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WO2007067680A9 - Caractérisation d'analyse à base particulaire - Google Patents

Caractérisation d'analyse à base particulaire

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Publication number
WO2007067680A9
WO2007067680A9 PCT/US2006/046661 US2006046661W WO2007067680A9 WO 2007067680 A9 WO2007067680 A9 WO 2007067680A9 US 2006046661 W US2006046661 W US 2006046661W WO 2007067680 A9 WO2007067680 A9 WO 2007067680A9
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sample
particle
analyte
label
detection moiety
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2006/046661
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2007067680A2 (fr
WO2007067680A3 (fr
Inventor
Kamala Tyagarajan
Dianne M Fishwild
David A King
Original Assignee
Guava Technologies
Kamala Tyagarajan
Dianne M Fishwild
David A King
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Guava Technologies, Kamala Tyagarajan, Dianne M Fishwild, David A King filed Critical Guava Technologies
Priority to CA002632261A priority Critical patent/CA2632261A1/fr
Priority to US12/096,342 priority patent/US20090220989A1/en
Priority to EP06848541A priority patent/EP1957982A2/fr
Publication of WO2007067680A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007067680A2/fr
Publication of WO2007067680A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007067680A3/fr
Publication of WO2007067680A9 publication Critical patent/WO2007067680A9/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
    • G01N33/54346—Nanoparticles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G01N33/582—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with fluorescent label

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods, articles and compositions relating to particle-based characterization of one or more analytes in a sample.
  • Particle-based assays in the past have often used microspheres and particles of uniform sizes and/or shapes for the evaluation of analytes in fluids of biological origin/media. Very often the size of the beads used has been dictated by the specific sample handling procedures such as washing by filtration, magnetization, and/or centrifugation.
  • bead sizes used for cytometry have been used in the 2 micron range or greater so a uniform population is detected (e.g. Luminex, BD, Bangs) and so they can be distinctly separated when multiplexed. Smaller particles than these sizes are difficult to utilize in procedures using wash and/or separation steps.
  • the larger size particles currently used in detection procedures are employed where analyte concentration is low or greater sensitivity is needed, typically in the pg/mL or ng/mL range.
  • analytes routinely exist in much higher amounts (in the low microgram to hundreds of micro gram/mL), and can only be used with existing particle-based assays with large and/or multiple dilutions, which are inconvenient and are not practical when multiple samples need to be analyzed. Additionally, in some settings, analytes may exist along with impurities that bind to the particles being used for analyte characterization and further decrease and/or modulate the range of detection due to the blocking of binding sites by impurities or interfering proteins or other molecules.
  • Figure 1 depicts the use of a Guava® Technologies cytometry platform in the detection of an expressed cellular antigen using an analyte-specific primary antibody and a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic depiction of the use of a particle-based assay for detection of a representative sample analyte (an antibody in a hybridoma supernatant) using a Guava® Technologies platform.
  • Figure 3 is a depiction of the process steps used in carrying out a particle-based analyte assay on a Guava® EasyCyte apparatus.
  • Figure 4 provides examples of use of a particle-based assay for determining total mouse IgG on a Guava® Technologies platform.
  • Figure 5A demonstrates the results from a typical calibration curve for an isotype-specific assay for a specific isotype of murine antibody using a particle-based assay on a Guava® Technologies platform.
  • Fig. 5B shows that a panel of isotype-specific assays can be used to identify the isotype of an antibody of unknown isotype that is specific for an analyte of interest.
  • Figure 6 depicts the compatibility of the methods in characterizing test analytes in various cell culture media.
  • Figure 7 depicts a standard curve obtained using a method of the invention to analyze mouse IgG in test samples at known concentrations.
  • Figure 8 A demonstrates the correlation between concentrations determined using absorbance readings versus those obtained using a particle-based assay of the invention.
  • Figure 8B demonstrates that accurate concentration predictions for different murine antibody isotypes can be obtained using the methods of the invention.
  • Figure 9 depicts results obtained from a murine high-capacity immunoglobulin quantitation assay provided. A different linear range was obtained by adjusting the quantities of reagents used, demonstrating that assays can be prepared for a wide variety of analyte using the methods of the invention.
  • Figure 10 depicts results obtained from an assay embodiment for quantitating total human IgG in a sample. A linear range of 0.5-20 ug/ml was seen using 7.5 ul of supernatant.
  • Figure 11 demonstrates the results of a universal human IgG quantitation assay in a particle-based assay format.
  • the assay was found to accurately measure the concentrations of human antibodies of the IgGl, IgG2, IgG2 and IgG4 isotypes.
  • the methods comprise contacting a sample suspected of containing the analyte with a non-uniform particle comprising a capture molecule, and further contacting the particle with a detection moiety comprising a label that permits detection of the analyte when associated with the particle.
  • the methods may be performed to detect and/or quantitate analyte in the sample.
  • the methods may be performed in an automated manner, and may use an optical and/or cytometric apparatus for performing the method(s).
  • the methods may further be performed with automated vessel-processing apparatus(es), such as plate loaders, plate washers, etc.
  • complexes containing the described materials formed by an assay of the invention including excited state complexes. Kits useful for performing such methods are also provided. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the invention provides methods in which one or more analytes in a sample may be characterized using non-uniform particles comprising capture molecules specific for the analyte(s).
  • the particles interact in a solution with a sample suspected of comprising the analyte(s).
  • the particles are contacted with labeled detector(s) that can be localized to the particles via a binding means when the analyte is bound to the particle.
  • a single assay mixture using a fluorescently-labeled detector can be applied to a cytometry platform for analysis without additional clean up steps and the fluorescent response of the particle-bound analyte can be compared to a standard curve to quantitate the analyte of interest.
  • Higher sensitivity detection may be obtained using biotinylated detectors followed by binding to labeled streptavidin probes to amplify the signal.
  • non-fluorescent non-uniform particles are used for binding analytes in a no-wash procedure. These particles, which now have analytes and labeled analyte- binding species bound to them, can be detected with a specific fluorescent detector. Detection can be performed on a cytometry platform (e.g., from Guava® Technologies, Hayward, CA) where fluorescent intensities of the particles can be obtained. Exemplary systems are described in U.S. Pats. Nos. 5,798,222, 6,710,871 and 6,816,257. Desirably, a standard curve can be used to determine the concentration of analyte(s) of interest.
  • a standard curve can be used to determine the concentration of analyte(s) of interest.
  • wash and/or separation steps may be incorporated at any stage of the assays described herein; conveniently, embodiments of the invention which do not require wash or separation steps are also provided, which can provide labor, reagent, cost and/or time savings.
  • the sample is provided in at least one well or vessel of a multiwell or multivessel platform, for example using a multiwell plate.
  • the sample can be provided in a single discrete vessel, for example in a tube, a microtube or a capillary.
  • the assay formats can be applied to any cytometry or imaging based platform.
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising a fluid medium; providing a first particle comprising or a plurality of first particles each comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle or each of said plurality having a nonuniform (nonspherical) shape, and wherein one, two and/or three dimensions (X-, Y- and/or Z- dimensions), or all dimensions, of the particle(s) may be less than 2 microns; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label, which label may be optically detectable and may be fluorescent, or may be capable of binding a substance that is optically detectable and that may be fluorescent, and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the first particle with the sample and with the first detection moiety, sequentially or simultaneously (in some embodiment
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising a fluid medium; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle having at least one diameter of less than 2 microns; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the first particle with the sample and with the first detection moiety; and determining whether the first label is associated with the first particle.
