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WO2008066300A1 - Composition pharmaceutique à base de naphtoquinone pour le traitement ou la prévention de maladies impliquant l'obésité, le diabète, le syndrome d'insulino-résistance, les maladies neurodégénératives, et les maladies à dysfonctions mitochondriales - Google Patents

Composition pharmaceutique à base de naphtoquinone pour le traitement ou la prévention de maladies impliquant l'obésité, le diabète, le syndrome d'insulino-résistance, les maladies neurodégénératives, et les maladies à dysfonctions mitochondriales Download PDF

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WO2008066300A1
WO2008066300A1 PCT/KR2007/006014 KR2007006014W WO2008066300A1 WO 2008066300 A1 WO2008066300 A1 WO 2008066300A1 KR 2007006014 W KR2007006014 W KR 2007006014W WO 2008066300 A1 WO2008066300 A1 WO 2008066300A1
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formula
compound
composition according
disease
diseases
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PCT/KR2007/006014
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English (en)
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Sang-Ku Yoo
Joo Seog Yoon
Myung-Gyu Park
Taehwan Kwak
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Mazence Inc.
Kt & G Co., Ltd.
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Priority claimed from KR1020070065690A external-priority patent/KR20080047959A/ko
Application filed by Mazence Inc., Kt & G Co., Ltd. filed Critical Mazence Inc.
Publication of WO2008066300A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008066300A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of various diseases involving obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neuro-degenerative diseases, and mitochondria dysfunction diseases.
  • Obesity a condition in which an amount of body fat is abnormally higher than standard body weight, refers to a disease resulting from accumulation of surplus calories in adipose tissues of the body when calorie intake is greater than calorie expenditure.
  • Complications caused from obesity include, for example hypertension, myocardiac infarction, varicosis, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, senile dementia, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cerebral apoplexy, various cancers (such as uterine cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and the like), heart diseases, gall bladder diseases, sleep apnea syndrome, arthritis, infertility, venous ulcer, sudden death, fatty liver, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), thromboembolism, esophagitis, abdominal wall hernia (Ventral Hernia), urinary incontinence, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and the like (Obesity Research Vol.
  • Diabetes is a systemic metabolic disorder resulting from multiple environmental and genetic factors, and refers to a condition characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin in the body.
  • Complications of diabetes includes, for example hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, macrovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy and the like.
  • Metabolic syndromes refer to syndromes accompanied by health risk factors such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, glycometabolism disorders, blood coagulation disorders and obesity.
  • NEP National Cholesterol Education Program
  • individuals are diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome by the presence of three or more of the following components: 1) A waistline of 40 inches (102 cm) or more for men and 35 inches (88 cm) or more for women (central obesity as measured by waist circumference), 2) A triglyceride level of above 150 mg/dl, 3) A high density lipoprotein level (HDL) less than 40 mg/dl
  • Insulin resistance refers to a phenomenon wherein, even though insulin is normally secreted in the body, "supply of glucose into cells” performed by insulin does not work properly. Therefore, glucose in the blood cannot enter cells, thus causing hyperglycemia, and further, cells themselves cannot perform normal functions thereof due to a shortage of glucose, leading to the manifestation of metabolic syndrome.
  • the degenerative disease is the term derived from pathological findings, thus meaning the condition which is accompanied by "decreases in consumption of oxygen”, and refers to a degenerative disease wherein dysfunction of mitochondria, which is an organelle that generates energy using oxygen within the cell, is related to senescence.
  • neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease (Korean Society of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology News, 2004, 11(2), 16-22).
  • Diseases arising from mitochondrial dysfunction may include for example, mitochondrial swelling due to mitochondrial membrane potential malfunction, functional disorders due to oxidative stress such as by the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals, functional disorders due to genetic factors, and diseases due to functional deficiency of oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms for energy production of mitochondria
  • diseases developed by the above-mentioned pathological causes, may include multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, cerebral radiculitis, peripheral neuropathy, Reye's syndrome, Friedrich's ataxia, Alpers syndrome, MELAS, migraine, psychosis, depression, seizure and dementia, paralytic episode, optic atrophy, optic neuropathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, hyperaldosteronemia, hypoparathyroidism, myopathy, amyotrophy, myoglobinuria, hypotonia, myalgia, the decrease of exercise tolerance, renal tubulopathy, renal failure, hepatic failure, liver function failure, hepatomegaly, red blood
  • AMPK promotes muscle contraction and thereby facilitates intake of glucose. That is, AMPK activates GLUT 1 , or induces migration of GLUT 4 to a plasma membrane, regardless of insulin action, resulting in increased glucose uptake into cells (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 380, 347-352, 2000, J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 1073-1083, 2001). After increasing glucose uptake into cells, AMPK activates hexokinase, thereby increasing flux of glycometabolism processes and simultaneously inhibiting glycogen synthesis.
  • AMPK activates a phosphorylation process of 6- phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2), with consequent activation of a metabolic cascade leading to increased flux of glycometabolism (Curr. Biol. 10, 1247-1255, 2000).
  • PFK-2 6- phosphofructo-2-kinase
  • activation of AMPK in the liver inhibits release of glucose from hepatocytes, and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase, which are gluconeogenesis enzymes, is inhibited by AMPK piabetes 49, 896-903, 2000). This is because AMPK independently takes part in regulation of a blood glucose level via inhibition of release of glucose from the liver, irrespective of insulin.
  • PEPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
  • glucose-6-phosphatase which are gluconeogenesis enzymes
  • oxidative phosphorylation process converts energy produced from fuel metabolites such as glucose and fatty acids into ATP. It is known that the incidence of disorders in mitochondrial functions is involved in a pathogenic mechanism of various degenerative diseases associated with senescence, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease and senile dementia (Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 706-716, 2003). Peterson, et al (Science 300, 1140-1142, 2003) have suggested the possibility that deteriorated mitochondrial function is a probable pathogenic cause of insulin resistance syndrome, with reporting that oxidative phosphorylation functions of mitochondria were weakened by about 40% in the elderly. Lee, et al (Diabetes Res. Clin.
  • Pract 42, 161-167, 1998) have confirmed that a decrease in the content of mitochondrial DNA in the peripheral blood is initiated from before the incidence of diabetes.
