danger for ecosystems.

There is therefore a need for a method and a composition for treating fungal diseases of plants, in particular Sigatoka, which is an alternative to known biocides, which does not create resistance, is effective at reduced dose, and not toxic to the user, the plant or the environment. In particular, there is a need for a method and a composition for treating plant fungal diseases which exhibits the efficacy of boric acid without exhibiting the phytotoxic effects thereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention aims to provide a method of treatment of Sigatoka disease and a treatment composition that does not cause development of resistance from the fungus causing disease.

According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a method for treating cryptogamic diseases of plants which comprises applying to the plant a composition comprising a boron chelate and / or a boron complex.

Preferably, the cryptogamic disease of plants is a Sigatoka disease of banana and plantain, such as black Sigatoka or yellow Sigatoka.

The method advantageously comprises the application of 10 to

1000 g / ha of boron.

The composition preferably comprises one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of a boron chelate, a boron complex, EDTA, anti-fungal enzymes, a chitosan and 4-FPBA (4-formyl phenyl). boronic acid).

The boron chelate may be obtained by a chelation reaction of boric acid with a chelating agent selected from EDTA, DTPA, EDDHA, I ¹ HEDTA, IΕDDHMA, EDDCHA, the acid nitrilotriacetic acid, polyamines, polyols and mixtures thereof.

The chelating agent is preferably a polyol, preferably C6 or C5, preferably sorbitol, mannitol, furfuryl alcohol, or mixtures thereof.

The composition may comprise anti-fungal enzymes selected from the group consisting of proteases, carbohydrases, such as alpha-amylases, β-glucanases and xylanases, and phospholipases and mixtures thereof.

The composition may also comprise a chitosan, composed of the random distribution of D-glucosamine linked by β- (1-4) (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit).

The boron complex may be obtained by a complexing reaction of boric acid with a complexing agent selected from alkanolamines, preferably ethanolamine, methanolamine, propanolamine and mixtures thereof. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition for the treatment of Sigatoka diseases of bananas and plantains which comprises a boron chelate and one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of a boron complex, EDTA. , an anti-fungal enzyme, chitosan, 4-FPBA and mixtures thereof.

The composition advantageously comprises an aqueous solution comprising from 50 to 200 g / l of boron.

The boron chelate of the compositions may be obtained by a chelation reaction of boric acid with a chelating agent selected from among I ¹ EDTA, DTPA, EDDHA, I ¹ HEDTA, I ¹ EDDHMA, the EDDCHA, nitrilotriacetic acid, polyamines, polyols and mixtures thereof.

The boron complex may be obtained by a complexing reaction of boric acid with a complexing agent selected from alkanolamines, preferably ethanolamine, methanolamine, propanolamine and mixtures thereof. The composition may comprise anti-fungal enzymes selected from the group consisting of proteases, carbohydrases, such as alpha-amylases, β-glucanases and xylanases, and phospholipases and mixtures thereof.

The composition may also comprise a chitosan composed of the random distribution of β-linked D-glucosamine (1-4).

(deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit).

The invention finally relates to a use of a composition according to any one of claims 10 to 15 comprising spraying an aqueous dilution of the composition on the leaves and / or on the fruit, or soaking of the plant or its fruits in such a dilution.

Other aspects and advantages of embodiments of the invention will be discussed with reference to the figures and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] FIG. 1 is a photograph of Petri dishes after a twelve day growth test of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Figs. 2 to 5 represent the consumption of O ₂ in an aqueous medium, in mg / l, in bottles containing a solution inoculated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis and treated with several compositions according to the invention. [0029] FIG. 6 represents the consumption of O 2 in aqueous medium, in mg / l, in bottles containing a solution inoculated with Botrytis cinerea treated with a composition according to the invention. [0030] FIG. 7 represents the state of evolution of the disease (EE) over time, for four tests performed in the field. Figs. 8 and 9 represent respectively the youngest leaf (PJFN) and the youngest dotted leaf (PJFT) over time, for the same four tests performed in the field. [0032] Figs. 10a and 10b show post-harvest test results on tomatoes, with and without treatment, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The composition of the invention is a boron-based composition (5 to 20% (w / w)) comprising a boron chelate and a boron-alkanolamine complex (boric acid + an alkanolamine) or a boron chelate. or a mixture of these components. Alkanolamines are compounds of the general formula OH- (CH ₂ ) _n -NH ₂ . In the present invention, the alkanolamines used are preferably ethanolamine (n = 2) or alkanolamines having an index n between 1 and 6. The applicant has observed that, unexpectedly, such a composition was effective, without being phytotoxic at effective doses. The addition of boron in chelated or complexed form allows better maintenance of boron in solution, better penetration into the plant and transport within it.

