WO2003026109A2 - Power conversion method and device - Google Patents

Abstract

A power conversion method wherein solar power,thermal power or radiation energy is directly fed to the evaporator of a heat pipe by means of a focusing system or a radiation conductor and is converted into the power of the working gas of the heat pipe as a result of the absorption thereof by the working fluid of said heat pipe. The power of the movement of the gas of the heat pipe is converted into other non-thermal power types, finally into electric power inter alia. Power conversion into other non thermal power types occurs inside the heat tube in a transport zone thereof, whereupon said power is discharged from the inner part of the heat tube in a non thermal form. The solar, thermal power or radiation energy in the evaporator is simultaneously guided to the entire working body i.e. simultaneously guided to the large, broadly developed surface.

Description

 Method and device for converting energy

There are a number of different methods for converting solar energy into electrical energy, which essentially have the following principles:

- Absorption of photon energy from sunlight by a semiconductor (photovoltaic)

Absorption of the energy of infrared photons emitting from burning bodies, e.g. from burning propane (thermophotovoltaics), through a semiconductor, successive conversion of solar energy into thermal energy, then into chemical and finally into electrical energy

- Conversion of solar energy into the energy of water vapor with subsequent conversion into electrical energy using conventional methods

- Conversion of solar energy into the thermal energy of a gas with subsequent conversion into electrical energy using a Stirling engine

- Conversion of solar energy into electrical energy in large salt water tanks based on the effect that the heat energy of solar radiation is stored in the deep layers of saline solutions (usually used at the same time as desalination)

- Biological ner driving (solar farms): conversion of solar energy into the energy of chemical compounds in living plants through photosynthesis with subsequent processing and combustion of the resulting substances with the aim of energy production

In reality, of these methods, photovoltaics, some thermodynamic processes such as Stirling engines, trough power plants, TmTn power plants and some chemical (and thermochemical) processes have an essential practical importance.

All of these methods have their strengths and weaknesses, as well as certain areas of their effective application and the limits of applicability, in particular: photovoltaics

It is known a method for converting energy, called photovoltaics, in which the solar radiation or light energy can be converted into electrical energy by the absorption of photons in a semiconductor. The specified method enables generation of electrical energy in facilities that do not contain any mechanically movable components, no combustion of the fuels and no consumption of working materials (see, for example, A. Goetzberger, B. Voß, J. Knobloch "Solar Energy: Photovoltaics", BG Teubner Stuttgart, 1997; HM Hubbard, P. Notari, S. Deb, S. Awerbach "Progress in Solar Energy Technologies and Applications", American Solar Energy Society, January 1994.)

Photovoltaics are effective and superior to other methods when it comes to generating locally low power with low energy consumption in the form of sunlight (or light from other sources), e.g. the supply of calculators, parking ticket machines, and for very low outputs of some household appliances etc.

However, this method is ineffective for the generation of large powers (eg power plants) due to the ^' physical principle, because only a very narrow frequency range of light is used, which leads to the release of electrons in the semiconductor. The entire remaining part of the 'solar energy, about 95%, is not used.

So that the disadvantages of the above. Procedures are a relatively low efficiency and the high costs, as well as large dimensions of the facility in comparison to the service provided. In addition, there is a physical efficiency limit, which cannot be exceeded under any circumstances, since devices that enable this method convert only the energy of the photons absorbed in the semiconductor material into electrical energy, i. H. a narrow part of the spectrum from the whole area of solar radiation. There is also a physical limit on the intensity of the incident radiation that can be used since the electrical output power will not increase despite exceeding a certain intensity level. There are also a number of inconveniences associated with the need to constantly keep large, valuable work surfaces, on which sunlight should be incident directly and without resistance, from dirt and mechanical damage.