  • Biogenesis of mitochondria in muscles is known to be promoted by an adaptive reaction in which metabolic activity of oxidative phosphorylation of muscle cells is increased by chronic energy depletion and exercise.
  • Zong, et al Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 15983-15987, 2002
  • AMPK is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle under conditions in which chronic energy deprivation was induced.
  • Putman, et al J. Physiol.
  • NRF-I nuclear respiratory factor- 1
  • enzymatic activity of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase known as being increased in conjunction with increased amounts of UCP-3 protein and mRNA thereof and increased mitochondrial volume, is increased by activation of AMPK (J. Physiol. 551, 169-178, 2003).
  • AMPK Upon reviewing a mechanism of AMPK participating in fat metabolism, AMPK induces phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, thereby resulting in inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.
  • AMPK is known to facilitate fatty acid oxidation, by the action of decreasing an intracellular concentration of malonyl-CoA that is an intermediate of fatty acid synthesis and is an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase I (CPT I).
  • CPT I is an enzyme essential for a fatty acid oxidation process wherein fatty acids enter mitochondria and are oxidized, and is known under the control of malonyl-CoA.
  • AMPK is known to inhibit activity of HMG-CoA reductase and glycerol phosphate acyl transferase (GPAT), involved in synthesis of cholesterol and triacylglycerol, through phosphorylation (J. Biol. Chem. 277, 32571-32577, 2002, J. Appl. Physiol.
  • AMPK inhibits synthesis of proteins via inhibition of mTOR and p70S6K by activating TSC, or AMPK inhibits translation elongation via activation of elongation factor-2 (eEF2) kinase and inactivation of eEF2 through phosphorylation thereof. It was found that eEF2 kinase is a direct substrate for AMPK (J. Biol. Chem.278, 4197041976, 2003).
  • AMPK is known to play a central role in energy metabolism of glucose, protein, fat and the like, in vitro and in vivo.
  • Neil, et al (Nature drug discovery, 3(April), 340, 2004) has asserted that AMPK and Malonyl-CoA are possible targets for the treatment of metabolic syndromes, and they have also stated that patients suffering from metabolic syndromes can be characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells, type ⁇ diabetes and manifestation of arteriosclerosis. It was hypothesized that a common feature linking these multiple abnormalities is dysregulation of AMPK/Malonyl-CoA energy level-sensing and signaling network.
  • AMPK may be a possible target to control obesity by lowering activity of hypothalamic AMPK, thereby increasing a content of malonyl-CoA and then regulating appetite for food intake.
  • alpha-lipoic acid promotes fat metabolism via activation of AMPK in muscle tissues, not hypothalamus, and alpha-lipoic acid is therapeutically effective for the treatment of obesity because it facilitates energy expenditure by activating UCP- 1 , particularly in adipocytes.
  • AMP/ATP ratio is increased and therefore the ⁇ 2 subunit of AMPK is activated by AMP. Therefore, they have suggested that AMPK may function as a sensor to detect the relationship between lifespan extension and energy level and insulin-like signal information.
  • furano-1,2- naphthoquinone-based or pyrano-l,2-naphthoquinone-based compounds such as ⁇ -lapachone (2,2- dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphtho[2,3-&]pyran-5,6-dione), dunnio ne (2,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- naphtho[2,3-&]furan-4,5-dione), ⁇ -dunnione (2 ⁇ ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-r ⁇ htho[2,3-&]fijran-4,5- dione), nocardinone A, nocardinone B, lantalucratin A, lantalucratin B and lantalucratin C can be used in the prevention or treatment of various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on these facts, the inventor
  • sulfur derivative compounds of furano-l,2-naphthoquinone-based or pyrano-l,2-naphthoquinone-based compounds such as thiophene-l,2-naphthoquinone or thiopyran-l,2-naphthoquinone and thioxane- 1 ⁇ -naphthoquinone can also be used in the prevention or treatment of various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Such pharmaceutical effects are very new and have been unknown to the present.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as an active ingredient, a naphthoquinone-based compound which is effective for the treatment and prevention of disease syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of disease syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of one or more selected from the compounds represented by Formula 1 and Formula 2 below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate or isomer thereof:
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, amino, alkoxy, or Ci-C 6 lower alkyl or alkoxy, or Ri and R 2 may be taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic structure which may be saturated or partially or completely unsaturated;
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and Rg are each independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, alkene or alkoxy, C 4 -C 20 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, or two substituents of R 3 to R 8 may be taken together to form a cyclic structure which may be saturated or partially or completely unsaturated;
  • X is S or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen or Ci-C 6 lower alkyl
  • Y is C, S, N or O, with proviso that when Y is S or O, R 7 and R 8 are nothing and when Y is N, R 7 is hydrogen or Ci-C 6 lower alkyl and Rg is nothing; and n is 0 or 1, with proviso that when n is 0, carbon atoms adjacent to n form a cyclic structure via a direct bond; and
  • the present inventors In order to confirm therapeutic and prophylactic effects of the naphthoquinone-based compound on disease syndromes, the present inventors, as will be illustrated in Experimental Examples hereinafter, have measured activity of the naphthoquinone-based compound on AMPK activity in myoblast cells (C2C12) and suppression of cellular differentiation in preadipocytes (3T3- Ll and F442A cells) and as a result, have confirmed that such a compound exhibits superior AMPK activation effects and inhibitory effects of adipocyte differentiation.
  • the present inventors have further confirmed that therapeutic and prophylactic effects of disease syndromes by the naphthoquinone-based compound were examined through in vivo experiments using ob/ob mice, a model of obesity, db/db mice, a model of obesity/diabetes, DIO (diet-induced obesity) mice, caused by high fat dietary conditions, and Zucker fa/fa mice, a model of obesity/diabetes, and as a result, the naphthoquinone-based compound was highly therapeutically effective.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprising the naphthoquinone-based compound as an active ingredient, can treat and prevent a variety of disease syndromes as defined in the present invention via activation of AMPK.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
  • the pharmaceutical salt may include acid addition salts of the compound with acids capable of forming a non-toxic acid addition salt containing pharmaceutically acceptable anions, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydroiodic acid; organic carbonic acids such as tartaric acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, gluconic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, fUmaric acid, maleic acid and salicylic acid; or sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfbnic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid
  • examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylic acid salts include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, salts with amino acids such as lysine, arginine, and guanidine, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D- glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, diethanolamine, choline and triethylamine.
