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WO2005114698A2 - Dispositif de positionnement optique a eclairage conforme - Google Patents

Dispositif de positionnement optique a eclairage conforme Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005114698A2
WO2005114698A2 PCT/US2005/017983 US2005017983W WO2005114698A2 WO 2005114698 A2 WO2005114698 A2 WO 2005114698A2 US 2005017983 W US2005017983 W US 2005017983W WO 2005114698 A2 WO2005114698 A2 WO 2005114698A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
illumination
photosensitive elements
detector
displacement sensor
optical displacement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2005/017983
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2005114698A3 (fr
Inventor
Clinton B. Carlisle
Jahja I. Trisnadi
Charles B. Roxlo
David A. Lehoty
Original Assignee
Silicon Light Machines Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US11/129,967 external-priority patent/US7285766B2/en
Application filed by Silicon Light Machines Corporation filed Critical Silicon Light Machines Corporation
Priority to EP05753965A priority Critical patent/EP1751786A4/fr
Priority to JP2007527529A priority patent/JP2008500667A/ja
Publication of WO2005114698A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005114698A2/fr
Publication of WO2005114698A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005114698A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/0304—Detection arrangements using opto-electronic means
    • G06F3/0317—Detection arrangements using opto-electronic means in co-operation with a patterned surface, e.g. absolute position or relative movement detection for an optical mouse or pen positioned with respect to a coded surface
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/042—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by opto-electronic means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to an Optical Positioning Device (OPD), and methods of sensing movement using same.
  • OPD Optical Positioning Device
  • Pointing devices such as computer mice or trackballs, are utilized for inputting data into and interfacing with personal computers and workstations. Such devices allow rapid relocation of a cursor on a monitor, and are useful in many text, database and graphical programs.
  • a user controls the cursor, for example, by moving the mouse over a surface to move the cursor in a direction and over distance proportional to the movement of the mouse. Alternatively, movement of the hand over a stationary device may be used for the same purpose.
  • Computer mice come in both optical and mechanical versions. Mechanical mice typically use a rotating ball to detect motion, and a pair of shaft encoders in contact with the ball to produce a digital signal used by the computer to move the cursor.
  • Optical mice have become very popular because they are more robust and may provide a better pointing accuracy.
  • the dominant conventional technology used for optical mice relies on a light emitting diode (LED) illuminating a surface at grazing incidence, a two-dimensional CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) detector which captures the resultant images, and software that correlates successive images to determine the direction, distance and speed the mouse has been moved.
  • LED light emitting diode
  • CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
  • This technology typically provides good accuracy but suffers from low optical efficiency and a relatively high image processing requirements.
  • Another approach uses one-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors or detectors, such as photodiodes. Successive images of the surface are captured by imaging optics, translated onto the photodiodes, and compared to detect movement of the mouse.
  • the photodiodes may be directly wired in groups to facilitate motion detection. This reduces the photodiode requirements, and enables rapid analog processing.
  • An example of one such a mouse is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,152 to Dandliker et al.
  • the mouse disclosed in Dandliker et al. differs from the standard technology also in that it uses a coherent light source, such as a laser.
  • speckle Light from a coherent source scattered off of a rough surface generates a random intensity distribution ot light Known as speckle.
  • speckle-based pattern has several advantages, including efficient laser-based light generation and high contrast images even under illumination at normal incidence. This allows for a more efficient system and conserves current consumption, which is advantageous in wireless applications so as to extend battery life.
  • these speckle-based devices have not been wholly satisfactory for a number of reasons.
  • mice using laser speckle have not demonstrated the accuracy typically demanded in state-of-the-art mice today, which generally are desired to have a path error of less than 0.5% or thereabout.
  • the present disclosure discusses and provides solutions to certain problems with prior optical mice and other similar optical pointing devices.
  • One embodiment relates to an optical displacement sensor for sensing relative movement between a data input device and a surface by determining displacement of optical features in a succession of frames.
  • the sensor includes at least an illuminator and a detector.
  • the illuminator has a light source and illumination optics to illuminate a portion of the surface.
  • the detector has a plurality of photosensitive elements and imaging optics. The illuminator and the detector are configured such that the illuminated portion of the surface is less than fifty percent larger than a field of view of the photosensitive elements of the detector.
  • Another embodiment relates to a method of sensing relative movement between a data input device and a surface by determining displacement of optical features in a succession of frames.
