WO2005076405A1 - Microstrip transition and network - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems, methods and an apparatus is disclosed that includes a microstrip network (30) disposed on a ground plane (20) and including at least one collection point, where the collection point(s) is/are in electrical communication with the microstrip network, a probe (24) is associated with each collection point, the probe extending through at least one opening in the ground plane and in electrical communication with one or more transmission lines (50) and a physical perturbation (36) associated with each probe, the physical perturbation integrated with the transmission lines to create at least first and second ports in the transmission lines.

Description

Microstrip Transition and Network BACKGROUND [0001] Antennas may stand alone, or may be mounted on, for example, moving vehicles and stationary objects including buildings. The height or the size of such antennas may be restricted based on legal, aesthetic, fuel efficiency, and/or other considerations. In some applications, a small footprint of an antenna may also be desirable. Antennas for mobile communications that rely on satellite broadcasted signals may include slotted antenna arrays and phased array antennas, and may be capable of elevation tracking, for example, to account for differences in arrival time of a signal, for example, so that rotation and/or tilting of the antenna may not, at least in part, be necessary. In certain applications, phased array antennas may include both microstrip antenna elements and waveguides. In a standard waveguide, the height of the waveguide can be one-half the width of the waveguide. A reduced height waveguide may have a height less than one-half the width. [0002] Communications received and/or transmitted from antennas include circularly polarized signals. Television signals may be broadcast from multiple satellites co-located in geosynchronous orbit. These signals may accordingly be circularly polarized, with one set of signals being, for example, right-hand circularly polarized and the other left- hand circularly polarized, dual-elliptical polarizations, or linearly polarized. SUMMARY [0003] Disclosed is a device that can include, for example, an antenna, where the device includes a microstrip network disposed on a ground plane. The device also includes one or more collection points, where the collection point(s) are in electrical communication with the microstrip network. The device also includes a probe associated with each of the collection points, where the probe extends through at least one opening in the ground plane and is in electrical communication with one or more first transmission lines. The device includes a first physical perturbation associated with the probe, where the first physical perturbation is integrated with the first transmission line(s) to create first and second signal ports in the first transmission line(s). As provided herein, integrated can be understood to include "part of," "attached to," "incorporated into," "incorporated with," "joined," "united," and/or "unified."

[0004] The first physical perturbation can thus include one or more of a post, a cylinder, a ridge, a cleft, an iris, and a transmission line width. The first physical perturbation can be based on one or more of a characteristic impedance of the first transmission line(s), and a desired directivity of signals propagating along the first transmission line(s). Accordingly, the first physical perturbation can be responsible for a conjugate match that can provide directivity to signals propagating along the first transmission line(s). The physical characteristic(s) of the first physical perturbation can be selected based on one or more of a characteristic impedance of the first transmission line(s), and a desired directivity of signals propagating along the first transmission line(s). The physical characteristic(s) can include one or more of a shape, a size, a width, a physical dimension, a position, a distance from the associated probe, a physical association with the first transmission line(s), and a physical association to the first transmission line(s). [0005] For the disclosed device, the device collection point(s) can be capable of receiving energy from the microstrip network, and/or delivering energy to the microstrip network. Further, the probe(s) can be capable of delivering energy to the first transmission line(s), and/or receiving energy from the first transmission line(s). Accordingly, the probe, the first port, and the second port can be associated with a three port signal coupler, where the coupler can be provided and/or facilitated by the first physical perturbation. [0006] The collection point(s) can communicate one of right-hand circularly polarized energy or left-hand circularly polarized energy. Further, the first transmission

20/574654.1 - 2 - line(s) can include at least one transmission line for right-hand circularly polarized energy and/or at least one transmission line for left-hand circularly polarized energy. [0007] In one embodiment, the first transmission line(s) includes a rectangular waveguide channel, and/or the microstrip network includes microstrip patch elements. In some embodiments, the microstrip patch elements can include driven patch elements. The microstrip patch elements can be coupled and/or connected with at least one second transmission line.

[0008] In an embodiment, the microstrip network includes multiple driven patch elements associated with a common collection point. In some embodiments, six or eight driven patch elements can be associated with a common collection point. The driven patch elements can be connected with the common collection point by the second transmission line(s), where the second transmission line(s) can also be integrated with a second physical perturbation. The second physical perturbation can have the same characteristics and/or features and/or considerations as the first physical perturbation. In one embodiment, for example, the second physical perturbation can be a linewidth change in the second transmission line(s). [0009] In an embodiment, the microstrip network can include an array of the driven patch elements. Further, the probe can include a spacer and/or insulating element, and the spacer element can be, for example, a material such as Teflon® and/or a fluoropolymer. [0010] Also disclosed is an antenna, where the antenna includes, among other things, a microstrip network disposed on a ground plane and with one or more collection point(s), where the collection point(s) is in electrical communication with the microstrip network, a first waveguide assembly, and a probe associated with each of the collection points, where the probe extends through one or more openings in the ground plane and to the first waveguide assembly, where the first waveguide assembly is integrated

20/574654.1 - 3 - with at least one physical perturbation, the physical perturbation(s) associated with the probe and integrated with said first waveguide assembly to create a first and a second signal port in the first waveguide assembly. The first waveguide assembly includes a first waveguide channel for communicating substantially left hand circularly polarized signals, and/or a second waveguide channel for communicating substantially right hand circularly polarized signals. The first and second waveguide channels can be independently electrically isolated, and can, for example, be separated by a waveguide wall that includes a recess along the top of the wall. The wall ridges and/or recess can be substantially filled with a composition comprising a conductive epoxy resin. [0011] The microstrip network of the disclosed antenna can include a two dimensional array of microstrip patch elements and collection points, where at least one of a row and/or a column of the collection points is physically aligned with the first waveguide channel. [0012] In one embodiment of the disclosed antenna, the physical perturbation can include a post, a cylinder, a ridge, a cleft, an iris, and/or a waveguide width. The location of the physical perturbation can be based on a width of the first waveguide channel. [0013] The disclosed antenna can also include a second waveguide assembly in electrical communication with the first waveguide assembly. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a first signal junction can communicate signals between (e.g., to and/or from) the second waveguide assembly. In one embodiment, the second waveguide assembly can be substantially fan-shaped, and/or can include varying length waveguide channels. For such embodiments, the varying length waveguide channels can introduce one or more time delays to compensate for the tilt of the antenna. [0014] The second waveguide assembly can include a second signal junction that can communicate signals between the second waveguide assembly, and another device such

20/574654.1 - 4 - as a transmission line, coaxial cable, etc. The second waveguide assembly can also include one or more physical perturbations as provided herein.

