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WO2008035344A2 - Dispositif et procédé de stimulation du cerveau en profondeur utilisés comme nouvelle forme de traitement pour la dépression chronique - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de stimulation du cerveau en profondeur utilisés comme nouvelle forme de traitement pour la dépression chronique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008035344A2
WO2008035344A2 PCT/IL2007/001160 IL2007001160W WO2008035344A2 WO 2008035344 A2 WO2008035344 A2 WO 2008035344A2 IL 2007001160 W IL2007001160 W IL 2007001160W WO 2008035344 A2 WO2008035344 A2 WO 2008035344A2
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Prior art keywords
stimulation
dbs
additionally
deep brain
therapy
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PCT/IL2007/001160
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English (en)
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WO2008035344A3 (fr
Inventor
Gal Yadid
Alexander Friedman
Moshe Abeles
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Bar-Ilan University
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Publication of WO2008035344A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008035344A2/fr
Publication of WO2008035344A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008035344A3/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
    • A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
    • A61N1/36082—Cognitive or psychiatric applications, e.g. dementia or Alzheimer's disease

Definitions

  • the present invention generally pertains to deep brain stimulation of the ventral tegmental area as a new form of treatment for depression.
  • the neural activity in the brain can be influenced by electrical energy that is supplied from an external source outside of the body.
  • Various neural functions can thus be promoted or disrupted by applying an electrical current to the cortex or other region of the brain.
  • the quest for treating damage, disease and disorders in the brain have led to research directed toward using electricity or magnetism to control brain functions.
  • SSRIs Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
  • Prozac® antidepressant many patients have been effectively treated with antidepressant medication.
  • New medications to treat depression are introduced almost every year, and research in this area is ongoing.
  • an estimated 10 to 30 percent of depressed patients taking an antidepressant are partially or totally resistant to the treatment.
  • Those who suffer from treatment-resistant depression have almost no alternatives.
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy is an extreme measure that is used today to treat such patients.
  • ECT Electroconvulsive Therapy
  • a low-frequency electrical signal is sent through the brain to induce a 30- to 60-second general seizure.
  • the side effects include memory loss and other types of cognitive dysfunction.
  • rTMS Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Kirkcaldie et al. (1997) reported a greater than 50 percent response rate when applying rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 17 depressed patients.
  • a company headquartered in Houston, Tex. is currently exploring the application of vagus nerve stimulation to treatment-resistant depression; Rush, et al. (1999) report a success rate of 40-50 percent in a recent study of 30 patients.
  • DBS Deep Brain Stimulation
  • Several lines of evidence implicate the mesolimbic dopamine in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression (Ibid.).
  • DBS has also been applied to the treatment of central pain syndromes and movement disorders, and it is currently being explored as a therapy for epilepsy.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,449 to Fischell, et al. discloses a system for the electrical stimulation of areas in the brain for the treatment of certain neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine headaches and Parkinson's disease.
  • Drevets (1997) reported that the ventral prefrontal cortex demonstrates increased activity in depressed patients, and further reported evidence that blood flow and metabolism are abnormally increased in the medial thalamus in patients with Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder as compared with controls. As also stated above, Bench reported abnormally increased blood flow in the cerebellar vermis in depressed patients with depression-related cognitive impairment. Abercrombie et al. (1998) reported that the metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients (although no absolute difference was found between depressed and control subjects).
  • Low-frequency electrical stimulation i.e., less than 50-100 Hz
  • excitatory neurotransmitters, agonists thereof, and agents that act to increase levels of an excitatory neurotransmitter(s) have been demonstrated to excite neural tissue, leading to increased neural activity.
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitters have been demonstrated to inhibit neural tissue, leading to decreased neural activity; however, antagonists of inhibitory neurotransmitters and agents that act to decrease levels of an inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) have been demonstrated to excite neural tissue, leading to increased neural activity.
  • High-frequency electrical stimulation i.e., more than about 50-100 Hz is believed to have an inhibitory effect on neural tissue, leading to decreased neural activity.
  • inhibitory neurotransmitters, agonists thereof, and agents that act to increase levels of an inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) have an inhibitory effect on neural tissue, leading to decreased neural activity.
