WO2004064861A1 - 神経細胞死抑制剤 - Google Patents
神経細胞死抑制剤 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/575—Hormones
- C07K14/57581—Thymosin; Related peptides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
- A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nerve cell death inhibitor comprising prothymosin a1 (hereinafter referred to as "PTA1”) as an active ingredient and a therapeutic agent for a disease associated with nerve cell death.
- PTA1 prothymosin a1
- the brain uses various protective mechanisms against various exogenous and endogenous stresses for a long life span of several hundred years, and maintains its survival.
- the brain's own protective mechanisms are influenced by neuro-glia and neuro-neural communities, and work to maintain their advanced role.
- the most well-known mechanisms of neuroprotection are those that are functioned by molecules such as neurotrophic factors and cytoplasm. These neurotrophic factors are known to have the function of suppressing programmed neuronal death (apoptosis) seen under various stress conditions.
- neurogenesis Another mechanism is neurogenesis, and recent reports have reported that neurogenesis is enhanced during cerebral ischemia stress, but it is expected that it is not sufficient to supplement the nerves that undergo massive cell death. You. During cerebral ischemia, necrosis, which is destructive cell death, is observed in the central part of the ischemic core, but this cell death dissipates the cell contents to the outside. It should spread to the surroundings. However, a few days later, a phenomenon specific to apoptosis, such as fragmentation and condensation of cells and phagocytosis by microglia, is observed in a surrounding area called penambula.
- Apoptosis seen in Penampra is considered to function as a kind of protective mechanism that prevents injury to the whole brain by localizing the injury site (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the present invention has been made under the above-mentioned technical background, and an object of the present invention is to specify a substance capable of converting a cell death form from necrosis to apoptosis.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Hiroshi Ueda, Wakako Hamanabe Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Japan, 119, 79-88 (2002)
- PTA1 which was considered to be a precursor of thymosin, acts on (A) nerve cells to suppress necrosis. Necrosis inhibitory function), (B) Acts on neurons and promotes apoptosis (pro-apoptosis function), and (C) Acts on microglia to promote secretion of substances (neurotrophic factors) that inhibit apoptosis It has been found that it has a function to indirectly suppress apoptosis (indirect apoptosis suppression function).
- PTA1 when acting only on nerve cells (such as when PTA1 is added to cultured neurons), PTA1 converts the cell death form of neurons from necrosis to apoptosis. PTA1 inhibits both neuronal necrosis and apoptosis when it acts on and microglia (such as when administering PTA1 in vivo).
- the present invention has been completed based on the above findings.
- the present invention is a nerve cell death inhibitor comprising PTA1 or a protein or peptide having a function equivalent thereto as an active ingredient.
- the present invention is a therapeutic agent for a disease associated with nerve cell death, comprising PTA1 or a protein or a peptide having a function equivalent thereto as an active ingredient.
- the present invention relates to a peptide represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or a peptide substantially identical to these peptides.
- PTA1 is a known protein, it has been reported by the present inventors that PTA1 has the above-mentioned necrosis-suppressing function, apoptosis-promoting function, and indirect apoptosis-suppressing function. It was discovered for the first time.
- Trk neurotrophic factor receptor
- PTA1 can be used as a nerve cell death inhibitor.
- PTA1 used for the neuronal cell inhibitor is not particularly limited, and PTA1 derived from human, PTA1 derived from rat, PTA1 derived from mouse, and the like can be used.
- the amino acid sequence of PTA1 actually obtained from these organisms is shown in FIG.
- the amino acid sequences of three types of PTA1 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (human), SEQ ID NO: 2 (rat), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (mouse).
- Figure 3 shows the aligned figures.
- PTA1 derived from organisms other than human, rat, and mouse includes PTA1 and PTA1 derived from force can also be used.
- These amino acid sequences of PTA1 are registered in GenBank and the like as Accession No. TNB0A1 and CAC39397, respectively.
- a protein or peptide having a function equivalent to that of PTM can be used.
- a protein or a peptide having a function equivalent to PTA1 refers to a protein or a protein having all or a part of the necrosis-suppressing function, the apoptosis-promoting function, and the indirect apoptosis-suppressing function of PTM.
- Means peptide. Examples of such a protein or peptide include a protein represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 in which one or more amino acids have been deleted, substituted or added. included.