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising a fluid medium; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle having a diameter of less than 2 microns; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first fluorescent label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the first particle with the sample and with the first detection moiety; automatically withdrawing a test volume of fluid comprising the first particle; illuminating the test volume with an excitation source; analyzing the test volume for fluorescence emission; and analyzing the test volume for at least one scatter parameter.
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising a fluid medium; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle having at least one dimension of less than 2 microns and having a non-uniform shape and a higher binding capacity for the first analyte as compared to a spherical particle of the same volume; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the first particle with the sample and with the first detection moiety, and optionally creating a test sample by simultaneously contacting the first particle, the sample and the first detection moiety in a fluid medium; and optionally withdrawing a test volume of fluid suspected of comprising the first particle, which may be performed automatically; analyzing the test sample or a portion thereof or the test
  • determining the presence and/or concentration of an analyte of interest can comprise any technique known in the art that can provide such information.
  • the methods can employ optical detection of the first label, which can provide information as to whether the first label is present at a level above background, indicating the analyte is present in the sample.
  • the amount of first label may be quantitated and used to determine the amount of analyte present in the sample.
  • determining whether the first particle is associated with the first label, and/or determining the presence and/or concentration of the analyte of interest in the sample can comprise illuminating a test volume, test sample, solution, and/or particle with an excitation source; analyzing for a fluorescence emission upon excitation; and optionally analyzing for a scatter parameter.
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising a fluid medium; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle having at least one dimension of less than 2 microns and having a non-uniform shape and an increased surface area as compared to a spherical particle of the same volume; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the first particle with the sample and with the first detection moiety, and optionally creating a test sample by simultaneously contacting the first particle, the sample and the first detection moiety in a fluid medium; and optionally withdrawing a test volume of fluid suspected of comprising the first particle, which may be performed automatically; analyzing the test sample or a portion thereof or the test volume for an emission associated with the first label
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte and further suspected of comprising a population of cells, said sample comprising a fluid medium, said cells suspected of comprising a cellular detection moiety; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle having a non-uniform shape, said first particle being optically distinguishable from said cells; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; providing a second detection moiety comprising a second label and a second binding means that localizes the second detection moiety to the cellular detection moiety when present, wherein the first and second labels are optically distinguishable labels; contacting the first particle with the sample and with the first detection moiety, and contacting the second detection moiety with the sample or a component thereof suspected of comprising the population
  • the capillary may having an internal diameter sufficient to pass one particle, or cell, at a time.
  • the test volume may be withdrawn automatically, and may be withdrawn at a uniform flow rate.
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising a fluid medium; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte; providing a second particle comprising a second capture molecule for a second substance, wherein the second substance interferes with the assay for the first analyte, said second particle having a non-uniform shape, and the second particle is used to reduce the amount of the second substance dissolved in the sample and thereby reduce its interference with the assay for the first analyte; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the sample with the first particle and with the second particle; contacting the first particle with the first detection moiety; and determining whether the first label is associated with the first particle.
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte, said sample comprising blood or a fraction thereof; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte; providing a second particle comprising a second capture molecule for a blood component that interferes with the assay for the first analyte, wherein the second particle is used to reduce the amount of the second substance dissolved in the sample and thereby reduce its interference with the assay for the first analyte, said second particle having a non-uniform shape; providing a first detection moiety comprising a fluorescent first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; contacting the sample with the first particle and with the second particle; contacting the first particle with the first detection moiety; and automatically withdrawing a test volume of fluid comprising the first particle; illuminating the test volume with an
  • a method for analyzing a sample comprising: providing a sample suspected of comprising a first analyte and one or more additional substances, said sample comprising blood or a fraction thereof; providing a first particle comprising a first capture molecule for the first analyte, said first particle having a non-uniform shape; reducing the amount of one or more additional substances in the sample by providing a population of second particles comprising second capture molecules for at least one blood component that interferes with the assay for the first analyte; providing a first detection moiety comprising a first label and a first binding means that localizes the first detection moiety to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; creating a test sample by means of contacting the sample, the first particle and the second particle; contacting the test sample with the first detection moiety; automatically analyzing the test sample for an emission associated with the first label; and determining the presence and/or concentration of the first analyte in the sample.
  • aspects of the invention include the use of using smaller size beads or microsphere particles which may include a uniform or non-uniform mixture of particles in bead based assays using cytometry platforms with f ⁇ uorimetry or other optical detection methods.
  • particle sets can comprise uniformly or non-uniformly shaped particles.
  • Such particles provide the advantage of increased surface area for reaction and increased capacity of binding. Further, the smaller size of these particles permits their retention in solution for a longer period of time, which promotes better contact and reactivity with analytes.
  • the better suspension properties of these beads can allow the use of automated sample preparation stations, and may be used without vigorous shaking and/or wash steps.
  • the smaller size of the particles provides the added advantage that they may have optically distinguishable characteristics, for example exhibiting much lower forward scatter. Hence they can be optically (and/or physically) separated from cells on basis of scatter characteristics.
  • Cells can exhibit optically distinguishable characteristics, such as scatter parameter(s) or the presence of detectable moieties, that can permit different types and subpopulations of cells to be distinguished, as well as permitting their optical distinction from different particles or set of distinguishable particles.
  • the forward scatter characteristics of small particles are well separated from eukaryotic cells. Particles can therefore be used in experiments where both cell and bead populations in the same sample need to be analyzed, and may be used in formats employing multiplexing of different particles and/or cells.
  • Higher capacity particle sets as described herein can be used in settings where a high concentration of impurities exists and the high capacity particles can be used to bind the impurities thereby reducing background signal and permitting analytes at lower concentrations to be better detected. This can be accomplished in a purely particle-based format by using particles with distinguishable optical characteristics (e.g., larger forward scatter parameters) to detect the analyte of interest after using high capacity particles to reduce or eliminate the free impurities in the assay medium.
  • distinguishable optical characteristics e.g., larger forward scatter parameters
  • the invention has particular application in research and development screening, production and manufacturing scenarios where characterization of analytes in the nanogram/mL to microgram/mL range is typically required.
  • Use of particles in the provided methods can permit use of a single assay format for characterization of analytes at a variety of concentrations as may occur in different assays used at various stages of product development.
  • Multiplex methods are provided for assaying 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 or more different analytes and/or cells using different particles and/or cellular detection moieties, and can be used simultaneously, in parallel, or sequentially, employing different optionally encoded particles, detection moieties, and/or labels, in various permutations.
  • the particles can be encoded internally and/or externally (e.g. using dyes) to permit multiplexing using distinguishable particles in certain multiplexing formats. Multiplexing may also be achieved by using different size particles, adding an additional parameter that can be varied to multiply the number of analytes that can be tested using a defined dye set.
  • different size particles can incorporate different analyte-binding species, which then could be detected using an identically labeled secondary binding molecule. Detection of the same label in association with particles of a known size would then provide identification (and quantitation if desired) of a particular analyte.
  • Multiple different types of assays may also be performed in parallel from the same sample, including without limitation detection assays, characterization assays, quantitation assays, and functional assays regarding bioproperties or other parameters exhibited by or reflected in the analytes (e.g., ADCC, complement binding, blocking studies, epitope mapping, affinity measurements, etc.).
  • complexes produced by such methods comprising a particle, an analyte, and a detection moiety.
  • These complexes include excited state complexes produced by illuminating a complex with an excitation source that can excite a suitable label. Kits comprising components useful the methods are also provided.
  • the inventions described herein can be used for any assay in which a sample is interrogated regarding an analyte.
  • Typical assays might involve determining the presence of the analyte in the sample, the relative amount of the analyte, or may be quantitative or semiquantitative regarding the amount of analyte in the sample.