  • the compound in accordance with the present invention may be converted into salts thereof, by conventional methods well-known in the art.
  • prodrug means an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration, whereas the parent may be not.
  • the prodrugs may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • An example of a prodrug without limitation, would be a compound of the present invention which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug") to facilitate transport across a cell membrane where water-solubility is detrimental to mobility, but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water solubility is beneficial.
  • prodrug might be a short peptide (polyamino acid) bonded to an acidic group, where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • the pharmaceutical compounds in accordance with the present invention can include one or more prodrugs selected from compounds represented by Formula 1 a and 2a below as an active material:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , Rs, X and n are as defined in Formula 1.
  • R 9 and R 10 are each independently -S ⁇ 3 " Na + or substituent represented by Formula 8 below or a salt thereof,
  • R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 - C 20 linear alkyl or C 1 -C 20 branched alkyl
  • R 13 is selected from the group consisting of substituents i) to v ⁇ i) below:
  • Ci-C 20 linear alkyl or C 1 -C 20 branched alkyl substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 20 linear alkyl or C 1 -C 20 branched alkyl
  • R, R' and R" are each independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 20 linear alkyl or C 1 -C 20 branched alkyl
  • R 14 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted amine, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, 1 is selected from the 1 ⁇ 5;
  • k is selected from the O-20, with proviso that when k is 0, R 11 and R 12 are not anything, and R 13 is directly bond to a carbonyl group.
  • solvate means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of a solvent bound thereto by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
  • Preferred solvents are volatile, non-toxic, and/or acceptable for administration to humans. Where the solvent is water, the solvate refers to a hydrate.
  • the term "isomer” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof that has the same chemical formula or molecular formula but is optically or sterically different therefrom.
  • D type optical isomer and L type optical isomer can be present in the Formula 1 or 2, depending on the R 3 -R 8 types of substituents selected.
  • naphthoquinone-based compound or “compound of Formula 1 or 2” is intended to encompass a compound per se, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate and isomer thereof.
  • alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl moiety may be a "saturated alkyl” group, which means that it does not contain any alkene or alkyne moieties.
  • the alkyl moiety may also be an "unsaturated alkyl” moiety, which means that it contains at least one alkene or alkyne moiety.
  • alkene moiety refers to a group in which at least two carbon atoms form at least one carbon-carbon double bond
  • an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group in which at least two carbon atoms form at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • heterocycloalkyl means a carbocyclic group in which one or more ring carbon atoms are substituted with oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur and which includes, for example, but is not limited to furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, oxazole, Ihiazole, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, pyran, pyridine, piperidine, mo ⁇ holine, thiomorpholine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,piperazineandtriazine. ⁇
  • aryl refers to an aromatic substituent group which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi ( ⁇ ) electron system and includes both carbocyclic aryl (for example, phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (for example, pyridine) groups. This term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic group that contains at least one heterocyclic ring.
  • aryl or heteroaryl examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, furan, pyran, pyridyl, pyrimidyl and triazyl.
  • Ri, R2, R3, R 4 , R5, R5, R7 and Rg in Formulae 1 and 2 in accordance with the present invention may be optionally substituted.
  • the substituent group(s) is(are) one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halogen, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, 0-carbamyl, N carbamyl, 0-thiocarbamyl, N-thJocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S- sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, 0-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, and amino including mono
  • X is preferably S
  • Y is preferably C or O.
  • Compounds of Formula 3 are compounds wherein n is 0, and adjacent carbon atoms form a cyclic structure (ruran ring) via a direct bond therebetween and Y is C in Formula 1, are often referred to as "Thiophen-1 ⁇ -naphthoquinone derivatives" hereinafter.
  • Compounds of Formula 4 are compounds wherein n is 0, and adjacent carbon atoms form a cyclic structure (furan ring) via a direct bond therebetween and Y is C in Formula 2, are often referred to as "Thiophen-l,4-naphthoquinone derivatives" hereinafter.
  • Compounds of Formula 5 are compounds wherein n is 1 and Y is C in Formula 1 are often referred to as "Thiopyrano-1 ⁇ -naphthoquinone derivatives" hereinafter.
  • Compounds of Formula 6 are compounds wherein n is 1 and Y is C in Formula 2 are often referred to as "Thiopyrano-l,4-naphthoquinone derivatives" hereinafter.
  • Compounds of Formula 7 are compounds wherein n is 1 and Y is O in Formula 1 are often referred to as "Thioxane-1 ⁇ -naphthoquinone derivatives" hereinafter.
  • each OfR 1 and R 2 is particularly preferably hydrogen.
  • furan derivatives of Formula 3 or 4 particularly preferred are compounds of Formulae 3a and 4a, wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are hydrogen, and Y is C or compounds of Formulae 3b and 4b wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 6 are hydrogen, and Y is C.
  • Hie pyran compounds of Formulae 5 and 6 particularly preferred are compounds of Formulae 5a and 6a wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , R 6 , R7 and Rg are hydrogen.
  • thioxane-1 ⁇ -naphthoquinone derivatives of Formula 7 particularly preferred is compounds of Formula 7a wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are hydrogen.
  • composition means a mixture of a compound of Formula 1 or 2 with other chemical components, such as diluents or carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • Various techniques of administering a compound are known in the art and include, but are not limited to oral, injection, aerosol, parenteral and topical administrations.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds of interest with acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of an active ingredient that is effective to relieve or reduce to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease in need of treatment, or to retard initiation of clinical markers or symptoms of a disease in need of prevention, when the compound is administered.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of the active ingredient which exhibit effects of (i) reversing the rate of progress of a disease; (ii) inhibiting to some extent further progress of the disease; and/or, ( ⁇ i) relieving to some extent (or, preferably, eliminating) one or more symptoms associated with the disease.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may be empirically determined by experimenting with the compounds concerned in known in vivo and in vitro model systems for a disease in need of treatment.
  • active ingredient Effective substance which exerts therapeutic effect on the treatment and/or prevention of disease syndromes in the present invention is often referred to as "active ingredient" hereinafter.
  • compounds of Formula 1 or 2 which are active ingredients can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art and/or various processes which are based upon the general technologies and practices in the organic chemistry synthesis field.
