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WO2004047818A2 - UTILISATION D'INHIBITEURS DE TGF-$G(B) POUR CONTREBALANCER LES MODIFICATIONS PATHOLOGIQUES DU TAUX OU DE LA FONCTION DE RECEPTEURS STEROIDIENS/THYROIDIENS - Google Patents

UTILISATION D'INHIBITEURS DE TGF-$G(B) POUR CONTREBALANCER LES MODIFICATIONS PATHOLOGIQUES DU TAUX OU DE LA FONCTION DE RECEPTEURS STEROIDIENS/THYROIDIENS Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004047818A2
WO2004047818A2 PCT/US2003/037437 US0337437W WO2004047818A2 WO 2004047818 A2 WO2004047818 A2 WO 2004047818A2 US 0337437 W US0337437 W US 0337437W WO 2004047818 A2 WO2004047818 A2 WO 2004047818A2
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alkyl
receptor
tgf
ring
compound
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PCT/US2003/037437
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English (en)
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Linda S. Higgins
Ann M. Kapoun
David Y. Liu
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Scios, Inc.
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Priority to AU2003291149A priority Critical patent/AU2003291149A1/en
Publication of WO2004047818A2 publication Critical patent/WO2004047818A2/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns tiie use of TGF- ⁇ inhibitors to counteract a pathologic change in the expression level, activity and/or signaling of a receptor of the steroid-thyroid hormone receptor superfamily.
  • the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor super-family of proteins includes receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, Vitamin D, and retinoic acid (Vitamin A). When these receptors bind their respective ligands, they undergo a conformational change resulting in activation that enables the receptors to recognize and bind to specific nucleotide sequences, referred to as hormone responsive elements (HREs). When ligand- receptor complexes interact with DNA, they alter the transcriptional level of the associated gene.
  • HREs hormone responsive elements
  • All members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor super-family share, in an N- terminal to C-terminal direction, a transcriptional regulatory domain, a zinc-finger domain needed for DNA binding, and a domain responsible for binding a particular hormone and for dimerization (ligand binding a dimerization domain).
  • steroid receptor family Representative members of the steroid receptor family are the glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors. The family further includes receptors for other steroid hormones, like aldosterone, estrogens, thyroid hormones, etc.
  • Corticosteroids are effective anti- inflammatory drugs, widely used to treat various inflammatory diseases, including, for example, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), dermatitis, and asthma, just to mention a few., As corticosteroids exert their activity by interaction with their receptors, down-regulation of their receptors decreases the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy.
  • Retinoic acid receptors include at least three sub-types RAR ⁇ , RAR ⁇ , and
  • RAR ⁇ receptor sub-types exhibit highest affinity for all-tr ⁇ s'-retinoic acid (all- trans-RA).
  • the family also includes the so called retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which again have three subtypes, RXR ⁇ , RXR ⁇ , and RXR ⁇ , exhibiting highest afFinity for 9-cis- retinoic acid (9-cis-RA).
  • RXRs retinoid X receptors
  • Retinoids play an important role in normal development, physiology and cancer prevention.
  • Various retinoids have been shown to have anti-tumor activity.
  • ATRA all-trans retinoic acid
  • ATRA all-trans retinoic acid
  • Thyroid hormone receptors are classified into ⁇ and ⁇ families.
  • thyroid receptors include TR ⁇ -1, TR ⁇ -2, TR ⁇ -1, and TR ⁇ -2.
  • the expression pattern of the thyroid receptors varies by tissue and by developmental stage. While the TR ⁇ -1, TR ⁇ -2, and TR ⁇ -1 isoforms are widely expressed in almost all tissues, the TR ⁇ -2 isoform is expressed almost exclusively in the hypothalarnus, the anteriod pituitary and the developing ear. Upregulation of the latter receptor is believed to be important to the effect of thyroid hormones on the development of the fetal and neonatal brain.
  • Thyroid hormone therapy is often used in the treatment of underactive thyroid gland to raise abnormally low levels of thyroid hormones.
  • Thyroid hormones are also administered to control the growth of thyroid gland, which may be enlarged (as in the case of goiter), or contain nudules. Down-regulation of the thyroid hormone receptors reduces the efficacy of thyroid hormone treatment. A pathologic increase in the level of a thyroid receptor may be associated, for example, with Grave's disease. Transforming growth factor-beta
  • TGF- ⁇ Transforming growth factor-beta
  • TGF- ⁇ denotes a family of proteins, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 2, and TGF- ⁇ 3, which are pleiotropic modulators of cell growth and differentiation, embryonic and bone development, extracellular matrix formation, hematopoiesis, immune and inflammatory responses
  • Other members of this super-family include activin, inhibin, bone morphogenic protein, and Mullerian inhibiting substance.
  • TGF- ⁇ initiates intracellular signaling pathways leading ultimately to the expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, control proliferative responses, or relate to extracellular matrix proteins that mediate outside-in cell signaling, cell adhesion, migration and intercellular communication.
  • TGF- ⁇ including TGF- ⁇ 1, - ⁇ 2 and - ⁇ 3, exerts its biological activities through a receptor system including the type I and type II single transmembrane TGF- ⁇ receptors (also referred to as receptor subunits) with intracellular serine-threonine kinase domains, that signal through the Smad family of transcriptional regulators.
  • TGF- ⁇ Binding of TGF- ⁇ to the extracellular domain of the type II receptor induces phosphorylation and activation of the type I receptor (TGF ⁇ -Rl) by the type II receptor (TGF ⁇ -R2).
  • TGF ⁇ -Rl type I receptor
  • TGF ⁇ -R2 type II receptor
  • the activated TGF ⁇ -Rl phosphorylates a receptor-associated co-transcription factor Smad2/Smad3, thereby releasing it into the cytoplasm, where it binds to Smad4.
  • Smad complex translocates into the nucleus, associates with a DNA-binding cofactor, such as Fast-1, binds to enhancer regions of specific genes, and activates transcription.
