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WO2008049795A1 - Procédés et système pour étalonner la mise au point et la position de lasers dans des puces à adn - Google Patents

Procédés et système pour étalonner la mise au point et la position de lasers dans des puces à adn Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008049795A1
WO2008049795A1 PCT/EP2007/061235 EP2007061235W WO2008049795A1 WO 2008049795 A1 WO2008049795 A1 WO 2008049795A1 EP 2007061235 W EP2007061235 W EP 2007061235W WO 2008049795 A1 WO2008049795 A1 WO 2008049795A1
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Prior art keywords
light
substrate
scanning device
array
position coordinates
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PCT/EP2007/061235
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English (en)
Inventor
Cornelis Jacobus Maria Heemskerk
Johannes Martinus Lambertus Maria Van Helvoort
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Flexgen Bv
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Publication of WO2008049795A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008049795A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0046—Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B50/00—Methods of creating libraries, e.g. combinatorial synthesis
    • C40B50/14—Solid phase synthesis, i.e. wherein one or more library building blocks are bound to a solid support during library creation; Particular methods of cleavage from the solid support
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B60/00—Apparatus specially adapted for use in combinatorial chemistry or with libraries
    • C40B60/14—Apparatus specially adapted for use in combinatorial chemistry or with libraries for creating libraries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G01N35/00029—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor provided with flat sample substrates, e.g. slides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00279—Features relating to reactor vessels
    • B01J2219/00281—Individual reactor vessels
    • B01J2219/00286—Reactor vessels with top and bottom openings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00351—Means for dispensing and evacuation of reagents
    • B01J2219/00436—Maskless processes
    • B01J2219/00441—Maskless processes using lasers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/0054—Means for coding or tagging the apparatus or the reagents
    • B01J2219/00572—Chemical means
    • B01J2219/00576—Chemical means fluorophore
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00585—Parallel processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00596—Solid-phase processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00605—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces the compounds being directly bound or immobilised to solid supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00659—Two-dimensional arrays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00675—In-situ synthesis on the substrate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
    • B01J2219/00686—Automatic
    • B01J2219/00689—Automatic using computers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
    • B01J2219/00693—Means for quality control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
    • B01J2219/00702—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products
    • B01J2219/00704—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products integrated with the reactor apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/00709—Type of synthesis
    • B01J2219/00711—Light-directed synthesis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • B01J2219/00722—Nucleotides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • G01N35/00029—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor provided with flat sample substrates, e.g. slides
    • G01N2035/00099—Characterised by type of test elements
    • G01N2035/00158—Elements containing microarrays, i.e. "biochip"

Definitions

  • This invention pertains generally to the field of biology and particularly to techniques and apparatus for the synthesis and analysis of biopolymers using micro-arrays.
  • the present invention provides improved apparatus and methods in defining the active array locations for each nucleotide-adding operation, enhancing accuracy, flexibility, speed and performance.
  • the present invention relates to the synthesis of biopolymers, e.g. DNA-sequences, peptides, carbohydrates and lipids, carried out using a patterning process on an activated or chemically inert surface of a substrate.
  • biopolymers e.g. DNA-sequences, peptides, carbohydrates and lipids
  • Non-grid patterns are claimed as a non-trivial extension of laser based pattern generation in arrays.
  • biopolymers The analysis of biopolymers is a fundamental tool in modern biology and is conventionally carried out by processes based on analysis of individual molecules. Most methods do not allow extensive testing of many molecules at the same time.
  • arrays have been synthesized, enabling the interrogation of a multitude of ligands or probes at the same time.
  • an array containing probes can be used to search for complementary sequences on a target strand of DNA, with detection of the target that has hybridized to particular probes accomplished by the use of fluorescent or other markers coupled to the targets and inspection by an appropriate fluorescence scanning microscope.
  • the selective photo- deprotection and coupling cycle is repeated to build up levels of bases until the desired set of probes is obtained.
  • the sequencing of activation patterns projected on the micro- array in conjunction with a DNA synthesizer providing the reagents to the substrate, the sequence of the oligonucleotide probe at each site in the array is known.
  • a disadvantage of the lithographic mask approach is that four different lithographic masks are needed for each monomeric base, and the total number of different masks required is thus four times the length of the DNA probe sequences to be synthesized.
  • oligonucleotide micro-arrays are made by depositing small droplets containing oligonucleotides directly on glass substrate using inkjet printing technology.
  • the number of different DNA probes in the array is limited by the number of fluid containers in the system.
  • In-situ DNA synthesis techniques construct micro-arrays containing an arrangement of many different DNA probes, by creating the probes from a limited set of oligonucleotide building blocks.
  • Various techniques use direct deposition of the oligonucleotide building blocks on to the substrate, e.g. the same inkjet technology that can also used for deposition of complete oligonucleotides.
  • the projection pattern is made without a mask, but by a digital micro-array mirror device.
  • a substrate provided with a layer of DNA synthesis linkers, with the link sites and protected by a photolabile group is prepared to support the DNA probes to be fabricated.
  • a pattern of spots is projected using a laser beam and scanning optics, yielding reactive hydroxyl groups in the illuminated regions.
  • a fluid containing an appropriate activated base is provided to the substrate to couple at the activated sites. The selective photo-de-protection and coupling cycle is repeated to build up levels of bases until the desired set of probes is obtained.
  • the laser can have difficulties to target the exact same position to create a homogenous spot of oligonucleotides, in particular when repeating the process various times.
  • the laser may be subject to offset drift (the movement of the complete grid) and gain drift (expansion or contraction of the grid). Also, imperfections in the lenses, tolerance build up in all the optical components and non-linearities in the galvano mirror control signals create distortions in the field
  • a light beam is calibrated between each cycle of synthesizing biopolymers, e.g. oligonucleotides.
  • Calibration is performed by at least one sensor unit in a fixed position relative to the substrate.
  • This sensor unit functions as a reference position measured at the onset of the synthesis of an array.
