WO2005119036A1 - Moteur a combustion interne equipe d'un systeme de recyclage des gaz d'echappement pour reguler la temperature d'aspiration - Google Patents
Moteur a combustion interne equipe d'un systeme de recyclage des gaz d'echappement pour reguler la temperature d'aspiration Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005119036A1 WO2005119036A1 PCT/EP2005/005717 EP2005005717W WO2005119036A1 WO 2005119036 A1 WO2005119036 A1 WO 2005119036A1 EP 2005005717 W EP2005005717 W EP 2005005717W WO 2005119036 A1 WO2005119036 A1 WO 2005119036A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- regulating
- compressor
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D41/0047—Controlling exhaust gas recirculation [EGR]
- F02D41/0065—Specific aspects of external EGR control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B29/00—Engines characterised by provision for charging or scavenging not provided for in groups F02B25/00, F02B27/00 or F02B33/00 - F02B39/00; Details thereof
- F02B29/04—Cooling of air intake supply
- F02B29/0406—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
- F02B29/0418—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit the intake air cooler having a bypass or multiple flow paths within the heat exchanger to vary the effective heat transfer surface
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/024—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/08—Exhaust gas treatment apparatus parameters
- F02D2200/0802—Temperature of the exhaust gas treatment apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/09—Constructional details, e.g. structural combinations of EGR systems and supercharger systems; Arrangement of the EGR and supercharger systems with respect to the engine
- F02M26/10—Constructional details, e.g. structural combinations of EGR systems and supercharger systems; Arrangement of the EGR and supercharger systems with respect to the engine having means to increase the pressure difference between the exhaust and intake system, e.g. venturis, variable geometry turbines, check valves using pressure pulsations or throttles in the air intake or exhaust system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
- F02M26/25—Layout, e.g. schematics with coolers having bypasses
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the invention relates to an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas aftertreatment system and a method for controlling the exhaust gas temperature according to the preamble of claim 1 and claim 5.
- Implementation efficiency of nitrogen oxide reduction in an SCR catalytic converter is achieved at exhaust gas temperatures in a range from approximately 250 ° to 550 ° Celsius.
- An internal combustion engine on the other hand, has exhaust gas temperatures of less than 250 ° Celsius both in the partial load range and in the cold start phase.
- the SCR catalytic converter is generally not located directly at the exhaust valve of the internal combustion engine, so that the exhaust gas temperature is further reduced by means of wall heat losses in the exhaust gas pipes.
- the SCR catalytic converter is located downstream of the turbine and there is a further reduction in exhaust gas temperature due to the thermodynamic process in the turbine. The low exhaust gas temperatures that occur in the named operating ranges have to be increased.
- the publication DE 102 49 880 AI describes an emission control device and an emission control method of an internal combustion engine, the emission control device of the internal combustion engine comprising a NO x catalytic converter, a warming-up device for heating the NO x catalytic converter and an operating state detection device for detecting the operating state of the internal combustion engine.
- the heating device of the emission control device is used in such a way that either the injected fuel is oxidized in the NO x catalyst and the temperature of the NO x catalyst is raised due to the heat generated by the oxidation, or the injected fuel reduces the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas mass flow and brings about a reduction in the nitrogen oxides in the filter.
- a disadvantage of the emission control device is an additional installation of a fuel line with a retentive valve and the installation of an injection valve in the exhaust manifold.
- the invention is based on the problem of achieving a high efficiency of the SCR catalytic converter in all operating areas of the internal combustion engine, using the heat sources existing in the combustion circuit of the internal combustion engine.
- the internal combustion engine according to the invention with an exhaust gas aftertreatment system and the regulation of the exhaust gas temperature of the internal combustion engine is based on the idea of the large temperature fluctuations between part-load operating ranges and full-load operating ranges and to be reduced in the cold start phase of the internal combustion engine by regulating the amount of combustion air, since the high exhaust gas temperature fluctuations and the absolute exhaust gas temperatures are directly related to a ratio of combustion air and fuel, the combustion air ratio ⁇ .
- the highest possible temperature level of the exhaust gas temperature of the internal combustion engine should be maintained.
- combustion air ratio ⁇ is relatively small, as is the case in the full load range of the internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas temperature rises. If the combustion air ratio ⁇ increases, as is the case when the load is reduced, the exhaust gas temperature drops. A prerequisite for this thermodynamic relationship is an optimal efficiency of the heat release of the internal combustion engine.
- a charge air cooler can be bypassed via a bypass with a check valve to further increase the temperature level of the combustion.
- a turbine in the exhaust line of the internal combustion engine has for optimizing the efficiency of an exhaust gas cleaning unit of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system has a variable turbine geometry and / or a bypass with a relief valve.
- a compressor in the intake tract of the internal combustion engine has a variable compressor geometry to optimize the efficiency of the exhaust gas cleaning unit of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system.