  • TGF- ⁇ signaling pathway Further information about the TGF- ⁇ signaling pathway can be found, for example, in the following publications: Attisano et al, "Signal transduction by the TGF- ⁇ super-family" Science 296:1646-7 ,(2002); Bottinger and Bitzer, "TGF- ⁇ signaling in renal disease” Am. Soc. Nephrol 13:2600-2610 (2002); Topper, J.N., u TGF- ⁇ in the cardiovascular system: molecular mechanisms of a context- specific growth factor" Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 10:132-7 (2000), review; ftoh et al, "Signaling of ' transforming growth factor- ⁇ family” Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6954-67 (2000), review.
  • the invention concerns a method for counteracting a pathologic change in a signal-transduction pathway involving a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone super-family, comprising administering to a mammalian subject in need an effective amount of a compound capable of inhibiting TGF- ⁇ signaling through a TGF- ⁇ receptor.
  • the pathologic change is down-regulation or upregulation of a steroid hormone receptor, such as a glucocortocid receptor.
  • down-regulation or up-regulation of the steroid hormone receptor involves TGF- ⁇ .
  • the down- or up-regulation is induced by TGF- ⁇ .
  • the pathologic change is down-regulation or up-regulation of a thyroid hormone receptor.
  • down-regulation or u-regulation of the thyroid hormone receptor involves TGF- ⁇ .
  • down- or up-regulation is induced by TGF- ⁇ .
  • the pathologic change is down-regulation or upregulation of a retinoic acid receptor.
  • down-regulation or upregulation of the retinoic acid receptor involves TGF- ⁇ .
  • the down- or up-regulation is induced by TGF- ⁇ .
  • the pathologic change is a pathologic change in the activity and/or signaling of a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone super-family, such as a steroid, thyroid, or retinoic acid receptor.
  • a preferred TGF- ⁇ receptor is a TGF ⁇ -Rl kinase.
  • TGF- ⁇ receptor binds to a TGF ⁇ -Rl kinase.
  • the compound niay additionally bind to at least one further receptor kinase, such as an activin receptor (Alk4).
  • the molecules. used in practicing the present invention are preferably non-peptide small molecules, e.g. small organic molecules.
  • a preferred group of the small organic molecules of the present invention is represented by the formula (1)
  • R3 is a noninterfering substituent
  • each Z is CR2 or N, wherein no more than two Z positions in ring A are N, and wherein two adjacent Z positions in ring A cannot be N
  • each R2 is independently a noninterfering substituent
  • Ar' is the residue of a cyclic aliphatic, cyclic heteroaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety optionally substituted with 1-3 noninterfering substituents.
  • Yi is phenyl or naphthyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, alkoxy(l-6 C), alkylthio(l-6 C), alkyl(l-6 C), haloalkyl (1-6C), -O-(CH ) m -Ph, -S-(CH 2 ) m -Ph, cyano, phenyl, and CO R, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl(l-6 C), and m is 0-3; or phenyl fused with a 5- or 7-membered aromatic or non- aromatic ring wherein said ring contains up to three heteroatoms, independently selected from N, O, and Y 2 , Y 3 , Y , and Y 5 independently represent hydrogen, alkyl(l-6C), alkoxy(l-6 C), haloalkyl(l-6 C), halo, NH 2 , NH-alkyl(l-6C), or NH(CH 2 )
  • Yi is naphthyl, anthracenyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, alkoxy(l-6 C), alkylthio(l-6 C), alkyl(l-6 C), -O-(CH 2 )-Ph, -S-(CH 2 ) n -Ph, cyano, phenyl, and CO 2 R, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl(l-6 C), and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; or Yi represents phenyl fused with an aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic ring of 5-7 members wherein said cyclic ring optionally contains up to two heteroatoms, independently selected from N, O, and S; Y 2 is H, NH(CH 2 ) n -Ph or NH-alkyl(l-6 C), wherein n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • Y 3 is CO 2 H, CONH 2 , CN, NO 2 , alkylthio(l-6 C), -SO 2 -alkyl(Cl-6), alkoxy(Cl-6), SONH 2 , CONHOH, NH 2 , CHO, CH 2 NH 2 , or CO 2 R, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl(l-6 C); one of Xi and X 2 is N or CR', and other is NR' or CHR' wherein R' is hydrogen, OH, alkyl(C-16), or cycloalkyl(C3-7); or when one of X ! and X 2 is N or CR' then the other may be S or O.
  • Ar represents an optionally substituted aromatic or optionally substituted heteroaromatic moiety containing 5-12 ring members wherein said heteroaromatic moiety contains one or more O, S, and/or N with a proviso that the optionally substituted Ar is not
  • R is H, alkyl (1-6C), alkenyl (2-6C), alkynyl (2-6C), an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety containing 5-11 ring members;
  • X is NR 1 , O, or S;
  • R 1 is H, alkyl (1 -8C), alkenyl (2-8C), or alkynyl (2-8C);
  • Z represents N or CR 4 ; each of R 3 and R 4 is independently H, or a non-interfering substituent; each R 2 is independently a non-interfering substituent; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one embodiment, if n>2, and the R2's are adjacent, they can be joined together to form a 5 to 7 membered non-aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aromatic ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms where each heteroatom can independently be O, N, or S.
  • each of Z , Z , Z and Z is N or CH and wherein one or. two Z , Z , Z and Z 8 are N and wherein two adjacent Z positions cannot be N; wherein m and n are each independently 0-3; wherein two adjacent R 1 groups may be joined to form an aliphatic heterocyclic ring of 5-6 members; wherein R is a noninterfering substituent; and wherein R is H or CH 3 .
  • FIG. 1 illustrates that TGF ⁇ l -induced down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor is reversed by two representative TGF ⁇ -Rl inhibitor Compomid Nos. 74 and 81 of the invention in rat lung fibroblasts and normal rat kidney.
  • FIG. 2 shows that TGF ⁇ l -induced down-regulation of steroid/thyroid receptors are reversed by TGF ⁇ -Rl inhibitor compound No. 79 in human lung fibroblast cells.
  • TGF- ⁇ is used herein to include native sequence TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 2 and TGF- ⁇ 3 of all mairrmalian species, including any naturally occurring variants of the TGF- ⁇ polypeptides.
  • pathologic change refers to any action that prevents, circumvents, reverses, compensates for, slows down, blocks, or limits the pathologic change, regardless the underlying mechanism.