  • cells may be subjected to different stimuli, and samples prepared from such cells and/or from their culture medium may be tested to determine the effect of those stimuli using the methods of the invention.
  • an analyte includes a plurality of analytes
  • a particle includes a plurality of such particles
  • reference to "a sample” includes a plurality of samples, and the like.
  • polynucleotide oligonucleotide
  • nucleic acid nucleic acid molecule
  • nucleic acid molecule polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, and may comprise ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, analogs thereof, or mixtures thereof. This term refers only to the primary structure of the molecule. Thus, the term includes triple-, double- and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”), as well as triple-, double- and single-stranded ribonucleic acid (“RNA”). It also includes modified, for example by alkylation, and/or by capping, and unmodified forms of the polynucleotide.
  • DNA triple-, double- and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
  • RNA triple-, double- and single-stranded ribonucleic acid
  • polynucleotide examples include polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose), polyribonucleotides (containing D- ribose), including tRNA, rRNA, hRNA, and mRNA, whether spliced or unspliced, any other type of polynucleotide which is an N- or C-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base, and other polymers containing nonnucleotidic backbones, for example, polyamide (e.g., peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)) and polymorpholino (commercially available from the Anti-Virals, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon, as Neugene) polymers, and other synthetic sequence-specific nucleic acid polymers providing that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration which allows for base
  • PNAs peptide nucleic acids
  • polymorpholino commercially available from the Anti-Virals, Inc., Cor
  • these terms include, for example, 3'-deoxy-2',5'-DNA, oligodeoxyribonucleotide N3' P5 1 phosphoramidates, 2'-0-alkyl-substituted RNA, double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA, and hybrids thereof including for example hybrids between DNA and RNA or between PNAs and DNA or RNA, and also include known types of modifications, for example, labels, alkylation, "caps," substitution of one or more of the nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.), with negatively charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), and with positively charged linkages (e.g., aminoalkylphosphoramidates, aminoal
  • nucleases nucleases
  • toxins antibodies
  • signal peptides poly-L-lysine, etc.
  • intercalators e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.
  • chelates of, e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.
  • alkylators those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotide or oligonucleotide.
  • nucleoside and nucleotide will include those moieties which contain not only the known purine and pyrimidine bases, but also other heterocyclic bases which have been modified. Such modifications include methylated purines or pyrimidines, acylated purines or pyrimidines, or other heterocycles. Modified nucleosides or nucleotides can also include modifications on the sugar moiety, e.g., wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups are replaced with halogen, aliphatic groups, or are functionalized as ethers, amines, or the like.
  • the term “nucleotidic unit” is intended to encompass nucleosides and nucleotides.
  • modifications to nucleotidic units include rearranging, appending, substituting for or otherwise altering functional groups on the purine or pyrimidine base which form hydrogen bonds to a respective complementary pyrimidine or purine.
  • the resultant modified nucleotidic unit optionally may form a base pair with other such modified nucleotidic units but not with A, T, C, G or U. Abasic sites may be incorporated which do not prevent the function of the polynucleotide. Some or all of the residues in the polynucleotide can optionally be modified in one or more ways.
  • Standard A-T and G-C base pairs form under conditions which allow the formation of hydrogen bonds between the N3-H and C4-oxy of thymidine and the Nl and C6-NH2, respectively, of adenosine and between the C2-oxy, N3 and C4-NH2, of cytidine and the C2- NH2, N'-H and C6-oxy, respectively, of guanosine.
  • guanosine (2-amino-6-. oxy-9- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl-purine) may be modified to form isoguanosine (2-oxy-6-amino-9- ⁇ -D- ribofuranosyl-purine).
  • Nucleic acid probe and “probe” are used interchangeably and refer to a structure comprising a polynucleotide, as defined above, that contains a nucleic acid sequence that can bind to a corresponding analyte.
  • the polynucleotide regions of probes may be composed of DNA, and/or RNA, and/or synthetic nucleotide analogs.
  • Complementary or “substantially complementary” refers to the hybridization or base pairing between nucleotides or nucleic acids, such as, for instance, between the two strands of a double stranded DNA molecule or between a polynucleotide primer and a primer binding site on a single stranded nucleic acid to be sequenced or amplified.
  • Complementary nucleotides are, generally, A and T (or A and U), or C and G.
  • Two single stranded RNA or DNA molecules are • said to be substantially complementary when the nucleotides of one strand, optimally aligned and compared and with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions, pair with at least about 80% of the nucleotides of the other strand, usually at least about 90% to 95%, and more preferably from about 98 to 100%.
  • RNA or DNA strand will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions to its complement.
  • selective hybridization will occur when there is at least about 65% complementary over a stretch of at least 14 to 25 nucleotides, preferably at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 90% complementary. See, M. Kanehisa Nucleic Acids Res. 12:203 (1984).
  • Stringent hybridization conditions will typically include salt concentrations of less than about IM, more usually less than about 500 mM and preferably less than about 200 mM.
  • Hybridization temperatures can be as low as 5° C, but are typically greater than 22° C, more typically greater than about 30° C, and preferably in excess of about 37° C. Longer fragments may require higher hybridization temperatures for specific hybridization.
  • Other factors may affect the stringency of hybridization, including base composition and length of the complementary strands, presence of organic solvents and extent of base mismatching, and the combination of parameters used is more important than the absolute measure of any one alone.
  • aptamer (or “nucleic acid antibody”) is used herein to refer to a single- or double-stranded polynucleotide that recognizes and binds to a molecule of interest by virtue of its shape. See, e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO 92/14843, WO 91/19813, and WO 92/05285.
  • Polypeptide and “protein” are used interchangeably herein and include a molecular chain of amino acids linked through peptide bonds. The terms do not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, “peptides,” “oligopeptides,” and “proteins” are included within the definition of polypeptide. The terms include polypeptides containing [post-translational] modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylations, acetylations, phosphorylations, and sulphations. In addition, protein fragments, analogs (including amino acids not encoded by the genetic code, e.g.
  • homocysteine, ornithine, D-amino acids, and creatine natural or artificial mutants or variants or combinations thereof, fusion proteins, derivatized residues (e.g. alkylation of amine groups, acetylations or esterifications of carboxyl groups) and the like are included within the meaning of polypeptide.
  • modified with reference to proteins (including antibodies), and other biomolecules, is meant a modification in one or more functional groups, for example any portion of an amino acid, the structure and/or location of a sugar or other carbohydrate, or other substituents of biomolecules, and can include without limitation chemical modifications (e.g., succinylation, acylation, the structure and/or location of disulfide bonds), as well as noncovalent binding (e.g., of a small molecule, including a drug).
  • chemical modifications e.g., succinylation, acylation, the structure and/or location of disulfide bonds
  • noncovalent binding e.g., of a small molecule, including a drug
  • binding pair refers to first and second molecules that bind specifically to each other with greater affinity than to other components in the sample.
  • the binding between the members of the binding pair is typically noncovalent.
  • Exemplary binding pairs include immunological binding pairs (e.g.