  • Excitatory neurotransmitters have been demonstrated to excite neural tissue, leading to increased neural activity; however, antagonists of excitatory neurotransmitters and agents that act to decrease levels of an excitatory neurotransmitter(s) inhibit neural tissue, leading to decreased neural activity.
  • Electrodes placed on the scalp.
  • Other devices require significant surgical procedures for placement of electrodes, catheters, leads, and/or processing units. These devices may also require an external apparatus that needs to be strapped or otherwise affixed to the skin.
  • DBS Deep Brain Stimulation
  • the method comprises steps selected inter alia from (a) obtaining a device as defined above; (b) implanting said lead in said targeted site region of the brain; (c) implanting said neurostimulator under the skin; (d) connecting said lead to said neurostimulator by said extension; (e) electrically stimulating said targeted site region; wherein said targeted site is the ventral tegmental area; further wherein said device is used especially for treating chronic depression in a patient.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the device.
  • FIG. 2 is graph displaying an analysis of VTA electrophysiology of Sprague-Dawley vs. FSL rats. SD. DBS functions to correct a specific electro-physiology form.
  • FIG. 3(A) is a graph displaying the effectiveness of antidepressants (paroxetine, mirtazapine, desipramine and nefazodone) as measured by immobility of FSL rats in a swim test.
  • antidepressants praroxetine, mirtazapine, desipramine and nefazodone
  • FIG. 3(B) is a graph displaying the effect on motivation (monitored by the swim test) vs. sham operated rats (placing the electrode by micro-surgery without applying the electrical current) and vs. a close-by (0.5 mm aside) stimulation in a non-relevant area of the brain.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph displaying the locomotors activity of the rats in swim test.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph displaying the effectiveness of AES on Anhedonia.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph displaying the effectiveness of AES on social interaction.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph displaying the effectiveness of AES on novelty exploration.
  • FIG. 8(A), 8(B) and 8(C) which are graphs displaying the results for applying DBS to cocaine addicted rats: extinction of the drug with reinforcement by light (A), relapse to cocaine usage after abstinence triggered by cocaine priming (20 mg/kg i.p.) (B) and same as B but after 30 additional days (C).
  • FIG 9 schematically represents in a flow diagram, the method (100) for Deep Brain
  • DBS Stimulation
  • the present invention provides a device for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy in a targeted site region of the brain.
  • the targeted site region of the brain is the ventral tegmental area.
  • the device is used especially for treating chronic depression in a patient.
  • DBS Deep Brain Stimulation
  • the method comprises steps selected inter alia from (a) obtaining a device as defined above; (b) implanting the lead in the targeted site region of the brain; (c) implanting the neurostimulator under the skin; (d) connecting the lead to the neurostimulator by the extension; (e) electrically stimulating the targeted site region.
  • the targeted site is the ventral tegmental area.
  • the device is used especially for treating chronic depression in a patient.
  • DBS Deep brain stimulation
  • AES acute Electrical Stimulation
  • ECT Electro convulsive therapy
  • Electrohock refers hereinafter to a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity.
  • VTA Ventral Tegmental Area
  • DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • depression refers hereinafter to any downturn in mood, which may be relatively transitory and perhaps due to something trivial.
  • depression can refer to the term clinical depression which is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individual's social functioning and/or activities of daily living.
  • depression refers hereinafter to the definition according to the DSM-IV, a person who suffers from Major Depressive Disorder must either have a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities consistently for at least a two week period. This mood must represent a change from the person's normal mood; social, occupational, educational or other important functioning must also be negatively impaired by the change in mood.
  • Standard operated group refers hereinafter to a control of any operating procedure that was done on a laboratory animal to ensure that the consequential experimental result reflects those of the experiment and that the results are independent of the surgical procedure which the animal had undergone.
  • Neurostimulator refers hereinafter to a device which can provide power and electrical pulses for stimulation. It is usually a small sealed device similar to a cardiac pacemaker. The neurostimulator is implanted beneath the skin in the chest.
  • Electrode refers hereinafter to an electrical conductor used to make contact with a metallic part of a circuit.