  • Pathologic changes specifically include, without limitation, changes in the expression level, activity and/or signaling of a receptor of the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily.
  • Down-regulation of a receptor "involves TGF- ⁇ " if TGF- ⁇ plays any role whatsoever, either directly or indirectly, in such down-regulation.
  • the term includes, but is not limited to, down-regulation caused by direct exposure of the receptor to endogenous or exogenous TGF- ⁇ .
  • up-regulation of a receptor "involves TGF- ⁇ " if TGF- ⁇ plays any role whatsoever, either directly or indirectly, in such up-regulation.
  • the term includes, but is not limited to, up-regulation caused by direct exposure of the receptor to endogenous or exogenous TGF- ⁇ .
  • inflammatory disease or "inflammatory disorder” refers to pathological states resulting in inflammation, typically caused by neutrophil chemotaxis.
  • disorders include inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis; systemic scleroderma and sclerosis; responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); ischemic reperfusion disorders including surgical tissue reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemic conditions such as myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, reperfusion after cardiac surgery and constriction after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysms; cerebral edema secondary to stroke; cranial trauma, hypovolemic shock;, asphyxia; adult respiratory distress syndrome; acute-lung injury; Behcet's Disease; embedatomyositis; polymyositis; multiple sclerosis (MS); dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; osteoarthritis; lupus nephritis; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
  • the preferred indications include, without limitation, chronic inflammation, autoimmune diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rheumatoid spondylitis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions, multiple sclerosis (MS), asthma,- systhemic lupus erythrematosus, adult respiratory distress syndrome, Behcet's disease, psoriasis, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, graft versus host reaction, Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Alzheimer's disease, and pyresis, along with any disease or disorder that relates to inflammation and related disorders.
  • a “biological activity mediated by the TGF ⁇ -Rl kinase receptor,” or “biological activity mediated by a TGF ⁇ -Rl receptor” can be any activity associated with the activation of TGF ⁇ -Rl and downsteam intracellular signaling events, such as the phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3. or any signaling effect occurring in the Smad- independent signaling arm of the TGF- ⁇ signal transduction cascad, including, for example, p38 and ras.
  • treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder.
  • Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
  • TGF- ⁇ inhibitor refers to a molecule having the ability to inhibit a biological function of a native TGF- ⁇ molecule mediated by a TGF- ⁇ receptor kinase, such as the TGF ⁇ -Rl or TGF ⁇ -R2 receptor, by interacting with a TGF- ⁇ receptor kinase. Accordingly, the term “inhibitor” is defined in the context of the biological role of TGF- ⁇ and its receptors.
  • TGF- ⁇ inhibitor specifically includes molecules capable of interacting with and inhibiting the biological function of two or more receptor kinases, including, without limitation, an activin receptor kinase, e.g. Alk4, and/or a MAP kinase.
  • the term "interact" with reference to an inhibitor and a receptor includes binding of the inhibitor to the receptor as well as indirect interaction, which does not involve binding.
  • the binding to a receptor can, for example, be specific or preferential.
  • the terms "specifically binding,” “binds specifically,” “specific binding,” and grammatical variants thereof, are used to refer to binding to a unique epitope within a target molecule, such as a TGF ⁇ receptor, e.g. the type I TGF- ⁇ receptor (TGF ⁇ -Rl).
  • TGF ⁇ -Rl type I TGF- ⁇ receptor
  • preferentially binding binds preferentially
  • preferential binding and grammatical variants thereof, as used herein means that binding to one target is significantly greater than binding to any other binding partner.
  • the binding affinity to the preferentially bound target is generally at least about two-fold, more preferably at least about five-fold, even more preferably at least about ten-fold greater than the binding affinity to any other binding partner.
  • the term "preferentially inhibit” as used herein means that the inhibitory effect on the target that is “preferentially inhibited” is significantly greater than on any other target.
  • the term means that the inhibitor inhibits biological activities mediated by the TGF- ⁇ -Rl kinase significantly more than biological activities mediated by the p38 kinase.
  • the difference in the degree of inhibition, in favor of the preferentially inhibited receptor generally is at least about two-fold, more preferably at least about five-fold, even more preferably at least about ten-fold.
  • mammal for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, rabbits, etc.
  • the mammal is human.
  • Administration "in combination with” one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount”, in the context of the present invention refers to an amount capable of counteracting a pathologic change in a ⁇ -adrenergic pathway, as defined above.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount capable of invoking one or more of the following effects: (1) prevention of the disease or condition; (2) inhibition (i.e., reduction, slowing down or complete stopping) of the development or progression of the disease or condition; (3) inhibition (i.e., reduction, slowing down or complete stopping) of. consequences of or complications resulting from such disease or condition; and (4) relief, to some extent, of one or more symptoms associated with such disease or condition, or symptoms of consequences of or complications resulting from such disease and/of condition.
  • a “noninterfering substituent” is a substituent which leaves the ability of the compomid of formula (1) to inhibit TGF- ⁇ activity qualitatively intact. Thus, the substituent may alter the degree of inhibition. However, as long as the compound of formula (1) retains the ability to inhibit TGF- ⁇ activity, the substituent will be classified as “noninterfering.”
  • “hydrocarbyl residue” refers to a residue which contains only carbon and hydrogen. The residue may be aliphatic or aromatic, straight-chain, cyclic, branched, saturated or unsaturated. The hydrocarbyl residue, when indicated, may contain heteroatoms over and above the carbon and hydrogen members of the substituent residue.
  • the hydrocarbyl residue may also contain carbonyl groups, amino groups, hydroxyl groups and the like, or contain heteroatoms within the "backbone" of the hydrocarbyl residue.
  • alkyl alkenyl and “alkynyl” include straight- and branched-chain and cyclic monovalent substituents. Examples include methyl, ethyl, is ⁇ butyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylethyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butynyl, and the like.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl substituents contain 1-lOC (alkyl) or 2- IOC (alkenyl or alkynyl). Preferably they contain 1-6C (alkyl) or 2-6C (alkenyl or alkynyl). Heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl and heteroalkynyl are similarly defined but may contain 1-2 O, S or N heteroatoms or combinations thereof within the backbone residue.