- the inventive method for controlling the exhaust gas temperature of the internal combustion engine according to claim 5 is characterized in that the control of the exhaust gas temperature depending on the
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the im
- Combustion cycle of the internal combustion engine occurring heat sources such as the heat of the exhaust gas and the heat of the compressed air, are used to regulate the exhaust gas temperature and are regulated via a regulating and control unit as a function of the exhaust gas temperature and the combustion air ratio.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that a regulating and control unit receives the value of the combustion air ratio and the value of the exhaust gas temperature for each operating point of the internal combustion engine and, depending on these values, an exhaust gas recirculation valve and / or a shutoff valve for bypassing combustion air and / or a relief valve on the turbine and / or a shut-off valve for diverting the from Compressed combustion air sucked in and / or a throttle for regulating the combustion air in such a way that the minimum possible combustion air ratio ⁇ for the corresponding operating point of the internal combustion engine is achieved as a function of the exhaust gas temperature to be achieved.
- 1 is a schematic representation of an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas turbocharger
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of the internal combustion engine according to FIG. 1 with a compressor which has a variable compressor inflow geometry.
- the internal combustion engine 1 shown in FIG. 1 is assigned an exhaust gas turbocharger 2 with a turbine 3 in an exhaust line 4 and a compressor 5 in an intake tract 6.
- the internal combustion engine 1 can be a gasoline engine or a diesel engine.
- the turbine 3 is acted upon by the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine 1 and drives the compressor 5 via a shaft 7, whereupon the compressor 5 draws in and compresses combustion air.
- a charge air cooler 9 Downstream of the compressor 5, a charge air cooler 9 is provided in the intake tract 6, in which the compressed combustion air is cooled.
- the compressed and cooled combustion air flows through a throttle 101 provided downstream of the charge air cooler, which regulates the amount of combustion air flowing into the internal combustion engine 1.
- a bypass 14 with a shutoff valve 102 branches off downstream of the compressor 5 in front of the charge air cooler 9 and opens again into the intake tract 6 downstream of the throttle 101.
- the turbine 3 is assigned a variable turbine geometry 8, by means of which an effective turbine inlet cross section can be variably adjusted.
- an exhaust gas recirculation line 100 with an adjustable exhaust gas recirculation valve 19 branches off from the exhaust line 4 and opens into the intake tract 6 downstream of the throttle 101. so that, according to the invention, the temperature of the exhaust gas recirculation can be used to increase the temperature of the exhaust gas temperature.
- a bypass 15 is provided in the exhaust line 4 upstream of the turbine 3, in which an adjustable relief valve 103 is provided.
- the bypass 15 opens into the exhaust line 4 downstream of the turbine 3 and upstream of an exhaust gas cleaning unit 16
- Exhaust gas cleaning unit 16 is known to be arranged in exhaust line 4 downstream of turbine 3 for exhaust gas cleaning.
- an internal combustion engine 1 is shown, which largely corresponds in structure and in the reference character assignment of the internal combustion engine according to FIG. 1. All the same or equivalent parts have the same reference numerals of the first
- the compressor 5 has a variable compressor inflow geometry 10 for shifting the surge limit of the compressor 5 or for operating the compressor 5 as a cold air turbine.
- the compressor 5 is supplied with combustion air via an additional duct 17, which branches off upstream of the compressor 5 at a branch 20 from the intake tract 6.
- a shutoff valve 12 is arranged downstream of the branch 20 of the additional channel 17 and regulates the setting of the mass flow into the additional channel 17.
- An air flow meter 18 is located upstream of the branch 20 of the additional duct 17, with which the air flow rate is measured and fed to the regulating and control unit 11 as an information signal.
- An air filter 13 arranged upstream of the air flow meter 18 cleans the air drawn in from the surroundings.
- Combustion air ratio ⁇ of the internal combustion engine 1 is updated continuously.
- the regulating and control unit 11 gives the exhaust gas recirculation valve 19, the throttle 101, the shut-off valve 102, if appropriate, in accordance with an optimal combustion air ratio ⁇ and the corresponding desired exhaust gas temperature T DNO ⁇ on the exhaust gas cleaning unit 16 Blow-off valve 103 and the variable turbine geometry 8 instruction to assume certain flow cross sections between a minimum and a maximum flow cross section.
- the engine air quantity is set to a minimally compatible setpoint value of the combustion air ratio ⁇ and the temperature of the exhaust gas purification unit 16 is thus increased.
- the relief valve 103 if present, is opened, or, if present, the variable turbine geometry 8 is set in such a way that boost pressure generation which is not necessary in the corresponding operating points is avoided.
- FIG. 2 An advantageous embodiment of the internal combustion engine 1 is shown in FIG. 2.