[0015] Disclosed is a method, system, and device that includes an output for providing at least a first output signal at a first frequency band and a distinct second output signal at a distinct second frequency band, a first signal channel connected between a first waveguide port and the output, the first waveguide port providing a first input signal upon which the first output signal is based, and, a distinct second signal channel connected between a second waveguide port and the output, the second waveguide port providing a second input signal upon which the second output signal is based, where the first signal channel includes a notch filter centered substantially at about the distinct second frequency band, and the second signal channel includes a notch filter centered substantially at about the first frequency band.

[0016] In one embodiment, the first signal channel can include a first mixer, where the first mixer can be coupled to a first local oscillator and the first input signal. Further, the distinct second signal channel can include a distinct second mixer, the distinct second mixer coupled to a distinct second local oscillator and the distinct second input signal. [0017] The disclosed device can include an impedance transformer coupled to the output. In one embodiment, the first output signal can include a maximum peak signal at a frequency in a range substantially between about 950 MHz to about 1450 MHz, and the distinct second output signal can include a maximum peak signal at a frequency in a range substantially between about 1525 MHz to about 2025 MHz. [0018] In an embodiment, the at least one of the first waveguide port and the second waveguide port can be rectangular, although other waveguide shapes are permissible. Further, the output can include a coaxial cable or another common output.

20/574654.1 - 5 - [0019] In some embodiments, the first input signal can represent a right-hand polarized signal, and the distinct second input signal can represent a left-hand polarized signal. Similarly, in some embodiments, the first input signal can represent a left-hand polarized signal, and the distinct second signal can represent a right-hand polarized signal. Other signals of other polarizations can be used.

[0020] The first signal channel can also include at least one first low pass filter coupled to the output of the first mixer, and the distinct second signal channel can also include at least one second low pass filter coupled to the output of the distinct second mixer. One or more IF amplifiers can be coupled to the one or more first low pass filters, and one or more second IF amplifiers can be coupled to the one or more second low pass filters. [0021] The disclosed device can include a first band-pass filter coupled between the first input signal and the first mixer, and a second band-pass filter coupled between the distinct second input signal and the distinct second mixer. The disclosed device can also include a first band-pass filter coupled between the first local oscillator and the first mixer, and a second band-pass filter coupled between the distinct second local oscillator and the distinct second mixer. [0022] In one embodiment, the first waveguide port and the distinct second waveguide port can be coupled to a housing, where the housing can include chamfered edges. As provided herein, such chamfered edges can facilitate a low profile LNB where reduced space may be available to accommodate the tilting of the antenna/waveguide. [0023] The first waveguide port can include a first waveguide port probe, where such first waveguide port probe can be positioned to be a distance from an end of a waveguide of approximately one-quarter wavelength of the first input frequency. Further, the second waveguide port can include a second waveguide port probe, where the second

20/574654.1 - 6 - waveguide port probe can be positioned to be a distance from an end of a waveguide of approximately one-quarter wavelength of the distinct second input frequency. [0024] In one embodiment, the first output signal can be approximately within a range of about 950 MHz to about 1450 MHz, and the distinct second output signal can be approximately within a range of about 1525 MHz to about 2025 MHz. Similarly, the distinct second output signal can be approximately within a range of about 950 MHz to about 1450 MHz, and the first output signal can be approximately within a range of about 1525 MHz to about 2025 MHz. Further, in an embodiment, the first input signal can include an approximate frequency range of about 12.2 GHz to about 12.7 GHz, and, the distinct second input signal can include an approximate frequency range of about 12.2 GHz to about 12.7 GHz. In one such embodiment, the first local oscillator can be tuned to a frequency of about 10.675 GHz, and the distinct second local oscillator can be tuned to a frequency of about 11.250 GHz. Similarly, the distinct second local oscillator can be tuned to a frequency of about 10.675 GHz, and the first local oscillator can be tuned to a frequency of about 11.250 GHz. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the first output signal is an Intermediate Frequency (IF) of the first input signal, and/or the distinct second output signal is an Intermediate Frequency (IF) of the distinct second input signal.

20/574654.1 - 7 - BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0025] These and other features and advantages of the antennas, systems, devices, and processes disclosed herein will be more fully understood by reference to the following illustrative, non-limiting detailed description in conjunction with the attached drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the different views. The drawings illustrate principals of antennas, systems and processes disclosed herein and, although not to scale, may show relative dimensions.

[0026] Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a microstrip waveguide combiner antenna; Figure 2 is a representation of a microstrip antenna array; Figure 3 is a top view of a subset of patch antenna elements illustrating a portion of the network; Figure 4 represents a first waveguide that may be included in a waveguide combiner assembly; Figure 5 is a partial cross sectional view showing a three port junction in a microstrip to waveguide transition; Figure 6 represents a second waveguide that may be included in a waveguide combiner assembly; Figures 7A-C show three views of a low noise block device that includes a housing with chamfered edges; and, Figure 8 represents a schematic of an exemplary stacked low noise block.

20/574654.1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0027] To provide an overall understanding, certain illustrative embodiments will now be described; however, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the systems and methods described herein can be adapted and modified to provide systems and methods for other suitable applications and that other additions and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the systems and methods described herein. [0028] Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated embodiments can be understood as providing exemplary features of varying detail of certain embodiments, and therefore, unless otherwise specified, features, components, modules, and/or aspects of the illustrations can be otherwise combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the disclosed systems or methods. Additionally, the shapes and sizes of components are also exemplary and unless otherwise specified, can be altered without affecting the scope of the disclosed and exemplary systems or methods of the present disclosure. [0029] For convenience, before further description of the present disclosure, certain terms employed in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected here. These definitions should be read in light of the remainder of the disclosure and understood as by a person of skill in the art. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. [0030] The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element. [0031] The terms "comprise" and "comprising" are used in the inclusive, open sense, meaning that additional elements may be included.

20/574654.1 - 9 - [0032] The term "including" is used to mean "including but not limited to".