The photovo Itaic methods are of course not applicable for the utilization of industrial waste heat.

thermophotovoltaics

It is known a method for converting the energy, called thermophotovoltaic, in which the infrared radiation in a semiconductor is converted into electrical energy. A great deal of attention is being paid to this area of research, and considerable funds are being invested in this direction, although it cannot yet be used industrially. This happens not only because of the perspective of using the solar radiation band far more effectively (ie not only the visible but also the infrared part of the solar radiation band). As the main perspective of use, this method could give the possibility of utilizing industrial waste heat. This application is no less, but perhaps far more important than the use of solar energy, because at least 30-40% of the total energy produced is currently lost in the form of industrial waste heat, and these energy losses also act as thermal polluters. At the present time, that is, on the current stage of development, but the process thermophotovoltaic need extremely high temperatures of the source (of at least lO ^'OO degrees Celsius). This temperature is reached by burning fuels (usually propane is used in experimental generators). At the output there is an efficiency of about 5% of the energy of the incoming infrared radiation (in relation to the total energy applied, ie the energy released during the combustion of fuels, the efficiency is even lower). (SZb "Spectrum of Science", January 1999, p.86-91).

This method is currently at a stage of experimental investigation. No data have yet been obtained that would guarantee the possibility of industrial use of this method. thermal solar power erta

The thermodynamic methods of converting solar and thermal energy, among others, are considered to be better developed methods with regard to practical applicability. waste heat energy, into electrical or other useful forms of energy.

The methods for converting the energy are known, in which the solar radiation energy is converted into electrical energy in thermal solar power plants. The solar radiation energy is converted into the thermal energy of a working body, and this thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy using a heating machine. The energy obtained in this way is then converted into electrical energy by a mechanoelectric converter. (SZb magazine "Spectrum of Science", Dossier 5 "Climate and Energy", 1999, pp. 100-103.; A. Wokaun, "Renewable Energies", BG Teubner Stuttgart-Leipzig, 1999; VDI Lexicon Energy Technology, Düsseldorf : VDI-Verlag, 1994, published by H. Schaefer.)

The common disadvantages of these methods are the large energy losses, as well as the need to first convert the solar radiation energy or the thermal energy into mechanical energy, which lowers the efficiency and presupposes the presence of the mechanically moved components in the devices by which this method is implemented.

Turπikraftwer e and Rmneπkraftwerke

In addition, the tower power plants and the channel power plants have the following disadvantages, which determine the limits of their application: First, very large (already design-related)

Intermediate losses in the spread.

Secondly, again due to the design, very large dimensions of the systems and a large total area that is occupied by such systems. In other words, they can only be used effectively in desert areas with continuously strong sunshine from a cloudless sky, whereby the area used may only be of little value, around a small residential area or a small industrial property due to a large area

To supply power plant.

The small local facilities are not possible due to the design.

Stirhπg process

The Stirling method is known to be the most acceptable, according to the current state of knowledge, methods of thermodynamic methods for mass consumption. This can mainly the technical solution offered and described here are opposed.

The existing Stirling process:

Allows the construction of small, but also medium-sized ones

Energy converters. (In comparison, the Turmkrafverke and the Rinnenkraftverke can only exist as large systems; and on the other hand, the method proposed in this description allows the construction of the whole

"Spectrum" of energy converters: both low-power systems that can use a small temperature gradient and medium and high-power systems).

The Stirling process has the following advantages that make it the most widely accepted energy conversion process in solar power today:

• The Stirling process allows the use of even small temperature differences (there are demonstration engines that work on the basis of temperature differences between human hands and the ambient air)

• It theoretically has a high efficiency for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.

In practice, however, additional losses occur when converting to electrical energy. In addition, because of the necessary compression and expansion of the working gas, the work processes take place relatively slowly, which entails further losses.

The decisive disadvantages should be described here in a little more detail, because these are not immediately highlighted in the specialist literature about the Stirling process, and it remains unclear why such a good process does not replace all other methods in practice:

First, there is already a very low output power hidden in the design, since the work processes are based on slow processes of thermal expansion and gas compression at a temperature that is far higher than the boiling point.

Second, regarding efficiency: there are usually 3 misunderstandings in the descriptions, which are usually ignored.

