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WO2006084021A2 - Systeme et procede de tri de dechets medicaux - Google Patents

Systeme et procede de tri de dechets medicaux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006084021A2
WO2006084021A2 PCT/US2006/003663 US2006003663W WO2006084021A2 WO 2006084021 A2 WO2006084021 A2 WO 2006084021A2 US 2006003663 W US2006003663 W US 2006003663W WO 2006084021 A2 WO2006084021 A2 WO 2006084021A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
waste
container
item
containers
category
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2006/003663
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2006084021A3 (fr
Inventor
Scott R. Mallett
Randall C. Danta
James R. Benson
Alan D. Corey
Alan A. Davidner
Peter Regla
Original Assignee
Vesta Medical, Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vesta Medical, Llc filed Critical Vesta Medical, Llc
Publication of WO2006084021A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006084021A2/fr
Publication of WO2006084021A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006084021A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
    • B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
    • B07C5/34—Sorting according to other particular properties
    • B07C5/3412—Sorting according to other particular properties according to a code applied to the object which indicates a property of the object, e.g. quality class, contents or incorrect indication
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A61B50/10—Furniture specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A61B50/10—Furniture specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
    • A61B50/13—Trolleys, e.g. carts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A61B50/30—Containers specially adapted for packaging, protecting, dispensing, collecting or disposing of surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
    • A61B50/36—Containers specially adapted for packaging, protecting, dispensing, collecting or disposing of surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments for collecting or disposing of used articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
    • B07C7/00—Sorting by hand only e.g. of mail
    • B07C7/005—Computer assisted manual sorting, e.g. for mail
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A61B50/10—Furniture specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
    • A61B50/18—Cupboards; Drawers therefor
    • A61B2050/185—Drawers

Definitions

  • the invention relates in general to the field of waste disposal systems, and in particular to a system for sorting medical waste for disposal. Description of the Related Art
  • RCRA Resource Conservation & Recovery Act
  • Embodiments of a medical waste sorting system advantageously provide a labor savings for doctors, nurses and other clinicians by taking the bulk of the decision making associated with sorting medical waste away from the clinician.
  • a medical waste sorting system is provided, which will help clinicians conveniently comply with the recent and projected enforcement of federal and state hazardous waste laws.
  • the system can be configured to scan a bar code, RFID tag, or other system for identifying a spent drug. The spent drug can then be classified into an appropriate waste category, and a door can be automatically opened to provide access to a unique waste container for convenient disposal of the drug in compliance with applicable regulations.
  • the invention comprises a system and method for sorting waste using one or more restricted access containers.
  • the system and method comprises a plurality of containers associated with a plurality of waste categories, wherein at least one of the containers is configured to restrict access to the internal portion of the container when the container is open.
  • the system and method may also include a waste item identification device configured to determine a qualitative parameter of an item of waste, and a database comprising waste item classification information.
  • the system and method may also include a control system programmed to compare the qualitative parameter of the item to information contained in the database, and assign the item to a waste category.
  • the system and method (e.g., the control system in one embodiment) can be further configured to identify at least one of the containers based on the waste category.
  • the container prevents unauthorized personnel from accessing the waste item once the item has been deposited into the container, thereby restricting access to the internal contents of that container.
  • at least one of the containers comprises a lid.
  • one of the containers comprises a lid.
  • all of the containers comprise lids.
  • some of the containers comprise lids.
  • one lid is used to cover two or more containers.
  • the system comprises one or more lids, wherein the lid is formed integrally with the container.
  • the lid may comprise a V-shaped cross-section and circular outer edges.
  • a "V- shaped cross-section" as used herein shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall also include substantially V-shaped configurations.
  • Li one embodiment, the V-shaped lid comprises an angle of about 135 degrees. Shapes other than "V” may also be used. In some embodiments, the angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees.
  • the V-shaped lid (or similar shaped lid, such as a U-shape or L-shape, or T- shape) has an angle that is about 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 degrees.
  • at least one of the containers comprises a shield.
  • the shield acts in concert with the lid to physically restrict access to the inside of the container. In one embodiment, the shield cooperatively moves with the lid. In one embodiment, the shield is positioned at one end of the lid. The shield may be positioned at the end of the lid, at the center of the lid, or positioned somewhere in between.
  • the system comprises a latch assembly, hi one embodiment, the latch assembly is coupled to the container and/or the lid. The latch assembly can cause the lid to open and/or close.
  • a system and method for sorting waste based on primary and alternate disposal strategies is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the system and method comprises a plurality of containers associated with a plurality of waste categories.
  • the system and method may also comprise a waste item identification device configured to determine a qualitative parameter of a waste item, hi one embodiment, the system also comprises a database comprising waste item classification information.
  • the system and method may also comprise a control system programmed to compare the qualitative parameter of the waste item to information contained in the database, assign the waste item to a waste category, determine the preferred container in which the waste item should be placed based on the assigned waste category, determine if said preferred container is capable of accepting the waste item and direct a user to perform an alternative disposal action if the preferred container is not capable of accepting the waste item.
  • the user is directed to dispose of the waste item in an alternative waste container. In a further embodiment, the user is directed to dispose of the waste item in a waste container located in another room. In yet another embodiment, the user is directed to dispose of the waste item in a waste container located on another floor. In one embodiment, the user is directed to dispose of the waste item in a bulk container. In a further embodiment, the user does not have access to the internal contents of the containers.
  • a system and method for sorting waste using a manual input system is disclosed, hi one embodiment, the system and method comprises a plurality of container compartments, with each container compartment configured to receive a removable container. The system may also comprise a plurality of removable containers, wherein each removable container comprises an opening and a movable lid.
  • the removable containers are configured to be placed within the container compartments, wherein each of the removable containers is associated with at least one of a plurality of waste categories, hi one embodiment, the movable lid is movable to an open position and/or a covered position.
  • the system may comprise a manual input system for entering additional information regarding the waste item.
  • the system and method may also comprise a waste item identification device configured to read a barcode on an item of waste.
  • the system and method may further comprise a database comprising waste item classification information derived from rules and regulations affecting the disposal of waste item, hi yet another embodiment, a control system configured to compare information obtained from the barcode to information contained in the database is provided.
  • the control system may further configured to assign the item to at least one waste category, to identify at least one of the removable containers based on the waste category, to allow the movable lid of the identified removable container to move to the open position and/or to lock the movable lid in the covered position when the control system determines that the removable container is full.
  • the system comprises a plurality of containers associated with a plurality of waste categories and a waste item identification device is configured to determine a qualitative parameter of an item of waste.
  • the system may also comprise a manual input system for entering additional information regarding the waste item, hi a further embodiment, the system includes a database comprising waste item classification information.
  • the system may also comprise a control system programmed to compare the qualitative parameter of the item to information contained in the database, and assign the item to a waste category based on the manually entered additional information and the waste item classification information, hi yet another embodiment, the control system may be configured to identify at least one of the containers based on the waste category. hi one embodiment, the control system is further configured to notify a user of the assigned waste category, hi another embodiment, the control system is configured to notify a user of the assigned waste category by indicating an appropriate container into which the item should be deposited, hi one embodiment, the control system may be configured to indicate the appropriate container by opening a door, hi other embodiments, the control system may be configured to indicate the appropriate container by illuminating a light. In yet other embodiments, the control system may be configured to indicate the appropriate container by both opening a door and illuminating a light, hi one embodiment, the control system may be configured to indicate the appropriate container by indicating the necessary information on a fixed and/or handheld display.
  • the manual input system comprises a display and a keyboard having at least one button.
  • the keyboard comprises two buttons.
  • the keyboard comprises four buttons.
  • the keyboard is an alphanumeric keyboard, permitting the user to enter more detailed information.
  • the manual input system comprises one or more soft keys on a display.
  • the display is a low cost display.
  • the manual input system queries the user for information regarding the waste item, hi some embodiments, the system queries the user visually and/or audibly.
  • at least one button and/or soft key includes a graphical description.
  • the manually entered additional information is related to the volume of remaining contents in a waste item.
  • the manually entered additional information is whether the waste item is a sharps
  • the manually entered additional information is related to both the volume of remaining contents in a waste item and whether the waste item is a sharps
  • the system comprises keys, buttons, or other means to input whether or not the waste is sharps or not sharps, empty or not empty.
  • the waste item identification device is at least partially available or situated on a handheld electronic device, hi one embodiment, the additional information is manually entered into a handheld electronic device. In a further embodiment, access to the internal contents of the containers is restricted.
  • a system and method for sorting waste using different modes of operation comprises a plurality of container compartments, each container compartment configured to receive a removable container.
  • a plurality of removable containers may also be provided, wherein each removable container comprises an opening and a movable lid.
  • the removable containers are configured to be placed within the container compartments, wherein each removable container is associated with at least one waste category.
  • the movable lid is movable to an open position and/or a covered position.
  • the system and method may be further configured to allow a user to select a mode of operation.
  • a waste item identification device is configured to read a barcode on an item of waste.
  • a database comprising waste item classification information derived from rules and regulations affecting the disposal of waste items.
  • a control system is configured to compare information obtained from the barcode to information contained in the database and to assign the item to a waste category.
  • the control system is further configured to identify one or more removable containers based on the waste category.
  • the control system is also configured to allow the movable lid of the identified removable container to move to the open position and to lock the movable lid in the covered position when the control system determines that the container is full.
  • the system comprises a plurality of containers associated with a plurality of waste categories, and a waste item identification device configured to determine a qualitative parameter of an item of waste.
  • a database comprising waste item classification information may be provided.
  • at least one mode of operation may be selected by a user.
  • a control system is programmed to compare said qualitative parameter of the item to information contained in the database and to assign the item to a waste category according to the selected mode of operation.
  • the control system is further configured to identify at least one of the containers based on the waste category.
  • the mode of operation differentiates between economic and environmental benefits, hi some embodiments, the mode of operation depends on the accommodation of available waste haulers. In further embodiments, access to the internal contents of the containers is restricted.
  • a system and method for sorting waste using at least one authenticated network connection comprises a plurality of containers associated with a plurality of waste categories, hi one embodiment, a waste item identification device is configured to determine a qualitative parameter of an item of waste.
  • a database comprising waste item classification information is provided, hi other embodiments, a control system is programmed to compare the qualitative parameter of the item to information contained in the database and to assign the waste item to a waste category.
  • the control system is further configured to identify at least one of the containers based on the waste category, hi one embodiment, at least one network connection is provided, permitting the control system to communicate with at least one other component of the system.
  • the one or more network connections are authenticated.
  • the one or more network connections comprise a hardwired connection.
  • the hardwired connection comprises an Ethernet connection.
  • the one or more network connections comprise a wireless connection.
  • the one or more network connections may comprise both hardwired and wireless connections.
  • authentication is accomplished by using the entry of at least one necessary code.
  • the necessary code or codes are entered using one or more flash drives and/or keyboarded devices.
  • the keyboarded device is a personal computer, hi one embodiment, the one or more necessary codes is entered using one or more Ethernet ports, hi some preferred embodiments, the one or more network connections are secured by one or more firewall systems.
  • a system and method for sorting waste comprising updated waste information comprises a plurality of containers associated with a plurality of waste categories, hi one embodiment, a waste item identification device is configured to determine a qualitative parameter of an item of waste. hi a further embodiment, a database comprising waste item classification information configured to receive updates to the information is provided, hi yet a further embodiment, a control system is programmed to compare the qualitative parameter of the item to information contained in the database and assign the item to a waste category. The control system may be further configured to identify at least one of the containers based on the waste category. In one embodiment, the updates are received in real-time.
  • the updates are received from one or more networks, hi a further embodiment, the updates are received at least once during a pre-determined time period. In some embodiments, the one or more networks are secured by one or more firewall systems. In other embodiments, access to the internal contents of the containers is restricted. hi one embodiment, a system for determining the level of contents within a container is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the system comprises a plurality of containers, with each of container associated with at least one waste category, hi one embodiment, waste is placed in the containers based on a determination by a database that comprises waste classification information. In one embodiment, the system comprises a bar passing through each container at approximately the fill level of the container. The system may also comprise one or more detectors positioned to detect movement of the bar.
  • the system further comprises one or more position indicators attached to the bar.
  • movement of the bar is detected by having the one or more detectors detect movement of one or more position indicators.
  • the detector may be an optical detector, a non-optical detector, a photo-detector, a photo- interraptor, a mechanical sensor, an electrical sensor or an acoustical sensor.
  • each container further comprises a lid which works in conjunction with the bar of the corresponding container.
  • the lid operates to exclude further access to that container.
  • the position indicator may be situated on the outside of the container. In other embodiments, the position indicator may be situated on the inside of the container. In some embodiments, the detector may be situated on the outside of the container. In other embodiments, the detector may be situated on the inside of the container, hi a preferred embodiment, the bar is released at intervals to sweep across the container to determine the level in the container. In one embodiment, the bar is released every time the lid is opened. In some embodiments, access to the internal contents of the containers is restricted.
  • the waste identification device comprises a handheld device.
  • the waste identification device may comprise a wireless handheld device that is operable to open the appropriate container for disposal of the waste item.
  • the waste identification device comprises a wireless handheld device that is operable to signal the appropriate container for disposal of the waste item.
  • a system for sorting a plurality of waste items is disclosed, hi one embodiment, the system comprises a plurality of containers, with each container associated with at least one waste category, hi a preferred embodiment, a handheld waste item identification device is configured to determine a qualitative parameter of an item of waste.
  • a database comprising waste item classification information
  • a control system is configured to compare information obtained from the handheld waste item identification device to information contained in the database, hi another embodiment, the control system is further configured to assign the item to at least one waste category. In yet another embodiment, the control system is further configured to identify at least one of the containers based on the waste category.
  • the handheld waste item identification device comprises a barcode scanner. Li some embodiments, the handheld waste item identification device is wireless. The wireless handheld waste item identification device, in some embodiments, communicates wirelessly using infrared technology, Bluetooth technology, and/or radiofrequency. hi a preferred embodiment, the handheld waste item identification device displays information regarding the waste item being discarded, hi one embodiment, the information displayed on the handheld device comprises information regarding the particular waste container in which the waste item should be placed. hi some embodiments, the handheld device may be capable of determining the user's location so that the nearest waste container in which the waste item should be placed may be identified.