A chelate is a stable and un-ionized cyclic organometallic complex between a metal ion (cation) and a chelating agent (or chelating agent). The chelate differs from the simple complex in that the metal can bind to the chelating agent by at least two coordination bonds, in the manner of a clamp. Thanks to these multiple bonds, chelates are particularly stable complexes. A chelating agent is a reagent organic forming coordination compounds poorly soluble and containing at least two functional groups. Each of these groups is able to bind to a cation by pooling an electron pair. These groups form rings with 5 or 6 atoms.

The chelating agents used in the composition of the invention for chelating boron may be:

- ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid: EDTA (CioHi ₆ 0 ₈ N2)

- diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid: DTPA (Ci ₄ H ₂₃ θ ₁₀ N ₃ ) - ethylene diamine-di (o-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid): EDDHA

(C ₈ H ₂₀ O ₆ N ₂ )

- hydroxy-2-ethylene diamine triacetic acid: HEDTA (Ci H ₁₈ _O OZN ₂₎

ethyldiamine-di (o-hydroxy-p-methylphenyl) acetic acid: EDDHMA (C ₂₀ H ₂₄ N ₂ O ₆ ) - ethylene diamine-di (5-carboxy-2-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid:

EDDCHA (C ₂₀ H ₂₀ O ₁₀ N ₂ )

nithlotriacetic acid (NTA)

- polyamines

the polyols (C _n H _{2n + 2} O _n ) preferably having an index n of 5 or 6. [0036] The composition of the invention may also comprise chitosan. Chitosan can be produced by chemical (alkaline) or enzymatic deacetylation of chitin, shell component (exoskeleton) of crustaceans and fungal wall. In particular, that used in the experiments comes from a fungus: Agaricus bisporus.

A first series of tests was performed in the laboratory to select the extracellular enzyme inhibitors used for this application. Two tests were conducted to monitor the development of the fungus, one in petri dishes, and a second in a liquid nutrient medium. A test composition is prepared containing 105 g / l of boron complexed with 180 g / l of an alkanolamine and chelated with 180 g / l of polyols. The polyols used are preferably C 6 or C 5 polyols, and preferably preferred, these polyols are sorbitol, mannitol and mixtures thereof. The first test, on Petri dishes, was performed under the following conditions. The growth medium is composed of:

Agar (30 g / l); • vegetable juice V8 (300ml);

• CaCO ₃ (3g / l);

• demineralized water (700 ml);

• a mixture of two antibiotics (Penicillin 0.02 g / l and Streptomycin 0.03 g / l). This medium is then sterilized in an autoclave and 10 boxes are prepared.

Before addition of the growth medium, 1% by volume of the test composition is added for 5 of them. The other 5 are used as reference. Each box is then inoculated with a sample of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, supported by a piece of agar. Growth of the fungus is observed visually at 25 ° C in 12/12 photoperiods.

The second test, in a liquid medium, is carried out with the same growth medium, but without agar. This medium is sterilized by autoclaving, and 1% by volume of the test composition is added to the treated samples. This medium is placed in closed sterilized bottles equipped with an electronic manometric device (OXITOP

EC100). Three bottles are treated with the composition to be tested and three bottles are used as reference, that is to say are not treated. All bottles are inoculated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis and incubated at 25 ° C in 12/12 photoperiods. The manometric device makes it possible to measure the consumption of oxygen in the bottles. This consumption can be directly related to the growth of the microorganism.