  • acyl encompasses the definitions of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and the related hetero-forms which are coupled to an additional residue through a carbonyl group.
  • Aromatic moiety refers to a monocyclic or fused bicyclic moiety such as phenyl or naphthyl; “heteroaromatic” also refers to monocyclic or fused bicyclic ring systems containing one ore more heteroatoms selected from O, S and N. The inclusion of a heteroatom permits inclusion of 5-membered rings as well as 6-membered rings.
  • typical aromatic systems include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and the like.
  • Any monocyclic or fused ring bicyclic system which has the characteristics of aromaticity in terms of electron distribution throughout the ring system is included in this definition.
  • the ring systems contain 5-12 ring member atoms.
  • arylalkyl and heteroalkyl refer to aromatic and heteroaromatic systems which are coupled to another residue through a carbon chain, including substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, carbon chains, typically of 1-6C. These carbon chains may also include a carbonyl group, thus making them able to provide substituents as an acyl moiety.
  • the present invention is based on the surprising discovery that compounds capable of inhibiting TGF ⁇ signaling through a TGF ⁇ receptor can counteract pathologic changes in pathways involving signaling through members of the steroid/thyroid receptor super- family.
  • the invention is based on the discovery that TGF ⁇ -induced down- regulation of steroid/thyroid receptors can be reversed by compounds capable of inhibiting TGF ⁇ signaling through a TGF ⁇ receptor.
  • steroids in particularly corticosteroids, are used as -mtiinfl-immatory agents or immunsuppressants in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including various inflammatory diseases and conditions, autoimmune diseases and in transplant surgery.
  • Inflammatory diseases typically treated with corticosteroids include, without limitation, inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis; systemic scleroderma and sclerosis; responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); ischemic reperfusion disorders including surgical tissue reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemic conditions such as myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, reperfusion after cardiac surgery and constriction after percutaneous translui inal coronary angioplasty, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysms; cerebral edema secondary to stroke; cranial trauma, hypovolemic shock; asphyxia; adult respiratory distress syndrome; acute-lung injury; Behcet's Disease; dermatomyositis; polymyositis; multiple sclerosis (MS); dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; osteoarthritis; lupus nephritis;
  • steroids e.g. prednisolone and methylprednisolone
  • steroids are often used to treat acute attacks of multiple sclerosis.
  • Steroids are also prescribed for the treatment and management of various respiratory diseases involving inflammation, such as asthma.
  • Administration of corticosteroids, e.g. dexamethasone, has been proposed for the treatment of Huntington chorea.
  • thyroid hormones are used in hypothyroidism and in the treatment of diseases associated with abnormal growth or development of the thyroid gland, e.g. goiter.
  • Retinoid treatment is often used in dermatology to reverse or reduce skin abnormalities, such as in the treatment of acne.
  • Retinoids such as Vitamin A
  • Vitamin A are also known for their anti-cancer activities, which are believed to be associated with the anti- oxidant properties of these compounds.
  • Retinoids have been described as promising agents for . the tratment of cancer, in particular breast cancer and acute promyelocytic leukemia.
  • the effect of retinoids is thought to result from modulation of gene activity by at least two distinct class of nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). As discussed earlier, these receptors exist as major subtypes ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ .
  • RA retinoic acid
  • increased levels of steroid or thyroid hormone receptors, or retinoic acid receptors may be pathological.
  • increased levels of a thyroid receptor may be associated with Grave's disease.
  • the compounds of the present invention are also suitable for counteracting pathologic changes characterized by over-expression or a receptor of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily, especially when the over-expression is induced by TGF- ⁇ .
  • a TGF- ⁇ inhibitor as defined for the purpose of the present invention, can be any molecule having the ability to inhibit a biological function of a native TGF- ⁇ molecule mediated by a TGF- ⁇ receptor kinase, such as the TGF ⁇ -Rl or TGF ⁇ -R2 receptor via interaction with a TGF- ⁇ receptor kinase.
  • TGF- ⁇ inhibitors are characterized by their ability to interact with a TGF- ⁇ receptor kinase and thereby inhibiting TGF- ⁇ biological function, they might additionally interact with other members in the TGF- ⁇ signal transduction pathway or members shared by the TGF- ⁇ signal transduction pathway and another pathway. Thus, TGF- ⁇ inhibitors might interact with two or more receptor kinases.
  • the type 1 and type 2 TGF- ⁇ receptors are serine-threonine kinases that signal through the Smad family of transcriptional regulators. Binding of TGF- ⁇ induces phosphorylation and activation of TGF ⁇ -Rl by the TGF ⁇ -R2. The activated TGF ⁇ -Rl phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3, which bind to Smad4 to move into the nucleus and form transcription regulatory complexes. Other signaling pathways, such as the MAP kinase-ERK cascade are also activated by TGF- ⁇ signaling, and modulate Smad activation. The Smad proteins couple the activation of both the TGF- ⁇ and the activin receptors to nuclear transcription. Thus, the TGF- ⁇ inhibitors of the present invention may additionally interact with an activin receptor kinase, such as Alk4, and/or a MAP kinase.
  • an activin receptor kinase such as Alk4, and/or a MAP kinase.
  • the compounds of the present invention include, without limitation, polypeptides, including antibodies and antibody-like molecules, peptides, polynucleotides, antisense molecules, decoys, and non-peptide small organic molecules that are capable of inhibiting TGF- ⁇ signaling through a TGF- ⁇ receptor.
  • the compounds of the present invention are small organic molecules (non-peptide small molecules), generally less than about 1,000 daltons in size.
  • non-peptide small molecules have molecular weights of less than about 750 daltons, more preferably less than about 500 daltons, and even more preferably less than about 300 daltons.
  • the compounds of the invention are of the formula
  • R is a noninterfering substituent
  • each Z is CR or N, wherein no more than two Z positions in ring A are N, and wherein two adjacent Z positions in ring A cannot be N
  • each R 2 is independently a noninterfering substituent
  • L is a linker
  • n is 0 or 1 ;
  • Ar' is the residue of a cyclic aliphatic, cyclic heteroaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety optionally substituted with 1-3 noninterfering substituents.
  • the small organic molecules herein are derivatives of quinazoline and related compounds containing, mandatory substituents at positions corresponding- to the 2- and 4-positions of quinazoline.