  • any haptenic or antigenic compound in combination with a corresponding antibody or binding portion or fragment thereof for example digoxigenin and anti-digoxigenin, fluorescein and anti-fluorescein, dinitrophenol and anti- dinitrophenol, bromodeoxyuridine and anti-bromodeoxyuridine, mouse immunoglobulin and goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin), IgG and protein A, IgG and protein G, IgG and protein L, and nonimmunological binding pairs (e.g., biotin and a biotin binding substance [including avidin, streptavidin, or a derivative of either thereof], nucleotides and nucleotide-binding proteins, hormone [e.g., thyroxine and cortisol]-hormone binding protein, receptor-receptor agonist or antagonist (e.g., acetylcholine receptor-acetylcholine or an analog thereof) IgG-protein A, lectin- carbohydrate, enzyme-enzyme cofactor, enzyme-
  • antibody as used herein includes antibodies obtained from both polyclonal and monoclonal preparations, as well as: hybrid (chimeric) antibody molecules (see, for example, Winter et al. (1991) Nature 349:293-299; and U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567); F(ab')2 and F(ab) fragments; Fv molecules (noncovalent heterodimers, see, for example, Inbar et al. (1972) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:2659-2662; and Ehrlich et al. (1980) Biochem 19:4091-4096); single-chain Fv molecules (sFv) (see, for example, Huston et al.
  • the term "monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody composition having a homogeneous antibody population.
  • the term is not limited regarding the species or source of the antibody, nor is it intended to be limited by the manner in which it is made.
  • the term encompasses antibodies obtained from murine hybridomas, as well as human monoclonal antibodies obtained using human hybridomas or from murine hybridomas made from mice expression human immunoglobulin chain genes or portions thereof. See, e.g., Cote, et al. Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, 1985, p. 77.
  • SCNC semiconductor nanocrystal
  • Quantum dot refers to an inorganic crystallite of about 1 nm or more and about 1000 nm or less in diameter or any integer or fraction of an integer therebetween, preferably at least about 2 nm and about 50 nm or less in diameter or any integer or fraction of an integer therebetween, more preferably at least about 2 nm and about 20 nm or less in diameter (for example about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nm). SCNCs are characterized by their uniform nanometer size.
  • An SCNC is capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation upon excitation (i.e., the SCNC is luminescent) and includes a "core" of one or more first semiconductor materials, and may be surrounded by a "shell” of a second semiconductor material.
  • An SCNC core surrounded by a semiconductor shell is referred to as a "core/shell” SCNC.
  • the surrounding "shell" material will preferably have a bandgap energy that is larger than the bandgap energy of the core material and may be chosen to have an atomic spacing close to that of the "core" substrate.
  • the core and/or the shell can be a semiconductor material including, but not limited to, those of the group H-VI (ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, and the like) and IH-V (GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, and the like) and IV (Ge, Si, and the like) materials, and an alloy or a mixture thereof.
  • the terms “semiconductor nanocrystal,” “SCNC,” and “quantum dot” as used herein include a coated SCNC core, as well as a core/shell SCNC.
  • Multiplexing herein refers to an assay or other analytical method in which multiple analytes can be assayed simultaneously.
  • the sample can be any material suspected of containing an analyte of interest, and is typically provided in or dissolved or dispersed in a fluid medium.
  • the analyte may be a biomolecule, for example a peptide or protein, a polynucleotide such as DNA or RNA, an antibody, saccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, etc.
  • the analyte may be a small molecule, and may be organic or inorganic.
  • the sample or portion of the sample comprising or suspected of comprising the analyte can be any source of biological material, including cells, tissue or fluid, including bodily fluids, and the deposits left by that organism, including viruses, mycoplasma, and fossils.
  • the sample is obtained as or dispersed in a predominantly aqueous medium.
  • Nonlimiting examples of the sample include blood, urine, semen, milk, sputum, mucus, a buccal swab, a lavage, a vaginal swab, a rectal swab, an aspirate, a needle biopsy, a section of tissue obtained for example by surgery or autopsy, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, lymph fluid, the external secretions of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, tumors, organs, samples of in vitro cell culture constituents (including but not limited to conditioned medium resulting from the growth of cells in cell culture medium, putatively virally infected cells, recombinant cells, and cell components, including without limitation hybridoma supernatants producing human or murine antibodies and supernatants from cells producing fragments or modified forms of antibodies or other immunological or secreted proteins), a cellular lysate, and a recombinant library comprising poly
  • the sample can be a positive control sample which is known to contain the analyte.
  • a negative control sample can also be used which, although not expected to contain the analyte is suspected of containing it, and is tested in order to confirm the lack of contamination by the analyte of the reagents used in a given assay, as well as to determine whether a given set of assay conditions produces false positives (a positive signal even in the absence of analyte in the sample).
  • the sample can be diluted, dissolved, suspended, purified, extracted or otherwise treated to solubilize or resuspend any analyte present or to render it accessible to reagents.
  • the particles used in the described methods are non-uniform/irregular in shape.
  • the particles may have at least two different (X-, Y- and/or Z-) dimensions, and may have three (or more, for unusually shaped particles) different dimensions.
  • the particles are therefore nonspherical, having a shape other than that of a solid sphere.
  • the particles exhibit an increased surface area over a sphere or other solid shape occupying the same volume.
  • the non-uniform particles exhibit an irregular surface (on a macro- and/or . micro-scale) that produces a large increase in surface area.
  • the particles desirably exhibit at least a two-fold increase in surface area, and may exhibit at least a three-fold, five-fold, 10-fold or 20-fold increase in surface area.
  • the particles may exhibit up to a 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold, or 200-fold increase in surface area over a similarly sized smooth spherical particle.
  • the particles may exhibit an increased binding capacity over a similarly-sized spherical particle, which may result from the increased surface area and/or from an increase in the density of capture moieties (or derivatizable functionalities) used to bind analyte.
  • At least one, two or three (or all) dimensions of the particle may be less than about 30 or 40 microns, as is compatible with flow cytometric systems, and may be less than about 20 microns, less than about 10 microns, or less than about 2 microns in such dimensions.
  • these dimensions it is understood that such particles are typically provided as distributions of different sizes, and that particles will exhibit mean distributions meeting this limitation, such that an average particle in a population will meet such limitation(s).
  • the particles can be used for the detection and/or quantitation of any analyte that can be bound by a capture molecule and detected using a detection moiety, such as biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates, as well as small molecule analytes.
  • a detection moiety such as biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates, as well as small molecule analytes.
  • the particles are optically distinguishable from other substances used in the assay, for example cells and/or one or more other populations of particles, for example by a scatter parameter such as forward scatter.
  • the particles may be generally bead- like, although lacking a uniform spherical surface, and may be porous, microporous or macroporous, or may be nonporous. Particles having a mean diameter of less than 2 microns may be desirable, as they can exhibit improved suspension properties which can lead to increased contact with the test sample and/or higher binding capacities.
  • the particles can be obtained or derivatized to comprise a capture molecule for the analyte of interest.
  • the particle may be formed from any material(s) which are compatible with the methods of the invention.
  • the particle can comprise a wide range of material, including organic materials, inorganic materials, or a combination of any of these.
  • the particle may comprise a polymerized Langmuir Blodgett film, functionalized glass, carbon, metal(s), plastics, resins, inorganic glasses, Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, SiO 2 , SiN 4 , modified silicon, or any one of a wide variety of gels or polymers, including (poly)tetrafluoroethylene, (poly)vinylidenedifluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, a polyamide (e.g., Nylon), a polyurethane, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polyvinyl alchohol, polyvinylacetate, cellulose acetate, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, a polyester (e.g.
  • the particle may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a silicate, and a polymer, and a combination thereof.
  • the particles may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of an iron-oxide, silica, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, and polydivinylbenzene.
  • the particle may comprise a material that is magnetic, paramagnetic, superparamagnetic or non-magnetic.
  • the particles are typically provided in plurality for use in the methods of the invention.
  • the particles may prepared with a size distribution of interest, or may be modified to obtain the desired parameters.