  • Illumination is generated from a light source, and the illumination is mapped by illumination opncs onto a portion of the surface. Illumination is reflected from the illuminated portion of the surface, and the reflected illumination is mapped by imaging optics onto an arrangement of photosensitive elements in the detector. The illuminated portion of the surface is less than fifty percent larger than a field of view of the photosensitive elements.
  • Another embodiment relates to an optical displacement sensor for sensing relative movement between a data input device and a surface by determining displacement of optical features in a succession of frames.
  • the sensor includes at least a light source, illumination optics, an arrangement of photosensitive elements, and imaging optics.
  • the illumination optics is adapted to illuminate a portion of the surface in a first shape, and the arrangement of photosensitive elements comprises a second shape similar to the first shape.
  • the imaging optics is adapted to map illumination reflected from the illuminated portion of the surface such that the reflected illumination covers the arrangement of photosensitive elements.
  • Other embodiments are also disclosed.
  • FIGS. 1 A and IB illustrate, respectively, a diffraction pattern of light reflected from a smooth surface and speckle in an interference pattern of light reflected from a rough surface
  • FIG. 2 " is a functional" block diagram of a speckle-based mouse according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a photodiode array according to an embodiment of
  • FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of light collection optics according to an
  • FIG. 5 is an optical diagram showing structured illumination according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram showing two axes of detector elements, each with multiple rows, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 depicts various arrangements of detector elements according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • one aspect of the present invention discloses a solution to the above-discussed problems of illumination misalignment and inefficiency.
  • OPD optical Device
  • speckle a random intensity distribution pattern of light
  • the senor for an OPD includes an illuminator having a light source and illumination optics to illuminate a portion of the surface, a detector having a number of photosensitive elements and imaging optics, and signal processing or mixed-signal electronics for combining signals from each of the photosensitive elements to produce an output signal from the detector.
  • the detector and mixed-signal electronics are fabricated using standard CMOS processes and equipment.
  • the sensor and method of the present invention provide an optically-efficient detection architecture by use of sfjfuctiire illumination that produces uniform phase-front and telecentric speckle- imaging as well as a simplified signal processing configuration using a combination of analog and digital electronics.
  • This architecture reduces the amount of electrical power dedicated to signal processing and displacement-estimation in the sensor. It has been found that a sensor using the speckle-detection technique, and appropriately configured in accordance with the present invention can meet or exceed all performance criteria typically expected of OPDs, including maximum displacement speed, accuracy, and % path error rates.
  • FIG. 1A laser light of a wavelength indicated is depicted as a first incident wave 102 and second incident wave 104 to a surface, each making an angle of
  • speckle This complex interference pattern 116 of light and dark areas is termed speckle.
  • speckle The exact nature and contrast of the speckle pattern 116 depends" on" he " " surface rougfriess, the wavelength of light and its degree of spatial- coherence, and the light-gathering or imaging optics.
  • speckle pattern 116 is distinctly characteristic of a section of any rough surface that is imaged by the optics and, as such, may be utilized to identify a location on the surface as it is displaced transversely to the laser and optics-detector assembly. Speckle is expected to come in all sizes up to the spatial frequency set by the effective aperture of the optics, conventionally defined in term of its numerical aperture
  • the "average" speckle diameter may be defined as
  • ⁇ is the wavelength of the coherent light
  • the numerical aperture may be different for spatial frequencies in the image along one dimension (say "x") than along the orthogonal dimension ("y"). This may be cMS'ed', ⁇ f instance, by ' an optical aperture which is longer in one dimension than another (for example, an ellipse instead of a circle), or by anamorphic lenses. In these cases, the speckle pattern 116 will also be anisotropic, and the average speckle size will
  • a laser speckle-based displacement sensor can operate with illumination light that arrives at near-normal incidence angles. Sensors that employ imaging optics and incoherent light arriving at grazing incident angles to a rough surface also can be employed for transverse displacement sensing. However, since the grazing incidence angle of the illumination is used to create appropriately large bright-dark shadows of the surface terrain in the image, the system is inherently optically inefficient, as a significant fraction of the light is reflected off in a specular manner away from the detector and thus contributes nothing to the image formed. In contrast, a speckle-based displacement sensor can make efficient use of a larger fraction of the illumination light from the laser source, thereby allowing the development of an optically efficient displacement sensor.
  • CMOS photodiodes with analog signal combining circuitry, moderate amounts of digital signal processing circuitry, and a low- power light source, such as, for example, a 850 nm Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL). While certain implementational details are discussed in the detailed description below, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that different light sources, detector or photosensitive elements, and/or different circuitry for combining signal's may 1" De""ut ⁇ l ⁇ zed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present