  • the system comprises a handheld device that is used to scan the waste item. The system then determines in which remote container the waste item should be disposed.
  • the handheld can provide text instructions to the user as to the proper container.
  • the system can automatically open the proper container for disposal. After the waste item is disposed, the container can be manually or automatically shut.
  • the waste comprises medical or pharmaceutical waste
  • the waste item classification information comprises classification information based on local, state, or national environmental laws or regulations.
  • the waste item classification information comprises classification information based on local, state, or national drug enforcement laws or regulations
  • the waste item classification information comprises classification information based on a user's customized requirements
  • the waste item classification information comprises classification information based on one or more different bases, including environmental laws or regulations, drug enforcement laws or regulations and/or a customized system.
  • at least one container comprises at least one lid that is operable to be manually closed by the user
  • one or more containers comprise a machine-readable identification key enabling said container to be hot-swapped.
  • a method of sorting waste comprises receiving an identifier associated with waste to be disposed.
  • the method further comprises retrieving, based on the identifier, information from a database, wherein the information is derived from applicable rules regarding disposal of waste items, hi one embodiment, the method also comprises assigning the waste to a disposal category based on the information retrieved from the database.
  • the method further comprises locating a container associated with the assigned disposal category.
  • the method comprises providing access to an opening of the container while simultaneously restricting access to the interior contents of that container, hi some embodiments, receiving an identifier associated with waste is accomplished using a handheld device.
  • a method of sorting waste comprises receiving an identifier associated with waste to be disposed of using a handheld device.
  • the method further comprises retrieving, based on the identifier, information from a database, wherein the information is derived from applicable rules regarding disposal of waste items, hi one embodiment, the method may also comprise assigning the waste to a disposal category based on the information retrieved from the database, hi one embodiment, the method may comprise locating a container associated with the assigned disposal category.
  • the method may comprise facilitating disposal of the waste item into the container associated with the assigned disposal category.
  • access to the internal contents of the container is restricted, hi other embodiments, locating a container associated with the assigned disposal category also takes into consideration a machine-readable identification key located on each container that enables the containers to be hot-swapped.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of medical waste sorting and disposal system including a plurality of interconnected sorting and disposal stations in a centralized network;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of medical waste sorting and disposal system implemented in a decentralized network
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of a wall-mounted sorting and disposal station
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of one embodiment of a floor-standing sorting and disposal station
  • FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of a rolling cart sorting and disposal station
  • FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of one embodiment of a rolling cart sorting and disposal station
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal station incorporated into a rolling medications cart;
  • FIG. 8 is a rear perspective view of one embodiment of the cart of FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 is an alternative embodiment of the cart of FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 10 is a partially exploded perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal station comprising pi vo table containers and sleeves;
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal station in the form of a convertible rolling cart in a first configuration
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the convertible rolling cart in a second configuration
  • FIG. 13 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a container and portions of an interface with a sorting and disposal station;
  • FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a container and portions of an interface with a sorting and disposal station;
  • FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a container
  • FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a container and an alternative embodiment of portions of an interface with a sorting and disposal station;
  • FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a container and an alternative embodiment of portions of an interface with a sorting and disposal station;
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic side elevation view of an embodiment of a fill level sensor
  • FIG. 19 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a fill-level detection system
  • FIG. 20 is a an overview flow chart of one embodiment of a software algorithm for measuring a fill level of a container
  • FIG. 21 is a detailed flow chart of one embodiment of a method of measuring a fill level of a container
  • FIG. 22 is a continuation of the flow chart of FIG. 21 ;
  • FIG. 22A is an electronic schematic of one embodiment of an array of light detectors, illustrated further in Figs. 22A 1 -A 5 ;
  • FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of a level sensor system employing a video camera;
  • FIG. 23A is an electronic schematic of one embodiment of an alternative embodiment employing a video system, illustrated further in Figs. 23A 1 -A 7 ;
  • FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a sorting algorithm for use by embodiments of a medical waste sorting and disposal system;
  • FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating a container-checking subroutine for use by embodiments of a medical waste sorting and disposal system
  • FIG. 26 is a diagram of one embodiment of machine-readable patterns for containers
  • FIG. 27 is a table of examples of a 2-button action file
  • FIG. 28A is a schematic of one embodiment of a 2-button keyboard and display indicating a first prompt
  • FIG. 28B is a schematic of one embodiment of a 2-button keyboard and display indicating a second prompt
  • FIG. 29 is a table of examples of a 4-button action file
  • FIG. 30A is a schematic of one embodiment of a switch arrangement utilizing graphic images
  • FIG. 30B is a schematic of one embodiment of a switch arrangement utilizing graphic images
  • FIG. 31 is a flowchart illustrating a decision logic for identifying and categorizing a particular waste item
  • FIG. 32 is an isometric view of one embodiment of the invention, showing a cart version of a pharmaceutical waste collection and sorting device
  • FIG. 33 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the invention, showing a wall unit version of a pharmaceutical waste collection and sorting device.
  • FIG 34A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal system, shown presenting a waste item near the scanner;
  • FIG 34B is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal system, shown dropping a waste item into a container;
  • FIG 34C is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal system, shown closing the container;
  • FIG. 35a is a perspective view of one embodiment of a substantially vertically- oriented sorting and disposal system;
  • FIG. 35b is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sorting and disposal system
  • FIG. 36 is a perspective view of a container with a lid and a bar
  • FIG. 37 is side elevation view of a lid and a bar in the closed position
  • FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a lid and a bar in the closed position
  • FIG. 39 is a perspective view of a lid and a bar in the partially open position
  • FIG. 40 is a side elevation view of a lid and a bar in the partially open position
  • FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a lid and a bar in the open position
  • FIG. 42 is a side elevation view of a lid and a bar in the open position
  • FIG. 43 is a perspective view of a bar blocked by the container contents
  • FIG. 44 is a side elevation view of a bar blocked by the container contents
  • FIG. 45 is a perspective view of a latch assembly
  • FIG. 46 is an elevation view of a latch assembly
  • FIG. 47 is a perspective view of a lid and a bar position detectors
  • FIG. 48 is an elevation view of a lid and a bar position detectors.
  • FIG. 49 is a schematic of one embodiment of a firewall system used for data network protection.
  • FIG. 50 is a schematic of one embodiment of a prescription drug label that facilitates proper disposal of the item.
  • the waste sorting and disposal system is automated.
  • a medical waste sorting system comprising a plurality of individual sorting and disposal stations connected to one another via a centralized or de-centralized network is provided.
  • a medical waste sorting system can comprise one or more stand-alone sorting and disposal stations configured to operate independently of any other device.
  • sorting is a broad term and shall be given its ordinary meaning and generally refers to the distribution of one or more waste items into one or more appropriate waste receptacles.
  • dispenser is also a broad term and shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall, in some embodiments, generally refer to the discarding or
  • receptacle and container are broad terms that can be used interchangeably.
  • a waste sorting and disposal station comprises a sorting station or machine, which includes a series of container positions or compartments, each compartment being configured to receive a removable container for collecting waste belonging to a particular category or classification.
  • Some embodiments of a sorting station comprise a waste-identifying device, a processor configured to carry out a waste-sorting algorithm, and a waste-sorting mechanism.
  • the term "removable” shall be given its ordinary meaning, and shall include disposable or reusable containers.
  • a sorting machine comprises one or more sensors for determining the presence of a container, a type of container, and/or a volume or weight of a container.
  • the sorting machine includes one or more sensors (e.g., an optical sensor) to determine which container the item was deposited into and/or a time at which an item is deposited.
  • a sorting machine/station can include any of a variety of computer peripherals, such as user input devices (e.g., touch screens, keyboards, pointer devices, etc.), display devices, sound-producing devices (e.g., speakers or buzzers), or any other peripheral device.
  • a single container is associated with a single waste category. In another embodiment, a single container is associated with multiple waste categories.
  • container types can include sharps containers, chemotherapy agent containers, infectious waste containers, ignitable waste containers, hazardous P-list waste containers, hazardous U-list waste containers, toxic pharmaceutical waste containers, non-toxic pharmaceutical waste containers, chemotherapy sharps containers, corrosive waste containers, or reactive waste containers. Additional container types can also be used as desired.
  • the container types are pre-designated by the container provider.
  • the container types are assigned by the hospital so that the hospital can individually customize its waste sorting system. For example, some hospitals may desire to define their own waste categories in order to comply with internal goals, thus user-defined container types can also be provided.
  • a waste identifying mechanism is provided.
  • the waste identifying mechanism is configured to identify a particular item of waste.
  • Identification is preferably accomplished prior to deposit into the appropriate container. Identification of the waste item can be accomplished by scanning a barcode, reading a label (e.g., using an optical scanner and Optical Character Recognition software), reading a Radio Frequency identification (RFID) tag, chemical sensors, spectroscopic analyzers, or by measuring or evaluating any other qualitative parameter of the waste item presented for identification. Alternatively still, an item of waste can be identified by user input of information such as a trade name, a generic name, a chemical name, National Drug Code (NDC), the abbreviated name of the drug (or mnemonic), or other data associated with a particular item of waste. For example, a 325 mg dose of aspirin can be identified by ASPIOT3272. In one embodiment, a user can simply read a waste identifier from an item of medical waste and enter the identifier into the system via a keyboard, touch screen or other user input device.
  • RFID Radio Frequency identification
  • the sorting algorithm determines to which of a plurality of waste categories the item belongs.
  • the station then indicates to the user which container is associated with that category. For example, in some embodiments the station indicates a correct container by opening a door providing access to the container. Alternatively, such an indication can be provided by illuminating a light or displaying a name or number of a container on a display device.
  • a waste sorting mechanism can carry out or instruct a user in delivery of the waste item to the appropriate container.
  • the waste sorting mechanism comprises a plurality of openings providing access to the plurality of containers.
  • each of the containers can be configured to interface with an automatically operable door or other means to present the container opening to the user. Some embodiments of such an interface are described in further detail below.
  • the sorting machine can be configured to provide access to an appropriate container in other ways, such as by moving a container relative to the machine in order to present a container opening to a user.
  • the sorting mechanism can include a series of lights or other indicators configured to inform a user of the correct container for a particular item of waste.
  • the sorting mechanism can include an apparatus configured to receive an item of waste firom a user and physically convey the item to the appropriate container, which may be removable.
  • a single waste item may call for disposal in multiple containers.
  • a syringe might contain a quantity of a hazardous or controlled substance, which requires disposal in a first container. However, the syringe itself may require disposal in a second, separate container.
  • a waste item contains information (such as a barcode or label) sufficient to inform the system of the need for a sequence of disposal steps
  • the system can determine the optimum sequence, and can then inform the user of the appropriate sequence.
  • the system may inform a user of the appropriate sequence by sequentially opening appropriate doors and/or by displaying instructions on a display screen.
  • a means can be provided for the user to indicate whether an item of waste is empty or contains residual or bulk hazardous or non-hazardous contents.
  • a user may determine the best sequence for disposal, in which case, the user may enter information into the system requesting a particular sequence.
  • the system may also be desirable for the system to include "shortcut keys" in order to provide quick access to frequently-used containers, such as sharps containers. Such shortcut keys can be configured to quickly open a selected container.
  • a single waste item comprises a composite of elements falling into different waste categories, such as a syringe containing a controlled substance, which might, if disposed separately, be sorted into two different containers
  • the waste sorting system can indicate disposal of the composite waste item into the correct container. In this manner, when it is inefficient, ineffective or even dangerous to separate the single composite waste item into its individual components, hospitals can still achieve compliance by disposing of such hybrid or composite items into the most conservative hazard container.
  • the containers within a sorting station can be ranked in order from “less” to "more” desirable in order to facilitate a determination of which container is the "most appropriate” hazard container in a given station.
  • a determination of whether a particular container type (and corresponding waste category or categories) is more or less appropriate can be determined by a variety of suitable methods, hi some cases, a selection priority can be determined empirically, while in other embodiments, the choice may be determined by comparing properties, such as amount of residual content, relative chemical toxicity, etc. bioactivity, etc., of elements of a particular waste item.
  • the sorting system when a waste item is unrecognized by the identification means, the sorting system will indicate disposal to the highest hazard waste container. The system will notify the disposer that the waste item was unrecognized, hi another embodiment, the sorting system may also notify a database or database personnel that the waste item is unrecognized, thus facilitating a database upgrade to include that waste item for future disposals, hi one embodiment, the system may be equipped with a dedicated container that is exclusively used for disposing such unrecognized waste items. The subsequent handling of waste items in such a dedicated container may depend on regulatory requirements, the facility's personal preferences or any other relevant consideration.
  • a waste item identification device is configured to receive a waste item identifier from a waste item, and a decision system is configured to assign the waste item to a waste category using the waste identifier and information contained in the classification database.
  • Each of the containers is associated with at least one of the waste categories, and the decision system is further configured to indicate into which of the containers a waste item should be deposited based on the waste category.
  • the decision system is further configured to open an alternate container if the station does not include a container associated with the assigned category, hi one embodiment, for example, the alternate container is a container associated with the highest hazardous level will be opened, hi another embodiment, the alternate container is a container associated with the "next best" disposal category for the waste item.
  • the alternate container is located adjacent to the preferred (or "first choice") container, hi another embodiment, the alternate container is located in a different location from the preferred container. For example, the alternate container can be located in a different room or on a different floor. In yet another embodiment, if an alternate container is unavailable, then the item may be rejected, hi this situation, the user may be instructed to obtain additional information on disposal.
  • Each of the containers is associated with at least one of the waste categories, and the decision system is further configured to indicate into which of the containers a waste item should be deposited based on the waste category. The decision system is further configured to open an alternate container if the station does not include a container associated with the assigned category. In one embodiment, for example, the alternate container is a container associated with the highest hazardous level will be opened. In another embodiment, the alternate container is a container associated with the "next best" disposal category for the waste item.
  • the alternate container is located adjacent to the preferred (or "first choice") container. In another embodiment, the alternate container is located in a different location from the preferred container. For example, the alternate container can be located in a different room or on a different floor of a hospital or other institution.
  • one or more sensors are used to quantitatively assess one or more parameters of the container and/or waste. These quantitative sensors include, but are not limited to, sensors that detect the weight, volume, density, and/or fill level of the waste in the container.