1. The efficiency (WG) is, as is well known, a ratio of useful work Ap to the used work AVer: WG = Ap / Aver. Or the ratio of useful power Np to the power used Nver: WG = Np Nver. In other words, WG = Ap / Aver = Ap x t / Averx t = Np / Nver, where t is time. That the time t is reduced and the efficiency of the system does not depend on the time in which this work was carried out. This calculation can result in a very high degree of efficiency even for devices that have an insignificantly small (i.e. practically useless) output.

2. When it is written that the efficiency of the Stirling engine can reach 50%, it is firstly about the efficiency of the conversion of thermal energy of a heater into mechanical energy of the Stirling engine, and there are further losses for the Conversion of mechanical into electrical energy not taken into account. Secondly, the following hypothetical situation is assumed: Stirling engine gets its energy from a thermally insulated heater with an infinite heat capacity, and passes it on to the same radiator. In reality it is not so. If the energy comes from the sun, it is scattered back into the Room; If from an external heat source, the thermal energy does not "wait" in the contact zone with the pistons of the Stirling engine until the working gas of the Stirling engine absorbs this energy during its slow expansion, and is also emitted by reflection, heat conduction and convection The actual losses are all the more and the actual efficiency the lower the longer the process takes, and therefore the lower the output power of the energy converter, so the real efficiency of the Stirling engine is in reality not great.

3. So that the diagram that describes the work of the sun-powered Stirling engine does not deviate significantly from the ideal diagram of the Carnot cycle (Carnot process) and the Stirling engine has a high efficiency, it must work slowly. Slow work means low output. The requirement for a high degree of efficiency and for a high output power is physically incompatible for the Stirling engine and are contrary requirements for its design.

Here, one should also make a general remark regarding the parameters that characterize the working effectiveness of solar energy converters. Solar energy in the form of solar radiation is "free of charge". There is no expenditure for the extraction, processing or transportation of this energy. Its unused part does not turn into harmful pollutants that get into the environment; on the contrary, the used one Part of this energy is drawn from the natural cycle of energy circulation, so efficiency is not in itself the main parameter that characterizes the solar energy converter, and it is not an end in itself to achieve the highest possible efficiency.

A far more important parameter is the ratio of the output power of the solar energy converter to its dimensions (including the ratio N _out / S, where N _out - the output power, and S - the area occupied by the converter). This parameter is similar to efficiency, but not identical to it. As shown above, a converter with high efficiency can have an insignificantly low output.

For these reasons, a relatively low performance and a low efficiency in reality, the Stirling process has not yet been widely used in practice.

Claims 7 and 17 to 19 Ibis 7 “17 to 19

The invention specified in claims 1 to 7 for the method and in 17 to 19 for the device is based on the problem, the efficiency of the method and the ratio of the output power of the converter implementing the method in terms of its sizes and by the maximum utilization of the Sorrnen radiation energy (by frequency spectrum and intensity), thus also by minimizing the energy conversion intermediate losses and eliminating the need to convert the solar radiation energy into mechanical energy in the intermediate phase. This problem is solved by the features listed in claims 1 to 7 and 17 to 19.

The advantages achieved by the invention are, in particular, that the possibility of generating the electrical energy is achieved with a high output power and a high efficiency in relation to the sizes of the converter. This will do so achieved that with the proposed construction principle of an energy conversion system, which is based on the physical basis of the already known system of the heat pipe (heat pipe), the energy of the gas flow of the working body of the heat pipe is converted directly into another type of energy, ultimately into electrical energy. The high speed of recording. and the conversion of the energy by the working body, and thus minimal intermediate energy losses, a higher output power and the efficiency at the same temperature difference are achieved in that instead of a slow process of thermal expansion and compression of a gas, the process is based on physical effects that occur during evaporation and condensation of a working fluid on porous structures. For this purpose, the devices that implement the proposed method are not forced to contain the mechanically movable components. In addition, the subject invention has a broader field of application compared to existing solar or thermal electrical converters. This is due to the fact that the method presented allows both low-power plants that can already use a small temperature gradient and also medium and high-power plants.