  • particles with desired properties may be obtained by suspension polymerization, or may be obtained by bulk polymerization which are then ground to produce smaller particles. Where the initial production does not produce particles with desired size distributions, such particles may be obtained through sieving or other separation techniques. Any available technique which produces particles useful in the invention may be used. Exemplary sources of particles include Bangs Labs, Spherotech, Dynal and Polysciences.
  • Capture molecules can be fabricated on or attached to the particle by any available method; suitable methods are known in the art, including a variety of coupling chemistries.
  • the particles may be prepared or derivatized to comprise surface functionalities which can be coupled to suitable functionalities incorporated into the capture molecules. Examples of methods for synthesizing capture molecules on particles include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854, PCT WO Pub. No. 92/10092, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/624,120, filed Dec. 6, 1990 (now abandoned), Fodor et al., Science, 251: 767-777 (1991), and PCT Pub. No. WO 90/15070. In some instances, particles containing capture molecules are commercially available.
  • the capture molecule can, of course, bind to the analyte of interest, and is typically one member of a binding pair.
  • the capture molecule is one member of a binding pair selected from the group consisting of an immunological binding pair, biotin and a biotin binding substance, a hormone and a hormone binding protein, a receptor and a receptor agonist or antagonist, IgG and protein A, IgG and protein G, IgG and protein L, antigen and antibody, a polynucleotide and a polynucleotide-binding protein, a lectin and a carbohydrate, an enzyme and an enzyme cofactor, an enzyme and an enzyme inhibitor an organic or inorganic molecule and a biomolecule that binds to the molecule, and two polynucleotides capable of forming a nucleic acid duplex or multiplex.
  • a detection moiety comprising a binding means specific for an analyte when bound to a particle is used in the assays provided.
  • a label is attached to the detection moiety in order for the capture of the analyte(s) to be more easily detected. In certain multiplex formats, the labels used for detecting different analytes may be distinguishable.
  • the label is conjugated, directly or indirectly, to the detection moiety. Many labels are commercially available in activated forms which can readily be used for such conjugation (for example through amine acylation), or labels may be attached through known or determinable conjugation schemes many of which are well- characterized in the art.
  • the binding means is thus also one member of a binding pair, and may be a member selected from the group consisting of an immunological binding pair, biotin and a biotin binding substance, a hormone and a hormone binding protein, a receptor and a receptor agonist or antagonist, IgG and protein A, IgG and protein G, IgG and protein L, antigen and antibody, a polynucleotide and a polynucleotide binding protein, a lectin and a carbohydrate, an enzyme and an enzyme cofactor, an enzyme and an enzyme inhibitor, an organic or inorganic molecule and a biomolecule that binds to the molecule, and two polynucleotides capable of forming a nucleic acid duplex or multiplex.
  • a detection moiety may comprise a biotin-binding species, and an optically detectable label may be conjugated to biotin and then bound to a particle-bound detection moiety where the analyte is present and bound to the particle.
  • the detection moiety may comprise an immunological species such as an antibody or fragment, and a secondary antibody containing an optically detectable label may be added and localized to a • particle-bound analyte. Similar schemes can be envisioned, and all such embodiments comprising a binding means specific for one or more particle-bound analytes and a detectable label, in whatever variations, that permit an assay for an analyte are useful as detections moieties.
  • Labels useful in the invention described herein include any substance which can be detected in association with the particle when the detection moiety to which the label is attached is bound to the analyte. Any effective detection method can be used, including optical, spectroscopic, electrical, piezoelectrical, magnetic, Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance, colorimetric, calorimetric, etc.
  • the label typically comprises an agent selected from chromophore, a lumiphore, a fluorophore, one member of a quenching system, a chromogen, a hapten, an antigen, a magnetic particle, a material exhibiting nonlinear optics, a semiconductor nanocrystal, a metal nanoparticle, an enzyme, an antibody or binding portion or equivalent thereof, an aptamer, and one member of a binding pair, and combinations thereof.
  • an agent selected from chromophore, a lumiphore, a fluorophore, one member of a quenching system, a chromogen, a hapten, an antigen, a magnetic particle, a material exhibiting nonlinear optics, a semiconductor nanocrystal, a metal nanoparticle, an enzyme, an antibody or binding portion or equivalent thereof, an aptamer, and one member of a binding pair, and combinations thereof.
  • Quenching schemes may also be used, wherein a quencher and a fluorophore may be used on the detection moiety and the particle(s) and/or cell(s), such that a change in optical parameters of the particle(s) and/or cell(s) occurs upon binding of the detection moiety such that a signal may be introduced or quenched a signal from the fluorophore; thus the label may be one member of a quenching pair.
  • Suitable quencher/fluorophore systems are known in the art.
  • the chromogen may be fluorescent or luminescent, including the fluorescent chromogens described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,139, as well as some tetrazolium salts.
  • the chromogen may undergo a visually detectable change, for example from colorless or nearly colorless to a deep color, which change may require an additional method step to accomplish.
  • soluble reaction products are preferred so as to avoid errors introduced by the scattering of light from deposited insoluble products.
  • Exemplary chromogens include methyl blue, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, resazurin, Fe 111 -phenanthroline complex, alamar blue, the thiol-responsive indicator dyes described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,245, and tetrazolium salts.
  • the chromogen is used in an amount that produces a detectable signal upon its conversion by the hydride abstractor in the presence of reduced cofactor, and can be empirically determined for a given assay system; typical amounts of chromogen range from about 1 ⁇ g to about 500 mg for small scale assays.
  • Exemplary tetrazolium salts that can be used or tested for their applicability as chromogens in a particular embodiment of the invention include: nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT; 2H-(Tetrazolium,-3,3'- (3,3 1 -dimethoxy(l,l'-bi ⁇ henyl)-4,4'-diyl)bis(4-nitrophenyl)-5.
  • NBT nitroblue tetrazolium chloride
  • Chromophores useful in the methods described herein include any substance which can absorb energy and emit light. Chemical methods for attaching a signaling chromophore to a sensor molecule or other assay component are known. For multiplexed assays, a plurality of different signaling chromophores can be used with detectably different emission spectra.
  • the chromophore can be a lumophore or a fluorophore.
  • Typical fluorophores include fluorescent dyes, semiconductor nanocrystals, lanthanide chelates, polynucleotide-specific dyes and green fluorescent protein.
  • Exemplary fluorescent dyes include fluorescein, 6-FAM, rhodamine, Texas Red, tetramethylrhodamine, carboxyrhodamine, carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxyrhodol, carboxyrhodamine 110, Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, coumarin, Cy2®, Cy3®, Cy3.5®, Cy5®, Cy5.5®, Cy-Chrome, PerCP (peridinin chlorophyll-a Protein), PerCP-Cy5.5, JOE (6- carboxy-4',5'-dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxyfluorescein), NED, ROX (5-(and-6)-carboxy-X- rhodamine), HEX, Lucifer Yellow, Marina Blue, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Alexa Fluor® 350, Alexa Fluor® 430, Alexa Fluor® 488, Alexa Fluor® 532, Alexa Fluor® 546, Alexa
  • green fluorescent protein refers to both native Aequorea green fluorescent protein and mutated versions that have been identified as exhibiting altered fluorescence characteristics, including altered excitation and emission maxima, as well as excitation and emission spectra of different shapes (Delagrave, S. et al. (1995) Bio/Technology 13:151-154; Heim, R. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12501-12504; Heim, R. et al. (1995) Nature 373:663-664). Delagrave et al. isolated mutants of cloned Aequorea victoria GFP that had red-shifted excitation spectra. Heim, R. et al. reported a mutant (Tyr66 to His) having a blue fluorescence.