  • the preparation processes described below are only exemplary ones and other processes can also be employed. As such, the scope of the instant invention is not limited to the following processes.
  • the compound of Formula 1 according to present invention can be obtained by reacting lapachol derivatives, 2-hydroxy-3-allyl-l ? 4-naphthoqinone derivatives such as the following compound of Formula 8, with NaSH to prepare thioquinone thereof, and then by deriving cyclization reaction in the strong acid condition.
  • the above synthesis process may be summarized as follows.
  • 5 or 6-cyclic cyclization occurs depending on the types of R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 via a cationic cyclization. That is, when R 3 and R 4 are H, C5 cyclic ring is formed, and when R 3 , R 4 are alkyl and R 5 is H, C6 cyclic ring is formed. Further, when R 4 and R 5 are H, a mixture of C5 cyclic ring and C6 cyclic ring is made.
  • thiopyrano-l,2-naphthoquinone and thiophen- 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives can be synthesized by two-step reactions from lapachol derivatives such as the compound of Formula 8 above.
  • the compound of Formula 1 can be prepared by reacting 1,2- naphthoquinone with allyl thiol in the presence of base to obtain 4-aUylthio-l,2-naphthoquinone as the compound of Formula 9 below, and then by deriving cyclization reaction in the strong acid conditioa
  • the above synthesis process may be summarized as follows.
  • 5 or 6-cyclic cyclization occurs depending on the types of R 3 , R 5 , R 7 and Rg. That is, when R 5 is H and R 7 and Rs are alkyl or aryl, C6 cyclic ring is formed, and when R 5 is alkyl and R 7 and R 8 are H, C5 cyclic ring is formed. In addition, when all of R 5 , R 7 and R 8 are alkyl, a mixture of C5 cyclic ring and C6 cyclic ring is made.
  • thiopyrano-1,2- naphthoquinone and thiophen-l ⁇ -naphthoquinone derivatives as a tricyclic naphthoquinon compound having the simple structure, can be synthesized by the strong acid-catalyzed reaction from 4-allylthio-l ,2-naphthoquinone as the compound of Formula 9 above.
  • 1,2-naphthoquinone can be reacted with 2-hydroxyethyl-l -thiol in the presence of base to synthesize 4-(2-hydroxyethylthio)- 1,2-naphthoquinone as the compound of Formula 10 below, which is then subjected to cyclization under the strong acid condition to synthesize thioxan-1,2- naphthoquinone.
  • the above synthesis process may be summarized as follows.
  • a cationic cyclization reaction occurs by oxidation of oxygen present in the air, while a strong acid serves as a catalyst.
  • the above reaction was at first intended to synthesize thiopyrano naphthoquinone derivatives or thiophen naphthoquinone derivatives; however, unlike such intention, thioxan-l,2-naphthoquinon and 2,3-dihydro- naphtho[2,l-Z>][l,4]oxatfiiine-5,6-dione derivatives were synthesized, which was confirmed to exhibit the identical pharmacological actions to the other compounds according to the present invention by physiologic activity experiments.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee- making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may include additionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a diluent or an excipient, or any combination thereof. That may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • carrier means a chemical compound that facilitates the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • carrier facilitates the uptake of many organic compounds into the cells or tissues of an organism.
  • diot defines chemical compounds diluted in water that will dissolve the compound of interest as well as stabilize the biologically active form of the compound. Salts dissolved in buffered solutions are utilized as diluents in the art.
  • buffer solution is phosphate buffered saline (PBS) because it mimics the ionic strength conditions of human body fluid. Since buffer salts can control the pH of a solution at low concentrations, a buffer diluent rarely modifies the biological activity of a compound.
  • the compounds described herein may be administered to a human patient per se, or in the form of pharmaceutical compositions in which they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or suitable carriers or excipient(s). Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds may be found in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," Mack
  • compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds of interest with acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • the compounds may be formulated by a variety of methods known in the art, preferably formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable oral, external, transmucosal and injectable preparation which is pharmaceutically acceptable, more preferably formulated into oral preparation.
  • the agents of the present invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical compounds in accordance with the present invention may be particularly preferably an oral pharmaceutical composition which is prepared into an intestine- targeted formulation.
  • an oral pharmaceutical composition passes through the stomach upon oral administration, is largely absorbed by the small intestine and then diffused into all the tissues of the body, thereby exerting therapeutic effects on the target tissues.
  • the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention enhances bioabsorption and bioavailability of compound of Formula 1 or 2 as active ingredient via intestine-targeted formulation of the active ingredient. More specifically, when the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is primarily absorbed in the stomach, and upper parts of Hie small intestine, the active ingredient absorbed into the body directly undergoes liver metabolism which is then accompanied by substantial degradation of the active ingredient, so it is impossible to exert a desired level of therapeutic effects. On the other hand, it is expected that when the active ingredient is largely absorbed around and downstream of the lower small intestine, the absorbed active ingredient migrates via lymph vessels to the target tissues to thereby exert high therapeutic effects.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention targets up to the colon which is a final destination of the digestion process
  • it is possible to improve pharmacokinetic properties of the drug to significantly lower a critical effective dose of the active ingredient necessary for the treatment of the disease, and to obtain desired therapeutic effects even with administration of a trace amount of the active ingredient.
  • the oral pharmaceutical composition it is also possible to minimize the absorption variation of the drug by reducing the between- and within-individual variation of the bioavailability which may result from intragastric pH changes and dietary uptake patterns.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation according to the present invention is configured such that the active ingredient is largely absorbed in the small and large intestines, more preferably in the jejunum, and the ileum and colon corresponding to the lower small intestine, particularly preferably in the ileum or colon.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation may be designed by taking advantage of numerous physiological parameters of the digestive tract, through a variety of methods.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation may be prepared by (1) a formulation method based on a pH-sensitive polymer, (2) a formulation method based on a biodegradable polymer which is decomposable by an intestine-specific bacterial enzyme, (3) a formulation method based on a biodegradable matrix which is decomposable by an intestine- specific bacterial enzyme, or (4) a formulation method which allows release of a drug after a given lag time, and any combination thereof.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation (1) using the pH-sensitive polymer is a drug delivery system which is based on pH changes of the digestive tract.