8 .. 0

An advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 8 for the method and in 20 for the device. The further development according to patent claims 8 and 20 enables the pressure drop between the evaporator and the condenser to be increased and thus the power flow (flow) of the working gas from the evaporator to the condenser to be increased, and the effectiveness of transferring the recovered working liquid to be increased through the transport zone using different wick attachments or their fragments, which differ from each other in their physical properties, in different working zones of the heat pipe.

9 to _4 .... ~ Zlbis 28

An advantageous embodiment of the invention is given in claims 9 to 14 for the method and in '21 to 28 for the device. The further development according to patent claims 9 to 14 and 21 to 28 enables the efficiency and the output power of the energy converter to be increased by reducing the intermediate energy losses and shortening the absorption time of the input (input) energy by the working fluid of the converter by the direct supply of the energy entering the channels (capillary) of the wick or in the materials of the wick, or in the above Channels and in the above Materials at the same time, and thus the direct supply of the energy entering the working fluid is achieved simultaneously from the large surface of the fluid surface.

The part of the energy that was not absorbed by the working liquid at a certain section of the “working liquid - material of the wick” boundary is not lost, but spreads further through the material of the wick, and becomes from the working liquid on the other section whose border is absorbed with the material of the wick.

For the description it is more convenient to enter the parameters S _gr Sperim where S _gr - the surface area of the surface of that boundary between the working materials of the energy converter or between the working material of the energy converter and the material of the input energy feeder from which the energy enters the system , and S _P erim - the area of the surface of the geometric figure that limits the volume of the device in which the energy release process takes place. Examples:

It should be noted that the value of this parameter in an ordinary diesel or

Carburetor internal combustion engine is very large, where the fuel used is previously atomized, which increases the total area of the surface of the simultaneously reacting substance. This gives a high output power (because a lot of energy in a short time

Time is released) and a high efficiency of the conversion of this energy into useful work (since the quickly released and the quickly "useful" energy does not manage to dissipate uselessly outside in this short time)

Combustion engine, the fuel is not atomized beforehand, its effectiveness drops rapidly, and a car, for example, which would be equipped with such an engine, could then not be driven.

Practically the same principle of ensuring _gr of high value of the parameter S / Sp _e ri _m is used in artillery shells and in Ammunition where in a small volume of a large "surface of the simultaneous reaction" of the

Reactive substances - the energy sources - the gunpowder and the oxygen-containing

Gas is "packed". This principle has not been used in solar energy to this day, and in the specialist literature this parameter, the de facto the existing physical

Characteristic of the effectiveness of the energy converter reflects, not mentioned.

For the method considered in the invention and the devices implementing it, the above-mentioned parameter S _g JS _Pe ri _m is essential for the characterization of 2 processes:

1. The absorption of the solar radiation energy or other radiation energies or other energy from the material of the wick or from another energy supply through the working fluid of the heat pipe, and

2. The release of energy when the working fluid evaporates on the pores of the wick in the evaporator - transition of the internal thermal energy of the working fluid of the heat pipe into potential and kinetic energy of the working gas of the heat pipe.

In the first (1) process, S _{gr is} the area of the boundary between the working fluid of the heat pipe and the walls of the wicking cavities that this working fluid fills. The wick is an end part of the energy conversion system.

However, there may be constructions in which the element of the energy supply system that contacts the working fluid has been made in the form of a separate construction element. In other words, the energy is not conducted into the material or into the capillary of the wick, but through separate elements of the construction, which are not identical to the wick, to the working fluid. In this case, S _{gr is} the area of the boundary 'between the working fluid of the heat pipe and the developed surface of the material of the energy conversion system that contacts the working fluid, the wick not being an end part of the energy conversion system.

In the second (2) process, S _{gr is} the area of the boundary between the working liquid of the heat pipe and the working gas of the heat pipe.

When the working fluid is evaporated by or without boiling and converted into the working gas, the internal thermal energy of the working fluid is converted into potential and kinetic energy of the working gas. The evaporation of the liquid from the capillary structure and its condensation in the capillary structure takes place much more intensely than analogous phenomena on a smooth free one Surface of this liquid, since a) (the main cause) the vapor pressure above the capillary meniscus at the same temperature, and thus the conditions of gas formation and condensation above the capillary structure, are different than above the free liquid surface, and b) (an additional geometrical one Cause) the total area of the surface of the boundary of the liquid ^ which is in the capillaries, with their vapor over the capillaries, increases in comparison to the area of the flat free liquid surface due to the curvature of the menisci.