  • SCNCs fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals
  • methods of producing and utilizing semiconductor nanocrystals are described in: PCT Publ. No. WO 99/26299 published May 27, 1999, inventors Bawendi et al.; USPN 5,990,479 issued Nov. 23, 1999 to Weiss et al.; and Bruchez et al., Science 281:2013, 1998.
  • Semiconductor nanocrystals can be obtained with very narrow emission bands with well-defined peak emission wavelengths, allowing for a large number of different SCNCs to be used as signaling chromophores in the same assay, optionally in combination with other non-SCNC types of signaling chromophores.
  • SCNCs for use in the subject methods can be made from any material and by any technique that produces SCNCs having emission characteristics useful in the methods, articles and compositions taught herein. Exemplary methods of production are disclosed in U.S. Pats. Nos. 6,048,616; 5,990,479; 5,690,807; 5,505,928; 5,262,357, as well as PCT Publication No. WO 99/26299 (published May 27, 1999).
  • the SCNCs have absorption and emission spectra that depend on their size, size distribution and composition. These SCNCs can be prepared as described in Murray et al. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:8706-8715, Guzelian et al. (1996) J. Phys. Chem. 100:7212-7219 or PCT Publ. No. WO 99/26299 (inventors Bawendi et al.).
  • Examples of materials from which SCNCs can be formed include group II- VI, III-V and group IV semiconductors such as ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb, AlS, AlP, AlSb, PbS, PbSe, Ge, Si, and ternary and quaternary mixtures thereof.
  • group II- VI, III-V and group IV semiconductors such as ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaS, Ba
  • Exemplary SCNCs that emit energy in the visible range include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnSe, ZnTe, GaP, and GaAs.
  • Exemplary SCNCs that emit energy in the near IR range include InP, InAs, InSb, PbS, and PbSe.
  • Exemplary SCNCs that emit energy in the blue to near-ultraviolet include ZnS and GaN.
  • the size of SCNCs in a given population can be determined by the synthetic scheme used and/or through use of separation schemes, including for example size-selective precipitation and/or centrifugation. The separation schemes can be employed at an intermediate step in the synthetic scheme or after synthesis has been completed.
  • SCNCs For a given composition, larger SCNCs absorb and emit light at longer wavelengths than smaller SCNCs. SCNCs absorb strongly in the visible and UV and can be excited efficiently at wavelengths shorter than their emission peak. This characteristic allows the use in a mixed population of SCNCs of a single excitation source to excite all the SCNCs if the source has a shorter wavelength than the shortest SCNC emission wavelength within the mixture; it also confers the ability to selectively excite subpopulation(s) of SCNCs within the mixture by judicious choice of excitation wavelength.
  • the surface of the SCNC is preferably modified to enhance emission efficiency by adding an overcoating layer to form a "shell" around the "core" SCNC, because defects in the surface of the core SCNC can trap electrons or holes and degrade its electrical and optical properties. Addition of an insulating shell layer eliminates nonradiative relaxation pathways from the excited core, resulting in higher luminescence efficiency.
  • Suitable materials for the shell include semiconductor materials having a higher bandgap energy than the core and preferably also having good conductance and valence band offset.
  • the conductance band of the shell is desirably of a higher energy and the valence band is desirably of a lower energy than those of the core.
  • SCNC cores that emit energy in the visible (e.g., CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnSe, ZnTe, GaP, GaAs) or near IR (e.g., InP, InAs, InSb, PbS, PbSe)
  • a material that has a bandgap energy in the ultraviolet may be used for the shell, for example ZnS, GaN, and magnesium chalcogenides, e.g., MgS, MgSe, and MgTe.
  • materials having a bandgap energy in the visible such as CdS or CdSe, or the ultraviolet may be used.
  • SCNCs Preparation of core-shell SCNCs is described in, e.g., Dabbousi et al. (1997) J. Phys. Chem. B 101:9463; Kuno et al., J. Phys. Chem. 106:9869 (1997); Hines et al., J. Phys. Chem. 100:468; and PCT Publ. No. WO 99/26299.
  • the SCNCs can be made further luminescent through overcoating procedures as described in Danek et al. (1996) Chem. Mat. 8(l):173-180, Peng et al. (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:7019-7029.
  • Any instrument that provides a wavelength that can excite the label and is shorter than the emission wavelength(s) to be detected can be used for excitation.
  • Commercially available devices can provide suitable excitation wavelengths as well as suitable detection components.
  • Any electromagnetic emission wavelength that can be produced and detected can be used, including visible wavelengths, ultraviolet wavelengths, and infrared wavelengths.
  • Exemplary excitation sources include a broadband UV light source such as a deuterium lamp with an appropriate filter, the output of a white light source such as a xenon lamp or a deuterium lamp after passing through a mon ⁇ chromator to extract out the desired wavelengths, a continuous wave (cw) gas laser, a solid state diode laser, or any of the pulsed lasers.
  • Emitted light can be detected through any suitable device or technique; many suitable approaches are known in the art.
  • Incident light wavelengths useful for excitation can include 300 nm to 1000 nm wavelength light.
  • Exemplary useful incident light wavelengths include, but are not limited to, wavelengths of at least about 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800 or 900 nm, and may be less than about 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 550 or 500 nm.
  • the complexes form an excited state upon illumination with incident light having a wavelength including a wavelength of about 488 nm, about 532 nm, about 594 nm and/or about 633 nm.
  • useful incident light wavelengths can include, but are not limited to, 488 nm, 532 nm, 594 nm and 633 nm wavelength light.
  • Any apparatus that can detect a label used on a detection moiety for analyte characterization when bound to a particle may be used, including without limitation flow cytometers, which may be hydrodynamically focused, imaging systems, imaging flow cytometers, and plate-based imaging systems.
  • Nonlimiting examples of systems useful with the present methods include the Guava® EasyCyteTM, the Guava® EasyCyteTM Mini, the Guava® PCATM, the Guava® PCATM-96, the Guava® EasyCyteTM Plus, FACSTM Aria, FACSTM Canto, Beckman Coulter QuantaTM, Amnis ImageStreamTM, Molecular Devices ImageXpressTM apparatuses, and similar devices.
  • Other apparatuses, including plate loading, plate washing, plate rocking, and similar devices useful for handling any components of the assays described herein may be used in conjunction with an apparatus used to perform the particle-based assay.
  • kits comprising reagents useful for performing the methods of the invention are also provided.
  • a kit comprises: a first vessel containing a population of first particles, each of said population comprising a plurality of first capture molecules for a first analyte; the particles may be any of those embodiments set forth above, and may have at least one dimension of less than 2 microns; a second vessel containing a plurality of first detection moieties, each of said plurality comprising an optically detectable first label and a first binding means capable of localizing to the first particle when the first analyte is bound to the capture molecule; and
  • the kit may comprise at least one vessel containing a standard for calibrating the concentration of the first analyte, and may also comprise vessel(s) for standard(s) for additional analytes.
  • the kit may also comprise a fourth vessel containing a buffer solution for performing the assay.
  • the kit may also comprise a fifth vessel containing a buffer solution used to dilute the sample after a final incubation step and prior to data acquisition.
  • the kit may also support the use of a variety of multiplex formats.
  • the kit may comprise a plurality of vessels each containing a different population of particles as described herein, each of said different populations comprising capture molecules specific for a different analyte.
  • the kit may comprise a plurality of vessels each containing a different plurality of detection moieties, each of said different plurality of detection moieties comprising binding means specific for a different analyte.
  • the kit may comprise one or more different capture molecules and/or optically detectable labels.