Field tests were also conducted by CARBAP research center in Cameroon. These tests compared the action of the test composition with a negative reference (no treatment) and two positive references (two conventional fungicides). These tests were carried out over a period of 4 months, over an area of 0.5 ha, with 130 banana trees per test. Treatments were applied at a rate of 10 days apart. The banana cultivar used is the large dwarf (Cavendish, AAA), which is very susceptible to black Sigatoka; Reference treatments:

1. PENNCOZEB 75 DG (Mancozeb): contact fungicide (dithiocarbamate);

2. IMPULSE 800 EC (spiroxamine): systemic fungicide (spiroketalamines);

Applied treatments:

• T1: Not treated; • T2: Test composition (0.2 l / ha) + water (19.8 l / ha), which amounts to 21 g / ha of boron;

• T3: Reference 1: PENNCOZEB 75 DG (Mancozeb) 2kg / ha (1.6 kg m.a./ha) + water (20l / ha);

• T4: Reference 2: IMPULSE 800 EC (Spiroxamine), 0.4 I ha (320g m.a / ha) + oil (19.6 l / ha).

The treatments are applied by means of a ground atomizer (STIHL or SOLO atomizer), at 20 l / ha. The total area was 0.5 ha and consisted of 805 banana plants, with 130 banana plants being used for each treatment. The treatments were not repeated, and were applied randomly in the field. In each group, ten plants were observed in detail.

On the banana trees observed, the values of the following three parameters were determined each week:

• Disease Development (EE): corresponds to the level of infestation and is based on the total number of leaves, the height of the "cigar", the level of development of the disease. disease for leaves II, III, IV. Calculated according to the observation of the leaves: the relation "leaf number" - "stage of the disease" gives a coefficient as indicated in the table below:

The state of evolution of the disease (EE) is given by the expression:

EE = SEV X REFi

Where SEV = SB - CE, where CE is the cigar stage correction (worksheet under development) and SB is the sum of the coefficients for each of the sheets observed.

Where REFi is the foliar emission rate (Foliar Emission Rhythm), ie the number of leaves emitted during the last two weeks (averaged over the 10 banana trees). Youngest Leaf Attacked YLA (YFT): Youngest Leaf with Yeast Stage 1 Youngest Leaf Spotted YLS (Youngest Leaf Spotted YLS): The youngest leaf with stage 5 or 6 of the disease. These last two parameters increase when sanitary conditions in the field improve.

The tests were conducted over a period of 4 months from April 25, 2005 to August 8, 2005. The treatments were performed on the following dates:

RESULTS OF THE TESTS CARRIED OUT: IN VITRO TESTS [0041] The results of the tests on Petri dishes are indicated in FIG.

Fig. 1. On the left, two of the five reference Petri dishes are observed, and on the right are observed two of the five Petri dishes in which the test composition was added, after 12 days. The result is clear. In the boxes containing the inhibitor, the growth of the microorganism is limited to the piece of agar used to inoculate the substrate, while in the reference boxes, the microorganism begins to colonize the culture medium. The presence of the composition to be tested thus prevents the growth of Mycosphaerella fijiensis in the growth medium. The results of tests in a liquid medium are indicated in FIGS. 2 to 6, which represents the consumption of O2 in mg / l over time in hours, for bottles containing various compositions. In all these figures, the reference test (without treatment) is indicated by a square inclined at 45 °. [0043] FIG. 2 represents a comparative test of the compositions following:

• Squares: Test composition (chelate + boron-alkanolamine complex) 1%;

• Triangles: Test composition (1%) with EDTA (1g / l); • Cross: boron-ethanolamine complex (1%);

During the first 80 hours, growth is similar in the four samples. After this period, Mycosphaerella fijiensis develops much more in the reference treatment. The presence of the compositions according to the invention thus inhibits the growth of the microorganism in a liquid nutrient solution.

[0044] FIG. 3 represents a comparative test of the composition of

T2 (chelate + boron-alkanolamine complex) at 1% of the test of FIG. 2, over a longer period, and shows that in the case treated by means of a composition of the invention, the consumption of O2 remains stable, while it believes continuously for the reference.