This area of the limit S _gr can be significantly increased by appropriate construction of the wick, which forms a large contact area of the working liquid with the working gas in a small volume. The wick can have the shape of a spiral, for example.

It should be noted that the same principle "S _gr / S _P erim ^>:> 1" can be used not only in the technical solution offered and described here, but also in radiation energy at all, including in solutions that are generally less effective are (eg in the Stirling process).

The use of this principle in other areas that are not identical to the area described here (in the Stirling process, in the solar collectors, in the core pumps etc.) is also covered in the general claims 9 and 10.

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claim 15. The development according to claim 15 enables the output power to be increased by increasing the temperature gradient between the evaporator and the condenser of the heat pipe. This is achieved by the converter, i.e. the condenser and the evaporator are placed in a place where the condenser is easy to cool (e.g. in deep ocean water or in underground water in a borehole), and the solar energy or radiation energy from another source becomes the evaporator directed a radiation conductor, which in this case is elongated. This principle can of course also be used for the supply of energy not only to the heat pipe converter, but also for the supply of any converter that is driven by solar radiation or radiation.

16..39 and 30

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claim 16 for the method and in 29 to 30 for the device. The development according to claims 16, 29 and 30 enables the use of the method for utilizing the industrial waste heat contained in the flow of a certain gas or liquid. In this case the evaporator of the heat pipe is placed in this stream and the condenser outside of this stream is in thermal contact with the coolant. Or, the entire heat pipe energy converter is outside of the above. Electricity is placed, and the energy of this current is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pipe using a specific heat exchanger.

31 .... 32

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 31 and 32. The further development according to patent claims 31 and 32 enables a further conversion of the energy into a form that can be used in a traditional manner.

33 to 40

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 33 to 40. The further development according to claims 33 to 40 enables the conversion of the thermal energy into the electrical energy in the facilities in which the mechanically moving parts are missing. The gas movement energy of the heat pipe first converted into the energy of acoustic vibrations, which is then converted into electrical energy.

41 to 49

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 41 to 49. The further development according to patent claims 41 to 49 enables generation of electrical energy with the help of a heat pipe through the joint action of the acoustic vibrations and the energy of the solar radiation on the energy converter.

SO and 51

Another possible variant of the embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 50 and 51. The development according to claims 50 and 51 enables the conversion of the energy of the gas movement of the heat pipe into the electrical energy at low gas flow speeds.

52

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claim 52. The development according to claim 52 makes it possible to simplify the energy supply by using a Fresnel lens or a Fresnei mirror.

53 to 59

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 53 to 59. The further development according to patent claims 53 to 59 enables a direct conversion of the thermal energy of the gas of the heat pipe into the electrical energy according to the MHD generation principle.

60 to 65

Another variant of the embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 60 to 65. The development according to claims 60 to 65 enables generation of high electrical voltage by a direct conversion of the gas energy of the heat pipe into the electrical energy according to the electrostatic generation principle.

66

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claim 66. The development according to claim 66 enables the energy of the gas of the heat pipe to be converted into electrical energy by the combination of the MHD generation principle and the electrostatic generation principle,

67.68 .... "69

A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claims 67 and 68. The further training according to patent claims 67 and 68 enables: a) the application of the offered method in microsystem technology (in nanotechnology) for the energy supply or control of microscopic devices and systems, and b) the creation with nanotechnological methods (e.g. using the LIGA method) ) the microsystem energy converter for macroscopic general technical purposes, ie -for the operation of ordinary macroscopic devices.

Microsystems for the creation and formation of a fluid flow, as well as the component for any handling of liquids and gases in the micro range, such as methods for the technological production of these microsystems, are known. A new development of the technological basis for the constructive implementation of the method and the facilities according to claims 67-69 is therefore not necessary. In the following, some general instructions are first summarized, which outline the principles of embodiment of the invention. Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to drawings.