- the combustion air sucked in by the compressor 5 is regulated by the check valve 12 which can be regulated by the regulating and control unit 11.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004026797A DE102004026797A1 (de) | 2004-06-02 | 2004-06-02 | Brennkraftmaschine mit Abgasnachbehandlungssystem und ein Verfahren zur Regelung der Abgastemperatur |
DE102004026797.9 | 2004-06-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005119036A1 true WO2005119036A1 (fr) | 2005-12-15 |
Family
ID=34969151
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2005/005717 WO2005119036A1 (fr) | 2004-06-02 | 2005-05-27 | Moteur a combustion interne equipe d'un systeme de recyclage des gaz d'echappement pour reguler la temperature d'aspiration |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE102004026797A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005119036A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102308069A (zh) * | 2009-02-05 | 2012-01-04 | 克诺尔商用车制动系统有限公司 | 用于调节车辆的内燃机的增压空气压力的方法和装置 |
CN102889156A (zh) * | 2012-10-19 | 2013-01-23 | 东风汽车有限公司 | 一种增压发动机智能化双路进气装置 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102011018958B4 (de) * | 2011-04-29 | 2014-12-31 | Audi Ag | Verbrennungsmotor und Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Verbrennungsmotors mit Ausleitung von gefrorenem Kondenswasser aus dem Ansaugtrakt |
CN109323283B (zh) * | 2018-10-30 | 2020-03-17 | 中船动力研究院有限公司 | 一种燃烧缸的燃烧稳定性控制系统及方法 |
AT525355B1 (de) * | 2021-09-13 | 2023-03-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Verfahren zur Temperierung einer an einen Verbrennungsmotor angeschlossenen Abgasreinigungsanlage mit einem SCR-Katalysator |
Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5617726A (en) * | 1995-03-31 | 1997-04-08 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | Cooled exhaust gas recirculation system with load and ambient bypasses |
US6367256B1 (en) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-04-09 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Exhaust gas recirculation with condensation control |
WO2002038940A1 (fr) * | 2000-11-10 | 2002-05-16 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Systeme de recirculation de gaz d'echappement chauds et froids |
US20030114978A1 (en) * | 2001-12-18 | 2003-06-19 | Rimnac Phillip F. | Condensation control for internal combustion engines using EGR |
US20030140906A1 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2003-07-31 | Dollmeyer Thomas A. | System for producing charge flow and EGR fraction commands based on engine operating conditions |
EP1411315A1 (fr) * | 2001-07-25 | 2004-04-21 | Denso Corporation | Echangeur thermique de gaz d'echappement |
FR2848605A1 (fr) * | 2002-12-11 | 2004-06-18 | Renault Sa | Dispositif et procede d'alimentation en comburant d'un moteur diesel |
WO2004067945A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-12 | Scania Cv Ab (Publ) | Agencement et procede de recirculation des gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion |
US20040182373A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2004-09-23 | Xiaoqiu Li | System for diagnosing operation of an egr cooler |
US20040182372A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2004-09-23 | Kennedy Michael P. | Method and apparatus for determining a valve operator position |
FR2853011A1 (fr) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-10-01 | Melchior Jean F | Moteur alternatif a recirculation de gaz brules destine a la propulsion des vehicules automobiles et procede de turbocompression de ce moteur |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19847874A1 (de) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-04-20 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur Stickoxidreduzierung im Abgas einer mager betriebenen Brennkraftmaschine |
DE10049198A1 (de) * | 2000-10-05 | 2002-04-11 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Abgasturbolader für eine Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren hierzu |
-
2004
- 2004-06-02 DE DE102004026797A patent/DE102004026797A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-05-27 WO PCT/EP2005/005717 patent/WO2005119036A1/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5617726A (en) * | 1995-03-31 | 1997-04-08 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | Cooled exhaust gas recirculation system with load and ambient bypasses |
WO2002038940A1 (fr) * | 2000-11-10 | 2002-05-16 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Systeme de recirculation de gaz d'echappement chauds et froids |
US6367256B1 (en) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-04-09 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Exhaust gas recirculation with condensation control |
EP1411315A1 (fr) * | 2001-07-25 | 2004-04-21 | Denso Corporation | Echangeur thermique de gaz d'echappement |
US20030114978A1 (en) * | 2001-12-18 | 2003-06-19 | Rimnac Phillip F. | Condensation control for internal combustion engines using EGR |
US20030140906A1 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2003-07-31 | Dollmeyer Thomas A. | System for producing charge flow and EGR fraction commands based on engine operating conditions |
FR2848605A1 (fr) * | 2002-12-11 | 2004-06-18 | Renault Sa | Dispositif et procede d'alimentation en comburant d'un moteur diesel |
WO2004067945A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-12 | Scania Cv Ab (Publ) | Agencement et procede de recirculation des gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion |
US20040182373A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2004-09-23 | Xiaoqiu Li | System for diagnosing operation of an egr cooler |
US20040182372A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2004-09-23 | Kennedy Michael P. | Method and apparatus for determining a valve operator position |
FR2853011A1 (fr) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-10-01 | Melchior Jean F | Moteur alternatif a recirculation de gaz brules destine a la propulsion des vehicules automobiles et procede de turbocompression de ce moteur |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102308069A (zh) * | 2009-02-05 | 2012-01-04 | 克诺尔商用车制动系统有限公司 | 用于调节车辆的内燃机的增压空气压力的方法和装置 |
CN102889156A (zh) * | 2012-10-19 | 2013-01-23 | 东风汽车有限公司 | 一种增压发动机智能化双路进气装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102004026797A1 (de) | 2005-12-22 |
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