  • Bipolar electrode refers hereinafter to an electrode that functions as the anode of one cell and the cathode of another cell.
  • Extension refers hereinafter to a thin, insulated wire that connects the electrode to the neurostimulator.
  • Neurological Test Stimulator refers hereinafter to an operation used to test the effectiveness of the Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy before the system is implanted.
  • FSL Flexible Sensitive Line
  • SD Sprague-Dawley
  • Anhedqnia refers hereinafter to the inability to gain pleasure from enjoyable experiences.
  • Anhedonia is unable to experience pleasure from normally pleasurable life events such as eating, exercise and social interaction.
  • Anhedonia can be used a measure of depressive-like behavior.
  • LMA Locomotor activity
  • Novelty exploration refers hereinafter to the test of Novelty (seeking) exploration behavior was measured in open field when rats do exploration to new object or arena.
  • onset time refers hereinafter to the time differences between the starting time of the treatment and the commencement time of the desired clinical effect.
  • the present invention provides a new method of intervention in depression based on Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the origin of the dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic system. It is now disclosed that DBS of VTA is a novel application for treatment of chronic depression, especially for patients non-responsive to currently available antidepressant treatments.
  • DBS Deep Brain Stimulation
  • VTA ventral tegmental area
  • the present invention is based in part on the findings of therapeutic activity of DBS of the VTA in animal models of depression.
  • the present invention discloses the unexpected therapeutic effects obtained using implantation of a bipolar electrode to the VTA of Flinder sensitive line of rats (FSL).
  • an electrical stimulation targets different region of the brain such as ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleolus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, habenula, arcuate nucleolus, subgenual cingulated gyrus - that control mood and motivation function.
  • VTA ventral tegmental area
  • the stimulation pattern is based on a specific programmed pattern.
  • FIG. 1 is schematic drawing of the device (100).
  • a lead (10) with tiny electrodes (20) is surgically implanted in the brain and connected by an extension (30) that lies under the skin to a neuro stimulator (or implanted pulse generator, IPG)(40) implanted near the collarbone.
  • the electrical stimulation can be non-invasively adjusted to meet each patient's individual needs.
  • the neurostimulator provides power and electrical pulses for stimulating the brain in order to interfere with neural activity at the target site. It is a small sealed device similar to a cardiac pacemaker. The neurostimulator is implanted beneath the skin in the chest.
  • the lead is a coiled wire and is placed in the brain.
  • the lead can have two designs: 1. concentric electrode with cone tip or 2. a thin insulated wire with few electrodes at the tip that is implanted in the brain.
  • the lead is connected to the extension (20), a thin, insulated wire that runs under the skin from the head, down the neck and into the upper chest and connected to the neurostimulator (40).
  • the lead is implanted by a functional stereotactic neurosurgeon, using a stereotactic head frame and imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanning to map the brain and localise the target within the brain.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • CT computed tomography
  • the lead is inserted through a burr hole in the skull and implanted in the targeted site within the brain.
  • the patient's scalp is anaesthetized.
  • the burr hole is made and a test stimulation electrode is passed to the target in the brain.
  • the patient remains awake and alert so the neurosurgeon and a movement disorder neurologist can test the stimulation to maximise symptom suppression and minimise side effects before placement of the chronic stimulation lead.
  • the patient is put under general anaesthesia. Then, an extension is passed under the skin of the scalp, neck, and shoulder to connect the lead to the neurostimulator. Finally, a small incision is made near the clavicle, and the neurostimulator is implanted subcutaneously.
  • the patient After recovery from the surgery, the patient returns to the physician for reprogramming of the stimulation parameters to optimise symptom control and minimize side effect.
  • Fig. 2 is graph displaying an analysis of VTA electrophysiology of Sprague-Dawley vs. FSL rats. SD. DBS functions to correct a specific electro-physiology form. Accordingly a defined electrical template
  • VTA cell-firing As shown in Fig 2, normal Sprague Dawley rats' VTA has the ability to fire bursts with a large amount of spikes whereas FSLs rarely have this form. ⁇ but appear to compensate for this inability by an increased number of small bursts.