- the number of amino acids to be deleted or the like is not particularly limited, but is usually 20 or less, preferably 10 or less, and particularly preferably 5 or less.
- the “peptide having a function equivalent to that of PTA1” also includes a peptide fragment obtained from PTA1 and having the above-described necrosis-suppressing function and the like. Examples of such a fragment include peptides represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 (peptides substantially the same as these peptides).
- substantially the same peptide refers to an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, and A peptide that has all or part of the necrosis-suppressing function, apoptosis-promoting function, and indirect apoptosis-suppressing function.
- the number of amino acids to be deleted is not particularly limited, it is usually 5 or less, preferably 3 or less, and particularly preferably 1.
- the peptide represented by the amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 4 in FIG. 2 is the “substantially identical” Peptides. "
- the nerve cell death inhibitor of the present invention inhibits only necrosis and inhibits both necrosis and apoptosis. May be controlled.
- the nerve cells to which the nerve cell death inhibitor of the present invention is applied are not particularly limited, and can be used to suppress cell death of neurons derived from the cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, visual organ, etc. Applicable.
- PTA1 can be used not only as a nerve cell death inhibitor, but also as a therapeutic agent for diseases associated with nerve cell death.
- disease associated with neuronal cell death refers to a disease associated with apoptosis, necrosis, or both.
- diseases include those caused by ischemia, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, or compression injury during retinal detachment treatment.
- treatment used herein includes not only the case where the disease is completely cured, but also the case where the disease condition is reduced or the disease condition is prevented from worsening.
- the therapeutic agent for a disease associated with nerve cell death of the present invention is formulated by mixing PTA1 with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent according to a known method.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent according to a known method.
- Formulations containing suitable carriers and diluents and proteins are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
- the dosage form suitable for administration is not particularly limited, but is preferably prepared as an injection as in the case of a pharmaceutical composition containing many proteins already used as a medicament. More specifically, an injection is prepared by dissolving PTA1 in an appropriate solvent such as water, physiological saline, or an isotonic buffer. At that time, it can be prepared by adding polyethylene dalicol, glucose, various amino acids, collagen, albumin, etc. as a protective material. It is also possible to embed the polypeptide in an inclusion body such as ribosome and administer it.
- the dose varies depending on the age, weight, disease state, administration route, and other factors of the subject, but can be easily determined by the administering physician as appropriate.
- the dose when administered intravitreally for the treatment of glaucoma, the dose is about 0.0012 mg to 0.012 mg once; when administered intraventricularly for the treatment of stroke, the daily dose is about 0 012 mg to 1.2 mg.
- the administration method of PTA1 is not particularly limited, and various administration methods that are actually used at present can be adopted for intracerebral administration. An example of such an administration method is intracisternal administration. Intracisternal administration is advantageous in that it does not damage the brain parenchyma. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the effects of PTA1 on nerve cells and microglia.
- Figure 2 shows the amino acid sequence of PTA1 actually obtained from organisms such as humans, rats, and mice. (The right end of the amino acid sequence in Figure 2a and the left end of the amino acid sequence in Figure 2b are linked. The right end of the amino acid sequence in Figure 2b is connected to the left end of the amino acid sequence in Figure 2c.)
- FIG. 3 is a view showing the amino acid sequence of PTA1 derived from human, rat, and mouse.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a step of purifying a protein having a survival activity on cultured neurons.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of reversed-phase HPLC analysis of a digest of a protein having survival activity and Lysyl endopeptidase.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the survival activity of nerve cells and the amount of rat rPTM coated.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the survival activity of neurons derived from cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain, or hippocampus and the amount of rat rPTAl coated.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the survival activity of nerve cells and the site of deficiency of rat rPTAl added during nerve cell culture.
- FIG. 9 is a fluorescence micrograph of nerve cells cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- FIG. 10 is a transmission electron micrograph of nerve cells cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- Fig. 11 shows intracellular ATP of neurons cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl. It is a figure which shows a time-dependent change of content.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the effect of the addition of Cal C or U-73122 on the change in intracellular ATP content of neurons cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the effect of the addition of Cal C or U-73122 on the 2-DG uptake effect of neurons cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- FIG. 14 is a fluorescence micrograph showing the position of GLUT1 or GLUT4 in neurons cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- FIG. 15 is a fluorescence micrograph showing the position of cytochrome c in nerve cells cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing regulation of Be1-2 family protein expression by rat rPTAl as an apoptosis induction mechanism.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the effect of adding a neurotrophic factor on the survival activity of nerve cells by rat rPTM.