  • three sensor units are used, detecting the beam profile and correcting for a disposition relative to the reference position(s) measured at the onset of the synthesis of a array, now covering both the X- and the Y-axis.
  • Information from the sensor units is used to compensate for offset drift and gain drift, and can also be used to compensate for loss of power of the laser.
  • the apparatus comprises one or more sensor units which are placed around a target.
  • a transmitter unit (light source) directs at least one light beam via a scanning device towards the target, repeatedly scanning the light beam over the sensor units and the target area.
  • a controller process determines the position of the beam from the intensity and/or position of the light measured at sensor unit and information about the designated beam direction.
  • a process chamber comprising a substrate with an active or chemically inert surface on which the array(s) may be formed;
  • a light source comprising a light source; and
  • a scanning device having position coordinates for directing the light from the light source to a selected position on the substrate; characterized in that the process chamber and/or the substrate comprises at least one sensor unit or at least one sensor unit alongside the process chamber for detecting when the light is received in or alongside the process chamber and/or at the substrate.
  • the methods as described above comprises the steps of: (i) directing the light to selected positions at the substrate and/or the process chamber; (ii) detecting the light received at a sensor unit, wherein a location of the detected light produces light position coordinates; (iii) forming scanning device position data versus light position data by creating associations between light position coordinates and scanning device position coordinates corresponding to the position of the scanning device when the light is detected; (iv) determining light position coordinates for a selected position of the light; and
  • biopolymers bound to selected positions wherein said biopolymers are synthesized by the method according to the invention, wherein said biopolymers form patterns.
  • Figure 1 depicts schematically the apparatus according to the invention, comprising (1 ) process chamber; (2) substrate; (3) sensor unit; (4) light source; (5) scanning device; (6) light beam, and (20) control module.
  • Figure 2 provides examples of possible patterns synthesized according to the methods of the invention.
  • Figure 3 The effect of calibration.
  • Figure 3A probes synthesized on micro-array with calibration;
  • Figure 3B probes synthesized on micro-array without calibration.
  • a sensor unit refers to one or more than one sensor units.
  • an exemplary apparatus that may be used for synthesis of biopolymers from light-sensitive compounds is shown generally in Figure 1 , and includes a process chamber (1 ) comprising a substrate (2) with an active surface on which the array(s) may be formed; a light source (4); and a scanning device (5) having position coordinates for directing the light (6) from the light source (4) to a selected position on the substrate; wherein the process chamber (1 ) comprises three sensor units (3) for detecting when the light is received in the process chamber.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for use in synthesis of an array of biopolymers, comprising
  • a scanning device having position coordinates for directing the light from the light source to a selected position on the substrate; characterized in that the process chamber and/or the substrate comprises at least one sensor unit or at least one sensor unit alongside the process chamber for detecting when the light is received in or alongside the process chamber and/or at the substrate.
  • the light source may be an ultraviolet or near ultraviolet source, such as a mercury arc lamp, an optional filter to receive the output beam (6) from the light source (4) and selectively pass only the desired wave lengths (e.g. between 370-375 nm) and a condenser lens for forming a collimated beam.
  • an ultraviolet or near ultraviolet source such as a mercury arc lamp
  • an optional filter to receive the output beam (6) from the light source (4) and selectively pass only the desired wave lengths (e.g. between 370-375 nm) and a condenser lens for forming a collimated beam.
  • the light source is a laser beam, more preferably an UV laser (e.g. from Coherent).
  • the laser is focused.
  • the laser beam has a wavelength between 365 - 380 nm and more preferably between 370 - 375 nm, such as 372 nm.
  • the UV wavelength may be selected as a compromise between maximum absorption of the photo labile protection group, e.g. NPPOC, and avoiding damage to the biological material that has been synthesized in previous cycles.
  • the main requirement being that the wavelength of light used in the imaging process be long enough not to excite transitions (chemical changes) in the nucleotide bases (which are particularly sensitive at 280 nm).
  • UV laser beam means lasers that emit in the UV at wavelengths preferable above 300 nm.
  • 365 nm is the 1-line of mercury, which is the one used most commonly in wafer lithography.
  • Examples of lasers that emit in this region are Cadmium lasers (325 nm), Nitrogen lasers (337 nm), and Xenon Fluoride lasers (352 nm).
  • wavelengths longer than 500 nm have to be avoided as they can cause heating of the components in the optical path.
  • Any type of laser emitting the above mentioned wave lengths may be used, such as for instance Q-switched (pulsed) lasers or Continuous Wave (CW) lasers.
  • the apparatus preferably comprises a telecentric F-Theta lens (e.g. from Sill optics) to create a straight focal plane instead of a curved one like regular lenses.
  • the telecentric function of the lens ensures that the laser beam is projected under 90 degrees on the target surface.
  • the telecentric function also helps to keep the spots round.
  • the apparatus preferably comprises a beam expander (e.g. from Sill optics), which enlarges the laser beam to an optimal diameter for the scanhead.
  • the beam expander may further help ensuring that the laser beam remains a parallel beam.
  • the apparatus preferably comprises an aperture, which in combination with the beam expander and F-Theta lens, may help creating sharp round spots with high contrasts.
  • the aperture helps in shaping the beam and cutting off side lobes in the beam.
  • filters Other devices for filtering or monochromating the source light, e.g., diffraction gratings, dichroic mirrors, and prisms, may also be used rather than a transmission filter, and are generically referred to as "filters" herein.
  • the light beam can have difficulty to light the exact same position to create a homogenous spot of biopolymers. Therefore, the position of the light beam, e.g. laser position, has to be calibrated between each projection of the array. Calibration can be performed by using the sensor units of the invention.
  • the sensor units detect the beam profile and correct for a disposition relative to a reference position measured at the onset of the synthesis of the array to cover both the X- and the Y-axis. Information from the sensors is used to compensate for offset drift and/or gain drift by adjusting the scanning device (5).
  • the sensors are located in or alongside the process chamber, in a fixed position. Nevertheless, the sensor units may also be located on the substrate, also at a fixed position.
  • a single sensor unit enables measurement and calibration of the beam intensity, focus length and zero position offset.