  • the inventors endeavored to mimic this exact pattern by applying DBS.
  • the electrode coordinates and placement play an important role.
  • two factors stimulation place and pattern play a critical role in depressive behavior correction.
  • DBS had a long-term effect (not as in Parkinson's and Tourette's (4)).
  • Fig. 3 a is a graph displaying the effectiveness of antidepressants (paroxetine, mirtazapine, desipramine and nefazodone) as measured by immobility of FSL rats in a swim test. Measurements were conducted 7, 9 and 14 days after treatment.
  • antidepressants praroxetine, mirtazapine, desipramine and nefazodone
  • FSL rats demonstrate characteristic depressive behavior: sleep and immune abnormalities, reduced appetite, general activity, anhedonia, loss of motivation and positive response to various clinically-used anti-depressant therapies and reduced psychomotor function (behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological features).
  • FSL rats exhibit changes consistent with cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic and GABAergic models of depression.
  • the FSL rat model for depression is useful for screening antidepressants and their efficiency in a controlled paradigm (Overstreet, D. H 1993, Overstreet, D. H 2005, Dremencov, E 2006).
  • Fig 3 a results of the AES treatment were compared to sham operated- and na ⁇ ve Sprague-Dawley rats (SD; ondepressive normal rats), na ⁇ ve FSL rats, and FSL rats treated with chemical antidepressants or electro-convulsive therapy (ECT).
  • SD ondepressive normal rats
  • na ⁇ ve FSL rats effects of antidepressants are currently confirmed after chronic (9-14 days) administration and by a behavioral (swim) test. This mimics the clinical observation that only chronic treatments are effective in humans.
  • Some antidepressant have faster onset of time (are effective after shorter time of administration).
  • These same medications have the same profile as in the present invention's model (have faster onset of time.
  • the present invention shows a superior method to achieve a faster and log lasting antidepressive effect by applying a programmed AES locally into the VTA.
  • behavioral tests were established: motivation behavior test (Fig. 3b), Locomotor activity test (Fig. 4), Anhedonia test (Fig 5), Social interaction test (Fig 6) and Novelty exploration (Fig. 7).
  • Fig. 3b is a graph displaying the effect on motivation (monitored by the swim test) vs. sham operated rats (placing the electrode by microsurgery without applying the electrical current) and vs. a close-by (0.5 mm aside) stimulation in a non-relevant area of the brain. Decrease in immobility is interpreted as improvement in motivation.
  • Fig 4. is a graph displaying the locomotors activity of the rats in swim test.
  • Fig. 4 Naive FSL rats have low locomotors activity then normal SD rats, treatment with AES don't change locomotors activity, i.e. FSL rats are less active than controls and that this difference is not changed after AES.
  • Fig. 4 AES has antidepressant function and not stimulant.
  • Fig. 5 is a graph displaying the effectiveness of AES on Anhedonia. Anhedonia was measured by sucrose self-administration test. Rats learn task in self-administration sucrose cages. As can be seen from Fig.
  • FSL rats have anhedonia that was measured by low number of press to active lever.
  • Fig. 5 displays that FSL rats very little interested in intake sucrose vs water in comparison with control, but after AES can gradually reach the same level of maintenance for sucrose self-administration.
  • Fig. 6 is a graph displaying the effectiveness of AES on social interaction. Social interaction was measured by dominant submissive test. As can be seen from the figure, FSL rats show submissive behavior to SD rats and after AES treatment was show inverse relationship.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph displaying the effectiveness of AES on novelty exploration. Novelty (seeking) exploration behavior was measured in open field when rats do exploration to new object.
  • FSL rats show low level of interest to new object when AES treatment normalized rats interest.
  • AES had an unexpectedly long-term effect on behavioral symptoms in the FSL rats (as opposed to continuous stimulation required in Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome). This finding may be due to the bi- phasic nature of depression, in which the depressed individual alternates between normal and abnormal 'depressive' behavior stages. This pattern follows the dynamic fluctuation mode in the neuronal activity of the depressive brain. AES may restore neuronal dynamics to their stable, normal mode.