- FIG. 18 is a fluorescence micrograph showing changes in the position of cytochrome c in neurons caused by rat rPTAl and changes due to coexistence with BDNF.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing the time-dependent change in the amount of PTA1 in cells and culture supernatant.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the time course of the expression level of IL-6 mRNA in microdial and nerve cells cultured in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl.
- FIG. 21 shows a light microscope and a transmission electron micrograph of a retinal cell layer prepared from a mouse subjected to an ischemic treatment after the vitreous administration of the mouse PTA1 AS-0DN.
- FIG. 22 is an optical microscope and a transmission electron micrograph of a retinal cell layer prepared from a mouse to which vitreous administration of mouse rPTAl was performed before or after ischemia.
- FIG. 23 is a photomicrograph of a forehead fragment prepared from a mouse subjected to carotid ischemia treatment after intraventricular administration of mouse rPTAl.
- FIG. 24 shows the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of mouse rPTAl on latency during step-through in mice treated with carotid ischemia.
- the culture supernatant was cultured at a density of 5 ⁇ 10 5 cels / cm 2 (high density) for 3 days, and the supernatant was filtered through a Mixx Fil Yuichi (Millipore) and stored at -20 until use.
- the supernatant is coated by adding it to the low-density (1 ⁇ 10 5 cels / cm 2 ) culture, or by adding it to the culture plate immediately before the culture, incubating at 25 ° C for 2 hours, and then washing twice with PBS. It depends.
- Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the activity of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from the injured cells into the culture supernatant using a cytotoxicity detection kit from Roche Molecular Biochemicals (Mannheim, Germany). It was determined by measuring according to the protocol described in Specifically, it is as follows.
- LDH cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase
- Nerve cell death was assessed by reduced trypan blue exclusion from cells. To the cultured cells, 0.4% trypan solution of the same volume as the medium was added, left for 5 minutes, washed twice with ice-cold PBS, and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde dissolved in PBS at room temperature for 30 minutes. The percentage of cell death was evaluated as a percentage (%) of total cells. Measurement of intracellular ATP level
- the luciferin luciferase method was measured using an ATP quantification kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Using 2 ⁇ 10 6 whole cells, the cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and suspended in a cell diluent solution (100 mM Tris-HC1 pH7.75, 4 mM EDTA). 0.5 mM luciferin, 1.25 g / ml luciferase and 1 mM DTT were mixed in a 201 cell suspension. Luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence measurements were performed using LUMAT LB 9507 from EG & Gberthold (BadWildbad, Germany). Annexin V binding and PI staining experiments
- Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated using the AnnexinV-FLU0S staining kit from Roche Molecular Biochemicals and Provided 'iodide (PI) from Sigma, respectively.
- Cerebral cortical cells were cultured in an 8-well Lab-Tek TM chamber, and after a certain period of time, annexin V fluorescein and 10 Mg / ml PI were added, and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and fixed with 4% PFA for 30 minutes at room temperature. Fluorescence was measured using a Carl Zeiss LSM410 fluorescence microscope.
- DNA fragmentation in cells showing apoptosis was measured histochemically using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transf erase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.
- TUNEL terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transf erase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling
- Cultured cerebral cortex cells were fixed by incubating with 0.1% phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.5% dartal aldehyde for 1 hour at room temperature, and then incubated with 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 hour at room temperature. Post fixation was performed. Subsequently, after dehydration with alcohol, Epon812 was embedded, and ultra-thin sections of 80 nm were prepared using Ultracut S (Leica, Austria). The sections were stained with uranium acetate and lead citrate for 30 and 5 minutes, respectively, and observed with an electron microscope (JEM-1210; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).
- Cerebral cortical cells were cultured in 6-well plates containing DMEM / F-12 medium containing 17.5 mM glucose. The plates used were those coated with recombinant small PTA1 and those not coated. After a certain time from the start of culture
- [ 3 H] -2-DG (1 Ci / well, 10 nM) was added, and the mixture was further incubated at 37 ° C. for 2 hours. Then, the supernatant was removed and the cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS. The cells were lysed with a 0.5 M NaOH solution of IOOI, neutralized with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, and the radioactivity was measured with a liquid scintillation counter.