  • the kit may also comprise one or more standards for calibrating the concentration of the first analyte, and may also comprise standards for calibrating the concentration of other analyte(s).
  • Kit components may be provided in solution, or may require addition of a fluid medium prior to use in the assay.
  • Kit components may independently be provided at concentrations ready for use in the assay, or may be provided at other concentrations which must be altered prior to assay, for example by dilution.
  • One or more additional solutions may be provided in the kits, including without limitation buffer solution(s) in which the assay may be performed and/or various kit components (and/or the sample) may be diluted or dissolved.
  • a buffer used to dilute the sample after a final incubation step and prior to data acquisition may be provided in the kit.
  • Standard Hybridoma Media used was 90% ATCCs Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (with 4 mM L-glutamine adjusted to contain 1.5 g/1 sodium bicarbonate, 4.5 g/L glucose and 1 mM sodium pyruvate) and 10% fetal bovine serum.
  • Particles were tested from Bangs Labs, Spherotech, Dynal, and Polysciences. Concentration of particles can vary from vendor to vendor and lot to lot. Assay particle concentrations are optimized for a given lot by determining what concentration of particles provides the desired linear range. Particle concentration of beads can vary depending on fines in the bead suspension.
  • Detector moieties Detector moieties from Jackson Immunochemicals, Chemicon, Caltag, and Ebiosciences were tested in the various assays. The best detector tested for a given assay format was used for further studies, and was optimized to give the best signal to noise ratio. The utility of the labeled detector moieties was also found to vary from vendor to vendor and lot to lot, and a given lot should be optimized for the desired assay for best performance. The immunoglobulin assays were found to work with F(ab)2 fragments or with whole antibodies as detectors.
  • Calibration standards Commercially available standards, used to generate calibration curves, can also vary from lot to lot. Standard concentrations are determined by absorbance and then the standards are appropriately diluted to provide the desired range of concentration standards.
  • IgG Capture beads were diluted with Assay buffer to provide an appropriate total volume per well (typically 50 ul).
  • Mouse IgG detector was diluted 50 fold with
  • Mouse IgG Bead Assay 2 ⁇ L of standards was added to a 48 ⁇ L volume of capture bead suspension in a microplate well and the plate incubated with gentle shaking for 40 minutes. 25 ⁇ L of a detector solution containing fluorescently labeled secondary antibody was added to each well and the plate incubated for 60 minutes.125 ⁇ L of a Analysis buffer was next added to the beads and the plate was analyzed immediately on the Guava® EasyCyteTM,
  • Human IgG Bead Assay 7.5 ⁇ L of standards was added to a 45 ⁇ L volume of capture bead suspension in a microplate well and the plate incubated with gentle shaking for 40 minutes. 25 ⁇ L of a detector solution containing fluorescently labeled secondary antibody was added to each well and the plate incubated for 60 minutes. 125 ⁇ L of Analysis buffer was next added to the beads and the plate was analyzed immediately on the Guava® EasyCyteTM.
  • IgG standards were prepared by serial dilution in respective media.
  • the IgG particle assay was performed as described above using respective standards and analyzed on the Guava® EasyCyteTM. Standard Hybridoma Media used was
  • Hybridoma SFM serum-free, low protein media
  • PFHM II Protein Free Hybridoma Media was from Gibco Invitrogen.
  • High Capacity Bead based Assays The assay format described above for IgG concentration determination may be used for moderate capacity or high capacity ranges by modulating detector concentrations.
  • an assay linear range of 1-40 microgram/ml is obtained for mouse IgG quantitation when 0.5 microgram of detector is used per well.
  • a linear range of 1-80 microgram/ml can be obtained when a detector concentration of 1 microgram is used per well.
  • moderate capacity assays and high capacity assay are d.
  • Particular reagents of interest for the exemplified embodiments include Protein G Biomagplus Beads from Polysciences. Goat-anti mouse IgG Fc (gamma) F(ab)2 fragment and goat-anti human IgG Fc(gamma) F(ab)2 fragment were obtained from Jackson Immunochemicals. The standards used in the assays were mouse IgG2a from R&D Systems, and human IgG from Jackson Immunochemicals.
  • Data Acquisition and Analysis Data were acquired on a Guava® EasyCyteTM instrument equipped with a 488 nm laser using the Guava® ExpressPlus.Software. For acquisition of samples, settings were adjusted using blank bead samples and data acquired. The Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) of the beads in the PM3 channel was used in plotting the standard curve. The volume being analyzed may be diluted in a buffer (e.g. containing PBS and Tween20) prior to data acquisition.
  • a buffer e.g. containing PBS and Tween20
  • the Guava® platforms are microcapillary-based bench-top cytometry platforms that allow for manipulation and analysis of particles based on light scatter and fluorescence characteristics in either single tube or 96 well plate based formats, and can be used for performing the methods of the invention.
  • a number of cell-based assays useful for the antibody production process have been developed on the platform such as the Guava® ExpressTM Assay which allows evaluation of specificity of generated antibodies for specific antigen of interest as shown in Figure 1, ViaCount® for viability of cellular population, etc.
  • a quantitative particle-based assay to obtain concentration of secreted IgG is shown ( Figure 2).
  • Hybridoma supernatant is directly incubated with polymeric particles coated with a capture reagent with affinity for Fc region of secreted antibody; the beads may be prepared or . obtained commercially.
  • Antibody in the supernatant binds to the particles and the particle-bound antibody analyte is detected with a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody.
  • the entire mixture is then directly introduced into the Guava® cytometer and bead bound fluorescence is detected to determine Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) from which the amount of antibody is calculated.
  • MFI Mean Fluorescence Intensity
  • the Guava® Mouse IgG quantitation procedure is a simple mix-and-read procedure as shown in Fig. 3 A. 2 ⁇ L of hybridoma supernatant is directly added to polymeric beads in microplates. After capture, a detector antibody is added and the mixture incubated. In the exemplified embodimens, the assay utilizes high capacity Biomag plus Protein G beads, which capture the secreted antibody in the hybridoma supernatant, followed by detection of bead-bound antibody using fluorescently labeled anti-mouse IgG detector antibodies. Buffer is added to the bead mixture, which is then immediately read on the Guava ⁇ EasyCyteTM system.
  • the assay procedure allows for easy quantitation of antibody in supernatant without tedious dilution procedures or wash steps.
  • the assay procedure is simpler, quicker and involves fewer hands-on steps compared to typical Elisa protocols for IgG quantitation as shown in Figure 3B. Further no dilution of sample is needed if sample is from a typical hybridoma supernatant.
  • Quantitation of bead-bound antibody is performed by analysis on the Guava ⁇ EasyCyteTM system.
  • the bead- based assay demonstrates linear responses in the range of 1-40 microgram/mL and shows good responses for several mouse subtypes investigated. Standard curves may be generated and used to determine the concentrations of analytes.
  • the bead-based total IgG assay can provide both specific identification of wells containing IgG antibodies as well as a quantitative measure of IgG levels in hybridoma media.
  • the IgGl quantitative assay thus can provide specific identification of wells containing mouse IgGl antibodies and a quantitative measure of their levels.
  • Hybridoma media used for antibody production can range from media containing FBS, to serum-free or protein-free media some of which can potentially contain interfering substances such as phenol red.
  • standard media which contains FBS as shown in Figure 5A
  • serum-free low protein media as shown in Figure 6A
  • serum-free, protein-free media as shown in 6B.
  • the fluorescent response appears slightly modulated in Figures 6A and 6B possibly due to the presence of phenol red in the protein-free media.
  • the data demonstrate that the assay is compatible with different hybridoma media but best results are obtained when the assay standards are diluted in the same media as samples to be analyzed.