[0045] FIG. 4 represents a comparative test, with inoculation not the parasite superior to the test of FIG. 2, of the following compositions:

• Squares: composition to be tested (1%); • Triangles: test composition (1%) with EDTA (1g / l);

• Cross: boron-ethanolamine complex (1%);

The best results are obtained with the test composition in combination with EDTA.

[0046] FIG. 5 represents a comparative test of the following compositions:

• Squares: EDTA 2g / l

• Triangles: Chitosan (3g / l);

• Rounds: 4 FPBA (0.5 g / l) (4-formyl phenyl boronic acid) Although these results show an improvement over the reference, these compositions are less effective than compositions containing a chelate and / or boron. [0047] FIG. 5 finally represents a comparative test of the following compositions, on another parasite, Botrytis cinerea of the composition of T2. The Ascomycete fungus Botrytis cinerea is responsible for major gray mold and soft mold diseases on a wide range of crops, including tomato, zucchini, grapes, strawberries and eggplants. This great variety makes it a very widespread pathogen in temperate and warm regions.

This composition shows a very good efficacy against this parasite. The in vitro tests of FIGS. 2 to 5, the effectiveness of the cited compositions against the indicated diseases in the liquid phase is shown. These compositions will therefore also be effective in spraying an aqueous dilution of the composition on the leaves and / or on the fruits, or by soaking the plant or its fruits in such a dilution, as shown in the following test: tomatoes were harvested, then one half was sprayed with water and the other half sprayed with a 1% dilution in water of the composition to be treated. The results after 21 days in the dark at 25 ° C are shown in Figs. 10a and 10b. Unprocessed samples show an important development of Botrytis cinerea, while treated samples are spared.

RESULTS OF THE TESTS CARRIED OUT: FIELD TESTS

In the case of field tests, the experimenter does not control the conditions of the test, and its results must be interpreted in light of the actual conditions of the test (weather conditions, disease pressure). For these field tests, shown in Figs. 7 to 9, the results for the four treatments applied, T1 to T4, are very similar until week 7 (6/6) or even week 12 (11/7). This is due to low disease pressure during this period. The averages of the results, collected during this first trial period, show no significant difference between the treatments. But as the results of the first weeks show no trend, and even show the negative reference (T1 - untreated) as the best treatment in the first four weeks, a full interpretation of the results is subject to to bail. It was observed that the pressure of the disease increased from week 12 (11/7), when the development of the disease became significant. This period, during which a strong pressure of the disease reigned, is more representative of the effect of the treatments. Trends can then be observed: Both for the EE parameter (Fig.

7), that for the PJFT and PJFN parameters (Figs 8 and 9), it is observed that the plants treated with the test composition indicate a reduction in the development of the disease in comparison with the negative reference (T1). In addition, the curves for the test composition (T2) are similar to that for the contact fungicide (PENNCOZEB) + water (T3). The composition according to the invention is therefore an alternative to known products, as effective, but does not have the disadvantages thereof. This analysis appears more clearly in the tables that follow. If one observes the whole period covered by the tests, the differences between treatments are low, and the results observed for the composition to be tested are not better. However, if the results are observed after 11/07 (last month of the trials), differences appear, and the results of the test composition approach the observations of FIG. 7. The table below represents the averages of the three studied parameters, (EE, PJFT, PJFN), carried out over the entire duration of the test.

The table below represents the averages of the same three parameters studied, carried out for the period from 11/07 to 08/08. A significant difference is observed between the treated plants and the untreated reference.

The laboratory tests clearly show the applicability and the potential of using a formulation according to the invention for the control of Sigatoka diseases. Indeed, these tests show the inhibition of the pathogenic organism Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The results of the field tests show an effect compared to the negative reference, and results similar to those of conventional fungicides. Furthermore, because of technical limitations, the use of the test composition was limited to 0.2 l / ha, while doses of 2 to 5 l / ha could be used. In addition, the tests relating to the formulation according to the invention (T2) were carried out in plots in the vicinity of other tests including inoculation with Mycosphaerella fijiensis. This inoculation could create, by aerial contamination, a greater pressure of the disease on the T2 zones.

The tests carried out therefore show a certain efficiency.