  • one or more fill sensors are provided.
  • a fill level sensor can be used to monitor a fill level of each of the containers to determine when a particular container is full. Once a container is determined to be full, the sorting system can signal a user to replace the full container with a new empty container. Additionally, once a particular container is full, some embodiments of the system can be configured to determine the weight or volume of waste material within the full container. The system can also be configured to print a label to be affixed to the container. The label can include a variety of information relating to the disposal of the waste items, the quantity, weight or volume of the items contained therein, a waste category name or code, etc.
  • the system may be configured to alert a user of other nearby waste containers capable of accepting the waste.
  • quantitative sensors are not used.
  • the quantity of waste is determined by direct visualization of the waste in a container.
  • Transparent or translucent containers are provided to facilitate visualization in some embodiments, hi several embodiments, the containers are opaque, but provide a section or "view-strip" of translucent or transparent material to permit visualization, hi one embodiment, one or more sensors are provided in conjunction with means to directly visualize waste quantity.
  • means for detecting a quantity of waste are not needed because the containers are replaced at regularly scheduled intervals, as determined by a waste transport company, a disposal company or hospital staff and independent of how much waste is in any given container.
  • the system when a new container is placed in a sorting and disposal station, the system can be configured to identify the new container according to the type of waste the container it is permitted to hold.
  • a waste sorting and disposal station can be configured to recognize containers in a static mode in which each container position within the station/machine is associated with a specific container type. Upon insertion of a new container into the station, the system can recognize the type of container and can determine whether the new container is the correct type for the position in which it was placed. Thus, a system of this type can insure that a consistent arrangement of container types is maintained.
  • a sorting and disposal station is configured to recognize container types in a dynamic mode in which the machine is able to recognize and adapt to changing container arrangements.
  • each container position/compartment in a station will recognize and accept any new container regardless of the container type, and the software will adapt a sorting routine to account for the new configuration.
  • a sorting and disposal station can exhibit aspects of both static and dynamic systems, such as by allowing any type of container in any container position, while requiring a minimum number of containers of a particular type.
  • the waste sorting and disposal system can be significantly simplified by appropriately labeling of products that will eventually be disposed as waste.
  • a prescription drug label may provide disposal information at the time the label is generated.
  • the drug vial or other pharmaceutical product label may indicate in what waste category the item should be disposed.
  • the label may provide alternative waste categories under which it should be disposed, depending on whether the item is empty or not empty and/or whether the items is or is not a sharps.
  • waste categorization information printed on such labels may be obtained from a waste disposal database as discussed herein.
  • an institution may print its own specific labels that are based on waste categories.
  • multiple labels are generated, each with its own simple code (color, numerals, letters, etc) and affixed to a drug vial.
  • the scanner (which is configured to read these institution specific codes) is able to associate the waste item with the appropriate waste container.
  • a scanner is not needed. Rather, the user can read the symbol and dispose of the waste accordingly.
  • a waste sorting and disposal system can be configured on a hospital- wide level by providing a plurality of cooperating sorting and disposal stations throughout the hospital.
  • the system can include a plurality of individual sorting and disposal stations in a variety of types, arrangements, sizes, functionalities, etc.
  • a centralized network 50 can include a main central unit 54 provided in electronic communication with a plurality of smaller "satellite" units 60 throughout a facility, hi such a centralized network, the main unit 54 can include a server containing the classification database 56 and any other information to be shared with the satellite units 60. As information is needed by a satellite unit 60, it can query the database via the network in order to obtain that information. Alternatively, or in addition, the main unit 54 can be configured to push updates to the satellite units at regular intervals, or as new information becomes available, hi some embodiments, the main unit 54 can also act as a central hub for various communications, tracking, maintenance and other system functions.
  • Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a de-centralized medical waste sorting and disposal system.
  • the network 64 of Figure 2 is substantially decentralized and comprises a plurality of sorting and disposal stations 60 which can communicate with one another according to any suitable method.
  • each of the individual units may locally store a copy of the classification database.
  • the individual units can share information with one another according to any of a variety of peer-to-peer network protocols.
  • the individual stations can also share other information with one another as will be further described below.
  • the network elements can be configured to communicate with one another via any suitable wired and/or wireless network communication protocol.
  • a networked medical waste sorting and disposal system can be configured as an add-on to an existing network.
  • a networked medical waste sorting and disposal system can be configured as an independent network.
  • the main unit (if present) and/or the satellite unit(s) can further be connected to external networks (e.g., the internet) via wireless or wired connections as desired, consistent with a hospital protocol.
  • one sorting and disposal station may have access to information about one or all of the other stations in the network. For instance, it may be desirable for any one station to determine an arrangement of containers in one or more nearby stations. For example, if a clinician presents an item of waste to a station which does not presently have a container suitable for disposal of the presented item, that station can direct the clinician to the nearest station that does have an appropriate container installed, rn further embodiments, a log of such re-directions can be kept in order to increase efficiency by arranging the sorting and disposal stations to include the most frequently used containers for a given location.
  • Some embodiments of a waste sorting and disposal system are configured to communicate information directly to a technician, maintenance person, clinician or other person.
  • the system can be configured to alert a maintenance person when a container is full by sending an alert signal to a pager, cell phone, PDA, computer terminal, or any other suitable device.
  • the maintenance person can then remove the full container and replace it with an empty container (of the same or a different type).
  • Individual Sorting/Disposal Stations A medical waste sorting and disposal station can take a variety of forms depending on the specific needs of a given clinic, hospital, department, clinician, etc. For example, some embodiments of sorting and disposal stations 60 are illustrated in Figures 3-12.
  • a station can be provided in a wall-mounted unit 60a (e.g., see Figure 3), in a floor-standing unit 60b ( Figure 4), on a wheeled cart 60c ( Figures 5 and 6), attached to a patient bed, attached to an IV pole, attached to an existing wheeled medications cart 6Od ( Figures 7-9), or any of a variety of other shapes, forms and mounting locations.
  • a wall-mounted unit 60a e.g., see Figure 3
  • a floor-standing unit 60b Figure 4
  • a wheeled cart 60c Figures 5 and 6
  • Figures 5 and 6 attached to a patient bed
  • an IV pole attached to an existing wheeled medications cart 6Od
  • Figures 7-9 any of a variety of other shapes, forms and mounting locations.
  • the embodiment of Figures 5 and 6 also includes a display device 70, a weight scale 72, a scanner 74 for identifying waste items and a plurality of apertures 78 configured to reveal openings to respective containers 80.
  • the apertures are designed to selectively occlude and reveal openings or access ports.
  • a station can comprise a movable lid 82 with a single aperture 84.
  • the lid 82 can be substantially flexible such that it can be driven to translate above the containers in order to selectively provide access to any one of the containers below the lid 82.
  • the sorting machine can be configured to provide access to an appropriate container in other ways, such as by tilting, raising, lowering, pivoting, translating or otherwise moving a container relative to the machine in order to present the container opening to a user.
  • Figure 10 illustrates an embodiment in which a sorting station comprises a series of hinged sleeves 86 configured to pivot relative to a fixed portion of the sorting station.
  • Each sleeve 86 is generally configured to temporarily house a container 80, which may be removable.
  • the station 6Oe comprises a series of actuators configured to pivot each sleeve 86 and its associated container 80 outwards, thereby exposing the container opening 88.
  • an actuator 90 can be located adjacent an upper portion of a container 80 and can be configured to push the upper portion of the container outwards from the station.
  • the sleeve 86 can be biased outwards by a spring or simply by gravity, and an upper actuator can be configured to release the sleeve/container to allow it to pivot outwards to open. The upper actuator can then pull inwards to return the container/sleeve to a closed position.
  • a lower actuator 92 can be provided adjacent a bottom portion of the container/sleeve combination.
  • a lower actuator 92 can comprise a drive axle 94 rigidly mounted to the sleeve 86.
  • the axle 94 can be driven by a motor or other mechanism in order to pivot the sleeve 86 inwards and outwards.
  • a container 80 can be inserted into the sleeve 86 and pivoted back so that a fixed portion of the station 6Oe covers the container opening 88.
  • the actuator 90 or 92 causes the sleeve 86 to pivot outward from the station 6Oe, thereby exposing the container opening for use.
  • the container 80 can be removed by sliding it out of the sleeve 86.
  • the above system can be provided without a sleeve 86 by incorporating an actuator and a pivot point into the container itself.
  • other actuators, drive mechanisms, etc can be used in order to selectively provide access to a container opening.
  • the station can be configured to house each of the containers in a sliding drawer.
  • the drawers can include actuators configured to move the drawer outwards until an opening is exposed.
  • the containers can then be easily removed once they are full.
  • Figures 11 and 12 illustrate another embodiment of a waste sorting and disposal station 6Of in the form of a convertible rolling cart.
  • the station 6Of is a two-sided rolling cart.
  • the station 6Of of this embodiment can be provided with a hinge 96 configured to allow the two sides 98a, 98b of the cart 6Of to unfold into a one-sided arrangement.
  • Figure 11 shows the cart in an unfolded form, so that it may be placed or mounted against a wall.
  • Figure 12 shows the cart in a folded form, and thus suitable for use as a cart.
  • a sorting and disposal station 60 can include a scale configured to determine a weight of a full container.
  • a scale 72 can be provided on an upper or other accessible portion of the station.
  • the station can include a scale (e.g., a load cell) to continuously or repeatedly weigh each container within the station. Such information can be useful in creating a manifest for the containers before transportation of the containers to an appropriate disposal facility.
  • a station can include a fill level sensor for continuously or intermittently determining a fill level of a container. Embodiments of a fill-level sensor are described in further detail below.
  • Figure 32 shows another embodiment of the invention comprising a wheeled cart 6Og, a display 70 (which in some embodiments may be a touch-screen display), and a barcode scanner 74.
  • the display 70 and barcode scanner 74 are supported by a post 38 of suitable size and shape to orient the display 70 and scanner 74 for convenient access by a user.
  • a user holds a pharmaceutical waste item to be discarded near the scanner 74 and responds to one or more questions presented on the display 70.
  • a CPU determines the proper container to receive the waste item.
  • the user simply scans the item to be discarded without answering any questions or inputting any information into the system.
  • the cart 6Og is equipped with a plurality of lids 82. As shown in Figure 32, each lid 82 is latched in a closed position by a release mechanism 62. When a particular lid 82 is directed to open, electronics, a solenoid, and a spring (not shown) cause the lid 82 to rotate to an open position revealing a container (not shown) for receiving the pharmaceutical waste item. Following manual deposit of the item into the appropriate container, the user closes the lid 82 by applying hand pressure to a lever 66, which, in one embodiment, is an extension of the lid 82.
  • the release mechanisms 62 can be protected by covers 68 to prevent tampering with the release mechanisms 62 contained therein.
  • the cart 6Og is further provided with a deck 42, side skins 44, and doors 48 to prevent damage resulting from spills and unauthorized access of the mechanisms 62, internal components, and the containers.
  • the doors 48 are provided with a key lock 46 so that only authorized service personnel may change out the containers when full.
  • a power entry module 36 provides an electrical cord for connection to a wall outlet for powering the cart and/or charging an internal battery (not shown).
  • a wall outlet for powering the cart and/or charging an internal battery (not shown).
  • an internal battery not shown.
  • the cart 6Og is also equipped with a base 30, wheels 32, and one or more handles 34 to enable pushing the cart 6Og from one location to another.
  • the invention is provided as a wall unit.
  • Figure 33 shows one embodiment comprising a wall unit 6Oh, a display 70 (which in some embodiments may be a touch-screen display), and a barcode scanner 74.
  • the display 70 and barcode scanner 74 are oriented for convenient access by a user.
  • a user holds a pharmaceutical waste item to be discarded near the scanner 74 and responds to some questions presented on the display 70.
  • a CPU determines the proper container to receive the waste item. Li other embodiments, the user simply scans the item to be discarded, without answering any questions or imputing any information into the system.
  • the wall unit 6Oh is equipped with a plurality of lids 82 arranged in an array. As shown in Figure 33, each lid is latched in a closed position by a release mechanism 62. When a particular lid 82 is directed to open, electronics, a solenoid, and a spring (not shown) cause the lid 82 to rotate to an open position revealing a container (not shown) for receiving the pharmaceutical waste item. Following manual deposit of the item into the appropriate container, the user closes the lid 82 by applying hand pressure to a lever 66, which in one embodiment is an extension of the lid 82.
  • the release mechanisms 62 can be protected by covers 68 to prevent tampering with the release mechanisms 62 contained therein.
  • the wall unit 6Oh is further provided with a deck 42 (one at each level in the array), side skins 44, and doors 48 to prevent damage resulting from spills and unauthorized access of the mechanisms 62, internal components, and the containers.
  • the doors 48 are provided with a key lock 46 so that only authorized service personnel may change out the containers when full.
  • the wall unit 6Oh in one embodiment, can include an electrical connection or other means (not shown) for powering the unit and mounting brackets (not shown) for anchoring the unit 6Oh to a wall.
  • Figures 34A, 34B and 34C show an embodiment, which may be provided in cart form or as a wall unit.
  • a user holds a waste item to be discarded near a barcode scanner 74.
  • a CPU determines the proper container to receive the waste item. The waste item can be discarded into the appropriate container after the corresponding lid 82 has been opened. Once the waste item has been discarded, the user may push the lid 82 to its default, closed position.
  • Figures 35a and 35b show alternative embodiments of the waste collection system.
  • Figure 35a shows a sorting device that is oriented in a substantially vertical position.
  • Figure 35b shows a sorting device that has a plurality of top and side access regions.
  • a CPU determines the proper container to receive the waste item. The waste item can be discarded into the appropriate container after the corresponding lid has been opened. This embodiment is advantageous in healthcare facilities where available space is limited.
  • the sorting device is further provided with a deck 42, side skins 44 and doors 48 to prevent damage resulting from spills and unauthorized access of the mechanisms, internal components and the containers.
  • the doors 48 are provided with a key lock 46 so that only authorized service personnel may change out the containers when full
  • the sorting device may also be equipped with a base 30, wheels 32 and/or one or more handles 34 to enable pushing the cart from one location to another.
  • the container lid or other mechanism that provides access to the interior of the container may be configured to open and close automatically.
