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WO2007073665A1 - Dispositif et systeme de generation d'electricite eolienne - Google Patents

Dispositif et systeme de generation d'electricite eolienne Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007073665A1
WO2007073665A1 PCT/CN2006/003370 CN2006003370W WO2007073665A1 WO 2007073665 A1 WO2007073665 A1 WO 2007073665A1 CN 2006003370 W CN2006003370 W CN 2006003370W WO 2007073665 A1 WO2007073665 A1 WO 2007073665A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid
wind
generator
hydraulic pump
hydraulic motor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2006/003370
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
Xiaoping Duan
Original Assignee
Xiaoping Duan
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xiaoping Duan filed Critical Xiaoping Duan
Publication of WO2007073665A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007073665A1/fr

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/10Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy
    • F03D9/17Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy storing energy in pressurised fluids
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D15/00Transmission of mechanical power
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D15/00Transmission of mechanical power
    • F03D15/10Transmission of mechanical power using gearing not limited to rotary motion, e.g. with oscillating or reciprocating members
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00Function
    • F05B2260/40Transmission of power
    • F05B2260/406Transmission of power through hydraulic systems
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/16Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to wind power generation technology and, more particularly, to a liquid power type wind power generation apparatus and system. Background technique
  • Wind power technology originated in Europe, and countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany have been developing and advocating wind power for more than 20 years. Since the birth of wind power technology, it has undergone continuous improvement, and has developed into a relatively mature horizontal axis, three-blade, tapered tubular tower and other structural forms.
  • Current large wind turbines typically use a horizontal shaft type consisting of a tower, a rotor, a gearbox (acceleration gearbox), a generator, an offset device, a control system, and the like.
  • the role of the wind wheel is to convert wind energy into mechanical energy. It consists of a vane with good gas flow performance on the axle.
  • the low-speed rotating wind turbine accelerates the gearbox through the transmission mechanism, and then transmits the power to the generator.
  • the wind wheel is supported by a tall tower. Since the wind direction will change frequently, in order to effectively use the wind energy, an automatic windward offset device must be provided, which according to the wind direction signal measured by the wind direction sensor, and then pushes the wind wheel to keep it Face the windward side. It can be seen that the traditional wind power generation device has a one-to-one mechanical connection relationship between the wind wheel, the transmission mechanism and the generator, and this feature causes the following problems in the existing wind power generation technology.
  • the rotation speed is usually low, about 30 rpm. This extremely low speed is far from the economic speed of the generator.
  • the shaft is directly coupled, the size, weight and cost of the generator will be greatly increased.
  • an appropriate mechanical shifting device is required.
  • the existing products usually have a multi-stage planetary gearbox mounted on the tower, and the speed increase ratio is 50-70 or even 80 or more.
  • the box is very bulky and weighs 50 to 100 tons, making it very difficult to transport and install.
  • the insertion loss of the multi-stage speed increasing mechanism will also reduce the efficiency of the entire generator set, which will reduce the efficiency of the whole machine by about 26%, resulting in serious waste of supporting resources.
  • the present invention solves the problems of high cost and the like caused by the conventional mechanical power transmission device due to the use of a purely mechanical transmission mode. .
  • the present invention provides a wind power generation apparatus including a tower, a wind wheel, a generator, and a transmission mechanism that can transmit power of the wind turbine to the generator to drive it to rotate;
  • the transmission mechanism includes: a hydraulic pump that can pressurize and output the input liquid when rotating, a hydraulic motor that can generate a rotating effect under the driving of the high-pressure liquid, and a liquid storage tank for storing an appropriate amount of the transmission liquid;