"Including" and "including but not limited to" are used interchangeably. [0033] Unless otherwise stated, use of the word "substantially" can be construed to include a precise relationship, condition, arrangement, orientation, and/or other characteristic, and deviations thereof as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, to the extent that such deviations do not materially affect the disclosed methods and systems. [0034] An "antenna" includes a structure or device that may be used, at least in part, to collect, radiate, and/or transmit, electromagnetic waves. [0035] An "antenna array" includes an assembly of antenna elements with dimensions, spacing, and/or illumination sequence.

[0036] A "channel" includes a path provided by a transmission medium via either a physical separation and/or an electrical separation, such as for example, by frequency or time-division multiplexing. [0037] A "port" refers to a point at which signals can enter or leave a device. [0038] A "transmission medium" includes a material substance, such as a waveguide, for example a dielectric -slab waveguide, fiber-optic cable, twisted-wire pair, coaxial cable, water, and air, that can be used for the propagation of signals, for example, in the form of modulated radio, light, or acoustic signals and/or waves, from one point to another. Free space can also be considered a transmission medium. Such examples are provided for illustration and not limitation. [0039] A "transmission line" refers to a medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, for example, electric currents, magnetic fields, acoustic waves, or electromagnetic waves. Examples of transmission lines include wires, optical fibers, coaxial cables, closed waveguides and dielectric slabs.

20/574654.1 - 10 - [0040] A "waveguide" includes a material, device, or transmission path along which a signal propagates, that confines and guides a propagating electromagnetic wave or signal. [0041] In some embodiments, the antenna disclosed herein is a low profile phased array antenna system that, at least in part, may be pivotable in azimuth and elevation to receive satellite signals. These satellite signals may correspond to, for example, television, music, and/or Internet related data. The antenna may be mounted on a vehicle, house or other stationary or moving object. The antenna may receive geo-stationary satellite signals regardless of whether the object or vehicle on which the antenna is mounted is in motion or stationary. In some embodiments, the antenna of the present disclosure is mounted on a moving vehicle, for example, an automobile.

[0042] This disclosure is directed, at least in part, to antennas, waveguides, and methods and devices for receiving and/or transmitting signals and combining received or transmitted signals. The antennas of this disclosure may include, in some embodiments, a phased array, or microstrip network, that includes a plurality of microstrip patch elements that can include several hundred microstrip patch elements. In some embodiments, the antenna may include a three-dimensional array of microstrip patch elements. In one embodiment, microstrip patch elements may be positioned on one or more substantially parallel dielectric substrates above a ground plane, to receive circularly polarized electromagnetic energy transmitted by a geo-stationary satellite. A ground plane can include a substantially conductive material that can include metal. [0043] The electromagnetic signals received by a plurality of individual microstrip patch elements may be combined by microstrip transmission lines between two or more microstrip patch elements. Microstrip patch elements may include metallic elements that may be formed, at least in part, on a dielectric substrate.

20/574654.1 - 11 [0044] In one example embodiment, a geo-stationary satellite may transmit right and/or left-hand circularly polarized signals (referred to herein as RHC signals and LHC signals, respectively) that penetrate a radome of an antenna according to the disclosed methods and systems. In some embodiments, the radome exhibits a thickness equal to about one-half wavelength of a transmitted signal. In other embodiments, the radome thickness is selected as a multiple of the wavelength of the transmitted signal. The antenna may have a thickness of about 4.5 inches.

[0045] Accordingly, an antenna of the present disclosure may include a microstrip network and a waveguide combiner and/or transmission line, with one or more three port junctions, or a plurality of three port junctions, extending from the microstrip network into the waveguide combiner or transmission line. For example, electromagnetic signals may be additionally, or separately, combined by a waveguide combiner. Combined signals may form one or more right-hand and/or left-hand circularly polarized signals. The waveguide combiner may include at least one or more independent waveguide assemblies. The combined signal provided by the antenna system disclosed herein may be transmitted to one or more receivers that may extract data (e.g. television, music, and/or Internet related data) for subsequent communication to a user via an interface device, for example, a video screen, computer screen, or speaker. Accordingly, the methods and systems are not limited by a data format, modulation scheme, protocol, encoding scheme, or other act of data manipulation. [0046] Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary antenna 100, with a sample radome 80. It can be understood that the disclosed antennas and devices may operate in a transmitting and/or a receiving mode. As the Figure 1 embodiment indicates, the antenna 100 may be formed by a microstrip network 30 that includes at least one array, and in the Figure 1 embodiment, includes three arrays 21 , 22, 23. For the Figure 1

20/574654.1 - 12 - embodiment, the arrays 21, 22, 23 can be understood to be arranged on substantially parallel support sheets and/or dielectric substrates 17, 18, 19, where the substantially parallel substrates 17,18, 19 are positioned between a ground plane 20 and the radome 80 and/or transmission medium. The arrays can be arranged on each of the substrates 17, 18, 19 to provide columns and rows of microstrip antenna elements 12, 13, 14, although such arrangement is for convenience, and other aπangements are contemplated. Additionally and/or optionally, microstrip antenna network or array 30 or array 23 may include aπays disclosed in commonly owned pending patent applications U.S.S.N 10/290,667 and U.S.S.N 10/290,666, both with a filing date of November 8, 2002 and both hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0047] For the illustrative Figure 1 embodiment that includes three layers 21, 22, 23 of microstrip elements 14, 13, 12, microstrip elements 13, 14 on the second and third layers 22, 21 (e.g., two layers closest to the radome) can be understood to be parasitic antenna elements, or elements without a feed, while microstrip antenna elements 12 on the first microstrip layer 23 can be understood to be driven elements. As shown in the example Figure 1 embodiment, a driven patch element 12 can be understood to be associated with and/or correspond to two parasitic patch elements 13, 14 that are located on the aforementioned second and third substrate layers 22, 21, where such corresponding patch elements 13, 14 can be arranged substantially parallel and above, but offset from, the coπesponding driven patch element 12. The various microstrip elements 12, 13, 14 can include and/or otherwise be comprised of a conducting material such as a metal or metal alloy, or another material as known in the art. [0048] Accordingly, an antenna according to the disclosed embodiment may tilt and/or rotate to acquire/receive a signal from a signal source, and/or to transmit a signal to a signal receiver. In one example receiving embodiment, in response to received

20/574654.1 - 13 - electromagnetic energy received, electromagnetic energy received on the microstrip patch elements 12, 13, 14 can be electromagnetically coupled to coπesponding microstrip patch elements 12 (referred to herein as "driven patch elements") on the dielectric substrate 23 closest to the ground plane 20 such that an electric cuπent can flow on, from, and/or through the driven patch element 12. Accordingly, the electric current associated with the driven patch element 12 can be based on electromagnetically coupled energy received from coπesponding parasitic patch elements 13, 14. Such electric cuπent can then be combined with other cuπent received and/or generated by another number, e.g., five or seven, of other driven patch elements (and coπesponding parasitic patch elements), where such combination can be performed at a common collection point.