  • the pH of the stomach is in a range of 1 to 3, whereas the pH of the small and large intestines has a value of 7 or more, which is higher as compared to that of the stomach.
  • the pH-sensitive polymer may be used in order to ensure that the pharmaceutical composition reaches the lower intestinal parts without being affected by pH fluctuations of the digestive tract.
  • pH-sensitive polymer may include, but are not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit: Registered Trademark of Rohm Pharma GmbH), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP) and a mixture thereof.
  • the pH-sensitive polymer may be added by a coating process.
  • addition of the polymer may be carried out by mixing the polymer in a solvent to form an aqueous coating suspension, spraying the resulting coating suspension to form a film coating, and drying the film coating.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation (2) using the biodegradable polymer which is decomposable by the intestine-specific bacterial enzyme is based on the utilization of a degradative ability of a specific enzyme that can be produced by enteric bacteria
  • the specific enzyme may include azoreductase, bacterial hydrolase glycosidase, esterase, polysaccharidase, and the like.
  • the biodegradable polymer may be a polymer containing an azoaromatic linkage, for example, a copolymer of styrene and hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA).
  • the active ingredient When the polymer is added to the formulation containing the active ingredient, the active ingredient may be liberated into the intestine by reduction of an azo group of the polymer via the action of the azoreductase which is specifically secreted by enteric bacteria, for example, Bacteroides fragilis and Eubacte ⁇ wn limosum.
  • the biodegradable polymer may be a naturally-occurring polysaccharide or a substituted derivative thereof.
  • the biodegradable polymer may be at least one selected from the group consisting of dextran ester, pectin, amylose, ethyl cellulose and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the active ingredient may be liberated into the intestine by hydrolysis of the polymer via the action of each enzyme which is specifically secreted by enteric bacteria, for example, Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides spp. These polymers are natural materials, and have an advantage of low risk of in vivo toxicity.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation (3) using the biodegradable matrix which is decomposable by an intestine-specific bacterial enzyme may be a form in which the biodegradable polymers are cross-linked to each other and are added to the active ingredient or the active ingredient-containing formulation.
  • the biodegradable polymer may include naturally- occurring polymers such as chondroitin sulfate, guar gum, chitosan, pectin, and the like.
  • the degree of drug release may vary depending upon the degree of cross-linking of the matrix-constituting polymer.
  • the biodegradable matrix may be a synthetic hydrogel based on N-substituted acrylamide.
  • the cross-linking may be, for example an azo linkage as mentioned above, and the formulation may be a form where the density of cross-linking is maintained to provide the optimal conditions for intestinal drug delivery and the linkage is degraded to interact with the intestinal mucous membrane when the drug is delivered to the intestine.
  • the intestine-targeted formulation (4) with time-course release of the drug after a lag time is a drug delivery system utilizing a mechanism that is allowed to release the active ingredient after a predetermined time irrespective of pH changes.
  • the formulation should be resistant to the gastric pH environment, and should be in a silent phase for 5 to 6 hours corresponding to a time period taken for delivery of the drug from the body to the intestine, prior to release of the active ingredient into the intestine.
  • the time-specific delayed-release formulation may be prepared by addition of the hydrogel prepared from copoly ⁇ ierization of polyethylene oxide with polyurethane.
  • the delayed-release formulation may have a configuration in which Hie formulation absorbs water and then swells while it stays within the stomach and the upper digestive tract of the small intestine, upon addition of a hydrogel having the above-mentioned composition after applying the drug to an insoluble polymer, and then migrates to the lower part of the small intestine which is the lower digestive tract and liberates the drug, and the lag time of drug is determined depending upon a length of the hydrogel.
  • ethyl cellulose (EC) may be used in the delayed- release dosage formulation.
  • EC is an insoluble polymer, and may serve as a factor to delay a drug release time, in response to swelling of a swelling medium due to water penetration or changes in the internal pressure of the intestines due to a peristaltic motion.
  • the lag time may be controlled by the thickness of EC.
  • hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) may also be used as a retarding agent that allows drug release after a given period of time by thickness control of the polymer, and may have a lag time of 5 to 10 hours.
  • the active ingredient may have a crystalline structure with a high degree of crystallinity, or a crystalline structure with a low degree of crystallinity.
  • the term "degree of crystallinity" is defined as the weight fraction of the crystalline portion of the total compound and may be determined by a conventional method known in the art. For example, measurement of the degree of crystallinity may be carried out by a density method or precipitation method which calculates the crystallinity degree by previous assumption of a preset value obtained by addition and/or reduction of appropriate values to/from each density of the crystalline portion and the amorphous portion, a method involving measurement of the heat of fiision, an X-ray method in which the crystallinity degree is calculated by separation of the crystalline diflSaction fraction and the noncrystalline diffraction fraction from X-ray diffraction intensity distribution upon X-ray diffraction analysis, or an infrared method which calculates the crystallinity degree from a peak of the width between crystalline bands of the infrared absorption spectrum.
  • the crystallinity degree of the active ingredient is preferably 50% or less. More preferably, the active ingredient may have an amorphous structure from which the intrinsic crystallinity of the material was completely lost
  • the amorphous naphthoquinone-based compound exhibits a relatively high solubility, as compared to the crystalline naphthoquinone-based compound, and can significantly improve a dissolution rate and in vivo absorption rate of the drug.
  • the amorphous structure may be formed during preparation of the active ingredient into microparticles or fine particles (micronization of the active ingredient).
  • the microparticles may be prepared, for example by spray drying of active ingredients, melting methods involving formation of melts of active ingredients with polymers, co- precipitation involving formation of co-precipitates of active ingredients with polymers after dissolution of active ingredients in solvents, inclusion body formation, solvent volatilization, and the like. Preferred is spray drying.
  • micronization of the active ingredient into fine particles via mechanical milling contributes to improvement of solubility, due to a large specific surface area of the particles, consequently resulting in improved dissolution rate and bioabsorption rate of the active drug.
  • the spray drying is a method of making fine particles by dissolving the active ingredient in a certain solvent and the spray-drying the resulting solution. During the spray-drying process, a high percent of the crystallinity of the naphthoquinone compound is lost to thereby result in an amorphous state, and therefore the spray-dried product in the form of a fine powder is obtained.
  • the mechanical milling is a method of grinding the active ingredient into fine particles by applying strong physical force to active ingredient particles.