  • Multiple sensor units placed around the target enable the measurement and calibration of beam direction.
  • the apparatus comprises at least one, but preferably more than one, e.g. 2, 3 or more sensor units. It will be appreciated that more than one sensor unit increases the accuracy of determining the drift.
  • the said sensor unit is preferably a photosensor, preferably chosen from the group consisting of photoresistors, photovoltaic cells and photodiodes.
  • the sensor unit for detecting the light is preferably an array of photosensors, each photosensor having a plurality of pixels, and the position determining means comprises: means for calculating an intensity weighted centroid of pixels in the photosensors illuminated by the light and using the intensity weighted centroid as the scanning device position coordinates when forming the scanning device position versus light position data.
  • the sensors are part of the scanning device.
  • apparatus for calibrating the position of the light beam. Accordingly, the present invention relates to an apparatus as described herein, wherein said sensor unit for detecting the light produces light position coordinates when the light is received.
  • apparatus according to the invention comprises data forming means for forming scanning device position data versus light position data by creating associations between light position coordinates and scanning device position coordinates corresponding to the position of the light when the light is detected at the at least one sensor unit.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus as defined herein, in which the light position coordinates are defined by the intensity weighted centroid of pixels at the photosensor
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus as defined herein, in which the light position coordinates are defined by an incremental intensity increase measures by the photosensor at the flanks of the laser beam Scanning device
  • the scanning device (5) receives position coordinates from a control module (20) for directing the light (6) from the light source (4) to a selected position on the substrate (2).
  • the scanning device comprises at least one motor-driven mirror, the mirror may be mounted on a rotatable spool arranged between poles of a device generating a magnetic field, and that the scanning device has an adjustable source of electricity connected with the spool for controlling the orientation of the mirror.
  • the apparatus according to the invention makes it possible to simply carry out a flow synthesis in a number of consecutive synthesis steps, with the area to be illuminated being moved on slightly for each subsequent synthesis step.
  • the scanning device comprises a galvano-mirrorr or any other means to actively change the direction of the light, e.g. laser, beam to change the position of the laser beam on the substrate.
  • the apparatus i.e. the scanning device, may further comprise a scanhead (e.g. from Scan Labs), comprising a set of two galvanometer (motorized) mirrors in a fixed mount under 90 degrees that together aims a bundle to project the beam onto a programmable position on the target surface.
  • the mirror surfaces may be covered with wavelength specific (di)-electric coating to ensure very high reflectivity.
  • the motor windings are preferably kept at constant temperature.
  • the mirrors are directed by the control module (20).
  • the light beam is held in a fixed position, while the process chamber can be repositioned, or the light beam can be relocated along the x-direction, and the process chamber can be re-directed along the y-direction.
  • the light beam (6) is held in a fixed position, and the process chamber (1 ) comprising the substrate (2) receives position coordinates from a control module (20), to direct a selected position of the substrate under the focus of the light beam.
  • the process chamber comprising the substrate is moved by a precision motion stage with a resolution on the order of 1 ⁇ m.
  • the control module (20) is responsible for moving the process chamber, possibly mounted on a carrier, in x-direction and y-direction.
  • the control module commands the drivers.
  • the present invention relates to a scanning device in which the light beam can be moved along the x-axis, while the substrate can be moved along the y-axis.
  • the process chamber is mounted on a rotational carrier, i.e. the carrier comprising the process chamber can rotate along a center.
  • a spindle motor may drive the rotational motion of the carrier. Revolving may be at a variable speed.
  • the scanning device may be mounted on a movable sled, e.g. in x-direction and/or y-direction, mounted above the process chamber.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus as defined herein, wherein said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber on an X-Y stage as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate.
  • said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber on an X-Y stage as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus as defined herein, wherein said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber in a rotational movement as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate.
  • said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber in a rotational movement as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus as defined herein, wherein said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber in one direction and actively positioning the light, e.g. laser, beam in a direction perpendicular to the first direction as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate in the X-Y plain.
  • said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber in one direction and actively positioning the light, e.g. laser, beam in a direction perpendicular to the first direction as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate in the X-Y plain.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus as defined herein, wherein said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate.
  • said scanning device comprises displacement of the process chamber as a means to change the position of the light, e.g. laser, beam on the substrate.
  • any driver known in the art able to precisely moving the components may be used.
  • linear motors, stepper motors, brushless DC motors or servo motors may be used. It is preferred that the drivers maneuver a threaded spindle connected to the process chamber.
  • the apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said apparatus further comprises a control module (20).
  • the control module can also be used to regulate the light source. As described above, the intensity and wavelength of the light can be regulated. Furthermore, whether the light is striking the surface of the solid support can also be regulated.
  • Control of the spatial coordinates of the light beam at a discrete location of the solid support for deprotection of the chemical units in the photoactive sector can be achieved by employing a shutter to block the light beam from striking the surface of the solid support or by causing a pulse of light through electronic control. Any means for pulsating the light beam can be used in an invention apparatus. Control of pulsation of the light can be conveniently regulated by a control module interfaced with a light source including, for example, a laser controller.
  • the apparatus may comprise an interrupter, to suspend the operation it is currently doing in favor of the operation that produced the interrupt signal.
  • the interrupter interrupts the light beam physically, when re-positioning the scanning device to a new location.
  • the interrupter may be controlled by a control module.
  • the light beam may be attenuated when positioned at or around the sensor units to reduce the energy density to avoid damaging the sensor unit, e.g. the photodetector.
  • the sensor unit (3) positioned in the substrate or at or alongside the process chamber is used to define the exact location reference of the light beam.
  • the method is particularly useful in applications where the light beam has to scan repeatedly and with high accuracy over the target during long periods of time.
  • the beam (6) is directed to the process chamber (1 ) while the control module (20) monitors the sensor units (3). Signals passed from the sensor units to the control module are used to control the beam by determining a profile of detector signal versus scanner position.
  • a first scan by the scanning device (5) across the sensor unit in the x-direction is made to determine the middle, i.e. x-center, of the sensor unit.