- Cultured cells are suspended in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.3% j3-mercaptoethanol, 5 mM EDTA, 10 mM EGTA, 50 g / ml PMSF, 10 mM benzamidine, and then glycerol of the same volume And homogenized on ice.
- the PKC activity was measured using the protein kinase C enzyme activity measurement system of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Piscataway, NJ) and according to the attached protocol.
- the culture sample [S] is mixed with a substrate (0.3 mg / ml La-phosphatidyl-L-serin) that is phosphorylated by PKC and mixed with 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 30 mM dithiothreitol, and [r- 32 [P] ATP and magnesium-incubated with ATP buffer for 37 minutes for 15 minutes.
- Maximum Maximum PKC activation [Max] was measured by adding 24 rag / ml phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and 12 mM calcium acetate to the above composition.
- Background value [B] was measured without the substrate. The reaction was stopped by adding a stop solution, and the solution was adsorbed on peptide-bonded paper.
- Example 1 Protein structure determination and preparation of recombinant protein Purification of a viable protein from the cerebral cortical neuron culture supernatant of the 17-day embryo of the rat by anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and SDS-PAGE, yielding a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa And two proteins of about 22 kDa (NDI20 and NDI22) were obtained (FIGS. 4a and b). The survival activity was evaluated using WST-8 Atsushi.
- NDI20 could be detected stably even when the extraction conditions were changed, but NDI22 could not be detected in some cases. From this, NDI22 was expected to have another small molecule adsorbed to NDI20, and NDI20 was regarded as the active form.
- NDI 20 could be estimated to be PTA1 from the database
- rat and mouse cDNA clones were isolated by RT-PCR, expressed in Escherichia coli, and extracted with acidic phenol and biophoresis (Atoichi Co., Ltd .; Recombinant PTAU or less (referred to as “rPTAl”) was prepared using AEP-820).
- the rPTAl prepared in this manner exhibited the same electrophoretic mobility as the original NDI20, and the molecular weight in the mass spectrum (VOYAGER; (MALDI) PerSeptive Biosystems) was also consistent.
- the cerebral cortical neurons of the 17-day embryo of the rat were cultured under serum-free conditions in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl, and the survival activity and cytotoxicity 12 hours after the start of the culture were evaluated.
- the culture was performed under two conditions: low-density culture (lxlO 5 cells / cm 2 ) and high-density culture (5xl0 5 cells / cm 2 ) (hereinafter, low-density and high-density unless otherwise specified).
- the culture shall be performed at the above-mentioned density.
- the culture in the presence of rat rPTAl was performed by coating rat rPTAl at a dose of 3 to 50 Pino1 / cm 2 on a 96-well culture dish in advance, and sprinkling nerve cells thereon. Survival activity was evaluated by WST 8 assay, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by LDH release. In addition, the time course of the survival activity and the degree of cytotoxicity when cultured in the presence of 25 pmol m 2 of rPTAl was examined. The above results are shown in Figs.
- Fig. 6A when the cells were cultured in the absence of rat rPTAl (V in the figure), the viability decreased to about 40% of that at the start of the culture.
- the culture improved the survival activity in a dose-dependent manner.
- Rat rPTAl also reduced the degree of cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 6C).
- dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and cerebral cortical neurons were cultured at low density in the presence of rat rPTAl under serum-free conditions, and the cell death rate after 12 hours was examined using a trypable monochromic exclusion test. .
- Figure 7 shows the above results.
- rat rPTAl As shown in FIG. 7A, the improvement of the survival activity by rat rPTAl was observed not only in the cerebral cortex but also in neurons derived from the striatum, midbrain, and hippocampus. Neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus is a brain region associated with Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia. It is known that neurodegeneration in the striatum is associated with Huntington's disease and that in midbrain degeneration is associated with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, rat rPTAl may be effective in such a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases.
