WO2003030909A1 - 2- et 4-aminopyrimidines n-substituees par un noyau bicyclique utilisees comme inhibiteurs de kinases dans le traitement du cancer - Google Patents
2- et 4-aminopyrimidines n-substituees par un noyau bicyclique utilisees comme inhibiteurs de kinases dans le traitement du cancer Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003030909A1 WO2003030909A1 PCT/US2002/030616 US0230616W WO03030909A1 WO 2003030909 A1 WO2003030909 A1 WO 2003030909A1 US 0230616 W US0230616 W US 0230616W WO 03030909 A1 WO03030909 A1 WO 03030909A1
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Classifications
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
- C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D239/32—One oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom
- C07D239/42—One nitrogen atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
- C07C45/45—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
- C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D317/46—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
- C07D317/48—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring
- C07D317/50—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to atoms of the carbocyclic ring
- C07D317/54—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
- C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
- C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
- C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to certain multi-ring compounds, particularly to compounds that are useful as inhibitors of kinases such as, but not limited to, serine/threonine kinases.
- the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention, as well as methods of using the compounds in inhibiting the kinases and treating patients suffering from diseases caused by various altered kinases.
- the invention also relates to a method of producing the compounds of the present invention.
- the present invention relates to intermediates used to prepare the compounds of the present invention.
- serine/threonine protein kinases are involved in cellular signaling mechanisms that regulate gene expression and cell proliferation (Su and Karin, Curr. Opinion. Immunol. (1996), 8:402; Kolch, Biochem. J. (2000) 351:289).
- Some serine/threonine kinases, such as cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) are necessary to progress from one step in the cell cycle to the next (Meyerson et al., EMBO J. (1992) 11 :2909). They are active when specifically bound to other cell cycle proteins (cyclin family). Changes in their activities or in the activities of their activators or inhibitors are common in cancerous cells (Motokura and Arnold, Biochim. Biophys.
- Apoptosis is an intrinsic process present in all cells that can be regulated by extrinsic factors such as hormones, growth factors, cell surface receptors or cellular stress.
- extrinsic factors such as hormones, growth factors, cell surface receptors or cellular stress.
- the actions of both pro- and anti-apoptotic factors are often affected by modulation of the phosphorylation state of key elements of the apoptotic process.
- Evidence has been accumulated that serine/threonine kinases are also involved directly in the regulation of the apoptotic cascade (Cross et al., Experimental Cell Research (2000) 256:34).
- Viruses are by definition unable to replicate on their own but must enter a host cell in order to use the host cell's macromolecular machinery to replicate (Knipe in: Fields et al., Virology. Third Edition (Lippincott-Raven, 1996), p. 273. Inhibition of protein kinases has also shown encouraging results in controlling viral infections such as infections with human cytomegaloviruses (Bresnahan et al.,
- the present invention relates to certain multi-ring compounds represented by the Formula (I):
- each R 5 is independently an optionally substituted -Y (n) -mono-ring group or an optionally substituted -Y ( n ) -multi-ring group, said ring groups in each case containing 4-18 atoms in the ring and optionally containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, S, and O; wherein n is 0 or 1 , and -Y- is selected from the group consisting of straight- or branched-chain C 2-3 -alky
- each R 6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl
- each R 8 and R 9 is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C ⁇ -5 - alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted arylalkyl, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, wherein said substitution on said alkyl is selected from the group consisting of fluoro and dialkylamino; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
- each X individually is -NR 1 R 6 , -NR 4 R 5 , or R 4 , with the proviso that at least one X is -NR 1 R 6 ; each R 1 is independently an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of indazolyl, quinolinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, or benzoxazolyl, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; R 2 is halo or optionally substituted alkyl, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, -COOR 8 , -COOR 9 , and -CONR 8 R 9 ; R 3 is hydrogen or methyl; each R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, aryl, benzothiophenyl, pyridyl, indolyl, naphthalenyl, biphenyl, in