  • FIG. 2 is functional diagram of a speckle-based system 200 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the system 200 includes a laser source 202, illumination optics 204, imaging optics 208, at least two sets of multiple CMOS photodiode arrays 210, front-end electronics 212, signal processing circuitry 214, and interface circuitry 216.
  • the photodiode arrays 210 may be configured to provide displacement measurements along two orthogonal axes, x and y. Groups of the photodiodes in each array may be combined using passive electronic components in the front-end electronics 212 to produce group signals.
  • the group signals may be subsequently algebraically combined by the signal processing circuitry 214 to produce an (x, y) signal providing information on the magnitude and direction of displacement of the OPD in x and y directions.
  • the (x,y) signal may be converted by the interface circuitry 218 to x,y data
  • FIG. 3 shows a general configuration (along one axis) of such a photodiode array 302, wherein the surface 304 is illuminated by a coherent light source, such as a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) 306 and illumination optics 308, and wherein the combination of interlaced groups in the array 302 serves as a periodic filter on spatial frequencies of light-dark signals produced by the speckle images.
  • Speckle generated by the rough surface 304 is mapped to the detector plane with imaging optics 310.
  • the imaging optics 310 are telecentric for optimum performance.
  • the ' comb array detection is performed in two independent, orthogonal arrays to obtain estimations of displacements in x and y.
  • a small version of one such array 302 is depicted in FIG. 3.
  • Each array in the detector consists of a number, N, of photodiode sets, each set having a number, M, of photodiodes (PD) arranged to form an MN linear array.
  • PD photodiodes
  • each set consists of four photodiodes (4 PD) referred to as 1,2,3,4.
  • the PDls from every set are electrically connected (wired sum) to form a group, likewise PD2s, PD3s, and PD4s, giving four signal lines coming out from the array.
  • Equation 2 Equation 2 where ⁇ opt i cs is the efficiency of the optics components (absorption, Fresnel reflections
  • FIG. 5 One feature shown in FIG. 5 is that the illumination falls only on those locations on the optical surface within the field of view (FOV) of the imaging optics. , If the geometry of the photodetector array or arrays is an unusual or non-symmetric shape, such as the "L" shaped geometry for the detector arrangement 502 shown in FIG.
  • the illumination optics 504 should ideally provide light only on that area on the rough surface for optimum optical efficiency. Light that falls on the rough surface outside this FOV area is wasted and reduces the net efficiency of the optical positioning system.
  • a non-symmetric (i.e. non-circular) shape of the illuminated portion would not be a direct image of the illumination source, but rather would be formed by the configuration of the illumination optics 504. The shape of the illuminated area may even be non-convex.
  • the use of standard refractive or reflective optical surfaces 506 combined with diffractive structures 508 allows the creation of a specific illumination spatial profile 510 with planar phase-front to optimally match the FOV required from the imaging optics.
  • the imaging optics 512 is configured to map the specific illumination profile 510 onto the detector arrangement 502 in a way such that the light sensing elements are efficientlycovered without covering overly large areas outside the sensing areas.
  • the optical system 500 of FIG. 5 is configured so as to approximately match the reflected illumination to the shape of the detector arrangement 502 such that light falling outside of the field of view of the detector is minimized.
  • this more efficiently utilizes the power from the light source.
  • the optics is configured so that the illuminated portion of the surface is less than fifty percent (50%) larger than the field of view of the photosensitive elements of the detector.
  • the reflected illumination preferably covers an area of the detector which is no more than one hundred fifty percent (150%) of the minimum area to cover all the photosensitive elements of the detector.
  • the optics is configured so that substantially all (for example, 85% or more) of the illuminated portion of the surface falls within the field of view of the photosensitive elements fo the detector.
  • the specific example illustrated in FIG. 5 shows that the illumination profile 510 may be a mirror image in shape to the reflected illumination which covers the photo'defe'ct ⁇ f ' J atfahgehi ' enf 502 This depends upon the configuration of the imaging
  • a detector configuration may be utilized with multiple interlaced "pixel" (detector element) arrays arranged in parallel rows along two axes, as depicted in FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 6 shows three interlaced arrays 602 arranged in parallel rows along an x-axis, and three interlaced arrays 604 arranged in parallel rows along a y-axis.
  • each "4N" array consists of four groups of N detector elements which are electrically connected (wired sum), producing four signals Si, S , S 3 , S 4 .
  • Other embodiments may use interlaced detector arrays with M values (i.e. the number of element groupings) which is different from four. Other embodiments may also use different numbers of rows, other than three, per dimension. The number of rows need not be the same in the x and y dimensions.
  • Other embodiments may be configured with a detector array arrangement which is not in an "L" arrangement 702. Examples of other possible arrangements are shown in FIG- 7, such as a T arrangement 704, a square arrangement 706, and a "+” or "X” afrah emelt ' 708'.
  • "Yet other ' embodiments may be configured in an arrangment with axes (rows) at a non-perpendicular skew angle, such as a "V" or " ⁇ " shaped arrangement, for