  • a second scan of the light beam across the sensor unit is made in a perpendicular direction to determine the scan position that corresponds to the y-center of the sensor unit. From these two perpendicular scans of the light beam, the x and y scanner coordinates to precisely place the beam at the known location of the sensor unit are calculated.
  • the light beam can be placed at the same position that the sensor unit was in during previous scans.
  • the terms “scanning” and “directing the light” are used interchangeably throughout the present invention.
  • the position of the light beam is calibrated, e.g. per scan.
  • calibration or “calibrating” refers to the act of checking and/or adjusting the accuracy of the position of the light beam by comparison with the position of the sensor units.
  • the sensor units function as a reference position and may be used for calibrating the light beam.
  • An alternative method for finding the center of a sensor unit is to scan the light beam across the sensor unit to locate multiple points (scanner X, Y coordinates are recorded for each point) on the circumference of the sensor unit, or along the perimeter of the sensor unit if the sensor unit is not circular, and then to use formulas, well known to those skilled in the art, to calculate the center of the sensor unit.
  • flanks of the beam profile at the position, where the beam has the maximum diameter in the x-direction or alternatively the y-direction can also be used to determine the light position of the laser beam.
  • the light beam After locating the scan position that corresponds to the center of the sensor unit, the light beam is moved to a different location by the scanning device. Typically the light beam is moved by a precision motion stage, e.g. the galvano mirrors, with a resolution on the order of 1 ⁇ m.
  • the light beam locating process (discussed above) is repeated to determine the position of the scanning device that corresponds to the new location.
  • the scanner coordinates for any point at the substrate can be calculated using well known interpolation or extrapolation methods.
  • the step of directing the light includes the step of using pre-selected scanning device position coordinates to direct and detect the light. The resolution and accuracy of the technique is only limited by the resolution of the scanning mechanism and the mirror positioning equipment.
  • an array of photodetectors e.g. a CCD
  • the center position of the light beam may be determined by calculating the centroid of the illuminated pixels, weighted by the intensity in each pixel. The calculation may be performed at periodic intervals (of time or increments of movement) or at preset scanner coordinates.
  • the present invention relates to a method as described herein, wherein the light is detected by the sensor units at predetermined intervals, wherein the predetermined intervals are intervals of time, and/or wherein the predetermined intervals are intervals of space.
  • the present invention thus provides a method as described herein, wherein the sensor unit for detecting the light is an array of photodetectors, each photodetector having a plurality of pixels, and the method further includes the steps of: calculating an intensity weighted centroid of pixels in the photodetectors illuminated by the light; and using the intensity weighted centroid as the light position coordinates when forming the scanning device position versus light position data.
  • the position of the scanning device e.g. the galvano mirror
  • the control module is responsible for moving the light beam panel in the X-Y plane, e.g. commanding the galvano mirror that positions the light beam in the X-Y plane and turning the laser on and off as required during movement.
  • the light beam is scanned over the substrate including the sensor units, where it is detected.
  • the position of the light beam when it is detected by the sensor unit, is correlated with the position of the scanning device. This correlated data is used to determine the scanner device position coordinates that correspond with a desired position of the light beam.
  • the system also allows operators to request an automatic calibration or automatic test to be initiated as required.
  • the present invention relates to a method for synthesizing biopolymers as described herein, comprising a step (f) of providing position coordinates to the scanning device to direct light to the at least one sensor unit.
  • step (f) is repeated after each cycle of steps (c) through (d), or complete scan of the substrate.
  • the apparatus and method of the present invention provides an automated process to accurately and automatically calibrate the position of the laser beams in X-Y fields.
  • the present invention relates to a method as described herein, wherein the light beam is directed to the at least one sensor unit is correlated with the position coordinates of the light.
  • the present invention thus provides a method for synthesizing biopolymers as described herein comprising the steps of: (i) directing the light to selected positions at the substrate and/or the process chamber;
  • scanning device position data versus light position data by creating associations between light position coordinates and scanning device position coordinates corresponding to the position of the scanning device when the light is detected; (iv) determining light position coordinates for a selected position of the light; and (v) calculating selected scanning device position coordinates that correspond with the selected position based on the scanning device position versus light position data.
  • the method includes a further step of using the selected scanning device position coordinates to position the light at the selected position.
  • the step of calculating the selected scanning device position coordinates may comprise the steps of: determining if coordinates of the selected position match light position coordinates in the scanning device position versus light position data; and if the coordinates of the selected position match light position coordinates, using scanning device position coordinates that correlate with matching light position coordinates for the selected scanning device position coordinates.
  • the step of calculating the desired scanning device position coordinates may comprise the steps of: determining if coordinates of the selected position match light position coordinates in the scanning device position versus beam position data; and if the coordinates of the selected position do not match light position coordinates, using interpolation techniques to determine the selected scanning device position coordinates based on light position coordinates in close proximity to the selected position based on the scanning device position versus light position data.
  • the process chamber (1 ) is suitable for receiving a substrate (2) on which the biopolymers are synthesized.
  • the chemicals necessary for the biopolymer, e.g. oligonucleotide, synthesis need to be distributed over the substrate. This process occurs in the process chamber.
  • the process chamber is a flow cell, comprising an inner space which can be sealed from the outside environment.
  • the flow cell comprises the substrate, a cover slide and sealing material.
  • the cover slide must be transparent for the desired wave lengths.
  • the cover slide is a glass-device (e.g. quartz) that is put on top of the substrate, i.e. the cover slide covers the array.
  • the cover slide creates a cavity that covers the area on the substrate, on which the biopolymers are synthesized.
  • the inner space of the flow cell has a small volume (e.g. 50 ⁇ l) to reduce the amount of the expensive chemicals that are used.
  • a specific internal feature of the flow cell is a triangular cavity with diamond shaped obstacles to create an even flow of solutions into the cavity that covers the substrate. This may help to avoid trapping of gaseous bubbles or cavities in the flow cell during synthesis.
  • an inlet is situated that is connected via tubing to an oligosynthesizer.