  • the present invention demonstrate that AES has several advantages, namely, fast onset (5-6 min after AES activation), selective effect within a specific brain site, and greater efficacy (Fig. 3-7) in correcting depressive behavior.
  • the present invention shows that AES exerts its effect immediately after one short treatment session, while antidepressants or ECT require between 7 to 14 treatment sessions.
  • the remedial effect of AES persists for up to one month after the single stimulation. Stimulation of FSL rat brain in a nonspecific region, the deep mesencephalic nucleus, resulted in no effect on depressive behavior, measured by a swim test conducted immediately after session of the stimulation (142 ⁇ 14.02 sec vs.
  • the present invention postulates that AES of the VTA is a novel application for treating chronic depression, particularly, but not only in patients that are non- responsive to conventional antidepressive treatments. It was show (Matsumoto et all 2007) that the primate lateral habenula is a major candidate for a source of negative reward-related signals in dopamine neurons.
  • the present invention tested a new method for intervention in depressive states based on DBS of the lateral habenula, in rat's addiction model. Concentric-bipolar electrode was implanted into the lateral habenula. Rats were trained to daily self- administer cocaine i.v.
  • Fig. 8a, 8b and 8c are graphs displaying the results for applying DBS to cocaine addicted rats: extinction of the drug with reinforcement by light (A), relapse to cocaine usage after abstinence triggered by cocaine priming (20 mg/kg i.p.) (B) and same as B but after 30 additional days (C).
  • lateral habenula is a major candidate for a source of negative reward-related signals in dopamine neurons. Rats were trained to self-administration cocaine. After cauterization (10 days), rats were daily transferred into the operant condoning chambers for 60 min sessions, during their dark cycle. During the infusion (i.v.
  • Fig 9 is schematically represents in a flow diagram, the method (100) for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy in a targeted site region of the brain.
  • DBS Deep Brain Stimulation
  • a device for DBS is obtain.
  • the lead is implanted in a targeted site region of the brain.
  • the neurostimulator is implanted under the skin.
  • the lead and the neurostimulator are connected.
  • the targeted site region is electrically stimulated.
  • FSL Flinders Sensitive Line
  • Electrode construction and Surgery procedures Animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to stereotaxic surgery.
  • a bipolar stimulating electrode (Stanly-steel, diametr-0.5 mm with cathode and anode isolation) was inserted into the VTA (anterior 5.3, lateral 0.5, ventral 8.1 mm from bregma). Implantation was secured to the skull with screws and dental acrylic cement. Post-surgery rimadyl (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected.
  • Depressive-like behavior was measured by immobility time using a version of Porsolt forced swim test (See e.g., Dremencov and Overstreet ).
  • a swim test Cylindrical tank (40 cm high and 18 cm in diameter) contained enough water (2 0 C higher then room temperature) that rat could touch the bottom with its hind tail. A rat was considered to have stopped swimming when both back paws were immobile. Test duration is 5 minutes. Histology- At the completion of the experiment, animals were anesthetized, transcardially perfused with PBSxI followed by 4% paraformaldehyde.
  • FSL Flinders Sensitive Line
  • Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and a recording
  • ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/kg, i.p.
  • xylazine 50 mg/kg, i.p.
  • a bipolar stimulating electrode stainless steel, 0.01 mm diameter with cathode and anode isolation
  • the site-specificity was tested by stimulation in another region (Deep mesencephalic nucleus) that is near the VTA (anterior 5.3, lateral 1.5, ventral 6.6 mm from bregma).
  • the implantation was secured to the skull with screws and dental acrylic cement. Post-surgery rimadyl (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected.
  • Stimulation procedure The calculated pattern of bursts in SD rats was applied to the VTA of FSL rats, using DBS (300 micro-amperes; 2 bursts/second with a 180 msec pause after each burst; total of 10 HZ stimulation). Stimulation was produced once in each rat, for a period of 20 minutes.