  • a rotating shaft of the hydraulic pump is directly or indirectly connected to a rotating shaft of the wind wheel, and a high pressure output port of the hydraulic pump is connected to a high pressure input port of the hydraulic motor through a first infusion tube, and the low pressure of the hydraulic pump The input port is connected to the outlet of the liquid storage tank through a second infusion tube;
  • the rotating shaft of the hydraulic motor is directly or indirectly connected to the rotating shaft of the generator, and the low-pressure output port of the hydraulic motor is connected to the input port of the liquid storage tank through a third infusion pipe.
  • the present invention also provides a wind power generation system including a tower, a wind wheel, a generator, and a transmission mechanism that can transmit power of the wind turbine to the generator to drive it to rotate;
  • the transmission mechanism includes: a hydraulic pump that can pressurize and output the input liquid when rotating, a hydraulic motor that can generate a rotating effect under the driving of the high-pressure liquid, a liquid collection tank for collecting the multi-channel high-pressure liquid, and a storage tank for storing a suitable amount of the transmission liquid;
  • the tower, the wind wheel and the hydraulic pump in the wind power generation system are each N, and share the same set of hydraulic motor, liquid collection tank, liquid storage tank and generator, wherein N is an integer greater than 1;
  • a wind wheel is arranged on each tower, and the rotating shaft of each wind wheel is directly or indirectly connected with the rotating shaft of a hydraulic pump; the output port of each hydraulic pump is input through the first infusion tube and the liquid collecting tank Port connection, the input port of each hydraulic pump is connected to the output port of the liquid storage tank via a second infusion tube; the rotating shaft of the hydraulic motor is directly or indirectly connected with the rotating shaft of the generator; The input port of the motor is connected to the output port of the liquid collecting tank via a fourth infusion tube, and the output port of the hydraulic motor is connected to the input port of the liquid storage tank via a third infusion tube.
  • the power transmission is no longer transmitted by the conventional gear transmission mechanism, but the power is transmitted through the liquid and the corresponding device.
  • the energy loss of the liquid transmission mode is small, and the generator is easily realized. Push the hook.
  • the power of multiple wind turbines can be concentrated to the same generator through the collection of liquid pipelines, thereby saving construction costs and improving power generation efficiency. Since the same generator can be driven by a plurality of wind wheels, the volume of the wind wheel can be reduced accordingly, thereby reducing other additional manufacturing costs.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a wind power generator in a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a wind power generation system in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. detailed description
  • Fig. 1 the principle of the wind power generator is shown in Fig. 1.
  • the thick arrows in the figure indicate the mechanical shaft drive, and the thin line arrows indicate the liquid drive.
  • the wind power generator includes a wind wheel 101, a hydraulic pump 102, a hydraulic motor 104, a generator 105, a reservoir 106, and three infusion tubes 107, 109, 110.
  • the specific implementation of course, towers, offset devices, control circuits, etc. are also included, but only the parts related to the working principle of the wind power generation device are mainly described here.
  • the wind wheel 101 is used to convert wind energy into rotational mechanical energy.
  • the working principle, structure, and the like of the wind wheel it is a mature prior art.
  • the wind blows it can be rotated by the wind and outputted to the hydraulic pump 102 connected thereto through the rotating shaft.
  • the inventors of the present invention will also improve the structure of the wind wheel in subsequent patents to enhance its real-time automatic offset to adapt to the current wind direction.
  • the hydraulic pump 102 is used to add the input liquid (by the hydraulic oil) to a high pressure and then output.
  • the rotating shaft of the hydraulic pump is fixedly coupled to the rotating shaft of the wind wheel so as to be rotatable in synchronization with the wind wheel.
  • the transmission liquid can be sucked from the reservoir tank 106 through the second infusion tube 110, pressurized, and output through the first infusion tube 107.
  • a rotary hydraulic pump is used. During the rotation process, the volume of the suction chamber is generated from a small to large vacuum, and the volume of the oil discharge chamber is Large and small squeeze oil and drain oil. If a multi-stage hydraulic pump is used, the pressure of the transmission fluid can be discharged to 10-25 MPa.
  • the inventors of the present invention will also improve the structure of the hydraulic pump in subsequent patents to enhance its pressurization efficiency.