  • sealing material e.g. Kalrez; a perfluor-elastomer from DuPont
  • Any appropriate sealing material may be used.
  • the cover slide and the substrate slide are assembled in a flow cell holder.
  • the sealing between cover slide and substrate is compressed evenly with a predefined force. The force may be applied by several springs.
  • the cover slide with sealing is fixed within the flow cell holder.
  • the substrate may be inserted into the holder, with a sliding mechanism pressing the substrate onto the cover slide.
  • the flow cell holder preferably contains a fluid detection sensor on the outlet tube of the flow cell. This sensor detects if the flow cell chamber is filled with fluid.
  • exemplary suitable materials include, for example, acrylic, styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene/acrylic acid, acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS), ABS/polycarbonate, ABS/polysulfone, ABS/polyvinyl chloride, ethylene propylene, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), nitrocellulose, nylons (including nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 6/6-6, nylon 6/9, nylon 6/10, nylon 6/12, nylon 11 and nylon 12), polycarylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylate, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (including low density, linear low density, high density, cross-linked and ultra-high molecular weight grades), polypropylene homopolymer, polypropylene copolymers, polystyrene (including general purpose and high impact grades),
  • the substrate may be covered with a further material, e.g. a gel-like matrix, amino silane or hydroxylsilane.
  • the substrate can be coated with an organic polymer, to ensure the most optimal coupling of either the first building block, such as a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or a spacer/linker molecule.
  • Preferred coatings are chosen from isothiocyanate, 'superaldehyde', 3D- LinkTM or CodeLinkTM, mercaptosilane, EZ-RAYSTM and poly(dimethyl-siloxane), as described in Lindroos et al. (2001 Nucl Acids Res. Vol:29; No:13, e69; and Moorcroft et al. (2005 Nucl. Acids Res. VoI 33, No.8, e75), which are particularly incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
  • a wide variety of different molecules can be immobilized on the substrate of the present arrays.
  • the present methods are applicable to a wide variety of different molecules or receptors that may be placed on the substrate of the arrays.
  • the methods and arrays are particularly exemplified herein in terms of polynucleotides immobilized on a substrate, but they are equally applicable to other types of molecules.
  • one of skilled in the art could easily adapt the present methods and arrays to apply to other nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA), peptides, polypeptides, proteins, antibodies, carbohydrates, small biomolecules (e.g. drug candidates), or any other types of molecule that can be immobilized on a substrate by any method.
  • selected region e.g. the selected position intended for biopolymer synthesis, or “spot” are used interchangeably throughout the present invention.
  • the latter terms relate to individually, spatially addressable positions on the substrate.
  • the selected position is a localized area, typically on the surface of the substrate which is, was, or is intended to be used for biopolymer synthesis.
  • the synthesis of the biopolymers may be on the surface, e.g. of a substantially flat plane (external) or on the surface of depressions or recessions in a substrate (channels) or on both.
  • a biopolymer is synthesized at a spatially selected region, i.e. at a particular spot. Synthesis of biopolymers at different spatial addresses yields an array of biopolymers whose sequences are identifiable by their spatial addresses.
  • the arrays of the present invention may be of any desired size, from two spots to 10 6 spots or even more.
  • the upper and lower limits on the size of the substrate are determined solely by the practical considerations of working with extremely small or large substrates. For a given substrate size, the upper limit is determined only by the ability to synthesize and detect the biopolymers in a selected region in the array.
  • the preferred number of spots on an array generally depends on the particular use to which the array is to be put. For example, sequencing by hybridization will generally require large arrays, while mutation detection may require only a small array. In general, arrays contain from 2 to about 10 6 spots, or from about 4 to about 10 5 spots, or from about 8 to about 10 4 spots, or between about 10 and about 2000 spots, or from about 20 to about 200 spots.
  • spots on the array need to be unique. Indeed, in many applications, redundancies in the spots are desirable for the purposes of acting as internal controls.
  • each spot contains preferably an assembly of identical biopolymers.
  • the density of biopolymers per spot may vary, however.
  • a selected position, region or spot may have any convenient shape or geometry, e.g., circular, rectangular, elliptical, oval, wedge-shaped, spherical, etc.
  • a selected region as determined from the planar, two dimensional (2D) top surface of the substrate may be smaller than about 1 cm 2 or less than 1 mm 2 .
  • the regions have an area of less than 50.000 ⁇ m 2 , more usually less than 10.000 ⁇ m 2 and may be less than 100 ⁇ m 2 or may be less than 10 ⁇ m 2 .
  • the composition of the synthesized biopolymers is not critical. The only requirement is that they be capable of binding to a ligand, if any.
  • the biopolymers may include for example RNA and amino acids (peptides, proteins) that may or may not be modified, thus pure DNA, RNA and protein building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids), as well as those with particular modifications (fluorochromes, sugar group-glycoproteins, phosphate, methyl), and also those of which the building blocks themselves are already modified (DNA, LNA, synthetic amino acids).
  • the polynucleotides may be composed of all natural or all synthetic nucleotide bases, or a combination of both.
  • modified bases suitable for use with the instant invention are described, for example, in Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, G. Fasman, Ed., CRC Press, 1989, pp. 385-392. While in most instances the polynucleotides will be composed entirely of the natural bases (A, C, G, T or U), in certain circumstances the use of synthetic bases may be preferred.
  • the biopolymers are nucleic acids.
  • nucleic acid as used herein means a polymer composed of nucleotides (oligonucleotide), e.g.
  • ribonucleic acid and “RNA” as used herein means a polymer composed of ribonucleotides.
  • deoxyribonucleic acid and “DNA” as used herein means a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides.
  • oligonucleotide as used herein denotes single stranded nucleotide multimers of from about 10 to about 100 nucleotides in length.
  • polynucleotide refers to single or double stranded polymer composed of nucleotide monomers of from about 10 to about 100 nucleotides in length, usually of greater than about 100 nucleotides in length up to about 1000 nucleotides in length.