  • a microdialysis probe (2 mm in length, 20 IcD cutoff value; CMA/10; Carnegie Medicine; Swiss, Sweden) was surgically implanted into the shell of the nucleus accumbens (1.4 mm anterior and 1.2 mm lateral to bregma; 7.6 mm ventral to the dura) of each rat using a stereotaxic apparatus (David-Kopf Instruments; Tujunga, CA) and cemented to the skull. After surgery, rats were habituated for 22-24 h to a cylindrical microdialysis chamber (35 cm diameter x 40 cm high). Teflon microdialysis tubing (MF-5164; Bioanalytical Systems; W.
  • the dialysates were collected during 30 min intervals into polyethylene tubes containing 15 ⁇ l of a 0.02% EDTA and 1% ethanol solution, and stored at -70 0 C until subjected to HPLC for monoamine analysis.
  • the aCSF was switched to aCSF containing 10 ⁇ M of GBR 12909, a selective DA reuptake inhibitor, for 3 h (6 samples).
  • the mean DA levels in the nucleus accumbens which were calculated as a percentage of the basal DA levels, were used to assess DA release in the nucleus accumbens.
  • Depressive-like behavior was measured by calculation of immobility time using a modified version of the Porsolt forced swim test (Dremencov et all Overslreet et all 2005 Overstreet 1993) . It should be pointed out that the swim test is not used to induce depressive behavior as in other models for depression. Rather, it serves as a test to examine the efficacy of various depressive treatments.
  • a cylindrical tank (40 cm high and 18 cm in diameter) contained enough water (at 2°C higher than room temperature) to allow rats to touch the bottom with their hind tail. Rats were considered to have stopped swimming when both back paws were immobile. Test duration is 5 minutes.
  • Locomotors activity test :
  • Rats were initially habituated to an open field, a plastic polymer box (90 x 90 x 30 cm), for 5 min/day for 14 days. AU experiments were performed between 8:00 and 14:00 in red light. A camera was placed above the box. The video and computer equipment were situated in a separate room, in which all video and observation analysis was done. On day 15, each rat was filmed in the open field for 5 min, so that naive behavioral parameters could be measured. Rats were filmed 14 days after surgery (operated), after AES (FSL rats were treated by AES) and once per week till month after AES. (Strekalova et all 2004, Kazlauckas et all 2005 and Malkesman 2007, Janssen I960).
  • the behavior testing apparatus see Pinhasov A, Ilyin SE, Crooke J, Amato FA, Vaidya AH, Rosenthal D, Brenneman DE, Malatynska E: Different levels of gamma- synuclein mRNA in the cerebral cortex of dominant, neutral and submissive rats selected in the competition test. Genes Brain Behav 2005;4(l):60-4, and in Pinhasov A, Crooke J, Rosenthal D, Brenneman D, Malatynska E: Reduction of Submissive Behavior Model for antidepressant drug activity testing: study using a video-tracking system.
  • Dominant-submissive relationship testing began with the random assignment of rats into pairs. These pairs were brought together once a day, during a testing period. Otherwise, they were housed separately with other animals in groups of there. Each member of a pair was placed in opposite chambers of the testing apparatus. The time spent on the feeder (milk with 20% sucrose) by each animal was recorded during a 5- min testing period. Then, the animals were separated, returned to their home. During the first 2 week (12 days) of testing rats were initially habituated. Rats were tested before surgery (naive rats), 10 days after surgery (operated rats), after AES (FSL rats were treated by AES) and once per week till month after AES. Important that animals have free access to water and eat, it means that test measure only submissive behavior.