[0049] To ensure that the various signals substantially constructively combine at the common collection point, the associated driven patch elements 12 can be rotated relative to each other and can be interconnected by predetermined lengths of microstrip transmission lines such that the phase signals from driven patch elements 12 associated with a common collection point are substantially in-phase when they aπive at the common collection point such as to provide a substantially constructive combination. It may be noted that because of the aforementioned optional row and column aπangement of microstrip elements 12, 13, 14 on a given dielectric substrate 17, 18, 19, when considering the driven elements 12 and the associated collection points, the microstrip network can be understood to further include a plurality of collection points that can be aπanged in a similar two dimensional, or column/row configuration. [0050] Refeπing to Figure 1, at least one probe 24 can extend from the microstrip network, at a common collection point, or feedpoint, into a transmission line 50 through one or more openings in a ground plane 20. Transmission line 50 may be a waveguide, or

20/574654.1 - 14 part of a waveguide combiner assembly 40. The width of the transmission line may be about one-half the wavelength of the transmitted or received signal. [0051] In some embodiments, there may be a plurality of probes, coπesponding to a plurality of collection points, that extend from the microstrip network 30 through an opening or openings in the ground plane 20 into transmission lines 50. For example, a column or row of probes can extend from a column or row of collection or feed points on a microstrip aπay. Probe 24 may couple and/or connect the microstrip network to a transmission line or waveguide assembly such that probe 24 may provide a physical and/or an electrical connection between the network and assembly, such that the transmission line and/or waveguide assembly may receive or transmit signals to or from the microstrip network. [0052] A first level of combiner assembly 40 may be a transmission line 50, such as a rectangular waveguide assembly. In one embodiment, a transmission line and/or waveguide assembly 50 can be an azimuthal combiner. A waveguide assembly 50, for example, may include one or more channels, and may comprise one or more perturbations, for example, physical perturbations 36 that can contribute to the directivity of the signal in the waveguide, and impedance matching, where the shape and/or position can be selected based on a waveguide width ratio, a receiving frequency (range) of interest, and/or characteristic impedance. Accordingly, the physical perturbation shape and spacing from a probe 24 can be selected to provide a desired and/or selected directivity and/or impedance. For example, in some embodiments, the physical perturbations can includes shapes and/structures that can include a post, a ridge, a cylinder, a cleft, a cube, an iris, a change in width of a transmission line, a change in transmission line dimension (e.g., waveguide width/height) or another shape or other alternation of physical dimension, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.

20/574654.1 - 15 - [0053] Accordingly, based on the embodiment and the number of probe 24, a waveguide combiner assembly can include multiple physical perturbations 36 that can be in a one-to-one relationship with respect to probe 24, or another ratio, depending upon the embodiment and selected waveguide and/or signal propagation characteristics. Refeπing again to Figure 1, the waveguide assembly 40 includes at least one perturbation 36 that is physically offset from a probe 24. A perturbation 36 may be positioned at a distance from a vertical wall of a waveguide assembly, and in one embodiment, a perturbation 36 may optionally be positioned at least about one-quarter signal wavelength from a vertical wall of a waveguide assembly. As provided herein, other perturbations can be used in other embodiments. Further, the height of the perturbation may be selected based on the height of the waveguide.

[0054] Accordingly, it can be understood that the combination of probe 24 and physical perturbation 36 can define a coupler for coupling a signal amongst, for example, a microstrip antenna aπay 30 and a transmission line or waveguide combiner assembly 40. The coupler can be understood to include three ports, where in a receiving mode, a coupler can include two input ports and one output port, while in a transmission mode, a coupler can be understood to include one input port and two output ports. Based on the illustrated assembly of Figure 1 , for example, in a receiving configuration with the probe 24 and perturbation 30 defining a coupler, a received signal from the post can be coupled to the waveguide and provided directivity to travel along the waveguide in a first direction, while also being substantially constructively combined with other signals already in the waveguide/transmission line and also propagating in the first direction. The combined "output" signal thus provides the output "port" of the coupler, with the input "ports" being the probe signal and the existing waveguide signal propagating in the first direction.

20/574654.1 - 16 [0055] With regard to a transmitting mode, for example, a signal propagating in a second direction along the waveguide (e.g., the second direction being opposite to the first, receive direction) may encounter the aforementioned coupler defined by a probe 24 and physical perturbation 36, thus providing an input to the coupler. As provided previously herein, the physical characteristics of the physical perturbation 36 can be selected for directivity and/or impedance matching/mismatching to allow, for example, the input signal to be propagated in the second direction and/or to the probe 24. The ratio of signal directed to the probe 24 and in the second direction (e.g., further propagating in the second direction in the waveguide) can be determined by the embodiment and the selection of the physical perturbation 36 characteristics. Accordingly, it can be understood that in this aforementioned transmission example, the "coupler" defined by the probe 24 and physical perturbation 36 includes one input port and two output ports. [0056] In one embodiment such as the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the combiner assembly 40 can include successive layered waveguide sections. The second level waveguide assembly 60 may be separated from the first level waveguide assembly or transmission line by a support sheet 41. In an embodiment, a second waveguide assembly 60 may include a shape that may, at least in part, compensate a signal for elevation time delays that may be due, at least in part, to a tilt of the antenna that may cause one part of the antenna to receive a signal "earlier" in time relative to other parts of the antenna.. For example, the second level waveguide assembly 60 can include an arced wall, where the arcs can have increased lengths to provide delays for signals that are received earlier than other signals, based on and/or to compensate for the tilt of the antenna. Accordingly, the second waveguide assembly 60 shape can include progressive lengths of waveguides to produce a specific time delay and/or time delay profile across the antenna.

20/574654.1 - 17 [0057] The second waveguide level of a waveguide combiner 40 may further combine individual RHC/LHC row signals into a single RHC/LHC aggregate signal. The aggregate RHC/LHC signal can be subsequently transmitted from the antenna system 100 via at least one separate coaxial cables, 70, 75, or via waveguide ports. In illustrative Figure 1 , one coaxial cable 70 for aggregate RHC signal may be used and another coaxial cable 75 may be used for aggregate LHC signals.