  • the action of the hydraulic motor 104 is exactly the opposite of that of the hydraulic pump, which receives the high pressure liquid that the hydraulic pump inputs through the first infusion tube 107, and generates rotation under the action of the high pressure liquid.
  • the rotating shaft of the hydraulic motor 104 is fixedly connected to the rotating shaft of the generator 105, so that the synchronous rotation of the generator can be driven. High pressure After the liquid flows through the hydraulic motor and drives it to rotate, the pressure is released and flows into the reservoir tank 106 through the third infusion tube 109.
  • a rotary hydraulic motor is used in this embodiment. The inventors of the present invention will also improve the structure of the hydraulic pump in subsequent patents to enhance its pressurization efficiency.
  • the generator 105 in this embodiment may be a direct current generator or an alternator, which rotates in synchronization with the hydraulic motor, thereby converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and outputting it to a corresponding load.
  • the reservoir 106 in this embodiment is used to store an appropriate amount of transmission fluid to ensure proper flow of the transmission fluid between the various components.
  • the components in the above embodiments are no longer a simple mechanical connection, but a hydraulic transmission effect is introduced so that the power of the wind turbine can be transmitted to the generator at a remote location through the infusion tube. Based on this, the wind power generation system shown in Fig. 2 can be further produced.
  • the liquid collecting tank 103 and the fourth infusion pipe 108 are added to the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, and two sets of wind wheel + hydraulic pump set are provided.
  • more sets of wind wheel + hydraulic pump set can be set, that is to say, the tower, the wind wheel and the hydraulic pump in the wind power generation system can be N, and share the same set of hydraulic motor and liquid collecting tank , a reservoir and a generator, where N is an integer greater than one.
  • the liquid collection tank 103 is configured to receive the high pressure liquid outputted by each of the hydraulic pumps 102, and is collectively outputted to the same hydraulic motor 104 through the fourth infusion tube 108.
  • the rotating shaft of each wind wheel is directly or indirectly connected with the rotating shaft of a hydraulic pump, so that the hydraulic pump can be driven to rotate together;
  • the output port of each hydraulic pump passes through a first infusion tube and a liquid collecting tank
  • the input port is connected, and the input port of each hydraulic pump is connected to the output port of the reservoir through a second infusion tube. Therefore, in this embodiment, there are two first infusion tubes 107 and two second infusion tubes 110.
  • the output of the hydraulic motor is still connected to the input port of the reservoir through the third infusion tube 109.
  • the power is no longer transmitted by the conventional gear transmission mechanism, but the power is transmitted through the liquid and the corresponding device, and the energy loss of the liquid transmission method.
  • the power of multiple wind turbines can be concentrated to the same generator through the collection of liquid pipelines, thereby saving construction costs and improving power generation efficiency. Since the same generator can be driven by a plurality of wind wheels, the volume of the wind wheel can be reduced accordingly, thereby reducing the other: additional manufacturing costs.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une technique de génération d'électricité éolienne qui résout des problèmes, comme le coût élevé du dispositif traditionnel de génération d'électricité éolienne, ce coût résultant de la transmission mécanique. Cette invention a aussi trait à un dispositif de génération d'électricité éolienne, dans lequel une roue éolienne (101) fait tourner une pompe hydraulique (102) qui met sous pression le liquide entrant (généralement, de l'huile hydraulique) et le décharge vers un moteur hydraulique (104) à travers une conduite de transmission (107), le liquide mis sous pression fait alors tourner le moteur hydraulique (104) qui fait fonctionner un générateur électrique (105) de manière à produire de l'électricité. Parallèlement au dispositif de génération d'électricité éolienne, un accumulateur hydraulique (103) sert à collecter plusieurs conduites de liquide mis sous une pression très élevée, N ensembles de ces roues éoliennes (101) et pompes hydrauliques (102) partagent un ensemble de moteur hydraulique (104), d'accumulateur hydraulique (103), de réservoir (106) et de générateur (105), N représentant un nombre entier supérieur à un.
PCT/CN2006/003370 2005-12-12 2006-12-12 Dispositif et systeme de generation d'electricite eolienne WO2007073665A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN200510120802.7 2005-12-12
CNA2005101208027A CN1982700A (zh) 2005-12-12 2005-12-12 一种风力发电装置和系统