The proposed method is implemented in a system that includes a device that consists of at least 2 hermetic, hollow, communicating chambers, the inner surface of which is designed by the capillary structure.

One of the chambers is called an evaporator, the other chamber is called a condenser. The heat or solar energy is conducted to the evaporator. The capillary structure is filled with a working fluid, the evaporation temperature (condensation temperature) is selected depending on the working conditions, i.e. of temperatures in which the evaporator and the condenser are located. The volume and pressure of the working body increase steeply in the evaporator as a result of its evaporation at the pore structure (capillary structure). A reverse process takes place in the capacitor. This means that in 2 neighboring chambers 2 explosive (implosions) and opposite signs in terms of their properties run continuously - a steep increase in volume and pressure of the working body (gas) and its steep decrease.

This results in a steep pressure drop between the chambers, which leads to the flow around the gas through a neck between the chambers.

To further increase the pressure drop at the same temperature differences, the capillary structures in different chambers are different (see above for explanation).

The energy of this high-speed (including supersonic) gas flow can be effective, i.e. with relatively small losses, can be converted into other useful types of energy, including in electrical energy. For this conversion, various further developments of this method are explained in the present description, each further development being shown depending on the goals and the areas of application of the converter.

In the invention, the principle “S _gr / S _pe ri _m » 1 ”(see above) is implemented, ie the energy is brought in to (from) the entire mass of the working body simultaneously, and not only to '- (from) the surface that limits the volume occupied by the work body, which gives the possibility 1) to significantly increase the performance of the device, and 2) to reduce the intermediate energy losses by shortening the absorption and further conversion time of the incoming energy by significantly lowering the working body.

This is achieved, for example, by directing the solar energy directly into the capillaries of the wick or into its material. Thus, a very large area of the surface of the energy transfer boundary between the wicking material and the working fluid is "wrapped up" in a small volume that is occupied by the wick of the evaporator. In addition, the solar energy that has not been absorbed by the working fluid does not leave the system spreads along the boundary between the wick material and the working fluid under multiple reflection, and is ultimately completely absorbed by the working fluid, which also significantly reduces the intermediate energy losses. The solar energy is supplied to the evaporator through a radiation conductor. This radiation conductor can be of considerable length, and thus the energy converter can be placed in the immediate vicinity of the cooling coolant, where this coolant is at the minimum temperature. For example in the ocean or deep sea water to a certain depth, or in groundwater. In the latter case, the radiation guide is placed in the borehole. This gives the possibility of increasing the temperature gradient between the evaporator and the condenser, and ultimately the efficiency and the output power of the device.

Solar energy is introduced into the radiation conductor, e.g. from the sun-concentrating devices, e.g. from the Fresnel lens or from the Fresnel mirror; or with these two methods at the same time.

If the process is used to utilize the industrial waste heat, thermal energy is supplied to the evaporator. As an often occurring case, one should separately emphasize the case of utilizing the industrial waste heat contained in the flow of a particular gas or liquid. In this case the evaporator of the heat pipe is placed in this stream and the condenser outside of this stream is in thermal contact with the coolant. Or else it will. entire heat pipe energy converter outside of the above Electricity is placed, and the energy of this current is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pipe using a specific heat exchanger.

The method can also be used in nanotechnology (in microsystem technology) for the energy supply or control of microscopic devices and systems, as well as for the creation with nanotechnological methods (e.g. by LIGA method) of microsystem energy converters, which consist of a large number of microscopic ones Modules exist, and for macroscopic general technical purposes, ie can be used to operate ordinary macroscopic devices.

Some embodiments of the invention are shown schematically in the drawings and are described in more detail below.

(The drawings only show the information that was difficult to describe in words within the scope of this description.)