  • a quinazoline nucleus is preferred, although alternatives within the scope of the invention are also illustrated below.
  • Preferred embodiments for Z are N and CH; preferred embodiments for Z 5 -Z 8 are
  • each of Z -Z can also be N, with the proviso noted above.
  • preferred embodiments include quinazoline per se, and embodiments wherein all of Z 5 -Z 8 as well as Z 3 are either N or
  • quinazoline derivatives within the scope of the invention include. compounds comprising a quinazoline nucleus, having an aromatic ring attached in position 2 as a non-interfering substituent (R ), which may be further substituted.
  • LAr', L is present or absent and is a linker which spaces the substituent Ar' from ring B at a distance of 2-8A, preferably 2-6A, more preferably 2-4A.
  • the distance is measured from the ring carbon in ring B to which one valence of L is attached to the atom of the Ar' cyclic moiety to which the other valence of the linker is attached.
  • the Ar' moiety may also be coupled directly to ring B (i.e., when n is 0).
  • L are of the formula S(CR 2 2 ) m , -NR 1 SO 2 (CR 2 2 ) ⁇ , NR ⁇ CR 2 ⁇ , NR 1 CO(CR 2 2 ) ⁇ , O(CR 2 2 ) m , OCO(CR 2 2 ) ⁇ , and wherein Z is N or CH and wherein m is 0-4 and 1 is 0-3, preferably 1-3 and 1-2, respectively! L preferably provides -NR 1 - coupled directly to ring B.
  • R 1 is H, but R 1 may also be acyl, alkyl, arylacyl or arylalkyl where the aryl moiety may be substituted by 1-3 groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, " alkynyl, acyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aroyl, N-aryl, NH-alkylaryl, NH-aroyl, halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -SOR, -NRSOR, -NRSO 2 R, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , -RCO, -COOR, -SO 3 R, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or alkyl (1-4C), preferably the substituents are alkyl (1-6C), OR, SR or SR or
  • R 1 is H or alkyl (1-6C). Any aryl groups contained in the substituents may further be substituted by for example alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, OR, NR 2 die SR, -SOR, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , -RCO, -COOR, SO 2 R, NRSOR, NRSO 2 R, -SO 3 R, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , or NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or alkyl (1-4C).
  • Ar' is aryl, heteroaryl, including 6-5 fused heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic or cycloheteroaliphatic.
  • Ar' is phenyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, indolyl, 2- or 4-pyrimidyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, preferably each optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, N-aryl, NH-aroyl, halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -OOCR, -NROCR, RCO, -COOR, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or alkyl (1 -4C).
  • Ar' is more preferably indolyl, 6-pyrimidyl, 3- or 4-pyridyl, or optionally substituted phenyl.
  • substituents include, without limitation, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aroyl; N-aryl, NH-alkylaryl, NH-aroyl, halo, OR, NR 2 die SR, -SOR, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , RCO, -COOR, -SO 3 R, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or alkyl (1-4C).
  • Preferred substituents include halo, OR, SR, and NR wherein R is H or methyl or ethyl. These substituents may occupy all five positions of the phenyl ring, preferably 1-2 positions, preferably one position.
  • Embodiments of Ar' include substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 4- or 6-pyrimidyl, indolyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, and morpholinyl.
  • Particularly preferred as an embodiment of Ar' is 3- or 4-pyridyl, especially 4-pyridyl in unsubstituted form.
  • aryl moieties especially the phenyl moieties, may also comprise two substituents which, when taken together, form a 5-7 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aliphatic ring.
  • preferred embodiments of the substituents at the position of ring B corresponding to 4-position of the quinazoline include 2-(4-pyridyl)ethylamino; 4- pyridylamino; 3-pyridylamino; 2-pyridylamino; 4-indolylamino; 5-indolylamino; 3- methoxyanilinyl; 2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)ethylamino-, and the like.
  • R 3 is generally a hydrocarbyl residue (1-20C) containing 0-5 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N.
  • R 3 is alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents.
  • the substituents are independently selected from a group that includes halo, OR, NR ,.SR, -SOR, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , RCO, -COOR, -SO 3 R, NRSOR, NRSO 2 R, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or alkyl (1-4C) and with respect to any aryl or heteroaryl moiety, said group further including alkyl (1-6C) or alkenyl or alkynyl.
  • R the substituent at position corresponding to the 2-position of the quinazoline
  • Preferred embodiments of R comprise a phenyl moiety optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents preferably halo, alkyl (1-6C), OR, NR 2 , and SR wherein R is as defined above.
  • preferred substituents at the 2-position of the quinazoline include phenyl, 2-halophenyl, e.g., 2-bromophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl; 2-alkyl-phenyl, e.g., 2-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl; 4-halophenyl, e.g., 4-bromophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl; 5-halophenyl, e.g.
  • R comprises a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl moiety.
  • R 2 is a noninterfering substituent.
  • a "noninterfering substituent" is one whose presence does not substantially destroy the TGF- ⁇ inhibiting ability of the compound of formula (1).
  • Each R 2 is also independently a hydrocarbyl residue (1-20C) containing 0-5 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N.
  • R 2 is independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl or hetero-forms thereof or is .
  • the aryl or aroyl groups on said substituents may be further substituted by, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -SOR, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , RCO, -COOR, -SO 3 R, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherem each R is independently H or alkyl (1-4C).
  • R 2 are selected from R 4 , halo, OR 4 , NR 4 2 , SR 4 , -OOCR 4 , -NROCR 4 . -COOR 4 , R 4 CO, -CONR 4 2 , -SO 2 NR 4 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherein each R 4 is independently H, or optionally substituted alkyl (1-6C), or optionally substituted arylalkyl (7-12C) and wherein two R 4 or two substituents on said alkyl or arylalkyl taken together may form a fused aliphatic ring of 5-7 members.
  • R 2 may also, itself, be selected from the group consisting of halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -SOR, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, NRSOR, NRSO 2 R, -OCONR 2 , RCO, -COOR, -SO 3 R, NRSOR, NRSO 2 R, -CONR 2 , SO 2 NR 2 , CN, CF 3 , and NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or alkyl (1-4C). More preferred substituents represented by R are those as set forth with regard to 9 the phenyl moieties contained in Ar' or R as set forth above.