[0058] Figure 2 illustrates one aπangement 123 of the driven elements, feed points, microstrip transmission lines and collection points on the lowest substrate 19. Elements 12 can be connected by feed lines 114 to feed points 112, with one feed point 112 connected to a number of elements 12. Elements 12 may be connected by two feed lines 114 that can be connected to two feed points 112. For example, the feed points 112 may be aπanged in rows adjacent to the rows of elements 12.

[0059] In the exemplary embodiment of Figure 2, the antenna system includes sixty-eight groupings of patch elements with sixty-eight coπesponding common collection points. In the Figure 2 embodiment, there are two hundred and eighty driven patch elements that form these groupings. The interconnecting microstrip transmission lines and collection points may be located in substantially the same plane as that of the dielectric substrate that may support the aπay 123. [0060] Refeπing to Figure 2, two rows 202, 204 of the driven patch element aπay have a single feed point to which a microstrip transmission line 116 connects, while driven patch elements in other rows of the Figure 2 aπay have two feed points to which microstrip transmission lines connect. For the two-feed-point patch elements, a first feed point is disposed to collect current induced by a RHC polarized signal that is incident on the element, while a second feed point is disposed to collect cuπent induced by a LHC polarized incident signal. On the aforementioned patch elements that have a single feed

20/574654. point, the point is located to collect the cuπent induced by either a RHC or a LHC polarized incident signal, but not both. Accordingly, signals collected by the microstrip transmission lines at the patch element feed points are substantially constructively combined such that signals from six or eight driven patch elements can be combined at a common collection point 104. Those of ordinary skill will understand that other numbers of combined signals can be provided. Accordingly, the Figure 2 transmission lines are configured such that signals from feed points where LHC polarized signals are to be collected are combined only with LHC signals from other such feed points, while signals from feed points intended to collect RHC polarized signals are combined only with RHC signals from other such feed points. With reference to Figure 1, Figure 2 illustrates the overall aπangement of the driven elements, feed points, microstrip transmission lines and collection points on the substrate 23 of the microstrip network 30 that is furthest from the radome (e.g., closest to the waveguide assembly 40). [0061] Figure 3 shows a representative subset of microstrip aπay 23. Elements 102 having feed point or collection point 104 may receive RHC polarized signals and elements 102 having feed point or collection point 106 may receive LHC polarized signals. ' It is noted that in a transmission mode, elements 102 between common feeds or collection points 104 and 106, i.e. elements of the column of elements designated C₂ in Figure 3, may receive RHC or LHC polarized signals depending on whether the signal is received through collection point 104 or collection point 106, respectively. [0062] In a receive mode, and with reference to collection point 104, the signals from element 102 at row Ri, column (1,1), and from element 102 at row R₃, column C_\ (3,1) can be in phase as they may have substantially equal feed lengths and orientation, the feed being from element 102 to/, to/_/, and to collection points 104. The longer feed length from elements (2,1) and (4,1), as shown by offsets δ, can result in a 90° phase shift

20/574654.1 - 19 - for the signals from elements (2,1) and (4,1) relative to the signals from elements (1,1) and (3,1). However, the 90° rotation of elements (2,1) and (4,1) with respect to elements (1,1) and (3,1) can result in the signals from the elements of column Ci being in phase with one another with respect to collection points 104. [0063] As Figure 3 also illustrates, the geometry and/or linewidth of transmission line feeds 112, 116 can be varied to provide the aforementioned combination of impedance and directivity described relative to the waveguide/transmission line assembly 40. As shown in Figure 3, the linewidth at perturbations g2 and gl can be larger, for example, to match the impedance of, and/or direct the signal from element 102 to/2 and then from/2 to fl to collection point 104. By way of analogy, the linewidth configuration (e.g., variations in linewidth, size of linewidth, and other physical variations of linewidth) can be understood to be comparable and/or analogous to the physical perturbation 36 of the coupler (e.g., probe 24 and physical perturbation/post 36) described previously herein. [0064] Figure 4 shows a first level waveguide 50 of the waveguide combiner assembly 40 (Figure 1) superimposed on driven patch elements 12 to illustrate that one embodiment of a waveguide 50 may include a number of transmission lines and/or waveguide channels 222 that coπespond with a plurality of feed points 104 and/or collection points 113. For example, a waveguide channel 222 may coπespond to a row of collection points 104. It can be understood that other embodiments having differing numbers of waveguides 222 that may to coπespond with differing numbers of rows of collection points 104 may be contemplated. Figure 4 also shows a first junction 126 which may be an aperture for conveying combined signals to another level of the waveguide combiner assembly. As previously provided herein, in the illustrated embodiment, where collection points are configured for alternating rows of (collection points collecting) RHC and LHC combined signals, junction 26 and other junctions aligned (e.g., Fig. 4 column)

20/574654.1 - 20 - with junction 26 may be reserved for one of LHC or RHC signal types, while other junctions not so aligned but illustrated in Figure 4, may be reserved for the alternate signal type.

[0065] The one or more waveguide channels and/or transmission lines 222 may be reduced height rectangular waveguides. Reduced height waveguides may have a height b that can be less than, or equal to, half the width of the waveguide. Alternatively, waveguide channel 222 may be another known waveguide channel or waveguide. Waveguide channels 222 may differ and/or be the same waveguide or transmission line. [0066] As provided previously herein, Figure 4 illustrates part of waveguide assembly where each of sixty-eight common collection points 104 are coupled to individual probes 24 that extend through openings in a ground plane into a first level of a two level waveguide combiner assembly. Probes 24 may be, in an exemplary embodiment, laterally centered in waveguide 222 for ease of fabrication. The signal transition from microstrip aπay to waveguide assembly may result in an amplitude taper of the signal. As the example embodiment of Figure 4 illustrates, each waveguide channel 222 coπesponds to two rows of the microstrip array, but one row of collection/feed points which, in receive mode, combines either the LHC signals or the RHC signals of the two rows. [0067] Refeπing to Figure 5, which shows a cross-sectional view of a microstrip network and transmission line or waveguide combiner assembly transition, microstrip aπay 23 can be disposed on a dielectric sheet 19 that can be disposed on a surface of a ground plane 20. The bottom surface of ground plane 20 may form a wall of a waveguide assembly 40 that comprises one or more waveguides 222 beneath ground plane 20. [0068] As shown in Figure 5, at least one probe 24a-b can extend from the microstrip network into a waveguide 222. In some embodiments, at least one probe 24a-b extends into at least one of waveguides 222. A probe 24 may include a pin and optionally a