Show it:

Fig.l a picture of the general scheme of the implementation of the method (above - Fig a). For comparison, a diagram of the implementation of the method according to the Stirling method (FIG. 1.b) is touched down;

2 shows a schematic illustration of the principle “S _gr / S _per im ^>:> 1” for the boundary between the wick material and the working liquid of the heat pipe (a) and between the working liquid of the heat pipe and the working gas of the heat pipe (b);

Fig. 3 thermoacoustic converter with piezoelectric conversion;

Fig. 4 thermoacoustic converter with magnetostrictic conversion;

Fig. 5 thermo-photoelectric converter with conversion by the photoconductive piezo semiconductor; 6 a) a possible JBU vector diagram for a thermoelectric (gas flow electrical) drop converter with the conversion according to the MHD generation principle;

Fig. 6 b) a possible JU vector diagram ^' for a thermoelectric (gas flow electrical) drop converter with the conversion according to the electrostatic generation principle.

Fig. A schematic image of the implementation of the method with the placement of the energy converter under the water or under the earth's surface in the groundwater (a); on the water surface without using the radiation guide (b); and in cosmic apparatus (c);

8 shows some possible schemes of using the process for utilizing the industrial waste heat and one of the possible variants of the constructive implementation of these processes;

The generator of electrical energy 1 is installed in the heat pipe 2 in such a way that the energy converter 3 for the gas flow of the heat pipe into other types of energy is arranged inside the heat pipe, for example at the location of the maximum flow velocity.

The heat pipe 2 contains the evaporator 4, the condenser 5, the working body in the liquid phase 6, in the gaseous phase 7 and the circuit for the recovery of liquid 8. According to the definition of the heat pipe, the liquid can be recovered in the circuit ^' 8 by Capillary, gravitational, centrifugal or other types of forces or their combinations. Thus thermosiphon is a special case of the heat pipe, ^'in which takes place the recovery of the fluid by gravitational forces. Thus, in the claims, the term “heat pipe” also includes the thermosiphon, including devices that contain, among other things, a few or more evaporators, condensers and transport teeth, all of which can have any shape (not just the cylindrical shape) and any size ,

• The above figures show a variant of the recovery of liquid based on the capillary forces. If gravitational forces are used, the condenser must be higher than the evaporator; if centrifugal forces are used, the heat pipe must rotate and the evaporator with the condenser must be placed at different distances from its axis of notation. The liquid 6 evaporates in the evaporator 4, and moves in ^'the form of a high velocity gas flow into the condenser 5, where they are then condensed. On its way, the gas does a job that is converted into other types of energy with the help of converter 3.

The feed 10 of the sun or. Thermal energy is generated directly or through energy supply system 20, ie through additional devices for concentration and. the transfer of solar or thermal energy (e.g. mirrors, lenses (including Fresnel mirrors or lenses 24), solar collectors, solar radiation guide 25 (including light guides), heat transport devices etc.) to the evaporator of the heat pipe. The energy is dissipated (by means of energy dissipation system 21) from the condenser either directly through the radiation, which can be effective in space, or through a coolant: the condenser can be placed in the coolant (e.g. water, external air, etc.) either immersed directly or connected to it by heat transfer devices.

For the intensification of the evaporation process, the solar radiation can also be fed directly to the capillary structure (the wick) of the heat pipe in the evaporator through the transparent jacket of the heat pipe or through a light conduction or other optical system, and in general if the external energy is in the form of radiation is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pipe, the jacket of the evaporator or the wick, or both of them can be made of a material transparent to this radiation, and the radiation energy in this case becomes the wick or the working fluid directly or through a optical radiation or conducting ^'system supplied.

Fig. 3 shows a variant of the energy conversion of the flow of the working gas 7 into the energy of the acoustic vibrations with the subsequent conversion into electrical energy with the aid of a piezoelectric converter i

Fig. 4 shows a variant of the energy conversion of the flow of the working gas 7 into the energy of the acoustic vibrations - with the subsequent conversion into electrical energy with the aid of a magnetostrictic converter.

The energy of the gas flow 7 of the heat pipe is converted into the energy of the acoustic vibrations with the help of the Hartmann generator 12, or with one of its modifications. In the zone of the acoustic vibrations generated in this way, you place the acoustoelectric transducer, for. B. the piezoelectric transducer 13 or the magnetostrictic transducer 14. The electrical energy of the transducers mentioned is brought to the external stress of the consumer. To generate acoustic vibrations, including ultrasonic and acoustic vibrations, one can use any other generator of acoustic vibrations instead of the Hartmann generator, e.g. B. a pipe, a siren, a membrane or string generator, or a generator that uses the vibrations of the solid body in the gas flow, etc.