  • R 2 substituents are of the formula R 4 , -OR 4 , SR 4 or R 4 NH-, especially R 4 NH-, wherein R 4 is defined as above. Particularly preferred are instances wherein R 4 is substituted arylalkyl.
  • Specific representatives of the compounds of formula (1) are shown in Tables 1-3 below. All compounds listed in Table 1 have a quinazoline ring system (Z is N), where the A ring is unsubstituted (Z 5 -Z 8 represent CH). The substituents of the B ring are listed in the table.
  • Inhibitors of the present invention include compounds having a non-quinazoline, such as, a pyridine, pyrimidine nucleus carrying substituents like those discussed above with respect to the quinazoline derivatives.
  • the compounds of the invention including compounds of the formula (1) may be supplied in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salts including salts of inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, or phosphoric acid or salts of organic acids, such as acetic, tartaric, succinic, benzoic, salicylic, and the like. If a carboxyl moiety is present on the compound of formula (1), the compound may also be supplied as a salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
  • YI is phenyl or naphthyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, alkoxy(l-6 C), alkylthio(l-6 C), alkyl(l-6 C), haloalkyl (1-6C), -O-(CH2)m-Ph, -S-(CH2)m-Ph, cyano, phenyl, and CO2R, wherein R is hydrogen or aIkyl(l-6 C), and m is 0-3; or phenyl fused with a 5- or 7-membered aromatic or non- aromatic ring wherein said ring contains up to three heteroatoms, independently selected from N, O, and S:
  • Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5 independently represent hydrogen, alkyl(l-6C), alkoxy(l-6 C), haloalkyl(l-6 C), halo, NH 2 , NH-alkyl(l-6C), or NH(CH 2 ) n -Ph wherein n is 0-3; or an adjacent pair of Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 form a fused 6-membered aromatic ring optionally containing up to 2 nitrogen atoms, said ring being optionally substituted by one o more substituents independently selected from alkyl(l-6 C), alkoxy(a-6 C), haloalkyl(l-6 C), halo, NH 2 , NH-alkyl(l-6 C), or NH(CH 2 ) n -Ph, wherein n is 0-3, and the remainder of Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , and Y 5 represent hydrogen, alkyl(
  • YI is naphthyl, anthracenyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, alkoxy(l-6 C), alkylthio(l-6 C), alkyl(l-6 C), -O-(CH2)-Ph, -S-(CH2)n-Ph, cyano, phenyl, and CO2R, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl(l-6 C), and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; or YI represents phenyl fused with an aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic ring of 5-7 members wherein said cyclic ring optionally contains up to two heteroatoms, independently selected fromN, O, and S;
  • Y2 is H, NH(CH2)n-Ph or NH-alkyl(l-6 C), wherein n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • Y3 is CO2H, CONH2, CN, NO2, alkylthio(l-6 C), -SO2-alkyl(Cl-6), alkoxy(Cl- 6), SONH2, CONHOH, NH2, CHO, CH2NH2, or CO2R, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl(l-6 C); ⁇ one of XI and X2 is N or CR', and other is NR' or CHR' wherein R' is hydrogen, OH, alkyl(C-16), or cycloalkyl(C3-7); or when one of XI and X2 is N or CR' then the other may be S or O.
  • TGF- ⁇ inhibitors of the present invention are represented by the following formula (4)
  • Ar represents an optionally substituted aromatic or optionally substituted heteroaromatic moiety containing 5-12 ring members wherein said heteroaromatic moiety contains one or more O, S, and/or N with a proviso that the optionally substituted Ar is not
  • R5 is H, alkyl (1-6C), alkenyl (2-6C), alkynyl (2-6C), an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety containing 5-11 ring members;
  • X is NR ⁇ O. or S
  • R 1 is H, alkyl (1-8C), alkenyl (2-8C), or alkynyl (2-8C); Z represents N or CR 4 ; each of R 3 and R 4 is independently H, or a non-interfering substituent; each R 2 is independently a non-interfering substituent;, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • n>2 and the R 's are adjacent, they can be joined together to form a 5 to 7 membered non-aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aromatic ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms where each heteroatom can independently be O, N, or S.
  • Ar represents an optionally substituted aromatic or optionally substituted heteroaromatic moiety containing 5-9 ring members wherein said heteroaromatic moiety contains one or more N; or
  • Rl is H, alkyl (1 -8C), alkenyl (2-8C), or alkynyl (2-8C); or Z represents N or CR4; wherein R 4 is H, alkyl (1-lOC), alkenyl (2- IOC), or alkynyl (2- IOC), acyl (l-lOC), aryl, alkylaryl, aroyl, O-aryl, O-alkylaryl, O-aroyl, NR-aryl, NR-alkylaryl, NR-aroyl, or the hetero forms of any of the foregoing, halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -SOR, -NRSOR, -NRSO 2 R, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , -COOR, -SO 3 R, -CONR 2 , -SO 2 NR 2 , -CN, -CF
  • R 4 is H, alkyl (1-lOC), OR, SR or NR 2 wherein R is H or alkyl (1-lOC) or is O-aryl; or R is defined in the same manner as R and preferred forms are similar, but R is
  • each R 2 is independently alkyl (1-8C), alkenyl (2-8C), alkynyl (2-8C), acyl (1-8C), aryl, alkylaryl, aroyl, O-aryl, O-alkylaryl, O-aroyl, NR-aryl, NR-alkylaryl, NR-aroyl, or the hetero forms of any of the foregoing,, halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -SOR, -NRSOR, -NRSO 2 R, -NRSO2R2, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -OSO 3 R, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , .
  • R 2 is halo, alkyl (1-6C), OR, SR or NR 2 wherein R is H or lower alkyl (1-4C), more preferably halo; or n is 0-3.