  • each biopolymer may be varied in order to match the binding characteristics of the ligand, e.g. the melting temperature of DNA probes.
  • the calculated melting temperature for all oligonucleotides may be set approximately equal. This allows choosing or optimizing the hybridization conditions more precisely. Furthermore, the chances for suboptimal hybridization conditions are decreased and more precise signals are obtained.
  • the present invention relates to a method of synthesizing arrays of oligonucleotides comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention relates to the method of as described above, wherein steps (c) through (d) are repeated a selected number of times to build up a selected number of levels of bases in an oligonucleotide array on the substrate.
  • steps (c) through (d) are repeated a selected number of times to build up a selected number of levels of bases in an oligonucleotide array on the substrate.
  • a selected nucleotide base is flowed over the substrate in step (c) to bind to selected positions utilizing phosphoramidite nucleotide synthesis.
  • the present invention relates to a method of synthesizing arrays of peptides or proteins comprising the steps of: (a) providing an apparatus as mentioned supra, wherein said substrate comprises active sites for peptide or protein synthesis;
  • the present invention relates to the method of as described above, wherein steps (c) through (d) are repeated a selected number of times to build up a selected number of levels of amino acids in a peptide or protein array on the substrate.
  • steps (c) through (d) are repeated a selected number of times to build up a selected number of levels of amino acids in a peptide or protein array on the substrate.
  • a selected amino acid is flowed over the substrate in step (c) to bind to selected positions utilizing phosphoramidite synthesis.
  • SPPS solid phase peptide synthesis
  • Boc-SPPS Boc-SPPS
  • Fmoc-SPPS Fmoc-SPPS
  • BOP-SPPS Benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris- (dimethyl-amino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
  • the apparatus according to the invention may be coupled to a DNA or amino acid synthesizer in order to control the flow of reaction liquids, i.e. suitable for directing a flow of appropriate compounds for the synthesis of biopolymers, such as oligonucleotides or peptides on the substrate.
  • a synthesizer e.g. a DNA or amino acid synthesizer.
  • the DNA oligosynthesizer may be a standard machine (e.g. Biosset) that handles a number of fluids essential to support a sequence of write operations: DIPEA (N-diisopropylethylamine), individual nucleotide base fluids (A,C,G,T) derivatized with NPPOC 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-propoxy- carbonyl), acetonitril solvent, all under inert gas (Argon) pressure.
  • the oligosynthesizer is controlled by a computer, e.g. a PC or the control module, to allow full control of the various washing steps.
  • nucleotide arrays can be used e.g. to characterize a DNA sample.
  • the DNA (ligand) in the sample is first labeled, e.g.
  • fluorochrome fluorescent moiety; examples of such moieties are:Cy3, Cy5 etc.
  • the coupled chains can subsequently be detected through the fluorochrome label, leading to characterization of the DNA sample based on its location on the array.
  • All known DNA micro-arrays are based on regular grid patterns, and use substantially flat substrates.
  • the present invention provides a method to check the quality of the micro-array experiment right after scanning. Specifically, a pattern of dense biopolymers is generated, which provides an indication of the quality of the binding experiment. With laser-directed synthesis of biopolymers, the biopolymers can be assembled in any pattern. The molecules of the biopolymers, e.g. the sequences of the DNA, in the pattern are all identical and the ligand, e.g. reverse complementary sequence, is added to the sample. After binding, e.g. hybridization, the patterns are discernable with the naked eye on an image of the scanned surface and indicate that the binding, e.g. hybridization, has succeeded or failed.
  • the patterns may provide an identification tag of the particular substrate, e.g. a sequence of numbers.
  • Generating patterns of biopolymers using a mask-less light beam has several advantages over other technologies that can be applied. Firstly, a continuous pattern can be generated. Neither Ink-jet technology nor mask-less lithography will offer the possibility to generate a continuous pattern. Secondly, using a light beam offers the flexibility to create any pattern designed for any biopolymer-sequence that is required in short term. Other platforms have various drawbacks. Using lithography in combination with masks to create a pattern of light is time-consuming, laborious and expensive. For each pattern and/or each new sequence new masks have to be manufactured before they are used to synthesize a biopolymer of specific sequence.
  • the present invention provides a method as described supra, wherein at least part of the oligonucleotides bound to said selected positions form a pattern.
  • the present invention provides a method as described supra, wherein at least part of the peptides or proteins bound to said selected positions form a pattern.
  • the selected regions on the substrate are spatially arranged and laid out in precise patterns, such as rows of dots, or rows of squares, or lines to form distinct arrays.
  • said patterns comprise non-square shapes, preferably selected from the group consisting of circles, lines, symbols, such as characters, fonts and icons, graphic images, such as logos, and patterns of irregular shapes.
  • said patterns comprise patterns of shapes on non-rectangular grids, preferably selected from the group of circles in hexagonal dense packing, regular patterns of non-square shapes, and patterns made up of subgroups of shapes where the pattern of the shapes or the pattern of the subgroups is superimposed on a flat or non-flat pattern on the substrate, such as grooves , e.g. channels, or wells.
  • tissue samples are organized in a regular pattern for parallel or simultaneous treatment. Most treatments involve hybridization of a probe of known sequence to the tissue sample for detection of genotype (DNA) or phenotype (RNA).
  • DNA genotype
  • RNA phenotype
  • FISH Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
  • a pattern of biopolymers, e.g. DNA is synthesized around or next to the appropriate sample that will detect the probe that is being applied to the sample.
  • the positive control will appear as a fluorescent pattern, e.g. a circle that circumvents the sample.
  • the present invention provides an array comprising oligonucleotides bound to selected positions, wherein said oligonucleotides are synthesized by the method described supra.
  • said oligonucleotides form patterns.
  • said pattern is used for detecting quality of binding between receptor and ligand, e.g. hybridization.
  • the present invention provides an array comprising peptides or proteins bound to selected positions, wherein said peptides or proteins are synthesized by the method described supra.
  • said peptides or proteins form patterns.
  • said pattern is used for detecting quality of binding between receptor and ligand.