- the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula (1-1)
- each R 1 is independently 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 5-benzotriazolyl, 5- benzothiazolyl, 6-quinolinyl, 5-(1-methyl)indazolyl, 6-(1- methyl)indazolyl, 5-(1-ethyl)indazolyl, 6-(1-ethyl)-indazolyl, 3- quinolyl, or 3-isoquinolyl;
- R 2 is hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl;
- R 3 is hydrogen or methyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
- the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula (I-2)
- each R 1 is independently 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 5-benzotriazolyl, 5- benzothiazolyl, 6-quinolinyl, 5-(1-methyl)indazolyl, 6-(1- methyl)indazolyl, 5-(1-ethyl)indazolyl, 6-(1-ethyl)-indazolyl, 3- quinolyl, or 3-isoquinolyl;
- R 2 is hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl;
- R 3 is hydrogen or methyl
- R 4 is hydrogen or methyl
- the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula (I-3)
- R 1 is 5-quinolyl or 6-quinolyl;
- R 2 is fluoro or trifluoromethyl; and
- R 4 is optionally substituted phenyl or pyridyl, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of halo, amino, hydroxy, acetyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl, dialkylamino, and phenyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
- the present invention also relates to the compounds of Formula (1-4)
- R 1 is independently 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 5-benzotriazolyl, 5- benzothiazolyl, 6-quinolinyl, 5-(1-methyl)indazoIyI, 6-(1- methyl)indazolyl, 5-(1-ethyl)indazolyl, 6-(1-ethyl)-indazolyl, 3- quinolyl, or 3-isoquinolyl;
- R 2 is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, or trifluoromethyl;
- R 3 is hydrogen or methyl;
- R 4 is hydrogen or methyl
- R 5 is an optionally substituted -Y(n)-moiety, wherein n is 0 or 1 , Y is selected from the group consisting of straight- or branched-chain
- C 2 _ 3 -alkylenyl, -N CH, and -N-CHCH 3 , and said moiety is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, quinolinyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, indol-3-yl, and quinoline-4-thio, said substitution being selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, fluoro, bromo, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methoxyl, methylenedioxyl, sulfonamidyl, morpholinyl, and - pyrazinyl; and and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
- the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula (I-5)
- R >1 is 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 5-benzotriazolyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, 6- quinolinyl, 5-(1-methyl)indazolyl, 6-(1-methyl)indazolyl, 5-(1- ethyi)indazolyl, 6-(1-ethyl)-indazolyI, 3-quinolyl, or 3-isoquinolyl;
- R 2 is hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, bromo, chloro, trifluoromethyl, -C0 2 CH 3 ,
- R 3 is hydrogen or methyl
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical composition containing at least one of the compounds of the present invention.
- the present invention also relates to a method for inhibiting kinases such as serine/threonine kinases in a warm-blooded animal in need thereof by administering at least one of the compounds of the present invention in an amount sufficient to inhibit said kinases.
- kinases such as serine/threonine kinases
- the present invention also relates to a method for treating a CDK- dependent disorder or disease in a warm-blooded animal in need of same, by administering to said animal at least one of the compounds of the present invention in an amount sufficient to inhibit CDK.
- the present invention further relates to a method for inhibiting cellular proliferation in a warm-blooded animal in need thereof by administering to said animal at least one of the compounds of the present invention in an amount sufficient to inhibit said proliferation.
- the present invention also relates to methods of treating a warm-blooded animal suffering from cancer or neoplastic disease by administering to said warmblooded animal an effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention.
- a still further aspect of the present invention relates to a method for modulating apoptosis in a warm-blooded animal in need thereof by administering at least one of the compounds of the present invention in an amount sufficient to modulate apoptosis.
- the present invention relates to intermediates used to prepare the above compounds of the present invention. Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein are shown and described preferred embodiments of the invention, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the description is to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
- alkyl when used alone or as part of another term, refers to straight- or branched-chain optionally substituted hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms; or optionally substituted cycloalkyl groups.
- suitable straight-chain alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl and propyl.
- Examples of branched-chain alkyl groups include isopropyl and t-butyl.
- the preferred alkyl group is methyl.
- the cycloalkyl groups typically contain 3-6 atoms in the ring and can include up to 2 heteroatoms such as N, S and O, and can include unsaturation in the ring.