  • the optional substituents on the aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety represented by Ar include alkyl (1-lOC), alkenyl (2-lOC), alkynyl (2-lOC). acyl (1-lOC), aryl, alkylaryl, aroyl, O-aryl, O-alkylaryl, O-aroyl, NR-aryl, NR-alkylaryl, NR-aroyl, or the hetero forms of any of the foregoing, halo, OR, NR 2 , SR, -SOR, -NRSOR, -NRSO 2 R, -SO 2 R, -OCOR, -NRCOR, -NRCONR 2 , -NRCOOR, -OCONR 2 , -COOR, -SO 3 R, -CONR 2 , -SO 2 NR 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , and/or NO 2 , wherein each R is independently H or lower alkyl (1-4C). - Preferred
  • any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, or aryl group contained in a substituent may itself optionally be substituted by additional substituents.
  • the nature of these substituents is similar to those recited with regard to tiie primary substituents themselves.
  • Representative compounds of formula (4) are listed in the following Table 4.
  • TGF- ⁇ inhibitors for use in the methods of the present invention are represented by formula (5)
  • each of Z 5 , Z 6 , Z 7 and Z 8 is N or CH and wherein one or two Z 5 , Z 6 , Z 7 and Z 8 are N and wherein two adjacent Z positions cannot be N; wherein m and n are each independently 0-3; wherein two adjacent R 1 groups may be joined to form an aliphatic heterocyclic ring of 5-6 members; wherein R 2 is a noninterfering substituent; and wherein R 3 is H or CH 3 .
  • the TGF- ⁇ inhibitors herein can also be supplied in the form of a "prodrug" which is designed to release the compounds when administered to a subject.
  • Prodrug form designs are well known in the art, and depend on the substituents contained in the compound.
  • a substituent containing sulfhydryl could be coupled to a carrier which renders the compound biologically inactive until removed by endogenous enzymes or, for example, by enzymes targeted to a particular receptor or location in the subject.
  • any of the substituents of the foregoing compounds contain chiral centers, as some, indeed, do, the compounds include all stereoisomeric forms thereof, both as isolated stereoisomers and mixtures of these stereoisomeric forms.
  • the small molecule compounds of formula (1) of the invention may be synthesized from the corresponding 4-halo-2-phenyl quinazoline as described in Reaction Scheme 1; which may be obtained from the corresponding 4-hydroxyquinazoline as shown in Reaction Scheme 2.
  • the compounds can be prepared using anthranylamide as a starting material and benzoylating the amino group followed by cyclization to obtain the intermediate 2-phenyl-4-hydroxy quinazoline as shown in Reaction Scheme 3.
  • Reaction Schemes 4-6 are similar to Reaction Scheme 3 except that an appropriate pyridine or 1,4-pyrimidine nucleus, substituted with a carboxarnide residue and an adjacent amino residue, is substituted for the anthranylimide.
  • the compounds of the invention wherein R 1 is H can be further derivatized to comprise other embodiments of R 1 as shown in Reaction Scheme 7.
  • Reaction Scheme 1 is illustrative of the simple conversion of a halogenated quinazoline to compounds of the invention.
  • the phenyl of the illustration at position 2 may be generalized as R 3 and the 4-pyridylamino at position 2 can be generalized to Ar'-L or Ar'-.
  • Reaction Scheme 2
  • Reaction Scheme 2 can, of course, be generalized in the same manner as set forth tion Scheme 1.
  • Reaction Scheme 3 can be generalized by substituting the corresponding acyl ha illiiddee,, RR CCOOCCll ffoorr tthhee ppaarraafflluuoorroobbeennzzooyyl chloride. Further, Ar' or Ar'-L may be substituted for 4-aminopyridine in the last step.
  • Reaction Scheme 1 represents the last step of Reaction Schemes 2-6 and that Reaction Scheme 2 represents the last two steps of Reaction Scheme 3-6.
  • Reaction Scheme 7 provides conditions wherein compounds of formula (1) are obtained wherein R is other than H.
  • Reaction Scheme 8 is a modification of Reaction Scheme 3 which simply demonstrates that substituents on ring A are carried through the synthesis process. The principles of the behavior of the substituents apply as well to Reactions Schemes 4-6.
  • Reaction Scheme 8 shows a modified form of Reaction Scheme 3 which includes substituents R in the quinazoline ring of formula (1). The substituents are carried throughout the reaction scheme.
  • step a the starting material is treated with thionyl chloride in the presence of methanol and refluxed for 12 hours.
  • step b the appropriate substituted benzoyl chloride is reacted with the product of step a by treating with the appropriately substituted benzoyl chloride in pyridine for 24 hours.
  • step C the ester is converted to the amide by treating in ammonium hydroxide in an aprotic solvent such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) for 24 hours.
  • DMF dimethyl formamide
  • step e The resulting cyclized form is then converted to the chloride in step e by treating with thionyl chloride in chloroform in the presence of a catalytic amount of DMF under reflux for 4 hours.
  • step f the illustrated 4-pyridylamino compound is obtained in step f by treating with 4-amino pyridine in the presence of potassium carbonate and DMF and refluxed for 2 hours.
  • R 2 may, for example, provide two methoxy substituents so that the starting material is 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid and the product is, for example, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-pyridylamino)-6,7- dimethoxyquinazoline.
  • R provides a single nitro; the starting material is thus, for example, 2-amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid and the resulting compound is, for example, 2(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-pyridylamino)-5 -nitroquinazoline.
  • Reaction Schemes 4-6 can be carried out in a manner similar to that set forth in
  • Reaction Scheme 9 the illustrative product of Reaction Scheme 8 is first reduced in step g by treating with hydrogen and palladium on carbon (10%) in the presence of acetic acid and methanol at atmospheric pressure for 12 hours to obtain the amino compound.
  • the small molecule compounds of the invention are conveniently administered by oral administration by compounding them with suitable pharmaceutical excipients so as to provide tablets, capsules, syrups, and the like.
  • suitable pharmaceutical excipients so as to provide tablets, capsules, syrups, and the like.
  • suitable formulations for oral administration may also include minor components such as buffers, flavoring agents and the like.
  • ti e amount of active ingredient in the formulations will be in the range of about 5%-95% of the total formulation, but wide variation is permitted depending on the carrier.
  • Suitable carriers include sucrose, pectin, magnesium stearate, lactose, peanut oil, olive oil, water, and the like.
  • the compounds useful in tiie invention may also be administered through suppositories or other transmucosal vehicles.