  • the pattern is used for identifying individual arrays.
  • the present invention relates to (micro)arrays comprising channels.
  • the support has a surface with depressions or recessions, for instance one channel, and particularly preferable with a large number of channels.
  • the channels are preferably microchannels with a cross section of, for instance, 10 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the channels may be, depending on the surface properties, capillary channels, but also channels without capillary properties (for instance with a coating such as Teflon).
  • a two-layer structure is possible, and the layers can be joined together for example by gluing or bonding, or not.
  • the structure of the channels may in this case be introduced either only into one or else into both sides or halves.
  • Methods which can be used for production are, for example, laser, milling, etching techniques or injection molding. Injection molding is particularly cost-effective and allows adequate quality of fabrication. Other methods are the LIGA technique or hot molding.
  • a particularly preferred technique is the generation of channels using standard soft lithography (micro-moulding) as described by Moorcroft et al. (2005 Nucl. Acids Res. VoI 33, No.8, e75), which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • Various methods can be employed to produce the channels in the support. Account must be taken on the influence of the cross-sectional geometry of the channels, which has a great influence on the resulting hydrodynamic forces and the possibility of cleaning the channels.
  • channels very greatly reduces the amount of fluid required and, at the same time, increases the quality in the subsequent detection of a sample compared with the use of a single area.
  • the uniform wetting of channels is hydrodynamically very simple, consumes little fluid and therefore can be miniaturized and automated very easily. This applies in particular also to the need for adequate quality of the channel washing processes.
  • the fluid required is already reduced by 50% by the walls of the channels which, in principle, cover the space between two reaction regions in the support array. This applies both to the coating of the support during production, the synthesis of the biopolymers and to the "sample loading" for the analysis.
  • a further reduction in the amounts of fluid results from the good wetting of the channel walls by a fluid flowing through and, in particular, by the effective washing processes which can, for example, be greatly improved by "cleansing" gas bubbles in the channels.
  • good, statistically adequate distribution of the sample on a surface can be achieved only with a very large amount of sample.
  • a further advantage of the channels is that the cycle times are shorter, resulting from the smaller volumes of fluid and, associated with this, the faster chemical reactions and operations. This results in shorter synthesis and binding or hybridization times. This additionally results in a distinct reduction in errors both in production and in detection, which further increases the number of measurements which can be evaluated per usage of material and time, and forms the basis for quality assurance based on accurately definable and reproducible flow processes.
  • a large number of structures and microchannel courses is possible as arrangement of the channels on the detector area.
  • Parallel, meandering or "snake-shaped" structures, for example, are obvious for high parallelity of the fluidic processes.
  • the division of the channels could in this case take place according to the duality principle, where two new channels arise from each channel, and all of them are of equal length.
  • Spiral arrangements have the advantage that their flow processes are less turbulent and their cleaning is better.
  • Their great disadvantage is the feeding in and/or out, which must take place in the third dimension upward or downward. It is possible by use of a single, multiply coiled or spiral channel to establish a hybridization in the (slow) flow-through, which also makes it possible to detect rare events (for example rarely expressed genes). This introduces a chromatographic principle into DNA array technology.
  • production of the array of biopolymers consists of producing a substrate, which is preferably provided with (micro)channels, and of the biochemical coating process, preferably on the walls of the individual (micro)channels, so that subsequent synthesis of the biopolymers, for example oligonucleotides, in the channels is possible.
  • This entails site-specific attachment of individual biopolymer building blocks, e.g. oligomeric synthons (for example di-, tri-, tetra- or penta- nucleotides or whole base sequences oligos) in the individual channels in the support by means of photo-activation by a suitable light source.
  • the positions (selected positions) intended for synthesis of biopolymers in the channels of a substrate are filled with one or more fluids from containers via feed lines, valves and fittings. After completion of the reaction, the reaction regions are rinsed and refilled, after which another activation cycle follows. The progress of biopolymer synthesis can be followed and controlled by means of suitable detection units. As soon as the synthesis of the biopolymers is completed, the reaction regions are cleaned and are then available for an analyte determination method. This results in a large number of biopolymer-charged regions (specific binding or hybridization sites) in each channel, and each region serves, because of its individual biopolymer, for the binding and subsequent detection of a specific analyte, for example a DNA fragment.
  • the regions are separated from one another in one dimension of the planar support by the walls of the channels, and with photo-activated binding a corresponding free space is left between two adjacent regions along the individual channels.
  • the result is a highly parallel, highly integrated array of specific biopolymers.
  • the number, amount, and/or density of the synthesized biopolymers is preferably known and/or identical per spot in a particular location in the channel, e.g. biopolymer information per spot (BIS) should be identical and/or known in the channels.
  • biopolymer information per spot BIS
  • in situ synthesis of biopolymers in channels is particularly sensitive to drift and imperfections of the optical (e.g. lenses and mirrors), and mechanical (e.g. drivers, motors and scanners) systems.
  • the present invention relates particularly to an apparatus for use in synthesis of an array of biopolymers as described above, comprising: a process chamber comprising a substrate with an active surface on which the array(s) may be formed, wherein said active surface is formed by channels.
  • a process chamber comprising a substrate with an active surface on which the array(s) may be formed, wherein said active surface is formed by channels.
  • the present invention relates also to (micro)arrays comprising channels.
  • the (surface) area, e.g. diameter, of the light beam contacting the substrate overlaps and is larger than the cross section of (micro)channels, or when the light beam moves (and thus illuminates and photo-activates) perpendicular to or substantially perpendicular to the length axis or direction of the channels.
  • the total area illuminated thus extends to, and preferably over the sides, e.g. over the periphery, of the channel.
  • the structure of the channels may be introduced only into one side or halve (A).
  • the biopolymers can be synthesized on the other side or halve (B), after which the sides or halves (A) and (B) are aligned and joined together.
  • the spot of biopolymers synthesized on (B) is preferably larger than the cross section of channel on (A).
  • the present invention relates preferably to a method of synthesizing arrays of biopolymers as described above, on a substrate comprising at least one (micro)channel, wherein the selected position on the substrate is larger than the cross section of said (micro)channel.