- Typical cycloalkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups containing hetero atoms in the ring include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2- imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, 3-pyrazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl.
- alkenyl refers to straight- or branched-chain optionally substituted hydrocarbon groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms comprising one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of suitable alkenyl groups are methenyl and ethenyl.
- alkoxy refers to straight- or branched-chain optionally substituted Ci-C 6 -alkyl-0-, wherein “alkyl” is as defined above.
- dialkylamino refers to a nitrogen atom substituted with two alkyl groups, each alkyl being independently as defined above.
- Suitable halo groups are chloro, bromo and fluoro.
- An example of a fluoro substituted alkyl is trifluoromethyl.
- at least one of R 2 or R 3 is alkyl substituted with either halo or halo-substituted alkyl , and most preferably one of R 5 or R 3 is alkyl substituted with either halo or halo-substituted alkyl and the other of R 5 or R 6 is hydrogen.
- hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl as defined above substituted with at least one hydroxy group.
- fused bicyclic unsaturated ring groups are 2-quinolinyl, 3- quinolinyl, 5-quinolinyl, 6-quinolinyl, 7-quinolinyl, 1 -isoquinolinyl, 3-isoquinolinyl, 6- isoquinolinyl, 7-isoquinolinyl, 3-cinnolyl, 6-cinnolyl, 7-cinnoIyl, 2-quinazoIinyl, 4- quinazolinyl, 6-quinazolinyl, 7-quinazolinyl, 2-quinoxalinyI, 5-quinoxalinyl, 6- quinoxalinyl, 1-phthalazinyl, 6-phthalazinyl, 1 ,5-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1 ,5-naphthyridin- 3-yl, 1 ,6-naphthyridin-3-yl, 1 ,6-naphthyl
- Substitutions for each of the fused ring groups are selected from the group consisting of -NR 8 R 9 , -OR 8 , fluoro, methenyl and ethenyl.
- mono- and multi-ring groups include aryl and bicyclic fused aryl-cycloalkyl groups.
- the aryl groups include an aromatic substituent which can be a single ring or multiple rings (up to three rings) which are fused together or linked covalently, directly or via a linker, e.g. methylene, O, S, N, -NR 8" S0 2 -, -COR 8 , -NR 8 CO- , and -S0 2 -NR 8 .
- the rings may each contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quatemized.
- aryl groups include phenyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2- thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3- pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyr
- -NR 8 S0 2 R 9 , -S0 2 R 8 , -S0 2 NR 8 R 9 , -NR 8 CONR 9 , -SR 8 , -NR 8 S0 2 , -OR 8 NR 8 R 9 , -N CR 8 , and optionally substituted alkyl wherein said substitutions on said alkyl are selected from the group consisting of -NR 8 R 9 , -OR 8 , fluoro, methenyl, and ethenyl.
- the "bicyclic fused aryl-cycloalkyl" groups are those groups in which an aryl ring (or rings) is fused to a cycloalkyl group (including cycloheteroalkyl groups).
- the group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through either an available valence on the aryl portion of the group, or an available valence on the cycloalkyl portion of the group.
- Examples of such bicyclic fused aryl-cycloalkyl groups are indanyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl, benzotetrahydropyranyl and 1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthyl.
- a substituted moiety When a substituted moiety is employed, it can be substituted at one or more positions with at least one of the above disclosed groups up to the number of available positions, but typically contain 1-3 substitutions, when substituted. When more than one substitution is present, the same or different substitution groups can be employed.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the above formulae include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable, inorganic and organic acids and bases.
- suitable acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycolic, lactic, salicyclic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, trifluoroacetic and benzenesulfonic acids.
- Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali such as sodium and ammonia or a salt with an organic base which affords a physiologically acceptable cation, for example a salt with methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.
- the compounds of the formula (I) may be administered in the form of a pro- drug which is broken down in the human or animal body to give a compound of the formula (I).
- pro-drugs include in vivo hydrolysable esters of a compound of the formula (I).
- An in vivo hydrolyzable ester of a compound of the formula (I) containing carboxy or hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester which is hydrolyzed in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid or alcohol.
- Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable esters for carboxy include C 1-6 - alkoxymethyl esters, for example methoxymethyl; C ⁇ -6 -a!kanoyloxymethy!
- esters for example pivaloyloxymethyl; phthalidyl esters; C 3 - 8 -cycloalkoxycarbonyloxy, C- ⁇ - 6 -alkyl esters, for example 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; 1 ,3-dioxolen-2- onylmethyl esters, for example 5-methyl-1 ,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C-i -6 - alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters, for example 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl, and may be formed at any carboxy group in the compounds of this invention.
- An in vivo hydrolyzable ester of a compound of the formula (I) containing a hydroxy group includes inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and ⁇ - acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group.
- inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and ⁇ - acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group.
- ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers include acetoxymethoxy and 2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy- methoxy.
- a selection of in vivo hydrolyzable ester forming groups for hydroxy include alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl, alkoxycarbonyl (to give alkyl carbonate esters), dialkylcarbamoyl and N- (dialkylaminoethyl)- ⁇ /-alkylcarbamoyl (to give carbamates), dialkylaminoacetyl and carboxyacetyl.
- substituents on benzoyl include morpholino and piperazino linked from a ring nitrogen atom via a methylene group to the 3- or 4- position of the benzoyl ring.
- Some compounds of the formula (I) may have chiral centers and/or geometric isomeric centers (E- and Z-isomers), and it is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such optical, diastereoisomers and geometric isomers that possess cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory activity.
- CDK cyclin-dependent kinase
- the invention relates to any and all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the formula (I) that possess CDK inhibitory activity.
- the compounds of the present invention can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. They can be administered alone, but generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
- the active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups and suspensions. It can also be administered parenterally, e.g. intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, and locally (intratumorally) in sterile liquid dosage forms.
- the active ingredient can also be administered intranasally (nose drops) or by inhalation of drug powder mist.
- Other dosage forms are potentially possible such as administration transdermally, via patch mechanism or ointment.
- Formulations suitable for oral administration can comprise of (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the compound dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline, or orange juice; (b) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, and troches, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules; (c) powders; (d) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (e) suitable emulsions.
- Liquid formulations may include diluents, such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol, glycerin, and the polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, suspending agent, or emulsifying agent.
- diluents such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol, glycerin, and the polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, suspending agent, or emulsifying agent.
- Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard-or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers, such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch.
- Tablet forms can include one or more of the following: lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible carriers.
- Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, and gels containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art.
- a flavor usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth
- pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, and gels containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art.
- Immediate release tablets/capsules solid oral dosage forms are made by conventional and novel processes. These units are taken orally without water for immediate dissolution and delivery of the medication.
- the active ingredient is mixed in a liquid containing ingredient such as sugar, gelatin, pectin and sweeteners. These liquids are solidified into solid tablets or caplets by freeze drying and solid state extraction techniques.
- the drug compounds may be compressed with viscoelastic and thermoelastic sugars and polymers or effervescent components to produce porous matrices intended for immediate release, without the need of water.
- the compounds of the present invention alone or in combination with other suitable components, can be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation.
- aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, and nitrogen. They also may be formulated as pharmaceuticals for non-pressured preparations, such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer.
- the compounds of the present invention can be administered in the form of nose drops, or metered dose and a nasal or buccal inhaler.
- the drug is delivered from a nasal solution as a fine mist or from a powder as an aerosol.
- Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers and preservatives.
- the compound can be administered in a physiologically acceptable diluent in a pharmaceutical carrier, such as a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids, including water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, an alcohol, such as ethanol, isopropanol, or hexadecyl alcohol, glycols, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol such as poly (ethyleneglycol) 400, glycerol ketals, such as 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxolane-4- methanol, ethers, an oil, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or glyceride, or any acetylated fatty acid glyceride with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, such as a soap or detergent, suspending agent, such as pectin, carbomers, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulos, or emulsifying agents and other
- Oils which can be used in parenteral formulations include petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic oils. Specific examples of oils include peanut, soybean, sesame, cottonseed, corn, olive, petrolatum, and mineral. Suitable fatty acids for use in parenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isosteric acid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitable fatty acid esters.