  • the container lid or other mechanism that provides access to the interior of the container may not be capable of closing automatically.
  • the user is required to manually close the lid or other mechanism.
  • the sorting system may be configured to automatically open a container lid following a barcode scan of the waste item. The user can then manually close the lid after discarding the waste item in the container.
  • the container automatically opens and closes, hi another embodiment, the container automatically opens and can be closed manually, hi yet another embodiment, the container is operable to be manually opened and closed, hi a further embodiment, the container is opened manually, and closes automatically.
  • Automatic closure of the container can be based on a pre-determined time interval.
  • the container may use one or more sensors to determine that the waste has been appropriately discarded, and automatically closes upon this sensor determination.
  • the user can communicate to the system (e.g., by pressing a button) to close the container automatically.
  • the containers are generally designed to be low cost, yet include features that provide a functional interface with mechanisms in a sorting station to perform several desired functions.
  • each container includes a door or lid which can be opened and closed automatically in order to allow or prevent access to a particular container at a particular time.
  • the containers can be configured to interface with sensors for determining a quantity of contents within the container, and/or sensors for determining a type of container.
  • the containers 80 are blow molded (or otherwise formed) from polypropylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, polyvinylchloride or any other suitable plastic or other material as desired, hi some embodiments, the containers 80 have substantially frosted or translucent side walls.
  • the containers will typically be sized to have an internal volume of anywhere from 1 to 20 gallons, however greater or smaller volumes can also be used as desired.
  • containers can be provided in 1-gallon, 2-gallon, 3-gallon, 5-gallon, 8-gallon, and 13- gallon sizes. Other sizes can also be used.
  • the containers can vary widely.
  • the containers include a lifting handle, a primary opening which can be automatically and/or manually closed or sealed, and a bottom surface configured to allow the container to stand upright.
  • the containers can also include features such as an automatically- openable door or lid, a manually closable lid, features for accurately locating the container in a container compartment of a station, a viewing window for visually verifying fill level, and/or identification information for informing a user of a container's contents (or intended contents).
  • the containers can be provided with an opening 88 having a variety of shapes and/or features.
  • the opening 88 is substantially circular and has a minimum internal diameter of at least about three inches ( ⁇ 76 mm).
  • the opening 88 can be substantially elliptical, rectangular, polygonal or otherwise shaped, and can be any suitable size, including sizes smaller than three inches in diameter.
  • the particular type or types of waste to be deposited in a particular container can be a significant factor that can be used in determining a suitable size and/or shape of a container opening.
  • the container opening should be sized to easily accept the largest waste item that is expected to be deposited in the container.
  • containers might receive full or partially full liter-sized IV bags, gallon-sized biohazard bags or other large items. It is generally desirable that the container opening be configured to accept these large items easily and without tearing the bags or otherwise damaging or causing spillage of a waste item. The skilled artisan will recognize that other factors may also affect a choice of container opening size or shape.
  • containers are provided in a plurality of types, each type corresponding to a respective waste category or waste classification. In order to allow clinicians, maintenance people, and any other persons who may handle the containers to quickly and easily differentiate containers of various types, the containers can be color- coded to correspond with a particular type or category of waste.
  • a color-coding scheme can be selected to match industry standards for various types of medical waste. Red, for example, typically signifies infectious waste, while yellow typically signifies chemotherapeutic waste. Color-coded containers can advantageously simplify the tasks associated with manual transportation and processing of the containers, and can aid in ensuring that such tasks will be handled correctly for each waste stream.
  • such visual verification of a container's type can be provided by any other suitable method.
  • the various container types can be indicated by labels bearing numeric, alphanumeric, graphical or symbolic information.
  • Such labels can include printed stick-on labels or various features molded or formed directly into portions of the containers themselves.
  • type-identification features can be provided in addition to color-coding of the containers in order to further simplify identification of a container's type.
  • Providing simple visual verification of a given container's type advantageously simplifies and facilitates handling of medical waste materials throughout many aspects of collection and disposal.
  • the containers can be configured in such a way that a sorting and disposal station can automatically identify a type of container.
  • each container includes an identification key that can be read by corresponding structures in a sorting station.
  • the key generally allows the sorting station to automatically identify the type of each container occupying a compartment or container position within the station.
  • the station can be configured to identify container types in either a static or dynamic mode depending on a desired degree of flexibility for a given station.
  • Identification keys may be physical features such as fingers molded into or attached to each container. Alternatively, identification keys can be holes, notches, or grooves molded or cut into a portion of each container. In some embodiments, identification keys include optically-readable features such as holes, dark or light colored dots, text, symbols, graphics, etc.
  • a physical key may be configured to be read by mechanical or optical switches associated with each compartment or container position within the station.
  • Figure 13 illustrates an embodiment of a container 80 with an identification key 104 made up of a series of holes 110 in a flange 112 extending from an upper portion of the container 80. The holes 110 of Figure 13 can be detected by a plurality of optical switches 138 mounted to a portion of the station adjacent a container position.
  • a key may be an optical mark, such as a bar code, that can be interpreted by a sensor such as a bar code reader.
  • the key may be a radio frequency identification (RFED) tag that can be read by a transponder associated with each compartment.
  • container identification keys can comprise microchips, magnetic strips, or other electronic media that can be read by a waste sorting and disposal station into which the container is placed.
  • a polychromatic sensitive optical sensor can be provided to directly determine a color of a container.
  • a container can be closed by default to prevent insertion of items into an incorrect container. Then, once an item is scanned or otherwise identified, the station can open the appropriate container or otherwise signify the single correct container to receive that particular waste item.
  • FIGS 14-17 illustrate embodiments of containers comprising integrally-formed automatically operable doors and corresponding structures in a sorting station.
  • the illustrated structures are generally configured to provide an automated interface between a container 80 and portions of a sorting and disposal station in order to allow the station to automatically recognize and operate a container.
  • each compartment includes an actuator mechanism configured to automatically and selectively open and close the corresponding container 80. The selective opening and closing of each container may be accomplished via interaction of structures on both the container and the station, and can ultimately be controlled by a computer system within the sorting and disposal station.
  • a container may include a movable lid molded or otherwise joined to the container opening.
  • the lid can generally be configured to pivot, slide, hinge or rotate relative to a container in order to reveal or cover the container opening.
  • the lid is configured to mate with a mechanical actuator in the station upon installation of the container in a given container compartment.
  • the actuator can be configured to allow the lid to open and close by translating, rotating or pivoting the lid.
  • the actuator and lid can be further configured to separate from one another when the container is removed from the station.
  • Figure 13 illustrates one embodiment of an interface between a container 80 and portions of a sorting station.
  • the container 80 comprises a gate 116 covering an opening 88 and configured to slide in tracks 118 between an open position and a closed position.
  • the gate 116 can include a latch 120 configured to lock (e.g., automatically lock) the container opening when the gate 116 is completely closed.
  • a drive pin 122 on the gate control arm 124 is engaged by the gate 116 of container.
  • the control arm 124 is configured to open and close the gate 116.
  • the gate control arm 124 can be coupled to a drive motor 128 via a transmission element such as a disc 132 or a similarly functioning arm.
  • a position switch 134 can also be provided on the disc 132, control arm 124, gate 116 or other component in order to detect a position of the gate 116.
  • the position switch 134 is an optical switch configured to detect one or more holes 136 in the disc 132.
  • the sorting station can include a plurality of optical switches 138 for detecting the presence of a container and/or the type of container 80 inserted into the sorting station.
  • the embodiment of Figure 14 replaces the gate control arm 124 of Figure 13 with a slot 140 in the gate 116 in order to convert the rotational motion of the pin 142 extending from the disc 132 into linear motion of the gate 116.
  • Figure 15 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a container comprising a sectioned door 150 configured to slide along tracks 152 extending from the exterior surface of the container 80.
  • the slidable lids of the above embodiments can be provided with a latch (such as that shown in Figures 13 and 14) which can be automatically engaged in order to lock the container once a sorting station determines the container is full.
  • the embodiment illustrated in Figure 16 can include a slidable door 116 driven by a rack and pinion drive mechanism 156.
  • the drive mechanism 156 of Figure 16 can comprise a driven friction wheel configured to engage a portion of the slidable lid 116.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of a container 80 with a lid 158 configured to open by pivoting relative to the container 80.
  • a door can be opened or closed by any of a variety of other mechanisms.
  • worm screws, pneumatic pistons, hydraulic pistons, solenoids, or any other motion-transferring mechanism can be used to selectively open and close a container door.
  • an outer lid configured to seal a container opening once the container is full.
  • the outer lid is preferably configured to attach to the container sufficiently securely to prevent spillage or tampering.
  • An outer seal also shields users from contaminants that may have come in contact with the container top area during use.
  • a flexible lid can be configured to seal over a top of the automatically actuated door by frictionally engaging a lip, groove, or other structure in a manner similar to many flexible lids used in food storage containers.
  • outer seals can be provided in the form of a bag or shrink-wrap material that surrounds a substantial portion of a container's exterior.
  • a solidifying agent can be provided within a container in order to solidify non-hazardous pharmaceuticals allowing for their disposal in a landfill.
  • such solidifying agents can include materials capable of absorbing a quantity of a liquid non-hazardous pharmaceutical material.
  • absorbent materials can include ceramic materials, sponge materials or other porous materials.
  • such solidification may involve a chemical reaction between the waste material and a substance provided within the container.
  • float systems can be adapted for use in determining a level of a waste material in a waste sorting system. In some cases, it is also desirable to perform such fill level measurements without the sensor physically contacting the container or the container contents.
  • Level sensors are commonly used in many fields to determine a quantity of a solid or liquid within a container.
  • Three popular level sensors include floats, sight glasses and ultrasonic systems.
  • a buoyant device or "float” is placed in the container, where it remains partially submerged in the liquid retained within the container.
  • the float is used to detect a level of a fluid in the container by activating a switch located at a pre-determined point.
  • the float detects the container's fluid level by activating a potentiometer, which reports the fluid level over a calibrated range.
  • Sight glass type level sensors evolved from manual systems in which an operator observed the level in a container through a transparent window.
  • Ultrasonic fill level sensors direct a beam of ultrasonic energy toward an object and detect the time delay associated with that beam of energy reflecting off the object and returning to the sensor. Thus, the time delay correlates to a particular height of the contents in the container.
  • the assignee of the present application also owns technology related to the optical detection of the level of material in a translucent plastic waste container. See, e.g., Applications Nos. 10/945,223; 10/946,252; 10/946,161; 10/945,773; 10/946,164; 10/946,207; 10/946,208; and 10/946,054, herein incorporated by reference.
  • measurements are made by illuminating one side of the container and collecting the light received by an array of photo detectors located on the opposite side of the container.
  • a microprocessor interprets the light received at the array of receptors, compensates for ambient light and the relative transmissivity of individual containers, and determines whether the container is full.
  • a piezo transducer can be used to determine a volume of air remaining in a container by conducting a frequency sweep of the transducer to determine the resonance of the air in the container. Once the volume of air in the container is known, the air volume can be subtracted from the known total container volume to obtain the volume occupied by the container contents.
  • a distance- measuring sensor such as SONAR, RADAR or optical distance-measuring sensors
  • a sensor can be provided for determining whether a container includes any waste at all.
  • Such a "waste presence” sensor can be used in combination with a timer to determine a replacement schedule for a particular container based on a maximum acceptable dwell time for a particular waste item in a container.
  • Still other embodiments may use optical sensors to measure a fill level of a container.
  • Figures 18-19 illustrate one embodiment of a level sensor which can be used to automatically determine a fill level of a container using an optical method.
  • a fill level sensing system comprises a light source 230 and a light detector 232 positioned on opposite sides of a container 80.
  • the light detector 232 need not be located immediately opposite the light source, for example, in some embodiments the detector can be located on a wall adjacent to the source 230.
  • the sensor system of Figures 18 and 19 generally operates on the principle that an "empty" container will permit more light to pass from the source, through the container, and to the sensor than will a "full" container. This is simply due to the fact that the contents of the container 80 will absorb and/or reflect a substantial portion of the light which enters the container from a light source.
  • the terms "empty” and “full” shall be given their ordinary meaning and shall be used to define relative amounts of debris, or other matter, in a container.
  • the sensor may indicate that the container is ready to be emptied or discarded, not because it is completely saturated, but because it has reached the desired point of fill or saturation.
  • it may be desirous to empty or remove a container when anywhere from about 1% to about 100%, often from about 25% to about 100% of that container contains waste material.
  • a parameter other than weight or filled volume may be used to determine when a container is "full.”
  • a sensor to detect radioactivity is used to determine the amount of radioisotope in a container or receptacle.
  • the radioactivity sensor may be used in connection with a fill sensor, or it may be used alone.
  • a container may be emptied, discarded, or replaced based on a certain amount of radioactivity, rather than (or in addition to) the surface area, volume, weight, density and/or another parameter of the material in that container.
  • a sorting and disposal system can be provided without any automatic level detection apparatus.
  • the containers can be configured to allow a clinician, maintenance person, or other user to visually verify a fill level of the container.
  • the containers can be made of a substantially transparent or translucent material.
  • the containers may be substantially opaque but can include a transparent viewing window to allow visual verification of a fill level. Such viewing windows could extend substantially an entire height of the container, or could extend only a height of a desired portion of the container.
  • the source 230 and detector 232 are located along a "fill line" which generally defines a "fill plane.”
  • the fill plane 240 is generally the level within the container 80 which a processor 242 defines as “full.”
  • the actual free surface of contents within a container may not necessarily be planar.
  • the "fill plane" used by the processor and fill level sensing system is simply an average height of the material.
  • the containers 80 are typically made of a translucent material which allows at least some amount of light to pass through its walls.
  • the embodiments of a fill level sensor illustrated in Figures 18 and 19 are particularly advantageous when used to measure a fill level of a container with translucent sidewalls.
  • the skilled artisan will recognize that certain advantages of the embodiments described herein may be advantageously applied to systems using containers having transparent sidewalls or containers with transparent windows in otherwise relatively opaque sidewalls.
  • the term "translucent" is used in its ordinary sense and refers without limitation to a material which allows the diffuse transmission of light when illuminated, while remaining substantially non-transparent when not illuminated.