Publications (1)

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WO2007073665A1 true WO2007073665A1 (fr) 2007-07-05

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WO (1) WO2007073665A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008113699A2 (fr) * 2007-03-21 2008-09-25 Rle-International Gmbh Dispositif de conversion d'énergie à système d'entraînement hydraulique
WO2012016319A1 (fr) * 2010-08-05 2012-02-09 Crosswind Power Systems Inc. Procédé et système d'exploitation de l'énergie éolienne utilisant une voilure captive

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102562481A (zh) * 2011-12-16 2012-07-11 三一电气有限责任公司 一种增速装置及风力发电机组
CN102562475A (zh) * 2012-02-27 2012-07-11 三一电气有限责任公司 风力发电机组及其液压马达
CN103016280A (zh) * 2013-01-07 2013-04-03 上海双菱风能电力设备有限公司 一种大功率风机液压传动装置
CN103047088B (zh) * 2013-01-15 2016-05-25 青岛经济技术开发区泰合海浪能研究中心 塔架式多级液压垂直轴风力发电机
CN104153939A (zh) * 2014-07-29 2014-11-19 蓝海波 一种液压发电机
CN105201748A (zh) * 2015-09-30 2015-12-30 王相民 一种利用蓄电、风电互补的动力装置
CN107499144A (zh) * 2016-06-14 2017-12-22 李江平 一种高速行驶车辆自发电装置
CN110617177A (zh) * 2018-06-20 2019-12-27 河南博奇新能源技术开发有限公司 一种风力液压发电系统及其应用方法
CN109882361A (zh) * 2018-07-04 2019-06-14 林志贺 一种群力流体发电装置及其储能装置

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GB1514995A (en) * 1976-07-19 1978-06-21 Lawson Tancred H Windmill generation of electricity
US4498017A (en) * 1982-12-16 1985-02-05 Parkins William E Generating power from wind
EP0167694A1 (fr) * 1984-06-08 1986-01-15 Alessandro Marinucci Dispositif d'interception et de stockage de l'énergie éolienne et son utilisation
JPS61212674A (ja) * 1985-03-19 1986-09-20 Matsushita Seiko Co Ltd 風車の動力伝達装置
WO1994019065A1 (fr) * 1993-02-23 1994-09-01 Leader Industries, Inc. Sangle de lunette et element de separation de sangle associe
CN2307395Y (zh) * 1997-07-23 1999-02-10 蔡振林 风力发电机组的主传动装置
JP2004218436A (ja) * 2003-01-09 2004-08-05 National Maritime Research Institute 風力発電装置
CN2707994Y (zh) * 2004-06-05 2005-07-06 刘世华 顺风发电装置
CN1668847A (zh) * 2002-05-16 2005-09-14 Mlh环球有限公司 具有液压传动装置的风轮机
JP2005248738A (ja) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-15 Fuchu Giken:Kk 風力発電装置の運転制御方法
CN1740559A (zh) * 2005-09-15 2006-03-01 柳海源 组合风能液压变功率发电设备
CN1749560A (zh) * 2005-10-12 2006-03-22 孙志永 集风电场
CN2781026Y (zh) * 2005-02-04 2006-05-17 范艳君 风力、水力聚能发电机组

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1514995A (en) * 1976-07-19 1978-06-21 Lawson Tancred H Windmill generation of electricity
US4498017A (en) * 1982-12-16 1985-02-05 Parkins William E Generating power from wind
EP0167694A1 (fr) * 1984-06-08 1986-01-15 Alessandro Marinucci Dispositif d'interception et de stockage de l'énergie éolienne et son utilisation
JPS61212674A (ja) * 1985-03-19 1986-09-20 Matsushita Seiko Co Ltd 風車の動力伝達装置
WO1994019065A1 (fr) * 1993-02-23 1994-09-01 Leader Industries, Inc. Sangle de lunette et element de separation de sangle associe
CN2307395Y (zh) * 1997-07-23 1999-02-10 蔡振林 风力发电机组的主传动装置
CN1668847A (zh) * 2002-05-16 2005-09-14 Mlh环球有限公司 具有液压传动装置的风轮机
JP2004218436A (ja) * 2003-01-09 2004-08-05 National Maritime Research Institute 風力発電装置
JP2005248738A (ja) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-15 Fuchu Giken:Kk 風力発電装置の運転制御方法
CN2707994Y (zh) * 2004-06-05 2005-07-06 刘世华 顺风发电装置
CN2781026Y (zh) * 2005-02-04 2006-05-17 范艳君 风力、水力聚能发电机组
CN1740559A (zh) * 2005-09-15 2006-03-01 柳海源 组合风能液压变功率发电设备
CN1749560A (zh) * 2005-10-12 2006-03-22 孙志永 集风电场

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008113699A2 (fr) * 2007-03-21 2008-09-25 Rle-International Gmbh Dispositif de conversion d'énergie à système d'entraînement hydraulique
WO2008113699A3 (fr) * 2007-03-21 2009-04-02 Rle Internat Gmbh Dispositif de conversion d'énergie à système d'entraînement hydraulique
WO2012016319A1 (fr) * 2010-08-05 2012-02-09 Crosswind Power Systems Inc. Procédé et système d'exploitation de l'énergie éolienne utilisant une voilure captive
US9046072B2 (en) 2010-08-05 2015-06-02 Crosswind Power Systems Inc. Method and system for harnessing wind energy using a tethered airfoil

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