  • suppositories or other transmucosal vehicles.
  • such formulations will mclude excipients that facilitate the passage of the compound through the mucosa such as pharmaceutically acceptable detergents.
  • the compounds may further be administered by injection, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraarticular or intraperitoneal injection.
  • Typical formulations for such use are liquid formulations in isotonic vehicles such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution.
  • Alternative formulations include aerosol inhalants, nasal sprays, liposomal formulations, slow-release formulations, and the like, as are known in the art. Any suitable formulation may be used.
  • the compounds of the invention are used to counteract loss in ⁇ -adrenergic sensitivity resulting from the long-term or excessive use of another therapeutic agent, such as a ⁇ 2-adrenergic agonist, their route of administration may also depend on the way the other therapeutic agent is administered.
  • ⁇ 2-agonists used for the treatment of asthma, COPD and other diseases benefiting from the improvement of lung function (in particular from bronchodilation) are often administered as aerosol formulations for inhalation use. Concurrent administration of the compounds of the invention may, therefore, be conveniently performed by using the inhalation route, using the same or different formulation.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, such as natural or synthetic corticosteroids, particularly prednisone and its derivatives, and medications used in the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as congestive heart failure, including, without limitation, brain- derived natriuretic peptide (NBP).
  • other therapeutic agents such as natural or synthetic corticosteroids, particularly prednisone and its derivatives, and medications used in the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as congestive heart failure, including, without limitation, brain- derived natriuretic peptide (NBP).
  • NBP brain- derived natriuretic peptide
  • the dosages of the compounds of the invention will depend on a number of factors which will vary from patient to patient. However, it is believed that generally, the daily oral dosage will utilize 0.001-100 mg/kg total body weight, preferably from 0.01- 50 mg/kg and more preferably about 0.01 mg/kg- 10 mg/kg. The dose regimen will vary, however, depending on the conditions being treated and the judgment of the practitioner.
  • NRK Normal rat kidney cells
  • DMEM-21 high glucose
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • Cells were serum starved for 24hr before treated with 5ng/ml huTGF-bl (R&D System) or co-treatment with l ⁇ M Compound No. 81 or 0.1 ⁇ M Compound No. 74 for 24 hours.
  • Rat lung fibroblasts were isolated from perfused rat lung by physical and enzymatic dissociation of lung tissue. Immunocytochemistry revealed most of the cells as fibroblasts. RLFs were cultured in FGM-2 with 2% FBS (Clonetics # CC-3132). Cells were serum starved for 24 hours, followed by the treatment with 15ng/ml TGF ⁇ l (R&D System) or co-treatment with l ⁇ M Compound No. 81 or 0.1 ⁇ M Compound No. 74 for 24 hours.
  • Gene expression profiles were determined from cDNA microarrays containing approximately 9000 elements derived from clones isolated from normalized cDNA libraries or purchased from ResGen (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). DNA for spotting was generated by PCR amplification using 5'amino-modif ⁇ ed primers (BD Biosciences Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) derived from flanking vector sequences. Amplified DNA was purified in a 96-well format using Qiagen' s Qiaquick columns (Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Samples were eluted in Milli-Q purified water, dried to completion and resuspended in 7 ⁇ l of 3X SSC.
  • a fluorescent assay using PicoGreen was randomly performed on 12% of the PCR products to determine the average yield after purification; yields were ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ g of DNA which corresponds to a concentration of 214 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Purified DNA was arrayed from 384- well microtiter plates onto lysine-coated glass slides using an OmniGrid II microarrayer (GeneMachines, San Carlos, CA). After printing, DNA was cross-linked to the glass with 65 mjoules UV irradiation and reactive amines were blocked by treatment with succinic anhydride For further details see, e.g. Eisen and Brown, Methods Enzymol. 303:179-205 (1999).
  • RNA Isolation Labeling, and Hybridizations Total RNA was extracted from cells using Qiagen' s RNeasy kit. RNA was amplified using a modified Eberwine protocol (Eberwine et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3010-4 (1992)) that incorporated a polyA tail into the amplified RNA. Fluorescently-labeled cDNA probes were generated by reverse transcription of 4 ⁇ g of RNA with Superscript II (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) using anchored dT primers in the presence of Cy3 or Cy5 dUTP (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ).
  • Labeled cDNA probe pairs were precipitated with ethanol and purified using Qiaquick columns. Twenty ⁇ g each of poly(A) DNA, yeast tRNA, and human Cotl DNA (Applied Genetics, Melbourne, FL) was added to the eluant. The samples were dried to completion and resuspended in 12.5 ⁇ l 3XSSC, 0.1%SDS. Probes were heated to 95°C for 5 minutes, applied to the arrays under a 22 mm cover slip and allowed to hybridize for at least 16 h at 65°C. The arrays were washed at 55°C for 10 minutes in 2XSSC, 0.1% SDS, followed by two washes at room temperature in 1XSSC (10 min) and 0.2XSSC (15 min). Hybridization of each fluorophore was quantified using an Axon GenePix 4000A scanner.
  • TGF- ⁇ 1 down-regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in rat kidneys and lung fibroblast cells at the transcriptional level (2-fold).
  • the down- regulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression is reversed by treatment with two representative TGF ⁇ -RI inhibitors designated Compounds Nos. 74 and 81.
  • TGF ⁇ l down-regulates seven members of the steroid nuclear receptor family, including the glucocorticoid receptor and retinoid receptor C alpha ( Figure 2).
  • the down-regulation of these steroid/retinoid receptors was reversed by treatment with the TGF ⁇ -Rl inhibitor Compound No. 79.

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PCT/US2003/037437 2002-11-22 2003-11-20 UTILISATION D'INHIBITEURS DE TGF-$G(B) POUR CONTREBALANCER LES MODIFICATIONS PATHOLOGIQUES DU TAUX OU DE LA FONCTION DE RECEPTEURS STEROIDIENS/THYROIDIENS WO2004047818A2 (fr)

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WO2006105063A1 (fr) * 2005-03-25 2006-10-05 Scios Inc. Inhibiteurs bicycliques fusionnes de tgf$g(b)
WO2007081517A3 (fr) * 2005-12-21 2007-12-21 Abbott Lab Composes anti-viraux
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