  • the light source can comprise any suitable source of light such as incandescent bulbs, white or colored LED's, or other sources, hi some embodiments, the light source 230 is located such that it is vertically centered on a desired "fill line" 240 of the container.
  • the light source can be laterally centered relative to the container, or can comprise a width that is about as wide as the container 80.
  • a plurality of light sources can be used to illuminate a container from multiple points.
  • the light detector 232 can comprise an array of photo detectors 236 such as cadmium sulfide photo detectors or photodiodes.
  • the array of photo detectors 236 comprises three rows 244, 246 and 248 of detectors 236.
  • the upper row 244 contains a single detector 236 while the middle 246 and lower 248 rows contain a plurality of detectors 236 (three in the illustrated embodiment), hi alternative embodiments, the upper row 244 can be provided with additional detectors which equal or exceed the number of detectors in the other rows.
  • the middle 246 and lower 248 rows can include fewer or more than three detectors as desired.
  • the number of detectors in each row will typically be determined by the algorithm used to determine the fill level of the container and/or the degree of accuracy desired, hi some embodiments, it may also be desirable to provide more than three rows of detectors.
  • a fill level detection system can be provided with four, five or more rows of detectors.
  • the middle row of detectors is positioned to lie just above the fill line 240 of the container 80, and the lower row 248 of detectors 236 is positioned just below the fill line 240.
  • the upper row 244 of detectors 236 can be located substantially above the fill line, and can be used to calibrate the detectors middle 246 and lower 248 rows as will be described in further detail below.
  • the upper and middle rows can be spaced by a distance 250 of between about 1 A" and about 2 inches, in other embodiments the upper and middle rows can be spaced by a distance 250 of between about 1 inch and about 1 1 A inches, and in one particular embodiment, the upper and middle rows are spaced by a distance 250 of about 1 1 A inches.
  • the middle and lower rows can be spaced by a distance 252 of between about 1 A" and about 2 inches, in other embodiments, the middle and lower rows can be spaced by a distance 252 of between about 1 inch and about 1 1 A inches, and in one particular embodiment, the middle and lower rows are spaced by a distance 252 of about 1 1 A inches.
  • the detectors 236 of the middle 246 and lower 248 rows are spaced horizontally by a distance 254 of between about 1 A inch and about 3 inches, in other embodiments, the detectors 236 of the middle 246 and lower 248 rows are spaced horizontally by a distance 254 of between about 1 inch and about 2 inches, and in one particular embodiment by a horizontal distance 254 of about 1 1 A inches.
  • the sensors are evenly spaced, while in other embodiments, the sensors of the middle row are horizontally spaced differently than the sensors of the lower row.
  • the spacing of the detectors 236 can be determined by factors such as the size of the container or the material to be placed within the container.
  • the individual photo detectors 236 pick up light transmitted through the container and output corresponding signals to a processor 242.
  • the light intensity arriving at the detectors 236 depends on the fill level of the container 80.
  • a number of secondary factors also affect the light intensity reaching the detectors 236. These include the strength of the light source 230, the color and opacity of the container 80, the amount of ambient light, and other factors such as dust in the air.
  • the light intensity at the top detector row 244 is almost completely governed by these secondary factors, since it is located well above the fill line 240.
  • the light intensity arriving at the middle 246 and lower 248 detector rows will be affected more by the fill level of the container contents as the container 80 becomes more full (e.g., as the fill level approaches the fill line).
  • a baseline reading is recorded and calibration coefficients are generated for each of the detectors 236 and detector rows 244, 246, 248.
  • the received light reaching the detectors decreases slightly as material in the container blocks a portion of the diffused light transmitted through the container 80.
  • the top detector reading is used to compensate the readings of the middle and lower detector rows accordingly.
  • the bottom row of detectors will be blocked by the container contents, while the middle 246 and upper 248 detector rows remain unobstructed. This results in a substantial drop in the light intensity reaching the bottom row 248 of detectors, and correspondingly, a substantial difference in signal strength between the middle 246 and lower 248 detector rows.
  • the processor determines that the container is "full.”
  • the items being deposited into a container may be stacked unevenly or oddly oriented within a container so that the contents of a container vary from a neat horizontal fill level.
  • some large items such as syringes or other contaminated medical devices, may stack oddly within a container, thereby creating voids of unfilled space in a central portion of a container, above which waste items may be stacked.
  • a level sensing system can be provided with error processing capabilities to account for variations in orientation and/or uneven loading of a container.
  • the signals from the plurality of detectors in each row are averaged to provide a consensus value for the respective detector row.
  • This advantageously allows the processor to determine an average fill level in the event of an uneven fill surface.
  • a container filled with a plurality of spherical particles through a hole in the top center of a regularly-shaped container will typically have a free surface in a shape of a cone with a peak at the center, and dropping off evenly in each direction.
  • the center detector of the lower row 248 will typically receive a lower light intensity than the detectors on either side.
  • a processor can calculate an approximate average fill level in order to prevent over-filling of the container.
  • error-processing techniques can also be used to compensate for manufacturing defects in a container that might result in erroneous results. For example, if a plastic container wall comprises an air bubble or a dark spot in a region adjacent one or more of the detectors, these abnormalities could cause erroneous readings by those detectors. To compensate for this, a system may give less weight (or no weight at all) to signals from detectors that are out of a statistically expected range of variation from the remaining detectors.
  • a control algorithm can teach itself to recognize and adapt to such error-causing situations in order to obtain consistent readings.
  • the functionality of a fill level sensing system employing a light source and a plurality of optical detectors can advantageously be enhanced by containers with "frosted" or translucent walls.
  • Another advantage of certain embodiments of a level sensing system as described herein is that such systems can be polychromatic sensitive (e.g., configured to sense light of various colors with consistent accuracy).
  • the above-described sensors can be configured to determine a color of a container (each container color being associated with a particular container type as discussed above).
  • optical level sensors can be constructed using other optical detectors, including other photoconductive cells, photo diodes, or other sensors capable of detecting light in the visible or infrared spectrum.
  • each one of a plurality of fill-level sensors is controlled by a single processor in a waste sorting system.
  • a plurality of photo detector arrays can be connected to a single multi-channel bus, and a plurality of light sources can be controlled by a processor.
  • the processor can illuminate a single container at a time.
  • a fill level sensing system employing optical sources and detectors can include an additional photo detector that is generally configured to measure changes in "ambient" light within the system in order to appropriately adjust the readings from the detector arrays measuring fill level.
  • An ambient light detector can comprise a single optical detector, or a plurality of detectors in a circuit.
  • an additional ambient light detector is provided within a waste sorting system in a location selected to measure any light entering the system from the exterior of the sorting system.
  • the ambient light detector can be located adjacent a container-replacement door or any other portion of the system that is open to external light.
  • optical detectors may be located on opposite sides of a container, or on the same side of the container.
  • Figure 22A illustrates one embodiment of a circuit schematic which can be used in building an optical fill level sensor such as that illustrated in Figures 18 and 19.
  • an optical fill level sensor such as that illustrated in Figures 18 and 19.
  • Figure 22A illustrates one embodiment of a circuit schematic which can be used in building an optical fill level sensor such as that illustrated in Figures 18 and 19.
  • This is merely one exemplary schematic, and that alternative embodiments of the system of Figures 18 and 19 can be built using any appropriate components.
  • Figures 20-22 are flow charts illustrating embodiments of software algorithms used by a level detector for use in a sorting system.
  • Figure 20 is a flow chart illustrating an overview of a level testing algorithm.
  • the level sensor establishes new baseline values for the detectors in order to define the "empty" state.
  • the level sensing system then reads values of the detectors 236 and inputs the detector values to an inference engine ( Figures 21 and 22).
  • the inference engine can use a "fuzzy logic" method similar to the Sugeno method.
  • the inference engine uses a table of empirically-determined data to establish rule weights.
  • the inference engine can also use multiple grouping of detectors in addition to individual detector levels to calculate a final fill level of the container.
  • the empirically-determined lookup table can be developed by performing various calibration experiments using an optical level sensing system to measure containers at known fill levels.
  • the lookup table can be supplemented by analysis of information it receives during use in measuring fill levels of new containers. For example, as optical anomalies are detected and accounted for, the software can adapt to correct for them.
  • Figures 21 and 22 are flow charts illustrating one embodiment of an inference engine.
  • the system can be configured to determine when the detectors are at a steady state (e.g., when the movement of waste within the container drops below a threshold level). This is particularly helpful in embodiments in which a waste material is a liquid, and thus may continue moving for a period of time.
  • an output of the system can include other visible, audible or tactile alerts, such as LEDs, buzzers, bells, vibrators, etc.
  • an output signal is used to notify the user that a particular container is ready to be emptied, discarded, replaced etc.
  • an output signal is provided substantially continuously or at various intervals, so that the user can determine or monitor the amount of material in a given container at any given time.
  • the fill-level of a container can be measured at regular intervals, such as every ten minutes, every hour, every two hours, every six hours, every 12 hours, or every 24 hours.
  • the system can comprise a sensor (such as an optical sensor) to determine when an item is deposited into a container. Then a fill-level of the container can be measured after each item is deposited in the container.
  • Figure 23 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a video fill level sensing system.
  • the embodiment of Figure 23 employs a camera 270 to continuously detect an intensity of light exiting the container from the source.
  • a light source 272 is positioned to illuminate the container 80, and a curved mirror 274 and pinhole video camera are located adjacent another side of the container 80.
  • the system can also include a software-based processor 276 and other electronic hardware.
  • the light source 270 is located adjacent one vertical side of the container 80 and the camera and mirror are positioned on the opposite side of the container.
  • the light source 270 and camera/mirror assembly can be located on adjacent sides of the container 80.
  • the light source 270 can be located above the container such that light is directed downward into the container, thereby allowing the waste to absorb as well as reflectively diffuse the light source onto the walls of the container 80.
  • the camera 270 is directed at the mirror 274 to detect light emitted from the container 80 and gathered by the mirror 274.
  • the curved mirror 274 provides a linearization of scanline width by distorting the optics of the camera.
  • the camera 270 is a pinhole camera, which is selected due to the depth of field this type of lens provides.
  • the curved mirror 274 has a shape substantially similar to a shoehorn, e.g., it is curved about two perpendicular axes (e.g., longitudinal and transverse axes). Alternative mirror configurations can also be used as desired.
  • the particular curvature of the mirror 274 is determined empirically depending on the width of scanline needed and the height of the measured area (e.g.,. the height of the container wall). Variation in the curvature of the mirror along its length allows the scanline to be optimized in order to emphasize areas of higher interest and to de-emphasize lower interest areas.
  • the mirror can be convexly curved at the height of higher interest areas, and concavely curved to de-emphasize lower interest areas.
  • the light source can include bands of varying color or intensity along the height of the container in order to provide emphasis to portions of the container, or to provide "watermark" levels that can be measured against.
  • the software can be configured to interpret information received from the camera to learn about points of interest in order to further optimize a measurement algorithm. For example, rather than programming an algorithm to anticipate areas of higher or lower interest, the algorithm can be configured to recognize variations in light intensity during calibration in order to detect such areas of higher or lower interest.
  • the processor and its support hardware provide the sampling of multiple luminance intensities along the wall of the container 80 adjacent the mirror 274.
  • the analog video signal is amplified and ground-referenced by the video amplifier. This amplified signal is scanned for a selected scanline to digitize for quantifying its luminance value.
  • the amplified video is also applied to the Sync Separator module, which produces timing pulses for the scanline selector module.
  • the processor receives the scanline data from the scanline selector, digitizer and sync separator.
  • the video level sensor can determine a current fill level of the waste in the container 80 using a similar software method to that described above with reference to Figures 18 and 19.
  • Figure 23 A illustrates one embodiment of a circuit schematic which can be used in building a video fill level sensor such as that illustrated in Figure 23. The skilled artisan will recognize, however, that this is merely one exemplary embodiment. In alternative embodiments, the system of Figure 23 can be built using any appropriate components.
  • a light source may be provided on a first side of a plurality of containers, and a light detector can be movable into a position opposite the light source of the containers.
  • this may take the form of a circular arrangement of containers in which a light detector is located at a center of a circular arrangement of containers.
  • One or more light sources can be positioned on an outer portion of the circular arrangement such that the light source and/or the light detector is capable of measuring a fill level of each one of the plurality of containers around the circle.
  • the sorting system can also include a weight scale (such as a load cell, pressure transducer, mechanical scale or other device) configured to weigh either a single spent drug, container or individual segregated spent drugs.
  • a weight scale such as a load cell, pressure transducer, mechanical scale or other device
  • the information from the scale can be sent to a printer providing a means for printing a manifest for the container. Additionally, such information could be combined with other information available to a clinician in order to determine a quantity of a drug or substance that has been used or consumed.
  • Many hospitals are automating the dispensing of drugs. The automation is usually embodied in a piece of equipment that a doctor or nurse accesses with a patient and clinician code and the correct amount of drug is dispensed.
  • the automation provides pharmacists, nurses, doctors and administrators with information from a database on what drugs are dispensed and to which patient. These systems can typically indicate how much of a drag was administered, but entering this information typically requires a clinician to return to the dispenser (which may be inconvenient, and thus not done regularly). This information can be quite useful because it will demonstrate any inefficiencies or mistakes in administrating the drugs as well as point out any theft of drugs.
  • a sorting and disposal system can be configured to track dispensing information because at the point of throwing the spent drug away, they are automatically providing information to a central database.
  • the invention comprises one or more level sensors, wherein the level sensor comprises a bar, wherein the bar is periodically adapted to pass through a container at approximately the fill level.
  • a position indicator (or other visual indicator) coupled to the bar is also provided, wherein movement of the bar causes movement of the position indicator, hi some embodiments, the position indicator may be comprised of a physical flag, hi one embodiment, a detector adapted to detect movement of the position indicator is also provided.
  • the invention detects movement of the bar, thereby sensing the level of waste in a container.
  • the position indicator can be fixed, tied, attached, connected, or otherwise coupled to the bar. Physical contact between the position indicator and bar is not needed.
  • the container comprises a level sensor that comprises a bar, wherein the bar is adapted to pass through the container.
  • a photo- detector adapted to detect movement of the bar is also provided, thereby sensing the level of waste in a container.