  • the mechanical milling may be carried out by using a variety of milling processes such as jet milling, ball milling, vibration milling, hammer milling, and the like. Particularly preferred is jet milling which can be carried out using an air pressure, at a temperature of 40 "C or less.
  • the particle diameter of the active ingredient may be in a range of 5 nm to 500 ⁇ m. In this range, the particle agglomeration or aggregation can be maximally inhibited, and the dissolution rate and solubility can be maximized due to a high specific surface area of the particles.
  • a surfactant may be additionally added to prevent the particle agglomeration or aggregation which may occur during formation of the fine particles, and/or an antistatic agent may be additionally added to prevent the occurrence of static electricity.
  • a moisture-absorbent material may be further added during the milling process.
  • the naphthoquinone-based compound of Formula 1 or 2 has a tendency to be crystallized by water, so incorporation of the moisture-absorbent material inhibits recrystallization of the naphthoquinone-based compound over time and enables maintenance of increased solubility of compound particles due to micronization. Further, the moisture-absorbent material serves to suppress coagulation and aggregation of the pharmaceutical composition while not adversely affecting therapeutic effects of the active ingredient.
  • surfactant may include, but are not limited to, anionc surfactants such as docusate sodium and sodium lauryl sulfate; cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetrimide; nonionic surfactants such as glyceryl monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, and sorbitan ester; amphiphilic polymers such as polyethylene-polypropylene polymer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polymer
  • moisture-absorbent material may include, but are not limited to, colloidal silica, light anhydrous silicic acid, heavy anhydrous silicic acid, sodium chloride, calcium silicate, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, and the like. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof.
  • moisture absorbents may also be used as the antistatic agent.
  • the surfactant, antistatic agent, and moisture absorbent are added in a certain amount that is capable of achieving the above-mentioned effects, and such an amount may be appropriately adjusted depending upon micronization conditions.
  • the additives may be used in a range of 0.05 to 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the active ingredient.
  • water-soluble polymers, solubilizers and disintegration-promoting agents may be further added during formulation of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention into preparations for oral administration.
  • formulation of the composition into a desired dosage form may be made by mixing the additives and the particulate active ingredient in a solvent and spray-drying the mixture.
  • the water-soluble polymer is of help to prevent aggregation of the particulate active ingredients, by rendering surroundings of naphihoquinone-based compound molecules or particles hydrophilic to consequently enhance water solubility, and preferably to maintain the amorphous state of the compound of Formula 1 or 2 as an active ingredient.
  • the water-soluble polymer is a pH-independent polymer, and can bring about crystallinity loss and enhanced hydrophilicity of the active ingredient, even under the between- and within-individual variation of the gastrointestinal pH.
  • Preferred examples of the water-soluble polymers may include at least one selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and carboxymethylethyl cellulose; polyvinyl alcohols; polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PW), and polymers containing the same; polyalkene oxide or polyalkene glycol, and polymers containing the same. Preferred is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.
  • an excessive content of the water-soluble polymer which is higher than a given level provides no further increased solubility, but disadvantageously brings about various problems such as overall increases in the hardness of the formulation, and non-penetration of an eluent into the formulation, by formation of films around the formulation due to excessive swelling of water-soluble polymers upon exposure to the eluent.
  • the solubilizer is preferably added to maximize the solubility of the formulation by modifying physical properties of the compound of Formula 1 or 2.
  • the solubilizer serves to enhance solubilization and wettability of the sparingly-soluble compound of Formula 1 or 2, and can significantly reduce the bioavailability variation of the naphthoquinone-based compound originating from diets and the time difference of drug administration after dietary uptake.
  • the solubilizer may be selected from conventionally widely used surfactants or amphiphiles, and specific examples of the solubilizer may refer to the surfactants as defined above.
  • the disintegration-promoting agent serves to improve the drug release rate, and enables rapid release of the drug at the target site to thereby increase bioavailability of the drug.
  • Preferred examples of the disintegration-promoting agent may include, but are not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of Croscarmellose sodium, Crospovidone, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, starch glycolate sodium and lower substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose. Preferred is Croscarmellose sodium.
  • the solvent for spray drying is a material exhibiting a high solubility without modification of physical properties thereof and easy volatility during the spray drying process.
  • Preferred examples of such a solvent may include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, and ethanol. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof.
  • a content of solids in the spray solution is in a range of 5 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the spray solution.
  • the above-mentioned intestine-targeted formulation process may be preferably carried out for formulation particles prepared as above.
  • the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated by a process comprising the following steps:
  • the surfactant, moisture-absorbent material, water-soluble polymer, solubilizer and disintegration-promoting agent are as defined above.
  • the plasticizer is an additive added to prevent hardening of the coating, and may include, for example polymers such as polyethylene glycol.
  • formulation of the active ingredient may be carried out by sequential or concurrent spraying of vehicles of Step (b) and intestine-targeted coating materials of Step (c) onto jet-milled active ingredient particles of Step (a) as a seed.
  • compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions in which the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of compound effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • the naphflioquinone-based compound as an active ingredient is preferably contained in a unit dose of about 0.1 to 1,000 mg.
  • the amount of the compound of Formula 1 or 2 administered will be determined by the attending physician, depending upon body weight and age of patients being treated, characteristic nature and the severity of diseases.
  • the term “disease syndromes” includes obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfonction-related diseases or the like
  • treatment refers to stopping or delaying of the disease progress, when the drug is used in the subject exhibiting symptoms of disease onset.
  • prevention refers to stopping or delaying of symptoms of disease onset, when the drug is used in the subject exhibiting no symptoms of disease onset but having high risk of disease onset.
  • Complications caused from obesity include, for example hypertension, myocardiac infarction, varicosis, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, senile dementia, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cerebral apoplexy, various cancers
  • heart diseases such as uterine cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and the like
  • heart diseases gall bladder diseases, sleep apnea syndrome, arthritis, infertility, venous ulcer, sudden death, fatty liver, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), thromboembolism, esophagitis, abdominal wall hernia (Ventral Hernia), urinary incontinence, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and the like.
  • HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • thromboembolism esophagitis
  • abdominal wall hernia Vastral Hernia
  • urinary incontinence such as uterine cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and the like.
  • Complications of diabetes includes hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, macrovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy and the like.