This effectiveness is valuable because the formulation according to the invention is presented as an alternative means of control intended to be integrated into a comprehensive control program and not as a means of substitution for current treatments. It provides a new solution and reduces the pressure of conventional fungicidal treatments. In addition, it has significant advantages over these treatments. Indeed, the formulation according to the invention limits the development of the disease by acting on the extracellular enzymes produced by the pathogenic microorganisms and not on the microorganism itself. This mode of action differentiates it from conventional fungicides that act by killing the fungus. The advantage of this method is that it will allow to avoid the development of resistance of fungi compared to applied treatments. This development of resistance is a major problem of current crops and is particularly striking for the cultivation of banana. Indeed, Mycosphaerella has developed resistance to almost all existing fungicides on the market.

Moreover, in addition to a simple application mode identical to the techniques currently used, the formulation according to the invention has other important advantages over conventional treatments: the lack of toxicity for users and for the environment. The formulation is nontoxic, non-phytotoxic, biodegradable and non-persistent in the environment. Among other things, it can be used in organic farming according to European standards. A treatment of plants with this formulation presents a much better safety for the user and the environment compared to a conventional fungicide.

Claims

1. A method for treating fungal diseases of plants characterized in that it comprises the application to the plant of a composition comprising a boron chelate and / or a boron complex.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cryptogamic disease of plants is a Sigatoka of banana and plantain.

3. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 2 characterized in that it comprises the application of 10 to 1000 g / ha of boron.

4. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composition comprises one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of a boron chelate, a boron complex, EDTA, antifungal enzymes, a chitosan and the 4-FPBA.

5. Process according to claim 4, characterized in that the said boron chelate can be obtained by a chelation reaction of boric acid with a chelating agent chosen from EDTA, DTPA, I ¹ EDDHA, HEDTA, EDDHMA, EDDCHA, nitrilotriacetic acid, polyamines, polyols and mixtures thereof.

6. The method of claim 5 characterized in that the chelating agent is a polyol, preferably C6 or C5, preferably sorbitol, mannitol, furfuryl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.

7. Process according to claim 4, characterized in that the composition comprises anti-fungal enzymes selected from the group consisting of proteases, carbohydrases, such as alpha-amylases, β-glucanases and xylanases, and phospholipases. and their mixtures ..

8. Process according to any one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the composition comprises a chitosan composed of the random distribution of D-glucosamine linked by β- (1-4) (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl -D-glucosamine (acetylated unit).

9. Process according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that said boron complex can be obtained by a complexation reaction of boric acid with a complexing agent selected from alkanolamines, preferably ethanolamine, methanolamine, propanolamine and mixtures thereof.

10. A composition for the treatment of Sigatoka diseases of bananas and plantains characterized in that it comprises a boron chelate and one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of a boron complex, I ¹ EDTA, an anti-fungal enzyme, the chitosan, A-FPBA and mixtures thereof.

11. The composition of claim 10 characterized in that it comprises an aqueous solution comprising from 50 to 200 g / l of boron.

12. Composition according to any one of claims 10 to 11 characterized in that the boron chelate can be obtained by a chelation reaction of boric acid with a chelating agent selected from EDTA, DTPA, EDDHA , HEDTA, EDDHMA, EDDCHA, nitrilotriacetic acid, polyamines, polyols and mixtures thereof.

13. The composition of claim 12 characterized in that the chelating agent is a polyol, preferably C6 or C5, preferably sorbitol, mannitol, furfuryl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.

14. A composition according to any one of claims 10 to 13 characterized in that said boron complex can be obtained by a complexing reaction of boric acid with a complexing agent selected from alkanolamines, preferably ethanolamine, methanolamine, propanolamine and mixtures thereof.

15. Composition according to any one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that it comprises anti-fungal enzymes selected from the group consisting of proteases, carbohydrases, such as alpha-amylases, β-glucanases and xylanases, and phospholipases and mixtures thereof.

16. Composition according to any one of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that it comprises a chitosan composed of the random distribution of D-glucosamine linked by β- (1-4) (deacetylated unit) and N- acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit).

17. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 10 to 16 characterized in that it comprises spraying an aqueous dilution of the composition on the leaves and / or fruits, or soaking the plant or of its fruits in such a dilution.