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Position Input By Displaying (AREA)
  • Optical Transform (AREA)

Abstract

Un mode de réalisation de l'invention concerne un capteur de déplacement optique destiné à détecter le mouvement relatif entre un dispositif d'entrée de données et une surface (304), en déterminant le déplacement de caractéristiques optiques dans une succession d'images. Ce capteur comporte un dispositif d'éclairage et un dispositif de détection. Le dispositif d'éclairage présente une source lumineuse et une optique d'éclairage (506) destinée à éclairer une partie de ladite surface (510) avec un front de phase plan. Le dispositif de détection présente une pluralité d'éléments photosensibles (502) et une optique d'imagerie (512). Les dispositifs d'éclairage et de détection sont conçus, de sorte que la partie éclairée de la surface (510) est moins de 50 % plus étendue qu'un champ de vision des éléments photosensibles (502) du dispositif de détection. L'invention concerne également d'autres modes de réalisation.
PCT/US2005/017983 2004-05-21 2005-05-19 Dispositif de positionnement optique a eclairage conforme WO2005114698A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05753965A EP1751786A4 (fr) 2004-05-21 2005-05-19 Dispositif de positionnement optique a eclairage conforme
JP2007527529A JP2008500667A (ja) 2004-05-21 2005-05-19 整形された照明を有する光学位置検出装置

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US57339404P 2004-05-21 2004-05-21
US60/573,394 2004-05-21
US11/129,967 2005-05-16
US11/129,967 US7285766B2 (en) 2004-05-21 2005-05-16 Optical positioning device having shaped illumination

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005114698A2 true WO2005114698A2 (fr) 2005-12-01
WO2005114698A3 WO2005114698A3 (fr) 2007-05-03

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EP (1) EP1751786A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2008500667A (fr)
KR (1) KR20070026614A (fr)
TW (1) TWI263771B (fr)
WO (1) WO2005114698A2 (fr)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5086197A (en) * 1990-09-17 1992-02-04 Liou Kwang Wan Optical encoding method and device
US7045763B2 (en) * 2002-06-28 2006-05-16 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Object-recognition lock
US7116427B2 (en) * 2003-10-30 2006-10-03 Avago Technologies Ecbu Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Low power consumption, broad navigability optical mouse

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of EP1751786A4 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1751786A2 (fr) 2007-02-14
EP1751786A4 (fr) 2010-06-16
WO2005114698A3 (fr) 2007-05-03
TWI263771B (en) 2006-10-11
JP2008500667A (ja) 2008-01-10
TW200607983A (en) 2006-03-01
KR20070026614A (ko) 2007-03-08

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