- Suitable soaps for use in parenteral formulations include fatty alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts
- suitable detergents include: (a) cationic detergents such as, dimethyldialkylammonium halides, and alkylpyridinium halides, (b) anionic detergents such as, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, either, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates, (c) nonionic detergents such as, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and polyoxyethylene polypropylene copolymers, (d) amphoteric detergents such as, alkyl ⁇ -aminopropionates, and 2-alkylimidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, and (e) mixtures thereof.
- the parenteral formulations typically contain from about 0.5% to about 25% by weight of the active ingredient in solution. Suitable preservatives and buffers can be used in such formulations. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain one or more nonionic surfactants having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of from about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in such formulations ranges from about 5% to about 15% by weight. Suitable surfactants include polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol.
- HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance
- Formulations suitable for topical administration include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier; as well as creams, emulsions, and gels containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art.
- formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories by mixing with a variety of bases such as emulsifying bases or water-soluble bases.
- Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulas containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers described herein for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, or diluents, are well-known to those who are skilled in the art.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is chemically inert to the active compounds and has no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can include polymers and polymer matrices.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are also well-known to those who are skilled in the art. The choice of excipient will be determined in part by the particular compound, as well as the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The following methods and excipients are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
- Suitable carriers and excipients include solvents such as water, alcohol, and propylene glycol, solid absorbants and diluents, surface active agents, suspending agent, tableting binders, lubricants, flavors, and coloring agents.
- Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard reference text in this field, incorporated by reference.
- the formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampoules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example, water, for injections, immediately prior to use.
- sterile liquid excipient for example, water
- Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
- the requirements for effective pharmaceutical carriers for injectable compositions are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B.
- the dose administered to an animal, particularly a human, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a therapeutic response in the animal over a reasonable time frame.
- dosage will depend upon a variety of factors including a condition of the animal, the body weight of the animal, as well as the severity and stage of the cancer.
- a suitable dose is that which will result in a concentration of the active agent in a patient which is known to effect the desired response.
- the preferred dosage is the amount which results in maximum inhibition of cancer, without unmanageable side effects.
- the dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the age, health and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; and the effect desired.
- the size of the dose also will be determined by the route, timing and frequency of administration as well as the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany the administration of the compound and the desired physiological effect.
- a daily dosage of active ingredient can be expected to be about 0.001 to 1000 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight, with the preferred dose being 0.1 to about 30 mg/kg.
- Dosage forms contain from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of active ingredient per unit.
- the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in any amount of about 0.5-95% weight based on the total weight of the composition.
- a 5,6-disubstituted uracil (II) may be converted to a 2,4- dichloro-5,6-disubstituted pyrimidine intermediate of formula (III). This key intermediate is allowed to react with heating up to 120°C, as shown in Reaction
- Ar aryl or heteroaryl
- Intermediate (III) may react under a Suzuki-type coupling conditions (a palladium catalyst, and a base such as Na 2 C0 3 ) with a boronic acid of type R 4 B(OH) 2 to give a chloropyrimidine of formula (Vlb).
- This formula (Vlb) compound may undergo reaction with an amine of type R 1 R 6 NH, as previously described in Reaction Scheme 1, to give the compounds of the invention of formula (If).
- the compound of formula (IV), as previously described in Reaction Scheme 1 may be allowed to react with a boronic acid of type R 4 B(OH) 2 under the Suzuki-type coupling conditions described above to give the compound of the invention of formula (Ig).
- Another type of compound of the invention, formula (Ih), is prepared as shown in Reaction Scheme 3.
- a ketone of formula (VII) (wherein R" is methyl, methoxy, -0-CH 2 -O-, fluoro, CN, or N0 2 ) reacts with DMF- dimethylacetal of formula (VIII) in a refluxing solvent such as toluene to give an enaminone intermediate of formula (IX).