20/574654 1 - 21 - spacer and/or insulator that can be configured circumferentially around a pin. Such a spacer and/or insulator may include a fluoropolymer such as Teflon®, or another material. [0069] As provided previously herein, a probe 24a-d and physical perturbation 36a- b may allow formation of a conjugate field that may bias a field in a particular direction, and/or provide an impedance to match a characteristic impedance of the transmission line/waveguide. As also provided previously herein, probe 24a-d and perturbation 36a-b may form a multiport coupler between the microstrip network and the waveguide. As indicated previously herein, probe 24a-d may comprise a first input port, while the combination of probe and physical perturbation 36a-b may bias a signal to create a second input port and an output port in a portion of the waveguide 222. For example, referring to Figure 5, a second port may be created to the left of a probe 24a-d, away from the corresponding physical perturbation 36a-b, and a third port may be created to the right of a probe 24a-d, towards the coπesponding physical perturbation 36a-b. The perturbation 36a- b may be disposed such that the impedance of the microstrip aπay and the waveguide assembly is substantially matched. Further, the probe 24a-d and physical perturbation 36a- b may be disposed relative to each other such that there is substantially limited insertion loss. In one embodiment, the waveguide combiner assembly can include a number of perturbations 36a-b that coπespond to the number of probes 24a-d. [0070] Accordingly, physical perturbation 36b can be spaced a distance 12 from probe 24c in a direction towards a first junction 26 in the first waveguide assembly. Physical perturbation 36b may extend into waveguide 222 a distance d3 from a side of waveguide 222 opposite that of probe 24c. [0071] For the exemplary embodiment illustrated in Figure 5, individual signals for particular rows of the waveguide assembly 50 can then transmitted to a second level of waveguide combiner assembly 60 via at least one first junction 26.

20/574654.1 - 22 - [0072] The first junction 26 can be located between the two central probes, designated in Figure 5 as probes 24a,c, with the two probes furthest from e-plane junction 26 being designated as probes 24b,d. The first junction 26 may allow for a substantially smooth change in the direction of the axis of the waveguides, throughout which the axis remains substantially in a plane parallel to the direction of electric E-field (transverse) polarization. For example, first junction 26 may introduce a 180° phase shift between signals reaching a junction from opposite sides of first junction 26, i.e., from the left and right sides in relation to the orientation of Figure 5. A first junction 26 can receive signals from both left and right sides (in relation to the orientation of Figure 5) of waveguide 222. First junction 26 may direct signals from waveguide 222 into a feed waveguide located below waveguide 222. Further, probes 24a-d may be present on both sides of a first junction, or on one side of a first junction.

[0073] Signals from opposite directions aπiving at first junction 26 in phase may cancel upon entering the first junction 26. To reduce the likelihood of signal cancellation, for example, first junction 26 can be offset from the mid-point p between the probes by a distance corresponding to about a quarter of a wavelength, λ/4. Signals from one set of probes 24a, 24b, for example, to the illustrated left of the first junction 126 in Figure 5, can aπive at first junction 126 180° out of phase from signals from the other set of probes 24c, 24c, for example, to the illustrated right of first junction 126 in Figure 5, so as to combine the signals from the two sets of probes 24a-d at e-phase junction 26. [0074] The antennas of the present disclosure may be configured in a receive mode of operation, for example, when antenna 10 may be receiving signals from a source. Alternatively, the antennas of the present disclosure may be transmitting signals. In some embodiments, an antenna may be operated in a transmit mode where power from a first junction 26 to one set of probes 24a-b, 24c-d may be 180° out of phase from power to the

20/574654.1 - 23 - other set of probes 24a-b, 24c-d. In the known manner described, an about λ/4 offset from a midpoint between a probe and the first junction may compensate for the phase difference introduced by the first junction 26, such that power to the set of probes 24a-b, 24c-d to either side of first junction 26 may be in phase. [0075] Figure 6 illustrates a fan shaped second waveguide assembly 60. For the illustrated embodiments, signals from waveguide 50 can enter second waveguide assembly 60 through at least one first junction 26 (e.g., twelve junctions as illustrated in the example embodiment of Figure 6, coπesponding to rows of first waveguide assembly 50 as designated in Figure 6). Waveguide assembly 60 may have a number of branches 228b to correspond to the number of waveguides 222. In some embodiments, at least one second junction 244 may be located at the ends of branches 228b. Second junction 244 may be formed by a physical perturbation as previously provided herein. Second junction 244 may act to combine and/or aggregate signals from two or more branches 228b (e.g., Row 1-2 LHC combined signal with Row 3-4 LHC combined signal with Row 5-6 LHC combined signal) into combined branches 228c.

[0076] Second junction 244 may allow for a substantially smooth change in the direction of the axis of a waveguide, for example, waveguide 228b, throughout which the axis remains in a plane substantially parallel to the direction of magnetic H-field (transverse) polarization. Second junction 244 may include a reduced width section. Additional junctions may include at least one physical perturbation 36, which may be grounded. Such a physical perturbation 36 may, at least in part, determine a power split. In an embodiment, a second junction may be a three port junction which may combine signals at a predetermined power ratio. [0077] In some embodiments, a waveguide 60 may comprise a multiple, or a plurality of second junctions or three port junctions 244. Additional second junctions may

20/574654.1 - 24 - be provided to successively combine signals until signals from the branches 228b may be combined into one signal propagating in a major branch 228d.