  • the selected position extends to and preferably extends over the sides of the channel.
  • the present invention relates to a substrate comprising at least one channel and at last one biopolymer at a spot or spatially selected region, characterized in that said spot or spatially selected region overlaps a channel.
  • overlaps refers to an area covering part of said channel and extending to and preferably over the sides or periphery of said channel.
  • the diameter of said spot or spatially selected region in the length axis as opposed to the latitude may be larger than the cross section of said channel.
  • the said spot or spatially selected region intersects with the channel.
  • the invention relates to methods as described herein, wherein at least one selected position is located in a channel.
  • said selected position extends to the sides of said channel.
  • said selected position on the substrate overlaps a channel.
  • said selected position extends over the sides of said channel.
  • said selected position is larger than the cross section of said channel.
  • the invention relates to substrate comprising at least one channel and at least one biopolymer at a spatially selected region, characterized in that said spatially selected region overlaps a channel. It is further preferred that said substrate comprises at least one channel and at least one biopolymer at a selected position, wherein said at least one selected position is located in a channel, characterized in that the diameter of said at least selected position is larger than the cross section of said channel. Even more preferably, said selected position extends to the sides of said channel. Even more preferably, said selected position on the overlaps said channel. Even more preferably, said selected position extends over the sides of said channel.
  • UV light from a laser as described above hits the substrate on a selected region, and a photo labile group (NPPOC, 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-propoxycarbonyl) or a structurally related NPPOC compound was activated and removed from the last nucleotide or a spacer (the nucleotide is de-capped).
  • the substrate was covered with a liquid (DIPEA), which allows a more efficient removal of the NPPOC protective caps.
  • DIPEA N-diisopropylethylamine; EDIPA
  • DIPEA N-diisopropylethylamine
  • acetonitril containing a single nucleotide base (A, C, G or T) was flushed over the microscope slide surface.
  • the nucleotides that have to bind have a phosphoamidite moiety (a specific side chain of the nucleotide) at one site and a NPPOC moiety at another site of the molecule.
  • an activator 4,5 dicyanoimidazole, DCI
  • the phosphoamidite group was removed and the remaining part of the nucleotide reacts with any -OH group. The excess fluid is washed off with acetonitril.
  • Cap A (containing tetrahydrofurane (THF) and acetic anhydride) and Cap B (containing THF, pyridine and 1- methylimidazole) are added to block remaining hydroxyl groups for being elongated in consecutive steps.
  • Oxidizer (THF, iodine, pyridine and water) is added create a stronger bond from a phosphorous di-ester group to a phosphate group with the previous nucleotide. All reagents for synthesis are bought through Sigma-Proligo. All fluids are displaced with an inert gas, argon.
  • micro-array of example 1 is subjected to a hybridization experiment with a fluorescently labeled probe.
  • Resequencing entails the synthesis of 25-mers to determine the sequence of a stretch of DNA. Each 25-mer is complementary to the sequence, that is interrogated, but at one position. At this position all four bases are tested, resulting in four oligonucleotides of identical sequence but at one position.
  • the target sequence the stretch of 60 nucleotides, interacts most strongly with the one of the four oligonucleotides that is the most similar (In effect most of the times it is identical). This oligonucleotide gives the highest signal.
  • the synthesized oligonucleotides are shifted by one nucleotide upstream or down stream.
  • the two 60 nt oligonucleotide were labeled differently, one with a red fluorescent label and one with a green fluorescent label.
  • tissue samples are organized in a regular pattern for parallel or simultaneous treatment.
  • a pattern of DNA is synthesized around or next to an appropriate tissue sample.
  • An RNA probe is fluorescently labeled for Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). The probe is hybridized to the tissue sample and the DNA pattern.
  • FISH Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

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Abstract

Cette invention s'applique d'une manière générale au domaine de la biologie et en particulier à des techniques et à un appareil pour la synthèse et l'analyse de biopolymères utilisant des micro-réseaux. L'invention un appareil et des procédés améliorés pour la définition d'emplacements de réseaux actifs pour chaque opération d'addition de nucléotide, en améliorant la précision, la souplesse, la vitesse et les performances. L'appareil comprend une chambre de traitement, une source de lumière (par exemple un laser), un dispositif de balayage et au moins une unité de détection qui détecte la lumière reçue. L'unité de détection, qui fonctionne comme position de référence, peut être utilisée pour étalonner le faisceau lumineux. Les informations destinées aux unités de détection permettent de compenser la dérive de décalage, la dérive de gain ou les pertes de puissance laser. De plus, la présente invention s'intéresse à la synthèse de biopolymères, par exemple des séquences ADN, des peptides, des glucides et des lipides, exécutée selon un procédé de séquencement sur la surface activée ou chimiquement inerte d'un substrat. Des séquences sans partition sont revendiquées en tant qu'extension non évidente d'une génération de séquence à base de laser dans des réseaux. Sont également revendiqués les substrats comprenant au moins un canal et au moins un biopolymère au niveau d'une zone spatialement choisie, qui s'étend sur les côtés du canal.
PCT/EP2007/061235 2006-10-23 2007-10-19 Procédés et système pour étalonner la mise au point et la position de lasers dans des puces à adn WO2008049795A1 (fr)

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US9624537B2 (en) 2014-10-24 2017-04-18 Quantapore, Inc. Efficient optical analysis of polymers using arrays of nanostructures
US9651539B2 (en) 2012-10-28 2017-05-16 Quantapore, Inc. Reducing background fluorescence in MEMS materials by low energy ion beam treatment
US9862997B2 (en) 2013-05-24 2018-01-09 Quantapore, Inc. Nanopore-based nucleic acid analysis with mixed FRET detection
US9885079B2 (en) 2014-10-10 2018-02-06 Quantapore, Inc. Nanopore-based polymer analysis with mutually-quenching fluorescent labels
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US12227775B2 (en) 2017-05-22 2025-02-18 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Modified template-independent DNA polymerase

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