- a guanidine of formula (XII) is also prepared from an amine of formula (XI) and the reagent of formula (X) by heating the two together in a higher boiling solvent such as toluene/acetic acid mixtures. Reaction of the enaminone (IX) with the guanidine (XII) in a protic solvent such as methanol and a base such as sodium methoxide gives the compound of the invention of formula (Ih).
- Ketones of formula (VII) that are not commercially available may be conveniently prepared by the method illustrated in Reaction Scheme 4.
- An aryl or heteroaryl bromide of formula (XIII) may be converted to an aryllithium intermediate by halogen-metal exchange with butyllithium; reaction of the intermediate with an amide such as the compound of formula (XIV) provides the corresponding ketone of formula (XV).
- Additional compounds of formula (I) may be prepared from other formula (I) compounds by elaboration of functional groups present. Such elaboration includes, but is not limited to, hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation, alkylation, acylation, esterification, amidation and dehydration reactions. Such transformations may in some instances require the use of protecting groups by the methods disclosed in T. W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (Wiley,
- Method 1 Eluents were A: 2% acetonitrile in water with 0.02% TFA, and B: 2% water in acetonitrile with 0.02% TFA. Elution conditions consisted of a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with an initial hold at 10% B for 0.5 min, followed by gradient elution from 10% B to 95% B over 3.5 min, followed by a final hold at 95% B for 0.5 min. Total run time was 6.5 min.
- Celite ® diatomaceous earth filter agent ® Celite Corp.
- the enamine was prepared according to the process of Example 22 using ethyl 4-methoxybenzoyl acetate to afford the desired product as an orange oil which was used without further purification; MS (ES) 278.0 (M+H) + .
- Example 34 Preparation of ⁇ /-r4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenv ⁇ -5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinvn-6- guinolinamine
- Step 1 To a solution of 2, 4-dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine (500 mg, 3.0 mmol) in degassed DME/H 2 0 (9.3 mL/1.8 mL) was added 4-carbobutoxyphenyl boronic acid (244 mg, 1.1 equiv), followed by PdCI 2 (dppf) (49 mg, 0.060 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (95:5 hexanes/ EtOAc) to afford the desired product which was verified by 1 H NMR and LC-MS and used directly in the next step. Step 2. In a 8 mL vial were placed butyl 4-[5-fluoro-2-(6-quinolinylamino)-
- the compound was prepared analogously to that described in Example 35, Step 1.
- the crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (C 18 ODS, 10-90% CH 3 CN/H 2 0, 0.1%TFA) and dried in vacuo at 50 °C to afford the desired product as a white solid (30 mg, 0.078 mmol; 11% yield); mp 155-157 °C; MS (ES) 387.4 (M+H) + .
- Example 39 Preparation of 1-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-fluoroethanone
- the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (25 mL) and H 2 0 (25 mL) and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 X 10 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude solid was recrystallized from hot EtOH to afford 387 mg (24%) of the desired product as off-white needles.
- Step 1 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine (1 equiv) was allowed to react with 4-acetylphenylboronic acid (1.2 equiv), in the presence of PdCI 2 dppf (0.06 equiv) and sodium carbonate (1.5-2 equiv), in DME and water (4:1 v/v) at rt to 60 °C for 2-6 h.
- the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc-hexane).
- Step 2 The intermediate from Step 1 was treated with 6-aminoquinoline (2 equiv) in n-BuOH and 2N HCI (1 :1 v/v) at 120 °C for 2-6 days. The solvents were removed by evaporation. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EtOAc- Hexane or MeOH-CH 2 CI 2 ) to give a pure solid product.
- LC-MS RT 2.04 min; [M+H] + 359.
- Step 1 5-Fluoro-2,4-dichloropyrimidine (1 equiv) was allowed to react with phenylboronic acid (1.2 equiv) in the presence of PdCI 2 dppf (0.02 equiv) and sodium bicarbonate (3 equiv), in DME and water (4:1 v/v) at 70 °C overnight. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by Biotage (15% EtOAc/Hexanes) to give the desired product (80% purity) that was used directly in the next step. Step 2.