  • Rats were trained to self- administration sucrose (10% sucrose solution; 0.13 ml/infusion) delivered into a liquid drop receptacle for oral consumption. Rats were daily transferred into the operant condoning chambers (Med-Associates, Inc.; St Albans Vermont) for 30 min sessions, during their dark cycle. During the infusion, a light located above the active lever was lit 20 s. During the 20 s intervals of sucrose infusion, active lever presses were recorded, but no additional sucrose reinforcement was provided. Presses on inactive lever were recorded, but did not activate the infusion pump and light. Rats were returned to home cages at the end of the daily session. It should be pointed out that the animals had free access to water and eat, therefore the test measure only anhedonic behavior. Novelty interest test
  • New object exploration test Rats were allowed to explore a new object for 5 min in a plastic polymer box (90 x 90 x 30 cm). Illumination intensity was 5 Ix. The object, with a complex texture surface (artificial camel, 15 x 6 x 5 cm), was fixed to the near side of exploration area. The total duration of time spent exploring the object was scored. (Strekalova et all 2004, Kazlauckas et all 2005)
  • Antidepressants were prepared and administered daily for 7, 9 or 14 days to FSL rats as previously described (Dremencov et al, 2006). AU behavioral measurements were conducted one day after the last administration.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif thérapeutique de stimulation du cerveau en profondeur (DBS) dans une région de site ciblé du cerveau. Cette région de site ciblé du cerveau est l'aire tegmentale ventrale. De plus, ce dispositif est utilisé spécialement pour traiter la dépression chronique chez un patient. Cette invention concerne aussi un procédé thérapeutique de stimulation du cerveau en profondeur (DBS) dans une région de site ciblé du cerveau. Ce procédé comprend notamment les étapes suivants : (a) obtention d'un dispositif tel que défini ci-dessus, (b) implantation de l'électrode dans la région de site ciblé du cerveau, (c) implantation d'un neurostimulateur sous la peau, (d) connexion de l'électrode ave ce neurostimulateur via la rallonge, (e) stimulation électrique de la région du site ciblé.
PCT/IL2007/001160 2006-09-22 2007-09-20 Dispositif et procédé de stimulation du cerveau en profondeur utilisés comme nouvelle forme de traitement pour la dépression chronique WO2008035344A2 (fr)

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Cited By (12)

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WO2011121017A1 (fr) 2010-03-30 2011-10-06 Luca Ravagnan Procédé de production d'articles manufacturés élastomères fonctionnalisés et articles manufacturés obtenus ainsi
US9072906B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2015-07-07 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Apparatus and method for optimized stimulation of a neurological target
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US10166392B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2019-01-01 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Apparatus and method for optimized stimulation of a neurological target
US9072906B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2015-07-07 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Apparatus and method for optimized stimulation of a neurological target
US10952627B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2021-03-23 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Apparatus and method for optimized stimulation of a neurological target
US10406350B2 (en) 2008-11-12 2019-09-10 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Microfabricated neurostimulation device
US11123548B2 (en) 2008-11-12 2021-09-21 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Microfabricated neurostimulation device
US11944821B2 (en) * 2009-08-27 2024-04-02 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation System and method to estimate region of tissue activation
US20210220656A1 (en) * 2009-08-27 2021-07-22 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation System and method to estimate region of tissue activation
US9604055B2 (en) 2009-12-01 2017-03-28 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Microfabricated surface neurostimulation device and methods of making and using the same
US9192767B2 (en) 2009-12-01 2015-11-24 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Microfabricated surface neurostimulation device and methods of making and using the same
WO2011121017A1 (fr) 2010-03-30 2011-10-06 Luca Ravagnan Procédé de production d'articles manufacturés élastomères fonctionnalisés et articles manufacturés obtenus ainsi
US11766560B2 (en) 2010-04-01 2023-09-26 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Device for interacting with neurological tissue and methods of making and using the same
US10695556B2 (en) 2010-04-01 2020-06-30 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Device for interacting with neurological tissue and methods of making and using the same
US11311718B2 (en) 2014-05-16 2022-04-26 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Sa Device for interacting with neurological tissue and methods of making and using the same
US10966620B2 (en) 2014-05-16 2021-04-06 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Sa Device for interacting with neurological tissue and methods of making and using the same
US9925376B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2018-03-27 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Treatment of autoimmune diseases with deep brain stimulation
US10441779B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2019-10-15 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Deep brain stimulation lead
US10201707B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2019-02-12 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Treatment of autoimmune diseases with deep brain stimulation
US11167126B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2021-11-09 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Deep brain stimulation lead
US10065031B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2018-09-04 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Deep brain stimulation lead
US11730953B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2023-08-22 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Deep brain stimulation lead
US9889304B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2018-02-13 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Leadless neurostimulator
US9403011B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2016-08-02 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Leadless neurostimulator
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US11738192B2 (en) 2018-03-02 2023-08-29 Aleva Neurotherapeutics Neurostimulation device

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