[0078] For example, combined and/or aggregated signals may propagate through combined branches 228c of feed waveguide 60. In one embodiment, signals may exit major branches 228d at slots 500a-b. In an embodiment, wedges 48 at the ends of major branches 228d may bend and/or direct the propagation path about 90° such that signals may exit major branches 228d at slots 500. In an exemplary embodiment, the second waveguide assembly 60 may include one or more slots 500a-b. [0079] Antenna 100 may be so configured as to receive signals with different polarizations, and antenna 100 may separate the signals by polarization, such that each radiation waveguide channel 228 may receive signals of one polarization. [0080] In some embodiments, the polarizations in the radiation waveguides 228 alternate, that is, adjacent radiation waveguides 228 may contain signals having substantially mutually orthogonal polarizations. For example, Figure 6 depicts a first and second polarizations designated as aπows 252 and 254, respectively. Referring to exemplary Figure 6, the waveguide assembly can be configured to direct first polarization signals to the left and second polarization signals to the right. Signals exiting slot 500a may comprise substantially first polarization signals 252 and signals exiting slot 500b thus may comprise substantially second polarization signals 254. [0081] In some embodiments, waveguide assembly 60 provides for signals such that phases of signals propagating in waveguides 228 may be out of phase. For second junctions 244 to combine the signals, second junctions 244 may require the signals aπiving at the junctions to be in phase. Lengths of waveguides 228 may be adjusted such that signals, for example, in branches 228b may be substantially in phase at the appropriate second junction 244.

20/574654.1 - 25 - [0082] Physical perturbations 36 may extend into a second waveguide assembly 60 to provide further attachment of first waveguide assembly 50 to waveguide assembly 60. In some embodiments, this attachment may reduce signal leakage. [0083] The second waveguide assembly may be positioned to be in operable communication with the first waveguide assembly such that a distance from a signal path in^' the second waveguide assembly in relation to the top of the first waveguide assembly establishes an evanescent -mode of signal propagation.

[0084] Signals exiting slots 500a-b may be configured to communicate with a stacked low noise block. One embodiment of a stacked low noise block (LNB) can include a housing which can further include interfaces 600a-b to the slots 500a-b, as shown in the Figure 7A embodiment. Accordingly, the illustrated waveguide ports 600a and 600b can direct signals (e.g., RHC and LHC polarized signals as provided herein) from a waveguide assembly into a stacked LNB such as the LNB shown in Figures 7-9 herein, although such LNB is provided for illustration and not limitation. As shown in Figure 7B, LNB 700 can include a single output port 790 that can be configured to accept a signal upon which two frequency band signals may be simultaneously provided as output of the LNB 700. In one embodiment, the cable can be a coaxial cable, although other cables may be employed. Further, based on the example antenna/waveguide embodiment provided herein, the two signals (first and second LNB input signals) provided to the LNB 700 may be representative of a RHC and LHC polarized signal that can be in the approximate range of about 12.2 GHz to about 12.7 GHz. In one embodiment, these input signals can be on the order of about -87 dBm to about -70 dBm, although such example is provided merely for illustration. Continuing with the exemplary embodiment, the two (or more) LNB output signals, which can be understood to be an IF Frequency based on the LNB input signals, can include two frequency bands, where one of such output signals may be within a first

20/574654.1 - 26 - frequency band that includes an approximate frequency of about 950 MHz to about 1450 MHz, while a second output signal may within a second frequency band that includes an approximate frequency of about 1525 MHz to about 2025 MHz. [0085] Low noise block 700 may utilize a reduced height waveguide to microstrip transition that can be on the order of about one-quarter wavelength of the respective input signals to the LNB 700. Further, as shown at least in Figures 7B and 7C, the LNB housing can include edges 710 that may be chamfered to accommodate a tilting of an antenna (and the housing) in areas in which space may be limited. [0086] As provided herein, LNB 700 may thus be understood to downconvert signals such as right and left hand polarized signals received from a waveguide assembly such as the waveguide assembly presented herein, but also, from other waveguide assemblies. Accordingly, as shown in Figure 8, LNB 700 can include a first and a distinct second waveguide port 600a, 600b that each comprise at least one probe 720. As provided previously herein, the probe can be configured to be approximately one-quarter wavelength from aforementioned waveguide slots 500a,b. Accordingly, the LNB 700 of Figure 8 can receive the first input signal on a first signal channel 702 and a distinct second input signal on a second signal channel 704, amplify the respective input signals using one or more amplifiers 710a-d which can include low noise amplifiers, band-pass filter 730a-b such amplified signals, and downconvert the signals to an intermediate frequency (IF) using a respective local oscillator 760a-b and a mixer 740a-b. For example, in one embodiment, a first local oscillator can be tuned to a frequency of about 10.675 GHz, and a second local oscillator can be tuned to a frequency of about 11.250 GHz. Such frequencies can vary based on the embodiment. [0087] The outputs of the mixers 740a-b can be filtered using one or more low pass filters 768a-b, whereupon the filtered signals can be amplified 750a-b and applied

20/574654.1 - 27 - respectively to an IF notch filter 770, 775. Accordingly, Figure 8 shows a first notch filter 770 in the first signal channel 702 and a second notch filter 775 in the second signal channel 704. It can be understood that the use of first and second, throughout the present disclosure, is merely for convenience, and for illustration and not for limitation, and accordingly, first and second can be interchanged.

[0088] In one embodiment, the first notch filter 770 can be tuned and/or centered to a frequency substantially about a range that can include the IF frequency range of the second signal channel 704, or the second output frequency. Further, the second notch filter 775 can be tuned and/or centered to a frequency substantially about a range that can include the IF frequency range of the first signal channel 702, or the first output frequency. Accordingly, such notch filters 770, 775 can be configured to eliminate interference between the first and second IF/output signals on the two communications links 702, 704, such that the first and second signals can thereafter be coupled to a common signal path/output, as shown in Figure 8 and previously described herein as an interface to a single cable such as a coaxial cable. As also shown in Figure 8, the coupled signals be provided to and/or the common signal path can include an IF amplifier 780 and an impedance transformer 790. [0089] It can be understood that many of the aforementioned and or illustrated components of the Figure 8 LNB are optional, such as, for example, bandpass filters 765a,b coupled between the local oscillators 760a,b and the mixers 740a,b. Accordingly, coupling of the first and second waveguide port to the first and second notch filters, and thereafter the coupling to the common signal path/output, can be performed using a variety of hardware and/or software components which can be further coupled therein, using more and/or less thereof than may be shown in Figure 8.

20/574654.1 - 28 [0090] In one embodiment where the first and second output signals may be in an approximate frequency range of about 950 MHz to about 1450 MHz, and approximately about 1525 MHz to 2025 MHz, respectively, the respective notch filters 770, 775 can include a rejection of at least approximately 18 dB in the frequency ranges between 1440 MHz to 1450 MHz, and 1525 MHz to 1535 MHz. Such attenuation can be understood to reduce interference between the first and second signals (e.g., IF components of RHC, LHC, or vice-versa), as provided previously herein, such that the coupling of the first and second output signals to a common interface/output port can be performed with reduced interference. As further provided herein, such coupling to a common interface can allow for simultaneous transmission of the first and second output signals along the common interface.