- Step 1 The intermediate obtained in Step 1 was treated with 6- aminoquinoline (2 equiv) in n-BuOH/1N HCI (1/1) at 120 °C, or in 1 N HCI at 100 °C for 10 days. It was cooled and neutralized with 2N Na 2 C0 3 , and extracted with n-BuOH. The organic layer was collected, and dried. The resulting crude product was purified by preparative TLC (60% EtOAc / hexanes). LC-MS: RT 2.08 min;
- Step 1 To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine (500 mg, 3.0 mmol) in degassed DME/H 2 0 (9.3 mL/1.8 mL) was added 3-trifluoromethyl phenylboronic acid (627 mg, 3.3 mmol), followed by PdCI 2 (dppf) (49 mg, 0.060 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (95:5 hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired product. The product was verified by 1 H NMR and LC/MS.
- Step 2 To a solution of 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-(3-trifluoromethyl phenyl)pyrimidine obtained in Step 1 (100 mg, 0.36 mmol) in n-BuOH (2 mL) were added an 6-amino quinoline (1 equiv) and 1 N HCI (1 mL). The mixture was shaken at 125 °C over 4 days. The mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (C ⁇ ODS, 10-90% CH 3 CN/H 2 0, 0.1%TFA) and dried in vacuo at 45 °C to afford the desired product in 12-17% yield. The product was verified by 1 H NMR and
- Elk-1 Assay The following assay measures the inhibitory activity of the compounds on
- Elk-1 transactivated luciferase expression is a gene regulatory protein that is activated by MAP kinases (mitogen activated protein kinases).
- MAP kinases mitogen activated protein kinases
- epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates Elk-1 transactivation of luciferase expression through phosphorylation of the Gal4 (a yeast gene activator protein)-Elk-1 fusion protein (Hexdall and Zheng, 2001 , Boulikas 1995).
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- 1 luc cells are plated at 2 x 10 4 cells per well in 96-well plates in complete medium (DMEM, 10% FBS, 20 mM HEPES, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, 250 ⁇ g/ml G418 (geneticin) and 100 ⁇ g/ml hygromycin B; all reagents Gibco BRL).
- DMEM 10% FBS
- 20 mM HEPES 100 U/mL penicillin
- 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin 250 ⁇ g/ml G418 (geneticin) and 100 ⁇ g/ml hygromycin B; all reagents Gibco BRL
- the cells are incubated at 37 °C in 5% C0 2 in a humidified incubator overnight.
- the cells are washed and subsequently incubated in serum-free medium containing 1 % fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (BSA) for an additional 24 hours.
- BSA bovine serum
- Test compounds are added in serum-free medium and the plates are incubated for 45 min followed by addition of 100 ng/ml recombinant EGF or 50 ng/ml PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, Sigma). After a 5 h incubation period, luciferase activity is quantified in a Wallace Luminometer.
- HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cells (ATCC CCL247) were cultured in standard growth medium (DMEM, 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM glutamine,
- MTS assay e.g. Promega CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay #G3581. Briefly, the MTS assay is a colorimetric method for determining the number of viable cells in the proliferation assay.
- the MTS (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H- tetrazolium) reagent is bioreduced by cells into a colored formazan product that is soluble in tissue cultured medium.
- the quantity of formazan product as measured by the amount of 490 nm absorbance is directly proportional to the number of living cells in culture.
- Test compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) to prepare 10 mM stocks. Stocks were further diluted 1 :250 in growth medium to yield working stocks of 40 ⁇ M test compound in 0.4% DMSO.
- Test compounds were serially diluted in a 6 point dose response from 10 ⁇ M to 0.033 ⁇ M in growth medium containing 0.4% DMSO to maintain constant DMSO concentrations for all wells.
- One hundred microliters of diluted test compound were added to each culture well to give a final volume of 200 ⁇ L).
- the treated cells were incubated for 72h at 37 °C. After the completion of the 72h incubation, 40 ⁇ L of MTS reagent is added to each well. The plates were incubated for 30min at 37°C and read at 490 nm.
- the IC 50 values were determined with a least squares analysis program using compound concentration versus percent inhibition.