- the rPTAl deletion mutant thus prepared was fractionated by electrophoresis on 12% SDS-PAGE, and visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining.A band of the expected size was observed. Therefore, the survival activity of cerebral cortical neurons of rat 17-day embryos was evaluated using these (Fig. 8A). Survival activity by adding 25 pmol / cm 2 rPTAl deletion mutant was 12 hours after the start of culture under serum-free low-density culture conditions. It was measured later. The result is shown in FIG. 8B.
- mutants in which the 48th amino acid was deleted from the N-terminus of rPTAl and the mutants in which the 79th to 112th amino acids were deleted were comparable to the full length of rPTAl. Improved survival activity, but mutants deleted at amino acids 68 and 86 from the N-terminus and mutants deleted at amino acids 30 to 112 and amino acids 58 to 112 The increase in body viability was markedly diminished.
- the active form of rat rPTAl is the 49th to 78th amino acid region.
- the amino acid sequence of this 49-78 fragment is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
- human PTA1 the amino acid sequence of the fragment corresponding to this fragment is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5.
- Rat ⁇ day embryonic cerebral cortical neurons were cultured under serum-free conditions in rat rPTAl (25 pmol / cm 2 ). The cells were cultured at low or high density in the presence or absence, and the state of the cells 12 hours after the start of the culture was observed with a transmission electron microscope. The results are shown in FIG.
- the cerebral cortical neurons of the rat per day embryo were cultured under the same conditions as in Example 5, and the time-dependent changes in the ATP content in the cells were examined. The results are shown in FIG.
- Rat 17-day embryonic cerebral cortical neurons were cultured at low and high density under serum-free conditions, and the intracellular ATP content 6 hours after the start of the culture was examined.
- the culture was performed in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl (25 pmol / cm 2 ), and calphosphin C (Cal 0 or U-73122 (U22) was added to 1 / i M immediately after the start of the culture.
- calhostin C is a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor
- ⁇ -73122 is a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor.
- rat rPTAl By culturing in the presence, the decrease in ATP content was suppressed, but this effect was abolished by the addition of Cal C and U-73122.
- Rat ⁇ The embryonic cerebral cortical neurons were transformed with rat rPTAl in the presence or absence of serum.
- Cerebral cortical neurons of the 17-day embryo of the rat were cultured at low density, and the state of the cells 2 hours after the start of the culture was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
- the culture was performed in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl (25 mol / cm 2 ) in the presence or absence of serum (10% FBS) or serum, and Cal C was added to 1 M immediately after the start of the culture.
- Cells were also stained with a primary antibody recognizing GLUT1 or GLUT4 (these are glucose transporters) and a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody recognizing the primary antibody. The results are shown in FIG.
- rat rPTAl is mediated by a receptor expected to be present on the cell membrane, followed by activation of PLC and PKC, localization of GLUT1 and GLUT4 to the cell membrane, promotion of glucose uptake, It has been shown to drive mechanisms such as increased ATP production.
- the cerebral cortical neurons of the 17-day embryo of the rat were cultured at low density and high density under serum-free conditions, and the state of the cells 12 hours after the start of the culture was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
- the culture was performed in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl (25 pmol / cm 2 ), and Cal C was added to 1 M immediately after the start of the culture.
- Cells were double-stained with CMRXos (red fluorescence, binding to mitochondria) and anti-Cyto C antibody (green fluorescence, binding to Cyto C).
- Anti-Cyto C antibody was recognized by a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody. The results are shown in FIG.
- the cerebral cortical neurons of the 17-day embryo of the rat were cultured at low density under serum-free conditions, and the cells were collected over time from the start of the culture, and analyzed by the immunoblotting method.
- the culture was performed in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl (25 pmol / cm 2 ), and Cal C and U73122 were added to M immediately after the start of the culture.
- Rat rPTAl treatment at 25 pmol / cm 2 in low-density culture causes a time-dependent increase in Bax expression that promotes Cyto C release (Figure 16A, B), and also increases Bim expression with a similar function (Fig. 16B).
- Bd-2 acts to suppress Cyto C release And the expression of Bd-xL was reduced (Fig. 16A, B).
- the effect of increasing Bax by rat rPTAl was blocked by U73122 and Cal C (Fig. 16C).
- the mechanism of rat apoptosis induction by rPTAl promotes Cyto C release from mitochondria through regulation of Bd-2 family protein expression via PLC and PKC, as well as suppression of necrosis. It has been proved that this leads to apoptosis mechanism such as activation of caspase system.