  • Metabolic syndromes refer to syndromes accompanied by health risk factors such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, glycometabolism disorders, blood coagulation disorders and obesity. Therefore, the metabolic syndrome includes various diseases such as obesity, an obesity complication, a liver disease, arteriosclerosis, cerebral apoplexy, myocardial infarction, a cardiovascular disease, an ischemic disease, diabetes, a diabetes-related complication or an inflammatory disease.
  • the degenerative disease may include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease and the like.
  • diseases may include multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, cerebral radiculitis, peripheral neuropathy, Reye's syndrome, Friedrich's ataxia, Alpers syndrome, MELAS, migraine, psychosis, depression, seizure and dementia, paralytic episode, optic atrophy, optic neuropathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, hyperaldosteronemia, hypoparathyroidism, myopathy, amyotrophy, myoglobinuria, hypotonia, myalgia, the decrease of exercise tolerance, renal tubulopathy, renal failure, hepatic failure, liver function failure, hepatomegaly, red blood cell anemia (iron-deficiency anemia), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, villous atrophy, multiple vomiting, dysphagia, constipation, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), epilepsy, mental retardation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
  • multiple sclerosis encephalomyelitis, cerebral radicu
  • FIG. 1 is graphs showing changes in body weight and food intake with respect to the passage of time, after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 2 is bar graphs comparing weight changes in various organs between the treatment group and control group after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG.3 is photographs showing whole laparotomized states of animals after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice and results of oil red O staining and EM examination on fat accumulation in liver tissues;
  • FIG. 4 is photographs showing comparison results of the size of adipocyte in gonadal adipose tissues after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 5 is bar graphs showing changes in concentrations of blood lipid, glucose and hormone with respect to the passage of time after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 6 is graphs showing changes in food intake/body weight, body weight and accumulation amount of fat, and EM examination results of tissue, after administration of Compound 1 to leptin receptor-deficient (ob/ob) mice;
  • FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing effects of Compound 1 on spontaneous locomotor activity after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice.
  • FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing effects of Compound 1 on enhancement of physical endurance after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice.
  • Compound 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that 2-hydroxy-3- (2-propenyl)-l 5 4-naphthoquinone, which is one of lapachol derivatives, was used.
  • reaction mixture was reacted with 50 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature without the additional purification processes and stirred vigorously for 30 minutes.
  • 200 g of ice was added to the reaction mixture which was then extracted twice (100 ml x 2) with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the extracted organic layer was concentrated.
  • the concentrated solution was purified by a silica gel, thereby obtaining Compound 4 (0.11 g).
  • Compound 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that cinnamyl thiol was used instead of 3-methyl-l-mercapto-2-butene.
  • reaction mixture was reacted with 30 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature without the additional purification processes and stirred vigorously for 1 hour.
  • 200 g of ice was added to the reaction mixture which was then extracted twice (100 ml x 2) with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the extracted organic layer was concentrated.
  • the concentrated solution was purified by a silica gel, thereby obtaining Compound 6 (0.08 g).
  • Compound 7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6, except that 1-mercapto- 2-propanol was used instead of 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • Example 8 Synthesis of Compound 8(23sMethyl-2J- ⁇ v ⁇ Vo-naphtfaor2J-b1[L41oxathiine-5.6- dione)
  • Compound 8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6, except that 3-mercapto- 2-butanol was used instead of 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • Compound 9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6, except that 3-mercapto- 2-methyl-2-butanol was used instead of 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • Protein precipitates were dissolved in a buffer (62.5 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 62.5 mM NaCl, 62.5 mM NaF, 1.25 mM Na pyrophosphate, 1.25 mM EDTA 5 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 200 ⁇ M AMP). Thereafter, 200 ⁇ M SAMS peptide PVDRSAMSGLHLVKRR: a phosphorylation site of the underlined serine residue, as an AMPK phosphorylation site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and [ ⁇ -32P]ATP were added thereto and reactants were reacted for 10 minutes at 30 " C.
  • a buffer 62.5 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 62.5 mM NaCl, 62.5 mM NaF, 1.25 mM Na pyrophosphate, 1.25 mM EDTA 5 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 200 ⁇ M AMP.
  • mice were allowed to acclimate to new environment of the breeding room for two weeks and were then administered some thiopyrano-1 ⁇ - naphthoquinone and thiofurano-1 ⁇ -naphthoquinone derivatives synthesi2ed according to the present invention at doses of 100 mg/kg for 28 days. Observations were made on changes in body weight, blood glucose and food intake, with respect to a time course of administration. After administration was complete, changes in glucose, lipid and enzyme levels in blood and liver were observed.
  • Table 3 shows results of changes over time in body weight of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which Compounds of the present invention were administered.
  • Table 4 shows changes in blood lipid and glucose levels of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which Compounds of the present invention were administered.
  • FIG. 1 shows changes in food intake/body weight and weight changes for 28 days, after daily administration of Compound 1 into obese mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • Compound 1 -administered group exhibited decreases in food intake for first two weeks, and thereafter the food intake level recovered similar to that of a control group. These results are believed to be due to degradation of fat being facilitated and therefore sufficient amounts of energy are generated.
  • mice were fed high-fat diet, animals exhibited a continuous weight loss for 28 days, as compared to the control group.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph comparing weight changes in various organs between the treatment group and control group after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice for 28 days; as shown in FIG. 2, there were significant changes in weight of tissues, resulting from decreased fat contents in organ tissues after administration of Compound 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows whole laparotomized states of animals after administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice for 28 days and results of oil red O staining and EM examination on fat accumulation in liver tissues. As seen from FIG. 3, C57BL/6 mice to which Compound 1 was administered for 28 days exhibited conspicuous decreases in visceral fat and body weight, and a reduced size of liver tissues that were turned into red color.
  • FIG. 5 shows changes in triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, free fatty acid, glucose, insulin, TNF ⁇ , resistin and leptin levels in the blood collected on day 28, after daily administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • TG triglyceride
  • FIG. 5 shows changes in triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, free fatty acid, glucose, insulin, TNF ⁇ , resistin and leptin levels in the blood collected on day 28, after daily administration of Compound 1 to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • TG triglyceride
  • FIG. 6 shows changes in food intake/body weight (FIG. 6A) and changes in body weight
  • FIG. 6B for 28 days, according to daily administration of Compound 1 into leptin receptor- deficient (ob/ob) mice at a dose of 150 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • Food intake/body weight notably decreased at around 10 days of administration, and thereafter the food intake level recovered similar to that of a control group. This is because fat degradation was facilitated and therefore sufficient amounts of energy were generated, despite similar food intake.