  • a position indicator, or other mechanism may also be coupled to the bar for detection by the photo-detector.
  • the photo-detector can be adapted to either detect transmission of light or to detect the absence of transmission.
  • the photo-detector can be a photo-interruptor.
  • non-optical sensors such as mechanical sensors, electrical sensors, and acoustic sensors
  • mechanical sensors, electrical sensors, and/or acoustic sensors may be used to detect the movement of the bar, and thus detect the level of waste in a container.
  • a method of detecting the level of material in a hazardous waste container comprises passing a bar through the container at the approximate fill level, wherein the bar is coupled to a position indicator (or other mechanism), wherein the position indicator (or other mechanism) activates a photo-interruptor to determine whether the container is full.
  • the method further comprises detecting whether the bar is free to move or is blocked by the contents, thereby detecting the level of material in a hazardous waste container.
  • a method of detecting the level of material in a hazardous waste container (opaque or translucent) by passing a bar through the container is provided.
  • the bar is passed at the approximate fill level and a detector is used to determine whether the bar is free to move or is blocked by the contents.
  • a position indicator fixed (or otherwise coupled) to the bar activates a photo-interruptor, to detect the end position and determine whether the container is full.
  • the bar operates in conjunction with a lid, that excludes access to the contents of the container.
  • the lid may also have a position indicator and photo-interruptor for determining its position.
  • the level sensor can be used with non-medical, non-pharmaceutical containers, holders, or vessels.
  • the level sensor apparatus in one embodiment, comprises a bar, a position indicator tied to the bar, a photo detector, and processing electronics.
  • the level sensor apparatus in one embodiment, is used to determine when a container is full, thereby necessitating the need for action, such as emptying or replacing the container.
  • the level sensor apparatus in one embodiment, is directed at the problem of level detection in hazardous waste containers.
  • the level sensor comprises a bar, induced under spring force (or other force) to pass through a container approximately at the fill level.
  • the bar is activated periodically, such as when the container lid is operated. Since the bar may come into contact with hazardous waste, it may become soiled in use or otherwise contaminated.
  • the bar is part of the container, so that it may be disposed, or cleaned for reuse, along with the container.
  • a position indicator (or similar feature), is coupled to the bar, so that movement of the bar causes movement of the position indicator.
  • the position indicator resides outside the container, so that the associated detecting means are not in contact with the hazardous waste.
  • the position indicator may also be located within the container.
  • the position indicator can be fixed, tied, attached, connected, or otherwise coupled to the bar. However, physical contact between the position indicator and bar is not needed.
  • a position indicator is simply provided in one exemplar embodiment, and therefore, other indicators can also be used.
  • a photo-interruptor or other detecting means, is utilized to detect movement of the position indicator.
  • the detector is situated on the outside the container, so that it is not in contact with the hazardous waste.
  • the detector may also be located within the container.
  • the bar is released at intervals to sweep across the container.
  • the bar operates each time the lid is opened.
  • the bar can operate in a horizontal, circular, or other motion.
  • the lid and bar are both rotary, and share a common axis. Thus, both the lid and bar describe a circular motion as they rotate from the closed to the open position.
  • the opening forces may be applied by compression, extension, or torsion springs, or by other motive forces, such as a torque motor.
  • the spring forces are provided by torsion springs.
  • the lid may be closed manually, by a motor, or by other means.
  • the lid is closed manually, hi one embodiment, in the closed position, the lid and bar are restrained by one or more latches, which control the opening of the lid by opposing the opening spring force, hi a preferred embodiment, the lid is latched, and the bar is in turn restrained by the lid by an interfering stop.
  • the latch reacts to the sum of the two spring forces, hi one embodiment, when the door opens, the latch releases the lid, and both the lid and bar open simultaneously under independent spring forces, hi one embodiment, as the lid is rotated closed, the bar remains in contact with the lid and is pushed along ahead of it the lid until the latch clicks into the closed position. As the lid rotates open, the bar follows the rotation of the lid.
  • the lid and bar both complete their full excursion and arrive at the open position. If the container is full, the lid rotates open, but the motion of the bar is impeded by the container contents, and cannot reach the open position. Thus, according to one embodiment, the bar photo-interruptor remains unactivated, and the circuit detects a full container.
  • Embodiments of a pharmaceutical waste sorting and disposal system will generally employ a waste sorting algorithm to assign each item of waste to a particular waste category and correspondingly to a particular waste container.
  • a waste sorting algorithm can take a variety of forms, and can include a range of functionalities.
  • determination of the waste categories themselves can depend on a number of factors, including RCRA hazardous waste definitions, state and federal EPA regulations, OSHA regulations, and any institution- specific regulations.
  • RCRA definitions generally include a P list, a U list and four characteristics of hazardous waste: ignitability, corrosivity, toxicity and reactivity. Materials exhibiting each of these characteristics typically call for different handling, treatment and/or disposal.
  • waste categories can be defined based on groups of materials that require the same or similar handling, treatment, or disposal. However, in some cases, two materials that may be handled and/or treated in a similar manner might react adversely if they are combined with one another. Thus, in further embodiments, determination of the waste categories can also depend on the combinability of materials exhibiting one or more of the above characteristics.
  • lists of known pharmaceuticals, chemicals, materials and waste items can be selectively assigned to at least one of the waste categories. In some embodiments, as discussed above, when a waste item is presented to a sorting station, the item is identified according to a waste item identifier.
  • Such identifiers can include a trade name, a generic name, a National Drug Code (NDC), one or more components or ingredients of the item, or any other sufficiently unique or relevant waste-identifying datum.
  • NDC National Drug Code
  • a category database can be developed which correlates a number of known waste identifiers with respective waste categories according to existing federal, state, local, institution-specific or other rules and regulations.
  • an ingredient database which lists ingredients of a plurality of known pharmaceuticals or other chemicals that have not yet been correlated to a waste category by the category database.
  • Such an ingredient database can be used by the sorting algorithm in an intermediate step between identifying an item and assigning the item to a category on the basis of one or more ingredients.
  • an ingredient database may reside within the waste sorting and disposal system.
  • an ingredient database can reside at a remote location, such as on a server operated by a manufacturer of a particular item, or another remote location.
  • the waste sorting and disposal system can be configured to access such remote databases via any available network, including the internet.
  • the remote or local databases may receive updates to maintain the sorting process current.
  • the updating occurs periodically based on a predetermined time interval (e.g., once every 24 hrs, week, month, etc.). In another embodiment, the updating occurs when a user prompts the system for an update. In yet another embodiment, the updating occurs when the system encounters a waste item for which no appropriate waste classification can be found.
  • a predetermined time interval e.g., once every 24 hrs, week, month, etc.
  • a waste sorting algorithm simply involves locating a waste item identifier in a look-up table or database which lists known identifiers correlated to respective waste categories, such as the category database described above.
  • the sorting algorithm can comprise a simple look-up routine. If needed, the sorting algorithm may also seek additional information such as from the ingredient database described above, or any other available source of additional information.
  • waste sorting algorithm can be configured to assign the item to a single category by reviewing a number of secondary variables.
  • Such secondary variables may include a dosage or quantity of specific ingredients; a dilution or concentration level of one or more ingredients; a relative hazardousness level of one or more specific ingredients; a relative reactiveness of one or more ingredients; a shape, size, type or other feature of a waste item container (e.g., a pill bottle, syringe, etc); a physical property of the item (e.g., liquid, solid or gas), or any other datum that may be available to a user, but that might not be automatically determinable by the sorting station. If such a piece of additional information is needed in order to complete an assignment of an item to a container, the sorting station can prompt a user to input further information. Such additional information can be input by selecting from multiple answer choices or by typing.
  • Figure 24 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a sorting algorithm
  • a user initiates the process by presenting 300 a waste item to be identified by the sorting station.
  • the sorting station detects 302 a waste item identifier in any manner discussed above, such as scanning a barcode, reading an RFID tag, or scanning a textual or graphic label.
  • the system searches 304 the category database using any information or identifier determined from the item in an attempt to discover whether the determined identifier has previously been correlated to a waste category. If the identifier is found 306 to have been correlated to a waste category, the system continues by assigning the item to the appropriate waste category, and facilitating disposal of the item in the appropriate container.
  • the system may search an ingredient database 308 for additional information or further details about the item. If additional information is found 320 in an ingredient database, the additional information, along with the originally-detected waste item identifier can be used to again search the category database 322. If this information is found to be sufficient 324 to assign the item to a waste category, then the system assigns the item 326 to that category, determines an appropriate container 328 and facilitates disposal 330 of the item in a container associated with the assigned category. The system can also store 340 the identifier/category assignment combination in the category database for use in accelerating the sorting of future waste items with the same identifier.
  • the system may seek additional information by prompting a user 342 to input additional information.
  • a prompt may request specific information, such as a choice between known alternatives, or may be more general in nature.
  • the information received 344 from the user can then be combined with previously- obtained information about the item, and the category database can again be searched in an attempt to assign the item to a category. If this information, in combination with the previously-obtained information, is sufficient to assign the item to a waste category 346, then the system assigns the item 326 and facilitates disposal 330 of the item in the appropriate container.
  • the system can also store 340 the identifier/category assignment combination in the category database for use in accelerating the sorting of future waste items with the same identifier.
  • the system can either prompt the user for still more information 342, or the system can simply assign 350 the item to the most conservative waste category for disposal of the item as hazardous waste.
  • Figure 25 illustrates one embodiment of a portion of a sorting algorithm which can be used in determining the best container for a particular item.
  • the system determines 328 the container type associated with the assigned waste category.
  • the station searches the stock of the containers currently loaded into that station to determine whether the assigned container type is present in that particular sorting station 360. If the container type is present, the station proceeds to indicate 362 the appropriate container to the user, and the user may then deposit 330 the item into the selected container. However, in some embodiments, if the selected container type is not present, the station can assess 366 whether another sorting station nearby contains a container of the assigned type.
  • the system can direct the user 370 to the nearby station to deposit the item. If a station with the selected container type is not nearby, the system can re-assign 368 the waste item to the most conservative (e.g., the highest level hazardous waste) category for which a container is loaded into the station.
  • the most conservative e.g., the highest level hazardous waste
  • a station may indicate that the selected container is full and thus cannot accept any further waste items, hi such a case, the station can instruct the user to replace the container with an empty one of the same type.
  • the station can instruct the user to use a container in a nearby station, hi some embodiments, the station may offer the user a choice between replacing a container and using a nearby station.
  • nearby is a relative term, and can include any actual distance deemed appropriate by a particular user or system administrator.
  • a station located on another floor of the hospital may be considered nearby, while in other embodiments, a sorting station across the hallway may not be considered nearby for the purposes of re-directing disposal of the waste item.
  • an appropriate waste category cannot be determined (e.g., as in step 350 of Figure 24), or that an appropriate container cannot be located within an acceptable proximity (e.g., in step 368 of Figure 25).
  • the waste sorting software can be configured to maintain a log file of all identified waste items and the categories/container to which each item was assigned. Such information can be used by hospital administrators, regulatory auditors, pharmacists, or other entities to determine what items were disposed of and how. This information can be used to further optimize the sorting algorithm, to audit compliance with regulations, to audit usage or disposal of specific items, to alter a container arrangement in a station to increase sorting efficiency, or any of a variety of other purposes. By enlisting the use of one or more embodiments of the present system, hospitals can demonstrate to their communities and their staff that they are participating in the improvement of the environment. It has been demonstrated by the US Geological Survey that the groundwater in the United States is contaminated with drugs.
  • embodiments of a medical waste sorting and disposal system advantageously provide a convenient means for clinicians to automatically sort pharmaceutical waste streams in order to comply with RCRA without the need to manually classify and sort each item individually. Additionally, the system advantageously provides hospitals with a means for participating in the improvement of the environment while avoiding fines for non-compliant waste disposal methods.
  • some embodiments of the system can be configured to create a manifest to provide administrators suitable tracking information on the amount of a drug that has been actually used.
  • Many hospitals are now moving toward implementing drug dispensing automation. The automation provides the hospital pharmacist and administrator information on what drugs are dispensed but not a convenient way of generating information on how much of a drug is used.
  • Medical Waste Treatment System provides the hospital pharmacist and administrator information on what drugs are dispensed but not a convenient way of generating information on how much of a drug is used.
  • a medical waste treatment system is provided.
  • the medical waste treatment system is a product that renders infectious waste non-infectious, compacts it to a fraction of the original volume and uniquely maintains the treated material in a compact form.
  • the cost of present embodiments of a medical waste treatment system is much less than competing technologies, because the footprint of the equipment is, in one embodiment, about one fourth the size. Competing technologies have cycle times that are long (usually about one hour) which necessitate large vessels for acceptable throughput versus the medical waste treatment system which has a cycle time of less than five minutes.
  • the operating cost goal (about $.09/lb) will be equal or better than most common technology, autoclave sterilization.
  • Other competing technologies may have lower operating costs but they have many drawbacks.
  • Incinerators may be one option, but it is possible that the EPA may tighten regulations and force many of the remaining incinerators to shut down. Many states do not allow incinerators to operate within their boundaries. For example, much of California's infectious waste is trucked to a Kansas City incinerator. The transportation costs add to the actual operating costs. Plasma technologies have equipment costs that are very high ($1 - $3 million) and are, therefore, only suitable for central processing plants.
  • a medical waste treatment system as a truck mounted service to hospitals is provided.
  • the medical waste treatment system has significant advantages over truck mounted chemical processors.
  • the medical waste treatment system unlike the chemical processors has a residue that is substantially innocuous such as common sand. It has been demonstrated that if there are any concentrations of organic matter, such as blood, the chemicals tend to be consumed by the organics leaving some of the remaining waste in a load untreated or partially treated.
  • the medical waste treatment system uses a unique heat technology that quickly and uniformly decontaminates the waste regardless of the amount of organics present.
  • the heat technology comprises use of sand or wax (including, but not limited to, paraffin) or a combination thereof.
  • the sand and/or wax is heated to a temperature of about 150°C to about 250°C, preferably between about 165°C to about 225 0 C. In one embodiment, the sand and/or wax is heated for less than about five minutes.
  • One particular advantage of this method is the ability to produce highly stiff and/or compacted medical waste. In some embodiments, the volume and/or surface area of the treated medical waste is reduced to about 1/10 of its original size.