- Example 1.2 Enhancement of cell death inhibitory effect of rat rPTAl by neurotrophic factor
- Rat cerebral cortical neurons of 17-day embryo were cultured at low density under serum-free conditions, and survival activity 12 hours after the start of culture ( WST-8 Atsushi) was evaluated. The culture was performed in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl (25 mol / cm 2 ), and NGF, BDNF, bFGF, or IL6 was added to 100 ng / ml immediately after the start of the culture.
- Figure 17 shows the results.
- Example 13 Inhibition of apoptosis-inducing effect of rat rPTAl by BDNF
- Rat cerebral cortical neurons of 17-day embryo were cultured at low density under serum-free conditions, and the state of the cells 12 hours after the start of culture was determined. Observed with a fluorescence microscope. The culture was performed in the presence or absence of rat rPTAl (25 pmol / cm 2 ), and BDNF was added immediately after the start of the culture so as to be 100 ng / ml.
- the cells were stained with CMRXos (red fluorescence, binding to mitochondria) and double staining with an anti-Cyto C antibody (green fluorescence, binding to Cyto C), which was fluorescently labeled and recognized as a secondary antibody.
- CMRXos red fluorescence, binding to mitochondria
- an anti-Cyto C antibody green fluorescence, binding to Cyto C
- Cyto C releasing action of rat rPTAl was completely suppressed by the addition of BDNF.
- Examples 12 and 13 demonstrate that rPTAl inhibits necrosis of cerebral cortical neurons and switches to an apoptotic form that is protected by neurotrophic factors.
- Example 14 Release of endogenous PTA1 from nerve cells due to serum-free stress Rat cortical neurons of 17-day embryos were cultured at high density in the absence of serum or serum to determine the amount of endogenous PTA1 released. The intracellular content of PTA1 was quantified. Endogenous PTA1 release was concentrated and purified by extraction of the culture supernatant with acidic phenol, developed by SDS-PAGE, and visualized and quantified by the Housein method. On the other hand, the intracellular content was directly extracted and quantified similarly. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 15 Increase in microglial neurotrophic factor gene expression by rat rPTAl
- Microglia prepared from the cerebrum of a 17-day-old rat embryo were cultured, and rat rPTAl (25 pmol / cm 2 ) was added under the condition that the serum was temporarily made 1%, and the amount of IL-6 mRNA (RT-PCR Over time) was measured.
- RT-PCR Over time was measured using cerebral cortical neurons from rat 17-day embryos cultured at low density without serum instead of microglia.
- the amount of IL-6 mRNA was measured one hour after the addition of rat rPTAl while the amount of rat rPTAl was varied. At this time, the amount of cyclophilin mRNA was also measured for comparison.
- Figures 20A, B and C The above results are shown in Figures 20A, B and C.
- Retinas extracted from ischemia-treated ddY mice were embedded in paraffin to prepare sections of the retinal cell layer. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and then observed using an optical microscope. Further, a section embedded in epoxy resin was prepared, and the outer granular layer was observed with a transmission electron microscope.
- ischemia treatment a reperfusion model was used in which retinal ischemia was performed by applying a pressure of 130 mmHg to the anterior chamber of the mouse for 45 minutes and then returning to normal pressure.
- Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-0DN, ACT GCC GCG TCT GAC ATG GT) and missense oligodeoxynucleotide (MS_ODN, AGT GCA GCT TCG CAC CTG GT) in vitreous g / ll / -dose was administered.
- a photograph of the retinal cell layer section 4 days after the ischemia treatment is shown in FIG. 21B, and a photograph of the outer nuclear layer section 24 hours after the ischemia treatment is shown in FIG. 21F.
- Fig. 21A shows the protein amount of PTA1 when AS-0 ⁇ and MS-0DN were administered (concentrated and purified by acidic phenol extraction, developed by SDS-PAGE, and visualized by the Housein method). .
- the thickness of the retinal nerve cell layer was reduced by the ischemic treatment.
- the thickness was further reduced when AS-0DN was administered, but no such change was observed when MS-0DN was administered.
- Sections of the retinal cell layer and outer nuclear layer were prepared from ddY mice treated with ischemia and observed with a transmission electron microscope.