- % Inhibition [1-(T 72h test-T 0 h)/(T 72 h ctrl-T 0h )] x 100 where
- T 72h test LDH activity at 72 h in presence of test compound
- T 7 2h Ctrl LDH activity at 72 h in absence of test compound
- HCT116 or H460 (ATCC #HTB177) cells are mixed with an agar-medium 1 x DMEM (DMEM powder, Gibco) + 1x FBS at a ratio 3:2; i.e. 3 mL agar (SeaPlaque agarose, FMC Corporation) + 2 mL cells.
- the initial cell concentration is 5000 cells/mL (resulting in 100 cells/well).
- 50 ⁇ L is plated as a bottom layer agar mix consisting of 6.3 mL 4x agar, 6.3 mL 2x DMEM, and 12.5 mL 1x DMEM + 2x FBS for a 0.6% f.c.
- a suitable assay for determining apoptosis is as follows. H460 human lung cancer cells are plated in six well plates (Costar 3506) at 250,000 cells per well in standard medium (DMEM, 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin) and incubated over night at 37 °C in 5% C0 2 in a humidified incubator. The cells are treated with various concentrations of the test compounds for 24 h. Cells are harvested and fixed with 1 % paraformaldehyde on ice for 15 min.
- DMEM 10% FBS
- 10 mM HEPES 2 mM glutamine
- penicillin 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin
- the cells are rinsed and put in ice cold ethanol (80%) overnight at -20 °C.
- Apoptosis is detected using a TUNEL assay (Pharmingen, APO-BRDU kit) as described by the manufacturer. Briefly, cells are incubated with DNA labeling solution for 1 h at 37 °C, washed and subsequently incubated with propidium iodide. In a dark room, the cells are Rnase treated. Samples were analyzed using a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson) using CellQuest software. Using this assay, a representative compound of the present invention induced apoptosis.
- Inhibition of tumor growth in vivo is readily determined via the following assay: HCT 116, H460, or A549 cells are cultured as described above. The cells are harvested by trypsinization, washed, counted, adjusted to 2.5x10 7 cells/mL with ice cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and subsequently stored on ice until transplantation. Xenograft experiments are conducted using eight-to-ten week-old female NCr nude mice (Taconic Labs) with an average body mass of about 20-25g. All the procedures are performed using sterile technique and in accordance with IACUC guidelines.
- various dosages e.g. 0.75, 1.5, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg
- schedules e.g. twice a day (bid) for 14 days, once a day for fourteen consecutive days, or every other day for seven treatments in total.
- a suitable vehicle for oral administration is Cremophor, ethanol and 0.9% saline (12.5:12.5:75). Tumor measurements are performed twice per week. Tumor weights are calculated as described above. Student's T - test is used to verify the significance of the activity compared to untreated (vehicle only) controls. Animals are sacrificed after treatment and plasma was harvested for pharmacokinetic analyses. Tumors undergo further subsequent analyses, e.g. histology.
- Example 59 demonstrated antitumor activity in this assay using HCT 116 and H460 cells.
- Useful pharmaceutical dosage forms for administration of the compounds according to the present invention can be illustrated as follows:
- a large number of unit hard shell capsules are prepared by filling standard two-piece hard galantine capsules each with 100 mg of powdered active ingredient, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose and 6 mg of magnesium stearate.
- a mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into molten gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 mg of the active ingredient.
- the capsules are washed and dried.
- the active ingredient can be dissolved in a mixture of polyethylene glycol, glycerin and sorbitol to prepare a water miscible medicine mix.
- Tablets A large number of tablets are prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit was 100 mg of active ingredient, 0.2 mg. of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 mg of magnesium sterate, 275 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 mg. of starch, and 98.8 mg of lactose. Appropriate aqueous and non-aqueous coatings may be applied to increase palatability, improve elegance and stability or delay absorption.
- the active ingredient is mixed in a liquid containing ingredient such as sugar, gelatin, pectin and sweeteners. These liquids are solidified into solid tablets or caplets by freeze drying and solid state extraction techniques.
- the drug compounds may be compressed with viscoelastic and thermoelastic sugars and polymers or effervescent components to produce porous matrices intended ' for immediate release, without the need of water.
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