[0091] While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification. For example, although the LNB is presented herein as interfacing to the antenna and waveguide shown in Figures 1-6, it can be fully appreciated that the disclosed LNB can be interfaced to a multitude of different antenna and/or waveguide configurations. Accordingly, the full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations. [0092] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of parameters, descriptive features and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure.

20/574654.1 - 29 - [0093] Elements, component, modules, and/or parts thereof that are described and/or otherwise portrayed through the figures to communicate with, be associated with, and/or be based on something else, can be understood to so communicate, be associated with, and/or be based on in a direct and/or indirect manner, unless otherwise stipulated herein.

[0094] All publications and patents mentioned herein, including those items listed below, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.

[0095] Also incorporated by reference are the following patents and patent applications: U.S.S.N 10/290667, 10/290666, U.S. Patent 6,297,774, and U.S. Patent 6,512,431.

20/574654.1 - 30

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A device comprising: a microstrip network, disposed on a ground plane, comprising at least one collection point, where said at least one collection point is in electrical communication with said microstrip network; a probe associated with each of said at least one collection points, said probe extending through at least one opening in said ground plane and in electrical communication with at least one first transmission line; and, a first physical perturbation associated with said probe, said first physical perturbation integrated with said at least one first transmission line to create a first signal port in the at least one first transmission line and a second signal port in said at least one first transmission line.

2. The device of claim 1, where the first physical perturbation includes at least one of: a post, a cylinder, a ridge, a cleft, an iris, and a transmission line width.

3. The device of claim 1 , where the first physical perturbation is based on at least one of: a characteristic impedance of the at least one first transmission line, and a desired directivity of signals propagating along the at least one first transmission line.

4. The device of claim 1, where at least one physical characteristic of the first physical perturbation is selected based on at least one of: a characteristic impedance of the first at least one transmission line, and a desired directivity of signals propagating along the at least one first transmission line.

5. The device of claim 4, where the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of: a shape, a size, a width, a physical dimension, a position, a distance from the associated probe, a physical association with the at least one first transmission line, and a physical association to the at least one first transmission line.

6. The device of claim 1 , where the at least one collection point is capable of at least one of: receiving energy from the microstrip network, and delivering energy to the microstrip network.

20/574654.1 - 31 -

7. The device of claim 1, where the probe is capable of at least one of: delivering energy to the at least one first transmission line, and receiving energy from the at least one first transmission line.

8. The device of claim 1, where the probe, the first port, and the second port are associated with a three port signal coupler provided by the first physical perturbation.

9. The device of claim 1, where each of the at least one collection points communicate one of: right-hand circularly polarized energy or left-hand circularly polarized energy.

10. The device of claim 9, where the at least one first transmission line includes at least one of: at least one transmission line for right-hand circularly polarized energy and at least one transmission line for left-hand circularly polarized energy.

1 1. The device of claim 1, where said at least one first transmission line includes a rectangular waveguide channel.

12. The device of claim 1, where said microstrip network comprises microstrip patch elements.

13. The device of claim 12, where said microstrip patch elements comprise driven patch elements.

14. The device of claim 12, where said microstrip patch elements are at least one of coupled with and connected to at least one second transmission line.

15. The device of claim 13, where said microstrip network comprises six or eight driven patch elements associated with said at least one common collection point.

16. The device of claim 15, where said driven patch elements are connected with said at least one common collection point by at least one second transmission line, said at least one second transmission line integrated with a second physical perturbation.

17. The device of claim 16, where said second physical perturbation is a linewidth change in said at least one second transmission line.

18. The device of claim 13, where said microstrip network is an aπay of said driven patch elements.

20/574654.1 - 32 -

19. The device of claim 1, where said probe further comprises at least one of a spacer element and an insulating element.

20. The device of claim 19, where said spacer element comprises a fluoropolymer.

21. An antenna comprising: a microstrip network disposed on a ground plane, comprising at least one collection point, where said at least one collection point is in electrical communication with said microstrip network; a first waveguide assembly; and a probe associated with each of said at least one collection points, said probe extending through at least one opening in said ground plane to said first waveguide assembly, where said first waveguide assembly comprises at least one physical perturbation, the at least one physical perturbation associated with said probe and integrated with said first waveguide assembly to create a first signal port in said first waveguide assembly and a second signal port in said first waveguide assembly.

22. The antenna of claim 21 , where said first waveguide assembly comprises a first waveguide channel for communicating substantially left hand circularly polarized signals.

23. The antenna of claim 22, where said first waveguide assembly further comprises a second waveguide channel for communicating substantially right hand circularly polarized signals.

24. The antenna of claim 23, where said first and second waveguide channels are independently electrically isolated.

25. The antenna of claim 24, where said first and second waveguide channels are separated by a waveguide wall comprising a recess.

26. The device of claim 25, where said recess is substantially filled with a composition comprising a conductive epoxy resin.

27. The antenna of claim 21 , where said microstrip network comprises a two dimensional aπay of microstrip patch elements and collection points.

20/574654.1 - 33 -

28. The antenna of claim 27, where at least one of a row and a column of said collection points is physically aligned with said first waveguide channel.

29. The antenna of claim 21, where said physical perturbation includes at least one of: a post, a cylinder, a ridge, a cleft, an iris, and a waveguide width.

30. The antenna of claim 21, where location of said physical perturbation is based on a width of said first waveguide channel.

31. The antenna of claim 21 , further comprising a second waveguide assembly in electrical communication with the first waveguide assembly.

32. The antenna of claim 31, further comprising a first signal junction to communicate signals between said first waveguide assembly and said second waveguide assembly.

33. The antenna of claim 32, where said second waveguide assembly is substantially fan- shaped.

34. The antenna of claim 33, where said second waveguide assembly includes varying length waveguide channels.

35. The antenna of claim 34, where the varying length waveguide channels introduce at least one time delay to compensate for antenna tilt.

36. The antenna of claim 33, where said second waveguide assembly comprises a second signal junction.

37. The antenna of claim 36, where said second junction communicates signals between the second waveguide assembly and a third transmission line.

38. The antenna of claim 31, where said second waveguide assembly includes at least one physical perturbation.

39. The antenna of claim 21, where said probe produces an amplitude taper in a signal.