  • mice were fed high-fat diet, animals exhibited a continuous weight loss for 28 days, as compared to the control group.
  • Compound 1 was administered to ob/ob C57BJ76 mice, and 3 hours later, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured using Versa MAX Activity Monitors & Analyzer (AccuSan Instruments, Columbus, OH).
  • the monitor used to measure motion of animals was a 41cm x 41cm Plexiglas chamber (height: 30 cm) equipped with infrared rays at intervals of 2.5 cm along the x- and y-axes, respectively, whereby 16 scanning lines are respectively arranged on front/rear and right/left sides of the chamber.
  • animal activity was measured by taking continuous interference of two different scanning lines caused by mice as an effective determination standard.
  • a Compound 1 - administered group, a vehicle-administered group and a control group were respectively placed in each measuring apparatus, and activity and motion of animals were measured for 7 hours. For acclimation of animal to new environment, mice were placed in the apparatus 2 hours prior to measurement. As shown in FIG. 7, the vehicle-administered group and control group exhibited substantially no difference therebetween, but the Compound 1 -administered group exhibited a significant difference in motion and locomotor activity of animals.
  • This Example was intended to measure difference in physical endurance of mice through a swimming test
  • water was placed in a cylindrical trough having a diameter of 9.5 cm and height of 25 cm, and Compound 1 was administered to ob/ob C57BL/6 mice. 3 hours later, a sample-administered group and a control group were placed simultaneously into each cylindrical trough for measurement, and physical endurance of each group was compared. As shown in FIG. 8, it was confirmed that Compound 1 -administered group exhibited more than two-fold swimming duration by single administration of Compound 1 , as compared to the control group.
  • ICR mice weighing 25 ⁇ 3 g and Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 255 ⁇ 6 g (Jung-Ang Lab Animal Inc., Seoul, Korea) were divided into 4 groups, consisting of 10 animals each, and were peritoneally administered Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in accordance with the present invention at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively.
  • peritoneal administration upon observing for 2 weeks whether toxicity was exhibited or not, none of the animals died in all four groups and no visually observable symptoms with exception of weight loss were noticed compared to the control group.
  • compounds in accordance with the present invention are compounds modulating activity of various genes and proteins, and therefore will be therapeutically effective for the treatment of various diseases and disorders via regulation of energy levels in vivo.
  • Pharmaceuticals using the above-mentioned compounds as an active ingredient exhibit superior effects on the treatment and/or prevention of various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfonction- related diseases.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une composition pharmaceutique destinée au traitement et/ou à la prévention de syndromes pathologiques. En l'occurrence, cette composition comprend (a) une quantité suffisante d'un composé particulier à base de naphtoquinone ou de l'un de ses sels, promédicaments, solvates ou isomères pharmaceutiquement admis, et (b) un vecteur, un diluant ou un excipient pharmaceutiquement admis ou l'une de leurs combinaisons.
PCT/KR2007/006014 2006-11-27 2007-11-26 Composition pharmaceutique à base de naphtoquinone pour le traitement ou la prévention de maladies impliquant l'obésité, le diabète, le syndrome d'insulino-résistance, les maladies neurodégénératives, et les maladies à dysfonctions mitochondriales WO2008066300A1 (fr)

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JP2010510980A (ja) * 2006-11-27 2010-04-08 マゼンス インコーポレイテッド 腸送達系のためのナフトキノンベース化合物を含有する医薬組成物
EP2520294A2 (fr) * 2009-12-28 2012-11-07 Mazence Inc. Composition comprenant un composé de naphtoquinone pour traiter et prévenir la perte d'audition
CN105992759A (zh) * 2013-12-30 2016-10-05 Kt&G生命科学公司 1,2-萘醌的衍生物及其制备方法

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WO2005063232A1 (fr) * 2003-12-30 2005-07-14 Md Bioalpha Co., Ltd. Traitement de l'obesite et du syndrome metabolique avec des derives de tanshinone augmentant l'activite metabolique
WO2006088315A1 (fr) * 2005-02-16 2006-08-24 Md Bioalpha Co., Ltd. Composition pharmaceutique pour le traitement ou la prevention de pathologies comprenant l'obesite, le diabete, les syndromes metaboliques, les maladies neurodegeneratives, et les maladies liees a une dysfonction mitochondriale

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JP2010510980A (ja) * 2006-11-27 2010-04-08 マゼンス インコーポレイテッド 腸送達系のためのナフトキノンベース化合物を含有する医薬組成物
EP2520294A2 (fr) * 2009-12-28 2012-11-07 Mazence Inc. Composition comprenant un composé de naphtoquinone pour traiter et prévenir la perte d'audition
EP2520294A4 (fr) * 2009-12-28 2013-09-11 Mazence Inc Composition comprenant un composé de naphtoquinone pour traiter et prévenir la perte d'audition
CN105992759A (zh) * 2013-12-30 2016-10-05 Kt&G生命科学公司 1,2-萘醌的衍生物及其制备方法
JP2017502976A (ja) * 2013-12-30 2017-01-26 ケーティアンドジー・ライフ・サイエンシズ・コーポレイション １，２ナフトキノン誘導体及びその製造方法
EP3091003A4 (fr) * 2013-12-30 2017-06-28 KT&G Life Sciences Corporation Dérivé 1,2-naphthoquinone et son procédé de préparation
US9975883B2 (en) 2013-12-30 2018-05-22 Yungjin Pharm. Co., Ltd. 1,2-naphthoquinone based derivative and method of preparing the same
AU2014374603B2 (en) * 2013-12-30 2019-06-06 Yungjin Pharm. Co., Ltd. 1,2-naphthoquinone derivative and method for preparing same
US10766882B2 (en) 2013-12-30 2020-09-08 Yungjin Pharm Co., Ltd. 1,2-naphthoquinone based derivative and method of preparing the same
CN105992759B (zh) * 2013-12-30 2020-10-30 永进药品工业株式会社 1,2-萘醌的衍生物及其制备方法

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