  • the accuracy of IgG concentration prediction was evaluated by using a number of standard antibodies whose concentration was determined by absorbance at 280 nm. Antibodies belonging to the IgGl, IgG2a and IgG2b subtypes were purchased from different vendors and their concentrations determined by absorbance. Fixed volume of the antibodies was diluted with hybridoma media so that they were in the linear range of the assay from -2.5 to 40 ⁇ g/mL. The concentration of these diluted solutions were next determined by the Guava® Mouse IgG Assay and the accuracy of the results compared. The plot in Figure 8A demonstrates that excellent correlation can be obtained between the Guava ⁇ predicted concentration versus those determined by absorbance in the range of the assay.
  • % Difference Plot ( Figure 8B) demonstrates that for the 12 antibodies tried at different concentrations an average % difference of - -0.49% was observed.
  • the Guava® Mouse IgG kit thus provides accurate concentration prediction in the range of 2.5-40 ⁇ g/mL for different antibodies belonging to the IgGl, IgG2a and IgG2b subtypes and thus is a universal IgG quantitation kit.
  • the intra-assay precision of the assay was determined as described. Briefly, 6 replicates at three different concentration of mouse anti-human HLA-ABC antibody in hybridoma media containing FBS were tested and their concentration determined using the Guava® Mouse IgG Titer Assay. The CVs of the predicted IgG concentration are shown in each case. An average intra-assay of 5.3% was observed. The Guava® IgG Titer assay thus demonstrates good precision in antibody concentration prediction.
  • the Guava ⁇ particle-based assay approach can be utilized to create a number of other quantitative assays.
  • data from a novel particle-based assay for determination of human IgG concentration is provided (Figure 10).
  • a representative standard curve demonstrates that the assay format in this embodiment provides excellent linear response in the range of 0.5-20 ⁇ g/mL using only 7.5 ⁇ L of supernatant.
  • the assay is specific for human IgG and does not cross-recognize IgM antibodies.
  • the assay can provide specific identification of IgG containing wells and quantitation of the antibody present.
  • the assay can provide quantitation of all human IgG subtypes (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4). Both kappa and lambda chain antibodies can be quantitated using this approach.
  • the accuracy of concentration prediction of the assay was evaluated by using a number of commercial antibodies whose concentration was determined by absorbance at A280. Antibodies belonging to the IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 subtypes were purchased and their concentrations determined by absorbance. Fixed volumes of the antibodies were diluted with hybridoma media so they were in the linear range of this assay embodiment (from -0.5 to 20 ⁇ g/mL). The concentration of these diluted solutions were next determined using the Guava ⁇ Human IgG Titer Assay and the accuracy of the results compared. The plot in Figure 11 demonstrates that excellent correlation could be obtained between the predicted concentration using the particle-based assay as compared to that determined by absorbance over the entire tested range of the assay.
  • the Guava® Human IgG Assay thus can provide accurate concentration prediction in the tested range of 0.5-20 microgram/mL for different antibodies belonging to the IgGl, IgG2 and IgG3 and IgG4 subtypes. Variations of assay parameters as described herein can permit optimization of this and other described assays where different concentration ranges are desired.
  • a kit for detecting and/or quantitating total human IgG in a sample is prepared as described below, and an assay procedure for using the kit is also described. Instructions for performing the assay may be provided with the kit.
  • Anti-Human IgG Detector Fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated AffiniPure F(ab')2 Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG, Fc ⁇ Fragment Specific (minimal cross-reaction to Bovine, Mouse, and Rabbit Serum Proteins) (Jackson Immunochemicals) is diluted according to manufacturer's instructions. An equal volume of glycerol was added to the antibody and aliquots are frozen and provided with the kit.
  • a Working Solution of Anti- Human IgG Detector is prepared: 200 uL of antibody is diluted 12.5 fold to a total volume of 2500 uL using a buffer (PBS, BSA, 0.08% sodium azide).
  • Human IgG Standard (Jackson Immunochemicals) is supplied at a concentration of 11 mg/mL and is diluted with buffer (PBS + 0.08% azide). The standard is diluted to produce a 1 mg/mL standard which is supplied with the kit. This standard is further diluted with standard hybridoma media (or the particular media being tested) to produce standards concentrations from 20 ug/mL-0.313 ug/mL which are used in the assay.
  • Human IgG Bead Assay 7.5 uL of each standard is added to a 42.5 uL volume of capture bead suspension in a microplate well and the plate is incubated with gentle shaking for 40 minutes.
  • the kit can comprise beads, the detector, and optionally the buffer solution for preparing with Working Solution, the Analysis Buffer, and/or the assay standards.
  • Example 10 Preparation and Use of a Kit for Analyzing Total Mouse IgG A kit for detecting and/or quantitating total mouse IgG in a sample is prepared as described below, and an assay procedure for using the kit is also described. Instructions for performing the assay may be provided with the kit.
  • a Working Solution of Anti-Mouse IgG Detector was prepared by diluting 100 uL of Goat Anti-Mouse IgG antibody was diluted 25 fold to a total volume of 2500 uL using a buffer (PBS, BSA, 0.08% sodium azide).
  • Mouse IgG standard Mouse IgG2a Standard (R&D systems) is diluted with buffer to make a 500 microgram/ml solution; the concentration is determined by absorbance and to diluted to provide a standard at a concentration of 200 ug/mL which is supplied with the kit.
  • the supplied standard at 200 ug/mL is diluted with hybridoma media (or other media used in the assay) to produce standards at 40 ug /mL - 0.625 ug/mL and used in the assay to generate a standard curve.
  • Mouse IgG Bead Assay 2 uL of each standard is added to a 48 uL volume of capture bead suspension in a microplate well and the plate incubated with gentle shaking for 40 minutes. 25 uL of a Working Solution of Anti-Mouse IgG Detector prepared as described above for the assay was added to each well and the plate incubated for 60 minutes. 125 uL of a Analysis buffer was next added to the beads and the plate was analyzed immediately on the Guava ⁇ EasyCyteTM.
  • the kit can comprise beads, the detector, and optionally the buffer solution for preparing with Working Solution, the Assay Buffer, and/or the assay standards.
  • Guava® CellToxicity Assay A Novel Fluorescent Assay for Measuring NK Effector Function Katherine Gillis and Dianne M. Fishwild , Guava® Technologies Application Note, 2004.

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Abstract

L’invention concerne des procédés d’analyse d’un échantillon pour analyte. Dans divers modes de réalisation, les procédés consistent à mettre en contact un échantillon suspecté de contenir l'analyte avec une particule non uniforme comprenant une molécule de capture, et à mettre en contact la particule avec un groupement de détection comprenant une étiquette permettant la détection de l’analyse une fois associée à la particule. Les procédés peuvent être exécutés pour détecter et/ou quantifier l’analyte dans l’échantillon. Dans certains modes de réalisation, les procédés peuvent être exécutés de manière automatisée, et peuvent utiliser un appareil optique et/ou cytométrique permettant de réaliser le ou les procédés. Les procédés peuvent également être exécutés avec un ou plusieurs appareils de traitement à récipient automatisés, comme des chargeurs à plateau, des laveuses à plateau, entre autres. L’invention comporte également des complexes contenant les matériaux décrits formés par un examen de l’invention, y compris les complexes à l’état excité. L’invention concerne également des kits utiles à l’exécution de tels procédés.
PCT/US2006/046661 2005-12-05 2006-12-05 Caractérisation d'analyse à base particulaire WO2007067680A2 (fr)

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CA2632261A1 (fr) 2007-06-14

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