- the ischemic treatment and preparation of the sections were performed in the same manner as in Example 16. 30 minutes before or 24 hours after the ischemia treatment, 0.1 or 1.
- Opmol mouse rPTAl and 100 pmol Cal C or Herb imyc in A (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) were injected into the vitreous body.
- Pictures of retinal cell layer sections 4 days after ischemia treatment are shown in FIGS. 22A to G, and photographs of outer nuclear layer sections 24 hours after ischemia treatment are shown in FIGS. 22J to N.
- ischemia treatment reduced the thickness of the retinal nerve cell layer (FIGS. 22A and B), such a decrease in thickness was suppressed by administration of mouse i-PTAl.
- the administration of mouse rPTAl was effective before and after the ischemic treatment (Fig. 22C, F), and was effective in both the administration of 0.1 lpniol and the administration of 1. Opmol (Fig. 22). H ⁇ J).
- the effect of administration of mouse rPTAl was not affected by Herbimyc in A (FIG. 22E), but was abolished by administration of Cal C (FIG. 22D).
- necrosis was observed in the cells of the outer nuclear layer due to the ischemic treatment (Fig. 22 J, K).
- mice were pre-administered with rPTAl, necrosis was suppressed, and no apoptosis was observed (Fig. 22L).
- mouse rPTAl was administered together with Cal C, necrosis was observed, and the effect of rPTAl to suppress necrosis was abolished.
- mouse rPTAl was administered together with Herb imyc in A, necrosis was not observed and apoptosis was observed.
- mice After ligating the carotid artery of the ddY mouse for 30 minutes and reperfusion, 4 days later, a forehead section (1 mm) containing the cerebral striatum or hippocampus area was prepared and stained with TTC. Observed in a mirror. Mice received intraventricular administration of 1 pmol of mouse rPTAl 30 minutes before or 24 hours after ischemia treatment. The results are shown in FIG.
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WO2011019023A1 (ja) * | 2009-08-10 | 2011-02-17 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
WO2012165175A1 (ja) * | 2011-05-27 | 2012-12-06 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 神経変性疾患モデル非ヒト哺乳動物 |
WO2013122116A1 (ja) | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-22 | 国立大学法人長崎大学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
WO2015022953A1 (ja) * | 2013-08-14 | 2015-02-19 | 株式会社新日本科学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
EP2819686A4 (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2016-05-25 | Icahn School Med Mount Sinai | PROTHYMOSIN ALPHA VARIANTS AND METHODS OF USE |
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WO2001023572A2 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-04-05 | Curagen Corporation | Polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded thereby |
US20020090692A1 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2002-07-11 | Prayaga Sudhirdas K. | Novel polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded thereby |
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US4716148A (en) * | 1984-08-13 | 1987-12-29 | Hoffman-La Roche Inc. | Prothymosin alpha |
WO2001023572A2 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-04-05 | Curagen Corporation | Polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded thereby |
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Cited By (11)
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WO2011019023A1 (ja) * | 2009-08-10 | 2011-02-17 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
JP5648637B2 (ja) * | 2009-08-10 | 2015-01-07 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
US9023835B2 (en) | 2009-08-10 | 2015-05-05 | Nagasaki University | Agent for ameliorating blood-brain barrier disorders |
WO2012165175A1 (ja) * | 2011-05-27 | 2012-12-06 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 神経変性疾患モデル非ヒト哺乳動物 |
JP2013009662A (ja) * | 2011-05-27 | 2013-01-17 | Nagasaki Univ | 神経変性疾患モデル非ヒト哺乳動物 |
US9259487B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2016-02-16 | Nagasaki University | Transgenic non-human animal model of neurodegenerative disease |
WO2013122116A1 (ja) | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-22 | 国立大学法人長崎大学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
JPWO2013122116A1 (ja) * | 2012-02-13 | 2015-05-18 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
EP2819686A4 (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2016-05-25 | Icahn School Med Mount Sinai | PROTHYMOSIN ALPHA VARIANTS AND METHODS OF USE |
EP3153523A3 (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2017-05-03 | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | Variants of prothymosin alpha and methods of using same |
WO2015022953A1 (ja) * | 2013-08-14 | 2015-02-19 | 株式会社新日本科学 | 血液脳関門障害改善剤 |
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