  • infectious waste can be treated efficiently.
  • Up to about 50% of infectious medical waste can be plastic, of which about 25% can include disposable PVC waste. Utilizing sand or wax to treat such plastic waste may not be any more cost effective than an autoclave or other processing approach for these materials. It also may cause a number of problems such as the PVC outgassing chlorine because the temperature may be greater than 32O 0 F (the effective melting temperature of PVC).
  • a potential processing system for such plastic waste includes a rough grinder to grind the heterogeneous infectious medical waste into 2" by 5" strips.
  • a second grinder grinds the waste into small pellets that are less than .25" in diameter.
  • the waste pellets are mixed with a whitening agent and moisture that in the presence of UVC and/or UVA will cause an oxidative reaction which in turn will denature protein or organics, thereby inactivating some if not all of the microorganisms or spores present in the pelletized waste. This will set up the microorganisms and spores for a shorter sterilization procedure.
  • the moisture can be removed by a dryer and then conveyed to a hopper of a plastic extruder.
  • the extruder can be set to temperature less than 320 degrees F but hot enough to melt the PVC.
  • Plasticizers and other additives may be introduced to get the heterogeneous pelletized mix of waste to flow homogeneously and not clump or dissociate. This process is also the final sterilization procedure.
  • Many of the states have adopted a document called the STAAT II (and soon STAAT III) sterilization guideline that spells out the amount of reduction of spores and microorganisms required for sterilization.
  • the effluent from this plastic-treating process could then be used as a filler for a product that is extruded into useful products rather than being placed in a landfill.
  • the effluent can be used in the manufacture of fence posts and building materials.
  • the effluent may be used for a security fence that is composed of a hollow extrusion that forms posts and walls.
  • Extruded hospital waste may provide such hollow extrusions with more weight and structural integrity than wood, hi another embodiment, multiple compressed Mylar sheets may be applied to the exterior of the fence to provide additional benefits (e.g., rendering the wall bullet resistant or proof).
  • a medical waste water management system is provided.
  • this system is a water quality sampling service that is supplied to hospitals, clinics and labs.
  • the product would be installed at the P trap of a sink.
  • the medical wastewater monitoring system would sense water draining and a sample of water would be directed to a cuvette on a carousel. The samples could be taken randomly or in some predetermined sequence at a number of different sinks throughout a facility.
  • the carousel of cuvettes would be removed, and then sent to an inside or outside lab for analysis.
  • the analysis would pinpoint the location of any water pollution.
  • Training classes to reinforce the proper disposal of pharmaceuticals are provided according to one embodiment of the invention. The service would continue on a less frequent basis once clinician habits had improved.
  • the air quality monitoring system is a service that utilizes a device to sample the air quality, primarily in the pharmacy, oncology and operating room areas. It is intended to detect hazardous drugs including chemotherapeutics and anesthetics that become volatilized.
  • the service is intended to provide clinicians with drug specific air quality information.
  • the service will also suggest ways of eliminating the contaminants with both devices and a change in protocol.
  • One advantage of some embodiments of this approach is that drug specific information that can be obtained.
  • nanoemulsion disinfectants and microfiber materials for cleaning and disinfection have worked successfully to reduce toxicity, much opportunity remains to improve the hospital environment, making it safer for the healthcare worker. Reducing hospital hazards will also result in savings to the hospital.
  • a system for a service to analyze and implement reductions in hospital hazards is provided.
  • Implementing the solutions with hospital personnel will be a process similar to making cost reductions in organizations with significant numbers of administrative procedures.
  • the waste sorting device comprises a computer, barcode scanner, memory, and wireless communication connected or coupled to an array of containers with automated opening means.
  • a low-cost medical waste sorting system and method comprises the use a wireless handheld computer or similar wireless device having a barcode scanner. Such a wireless device can be used to scan waste items and determine the waste classification of the item being discarded.
  • the scanner communicates with an array of collection containers (either directly, via the system's control unit or via some other system component) using an infrared (IR) light beam (similar to that used by television or stereo remotes). The IR beam causes the correct container to open.
  • IR infrared
  • the cost of the container array is reduced by implementing the IR receiver and container controls in dedicated electronics.
  • the handheld computer or device may communicate with the other components of the sorting system in various other hardwired and wireless ways, including, but not limited to, Ethernet, cable, radio frequency identification (RFID), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • hardware costs may be reduced as the necessary portable devices are issued to personnel rather than being dedicated to particular room locations.
  • the handheld computer count can average 1 per nurse rather than 1 per room. Since there are generally many more rooms than nurses in a particular healthcare facility, significant cost savings (e.g., 3 to 5 fold per one embodiment of the invention) are envisioned for the computing, wireless communication and bar code scanning hardware.
  • costs are further reduced by displaying the waste item information on the screen of the handheld computer. The user can then place the item in the appropriate conventional waste container. Under such embodiments, where each nurse or other individual responsible for discarding waste must be equipped with his or her own handheld computer, the cost of the automated container array are avoided.
  • Some embodiments also allow leveraging existing handheld computer hardware, if used, by placing Eco-RexTM or other drug information software on a multi-purpose handheld computer, such as those used for barcode medication administration.
  • a handheld device is particularly advantageous in certain embodiments because it permits the use of waste containers situated within, coupled to, or in communication with a wall unit. Wall units used in conjunction with handhelds may be more economical and cost-effective for certain healthcare institutions.
  • handheld devices may facilitate disposal of waste items by indicating to the user, via a display, the closest disposal location for that particular waste item.
  • a user may use his or her handheld device to scan a medical waste item while in a patient's room.
  • the handheld device and the facility may be equipped with the appropriate wireless technology to enable the system to determine the current location of the user.
  • the display on the handheld device may be configured to locate the closest suitable waste container capable of handling the particular waste item.
  • the system may use level sensing and/or container sensing means to direct the user to the appropriate waste container.
  • the handheld system may be well-suited to track multiple features of drug administration and/or personnel.
  • the institution may be able to monitor drug administration and disposal on an individual basis. Whether handheld or not, some embodiments of the present invention may be particularly useful for monitoring the percentage of hospital drugs that are properly disposed.
  • One feature of some embodiments of the invention is the ability to automatically detect containers. Knowledge of whether or not a container is present allows the device to disable a bay that is not populated with a container, hi another embodiment, each container is also provided with a machine-readable pattern that is applied to the container surface by a label or the like. One embodiment of different machine-readable patterns for containers is shown in Figure 26.
  • the machine when a bay is empty, the machine will know not to direct waste to that bay. However, when a bay is occupied, the device, using the information provided by the machine-readable pattern, will correctly identify the container and direct the waste accordingly.
  • containers can be "hot-swapped,” (e.g., changed from one bay to another during use, and the device will register the order or position of the containers and/or container positions, hi one embodiment, the system instantly registers the container mix and/or container positions.
  • usage information can be collected and used to implement a use-fee based payment schedule.
  • the usage information can be used to detect improper or unauthorized disposal of waste into the containers by comparing the accumulated machine usage data to corresponding data retained by the particular facility (e.g., sales figures).
  • Another advantage of some embodiments involves the ability to track container change out, storage time, and usage information.
  • the containers are manufactured using common tooling techniques known in the art and injection moldings that are made with a single color (e.g., white).
  • Container types may be distinguished for human recognition using color coded labels.
  • specialized tooling is used.
  • containers are manufactured with one or more special distinguishing characteristics, including color, size, shape, material, codes, etc.
  • labels are used in conjunction with the containers.
  • the labels may also contain the above mentioned machine-readable patterns to allow machine recognition.
  • the container labels may also include optional serialization that would permit tracking of the waste items placed into a specific container. Consequently, a container can later be identified by its serial number and tracked on a computer. Further, this information can optionally be used to print a manifest describing the contents of a given container. This is especially helpful since regulatory authorities often require a manifest to be placed on waste containers. Presently, these requirements are sometimes met by "over manifesting" (e.g., listing all possible types of waste that may be discarded in the container). However, as regulation of such waste becomes more stringent, this practice may be disallowed in the future. In addition, some embodiments of the invention use serialized containers that provide an elegant method of detailed container manifesting.
  • the number of times a particular reusable container has been used will be tracked.
  • One advantage of such a tracking system is to aid users in determining when a reusable container is approaching the end of its life cycle. This is particularly useful for containers that may be reused for only a predetermined number of times.
  • Manual Input System For Additional Waste Characteristics e.g., not empty/empty, sharp/not-sharp
  • the system determines one or more characteristics of the item that is to be sorted or disposed, hi one embodiment, the system incorporates a manual input system that prompts the user to indicate information regarding certain waste item characteristics that may not be automatically detectable by the system.
  • the system may query a user as to whether the waste item is empty or not-empty.
  • This distinction can be important as waste items that are not empty (e.g., those that still contain a volume of bulk chemistry) pose a greater risk of groundwater contamination if landfilled.
  • drugs on the EPA P-list must be triple-rinsed before they are allowed into a public solid waste disposal facility.
  • the user prompt may occur either prior to or following the scanning of the waste item for a determination of the National Drug Code (NDC) number.
  • NDC National Drug Code
  • the user may be prompted to provide this information in one of several ways. For example, the user may be queried using either a visual instruction or a voice command.
  • the system interacts with the user to determine whether the item to be disposed contains a needle, and therefore, should be handled as bio-hazardous waste. For example, the system prompts the user, by one of several means, to indicate whether a sharps item is being disposed. In some embodiments, a visual instruction or voice command is used to prompt the user to indicate such information.
  • a needle is assumed to have been in contact with the bodily fluids of a patient, it is treated as infectious.
  • Such items are referred to as "bio- hazardous" by lab personnel and as "regulated medical waste” by waste haulers. Thus, a preliminary determination as to whether a particular waste item qualifies as a sharps determines whether the item needs to be handled as infectious.
  • waste item if the waste item is an empty sharp, it would normally be directed to the "red sharps" waste stream. If the waste item is a non-empty sharp, then it must be handled according to the chemical risk, possibly ending up in a container with mixed medical and hazardous waste. Thus, disposal costs of the waste may be influenced by such preliminary qualifications. Proper handling may result in lowering of disposal costs, added safety for personnel, and an increased sensitivity for the environment. Waste Sorting Decision Matrix
  • the system for sorting waste comprises a computer equipped with one or more software applications and a database system that control the handling of each identified NDC.
  • the system could be enabled to identify the specific prompts and actions for each of the approximately 135,000 drugs in the NDC database, hi an alternative embodiment, the actions are grouped into approximately two-dozen different handling procedures, hi this embodiment, the database only needs to associate the NDC with a code representing the corresponding procedure. A separate database can then be used to define the details for prompts and actions associated with each waste group. This classification simplifies processing and database maintenance.
  • the sorting system comprises a computer that is programmed to operate as a state machine.
  • a state machine is a concept originated by Turing and is sometimes called Finite State Automata or a Turing machine.
  • a state machine remains in a known condition or state until a specific set of inputs causes a transition to a new state.
  • a finite library of subsequent states is possible based on a finite library of input sets.
  • the computer has a state for each class of waste. Subsequent state transitions are invoked for various flags, as described below.
  • the sorting system uses a manual input system in conjunction with a waste item identification device to further enhance the disposal of waste.
  • the sorting system uses a 2-button action file to determine prompts and action steps for each type of item scanned. Questions are prompted sequentially, and thus, require the sustained attention of the user on the display and/or keypad to provide the necessary answers or to follow the necessary instructions.
  • the system uses only two buttons, which may be incorporated into a low-cost textual display, such as an alphanumeric LCD having as few as one line of text.
  • questions to the user can be worded for a yes/no answer, hi a more elaborate embodiment, a graphical display may be used. The graphical display may even be color, such as a small computer monitor.
  • the keys can be 2 dedicated buttons or may be soft keys on a low cost text display.
  • Figure 27 provides examples of a 2-button action file.
  • Figure 28a provides an example of a 2-button keyboard and display indicating a first prompt requiring a yes/no response.
  • Figure 28b provides an example of a 2-button keyboard and display indicating a second prompt requiring a yes/no response.
  • the 2-button prompt concept is modified to simultaneously obtain information regarding more than one inquiry, thus avoiding "menu layering," e.g., sequentially presenting menus.
  • Various embodiments of the 4-button concept are feasible.
  • pairs of buttons serve to distinguish between “sharps” and “non-sharps” and
  • buttons can be physical switch keys with permanent nomenclature (e.g., silk-screened). However, the buttons may also be represented by electrically activated annunciators or as touch screen zones of a high resolution display.
  • a user can go to the keypad as the item is being scanned and select from the four available selections without waiting for the prompt, thereby saving time.
  • Figure 30a illustrates one embodiment of a switch arrangement that utilizes four graphic images. Such a design can be used to simultaneously obtain key information from the user.
  • the two left buttons are for sharps, while the two right buttons are for non-sharps.
  • the two top buttons are for empty waste items, while the two bottom buttons are for non-empty waste items. Therefore, if the waste item is a sharps and is empty, the user should select the top, left button.
  • a 4-button action file is used to determine prompts and action steps for each type of item scanned. Questions to the user are prompted simultaneously, and thus making it easier for the user to respond.
  • the keys can be fixed or represented on a monochrome or a color graphics display. Moreover, keys can be implemented using 4 dedicated buttons or with 4 soft keys (e.g., on a low cost text display). Examples of a A- button action file are provided in Figure 29. Second 4-Button Graphics
  • Figure 30b shows a second design for a switch arrangement using four graphic images specifically designed to obtain information related to whether a waste item is or is not a sharps and whether a waste item is or is not empty.
  • Software Flags Modes Of Operation
  • the user can define configuration settings or "flags" for the device which change the entry point into the Action File and, in one embodiment, can increase the number of items in the Action File. Effectively, this permits a user to alter the system's mode of operation. For instance, if an embodiment includes the use of a cost/eco flag, there may be two lines in the Action File (e.g., one to handle waste as the most cost effective route and another to handle waste in the most ecologically conscious route). However, if the method of disposal were to be the same regardless of the setting of the flag, there may be only one item in the Action file. In an alternate embodiment, the Action File can have two items that are identical. Examples of several flags (or modes of operation) are described below.
  • COST-ECO Flag In one embodiment, a "COST-ECO" flag is used. Implementing a COST-ECO flag may permit a hospital to specify a level of concern for waste disposal. If the hospital specifies the COST setting, the device operates in a manner that satisfies all regulatory and other legal requirements at the lowest cost. In practice, this can mean landfilling items with multiple toxic ingredients because they do not qualify as hazardous under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Under RCRA regulations, medical waste is considered hazardous only if it contains an active ingredient on one of the EPA lists (e.g., P-list, U-list, or D-list). Alternatively, the ECO flag emphasizes greater concern for the environment and shows a willingness by the facility to spend more money for the potential environmental benefit. When the ECO flag is set, the device assigns multi-ingredient waste items, endocrine disruptors, estrogen mimics, and other high risk waste items into recommended waste streams that exceed the minimum regulatory and legal requirements. Waste Hauler Flag
  • Certain waste haulers are licensed to handle bio-hazardous (regulated medical waste or RMW) waste, while others are licensed to handle toxic (hazardous) waste.
  • a flag may be used that allows sorting into different containers to accommodate the available waste haulers requirements. Thus, it may possible to prevent filling a container with a particular type of waste if the waste hauler cannot handle such waste.
  • POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works
  • POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works
  • a POTW flag may be used. By adding a POTW flag to each item in the database, it is possible to identify whether a waste item can be directly discharged into a particular sewer system. Jump Drive And Barcode For Configuration
  • the sorting system will receive updates to the database to account for new drugs, repackaged drugs, admixtures, and the like.
  • the carts are not hardwired to an Ethernet connection port (CAT-5) and, thus, instead rely on a wireless communication to connect with the hospital's or facility's network (e.g., intranet). Since data security is a foremost concern in hospitals and other healthcare facilities, in one embodiment, new devices may be precluded from accessing the network until properly authenticated.
  • one or more firewall systems are used to enhance a facility's data security networks. Typically, hospital devices conform to the Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) standard.
  • LEAP Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
  • a device In order for a device to become LEAP authenticated, it typically needs to present certain keys. On a general-purpose computer, it is possible for the system administrator of a particular network to manually enter these keys (e.g., via keyboard and monitor). For those embodiments of the invention that are particularly cost-effective, less expensive, special- purpose, "headless" (no display or keyboard) devices can be used. Thus, alternative methods of supplying the necessary authentication codes are used. For example, in one embodiment, the authentication codes are inserted during the manufacturing process. However, this may not be possible if the customer is not known at the time of manufacture. Another method involves the temporary connection to a keyboard and display device in order to enter the codes. A third method uses a laptop computer connection for assigning codes.
  • a fourth method is to temporarily dock the collection device to an Ethernet port and load the codes from another computer.
  • These approaches may require knowledge that is unavailable at a particular point in time, or may require unreasonable hardware intervention.
  • a preferred method of loading the LEAP authentication codes is to insert a flash or thumb drive into a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port to download the codes.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • the USB drive could also be used for other computer setup tasks.
  • the system employs authentication codes to a series of barcodes that may be presented to the scanner sequentially. Thus the device will read one or more barcodes and use the information to set up LEAP authentication. For those embodiments that do not use a bar code reader, other alternatives may be used (e.g., RFID, magnetic card, etc.).
  • Several embodiments of the invention are adapted to receive waste from multiple sources, hi one scenario, three main classes of pharmaceutical items are expected to reach the collection devices that are located in a point of care patient area. These can be described as (i) pass-through drugs; (ii) repackaged drugs; and (iii) admixtures.
  • Pass-through drugs are drugs that reach the point of use in the original package as provided by the manufacturer. Examples include LV. bags, syringes, inhalants, patches, and all single use items such as pills, liquids, creams, or others. According to one embodiment, once the item is used and presented to the sorting system, a barcode on the waste item can be easily read and decoded since the system's database should contain information on all of the roughly 135,000 known FDA registered drugs. Ideally, the barcode for these pass-through drugs will be (or may contain) the FDA registered NDC number. Repackaged drugs are those that are received from the manufacturer in a first package, and are transferred to a second package for distribution to the point of care patient area.
  • the repackaging may take place in a pharmacy, another location within the hospital, or an off-site commercial repackaging house.
  • Examples of commonly repackaged drugs include bulk packaged pills, powders, or liquids that usually must be repackaged into smaller portions or "unit dose" packages for distribution. Repackaging facilitates handling, billing, and verifying correct medication administration.
  • the package for repackaged drugs can be bar-coded to be recognized by embodiments of the invention.
  • the selected barcode may be the NDC number of the larger package.
  • this "borrowed" barcode correctly identifies the drug's chemistry, it is not entirely correct, because it does not provide package code information as does a full NDC code.
  • a portion of the barcode becomes technically incorrect.
  • it is still usable by some embodiments of the sorting system and is one of the preferred barcodes for the second package of a repackaged drug.
  • the hospital may also generate a site-unique barcode for the second package.
  • the site-unique barcode typically starts with an "L” or "99" to distinguish it from manufacturer NDC codes.
  • communication between the collection device and the pharmacy is preferred.
  • the pharmacy provides the collection device with an NDC code with which to associate the barcode appearing on the repackaged item.
  • the communication may occur in real-time, when the item is presented for disposal. However, real-time communication may slow the operation of the collection device, as the pharmacy computer may be busy or unacceptably slow due to authentication and encryption requirements or communication traffic.
  • the necessary communication between the collection device and the pharmacy occurs before the item is discarded (e.g., by a broadcast message from the pharmacy at the time the order is filled and sent to the floor). Communications of this sort often take the form of a Health Level 7 (HLl) message.
  • HL7 is an industry standard communication scheme for information transfer among diverse hospital systems such as billing, admissions, patient records, medication administration and the like.
  • the HL7 formatted message will associate the NDC of the waste item contents with the barcode on the package.
  • the HL7 message directed to the sorting system will safeguard patient-specific information in compliance with all privacy requirements, such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act).
  • pharmacies In addition to pass-through and repackaged drugs, pharmacies often create custom recipes containing multiple pharmaceutical ingredients. These "admixtures" are generally labeled with a site-specific barcode rather than the NDC code of their ingredients. In one embodiment, the site-unique barcode is decoded. In one preferred embodiment, the sorting system is instructed to sort the admixture waste via an HL7 message or the like. Unlike a single repackaged item, an admixture message will associate the barcode with multiple NDC numbers contained in the admixture being discarded.
  • FIG. 31 illustrates a flowchart of one embodiment of the decision logic related to the identification and classification of the waste items.
  • a display is provided to indicate selected information, including, but is not limited to, the NDC decoded from the barcode on the package, the chemistry formulation derived from the database lookup (which would match that listed on the package), the waste composition and categorization determined by the machine (which should match the open door), and/or the reasons for the particular waste decision.
  • Restricted Access Containers include, but is not limited to, the NDC decoded from the barcode on the package, the chemistry formulation derived from the database lookup (which would match that listed on the package), the waste composition and categorization determined by the machine (which should match the open door), and/or the reasons for the particular waste decision.
  • the present invention comprises waste receptacles that are adapted to restrict access to medical or pharmaceutical waste, once that waste has been deposited in the receptacle.
  • a receptacle for medical or pharmaceutical waste is provided.
  • the container is adapted to restrict access to disposed waste.
  • Figures 36 and 44 illustrate some of the features of some of the embodiments discussed below.
  • the container comprises a lid 82 formed in a V-shaped cross section, with circular outer edges.
  • a shield 26 having a circular cross section, wherein the shield is positioned at the perimeter of the arc formed by said lid 82 is also provided.
  • a latch assembly 24 is provided, hi one embodiment, the container comprises a V-shaped lid, one or more shields, and one or more latch assemblies.
  • a restricted access container for medical or pharmaceutical waste comprising a lid having substantially circular outer edges, wherein the lid is rotatably operated so that the circular outer edges remain at a constant radius from the axis in all positions, a blocking means adapted to block access to waste contents in all lid positions, and a latch assembly.
  • the lid is adapted to restrict, exclude, reduce, or minimize access to deposited waste when in the closed position.
  • the lid is further adapted to restrict, exclude, reduce, or minimize access to deposited waste during the opening cycle.
  • the waste receptacle has a safety feature that restricts (or minimizes) access to disposed medical or pharmaceutical waste while the receptacle is being opened.
  • the container permits disposal of additional waste while simultaneously restricting access to waste that has been previously disposed.
  • the restricted access lid can be used with non-medical, non-pharmaceutical containers, holders, or vessels.
  • a rotary level sensor operates in conjunction with a rotary lid.
  • One function of the lid is to open upon command from the electronics, allowing an item of hazardous waste to be deposited.
  • a second function of the lid, according to several embodiments of the invention is that the open lid is easily recognizable by the user, from among an array of other container lids, intuitively directing their attention to the open container, thus avoiding the need for lights or other indicating means.
  • a third function of the lid is to exclude access to the container contents by the user or other personnel, at all times.
  • the lid may be adapted to accomplish none, one, two, or all three of these functions.
  • the restricted access safety feature comprises a lid formed in a V-shaped cross section, with circular outer edges. The lid is rotatably operated so that the circular outer edges remain at a constant radius from the axis in all positions, including open, closed, and in between open and closed.
  • the V-shaped lid forms an approximately 135 degrees angle, and its diameter is such that the resulting opening is large enough to accept the largest anticipated waste item. In one embodiment, the lid motion is also limited to approximately 135 degrees.
  • a shielding means or shield
  • a shield that is circular in cross section is placed at the perimeter of the arc described by the lid during a portion of its motion.
  • the lid, in combination with the shield blocks access to the contents during some or most operating positions.
  • the lid, in combination with the shield blocks access to the contents during all operating positions.
  • a latch assembly is provided.
  • a latch assembly is part of the equipment and mates to a container during use.
  • the container is formed with control rods extending outward from one end to mate with openings in the latch assembly.
  • One control rod is tied to the lid, and the other is tied to the bar.
  • Rotational position information of the lid and bar is transferred to concentric inner and outer rings, which track the rotational motion of the lid and bar.
  • the inner and outer ring are each supplied with a position indicator and opto-interruptor for detecting a predetermined position.
  • the lid detector is set to indicate when the lid is closed, and the bar detector is set to detect when the bar is fully open.
  • each ring is supplied with a torsion spring to provide opening force.

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  • Refuse Collection And Transfer (AREA)
  • Accommodation For Nursing Or Treatment Tables (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de tri de déchets médicaux généralement configuré pour trier des articles résiduels dans une pluralité de récipients selon des règles et des régulations applicables déterminant la manipulation et/ou le rejet desdits articles. Dans certains modes de réalisation, le système comprend des stations de tri contenant un certain nombre de récipients jetables. Chaque station peut identifier un article résiduel, déterminer le récipient le plus adapté à l'article, et faciliter le rejet de l'article dans le récipient adapté. Dans certains modes de réalisation, l'invention comprend également un système de détection destiné à déterminer la présence et/ou la quantité d'articles jetables dans un récipient. Dans d'autres modes de réalisation, l'accès aux articles résiduels est limité une fois que lesdits articles ont été placés dans un récipient.
PCT/US2006/003663 2005-02-03 2006-02-02 Systeme et procede de tri de dechets medicaux WO2006084021A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US64981905P 2005-02-03 2005-02-03
US60/649,819 2005-02-03
US67918705P 2005-05-09 2005-05-09
US60/679,187 2005-05-09
US71225605P 2005-08-29 2005-08-29
US60/712,256 2005-08-29
US74221205P 2005-12-02 2005-12-02
US60/742,212 2005-12-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006084021A2 true WO2006084021A2 (fr) 2006-08-10
WO2006084021A3 WO2006084021A3 (fr) 2006-12-21

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PCT/US2006/003663 WO2006084021A2 (fr) 2005-02-03 2006-02-02 Systeme et procede de tri de dechets medicaux

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WO2008033574A3 (fr) * 2006-09-13 2009-04-30 Clearcount Medical Solutions I appareil et procédés pour surveiller des objets dans un champ chirurgical
CN103263297A (zh) * 2013-05-21 2013-08-28 河南科技大学第一附属医院 手术室用废弃物品收集装置
USD1051399S1 (en) 2021-02-26 2024-11-12 Stryker Corporation Reader cradle for a surgical stand

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US5415315A (en) * 1993-09-17 1995-05-16 Devon Industries, Inc. Closure lid to disposable container for holding and disposing of used medical sharps and other medical-surgical materials
US6425487B1 (en) * 1999-05-07 2002-07-30 Ncr Corporation Waste depository
GB2360979A (en) * 2000-04-04 2001-10-10 Ultra Electronics Ltd A film carrier provided with a marker(s) for encoding information relating to the film such that the information may be read by a printer
EP1390277A1 (fr) * 2001-05-25 2004-02-25 Hill-Rom Services, Inc. Systeme de tri conforme de dechets
US6663004B2 (en) * 2001-08-14 2003-12-16 Frederico Wagner Method and system for disposing of discarded items

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US10729510B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2020-08-04 Stryker Corporation Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US11090129B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2021-08-17 Stryker Corporation Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US8479989B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2013-07-09 Clearcount Medical Solutions, Inc. Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US11963827B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2024-04-23 Stryker Corporation Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US8985446B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2015-03-24 Stryker Combo L.L.C. Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US9414973B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2016-08-16 Stryker Combo L.L.C. Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US8256674B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2012-09-04 Clearcount Medical Solutions, Inc. Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US9974625B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2018-05-22 Stryker Combo L.L.C. Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US9530036B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2016-12-27 Stryker Combo L.L.C. Methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
WO2008033574A3 (fr) * 2006-09-13 2009-04-30 Clearcount Medical Solutions I appareil et procédés pour surveiller des objets dans un champ chirurgical
US9672397B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2017-06-06 Stryker Combo L.L.C. Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US11116598B1 (en) 2006-09-13 2021-09-14 Stryker Corporation Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
US11793591B2 (en) 2006-09-13 2023-10-24 Stryker Corporation Apparatus and methods for monitoring objects in a surgical field
CN103263297A (zh) * 2013-05-21 2013-08-28 河南科技大学第一附属医院 手术室用废弃物品收集装置
USD1051399S1 (en) 2021-02-26 2024-11-12 Stryker Corporation Reader cradle for a surgical stand

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