Fig. 5 shows a variant of the energy conversion of the flow of the working gas 7 into the energy of the acoustic vibrations with the subsequent conversion into electrical energy with the aid of the piezo semiconductor converter 15, which has photoconductive properties, for. B. Cd S. The transducer 15 is placed in the inner space of the heat pipe in the zone of acoustic vibrations of the generator 12, analogously to the description for the transducer 13. However, the surface of the transducer 15 is placed under the transparent window 17 in the wall of the heat pipe. The sunlight 19 falls directly through this window or via an optical system onto the surface of the crystal 16. Under the action of the acoustic vibrations of the generator 12 in the piezo semiconductor 16, an acoustic EMF takes place, which strongly depends on the exposure in photoconductive crystals.

Two independent currents of solar radiation can be directed onto the evaporator 4 of the heat pipe and onto the converter 15 '. However, it is also possible in a conventional manner to emphasize the spectral component from this current which corresponds to the absorption frequencies of the photoconductive crystal 16 of the converter 15. Then you direct that part of the flow that is absorbed by the crystal onto its surface, and the remaining part onto the evaporator. In all of the above-mentioned variants of the construction, the energy of the acoustic vibrations can be fed to the acoustoelectric transducer either directly in the gas flow channel of the heat pipe or through the sound conductor 18. In the latter case, one places the acoustoelectric transducer (or the photoacoustic transducer) outside the heat pipe.

The above-mentioned variants of the method implementation are generally expedient for the formation of the devices with a relatively low output voltage and power, which are able to take advantage of naturally small temperature differences.

Of course, the use of the thermomechanoelectric converter in the implementation of the registered method is not excluded. The kinetic energy of the working gas of the heat pipe can be converted into mechanical rotational energy or into mechanical vibrations of a working body, which is then converted into electrical energy with the aid of a mechano-electrical converter. This working body (e.g. a turbine) of the mechanoelectric converter is arranged in the gas flow of the heat pipe. However, the variant of the method implementation shown has the disadvantage with respect to all other variants that devices which enable this method must contain mechanically moving parts.

Variants of the implementation of the method are described below, which are basically expedient for creating the medium and higher output powers. This is made possible on the basis of the energy conversion of the gas flow into electrical energy according to the MHD generation principle or according to the electrostatic generation principle.

As a rule, the electroconductive gas (plasma) or the electroconductive liquid in the MHD generators flows in a magnetic field and crosses its lines of force. This leads to the deflection of the charges with different signs in different directions, and thus to the separation of the electrical charges contained in the liquid (or in the gas). This in turn leads to the generation of electrical energy. The effectiveness of the magnetohydrodynamic generation is limited in that the achievement of the high electrical gas conductivity in the gas MHD generators is problematic; Liquids have a high electrical conductivity in the liquid MHD generators, but it is problematic to bring them to high flow rates.

In the proposed method, the working body turns out to be the mixture of the gas and the liquid phase, and the electric charges are deflected in the magnetic field together with the drops of the atomized liquid that contains them. The liquid is introduced into the gas stream, atomized, electrically charged with the drops and left together with the above-mentioned one. Gas flow in a magnetic field (or in crossed electric and magnetic fields) fly like in a normal MHD generator. The further work and energy consumption is carried out in the usual way for the MHD generators, that is either with the help of electrodes (MHD conduction generators), or by the decrease in the inducing currents (MHD induction generators).

As an example, FIG. 6 a) shows a possible vector diagram for a drop converter with the conversion according to the MHD generation principle. Here J - flow of gas flow, B - magnetic flux density, U - electrical voltage. The liquid is fed into the gas flow and atomized in this flow by an atomizer.

This is followed by the description of one of the possible known constructions of the atomizer, which allows the atomization of a liquid in the gas stream solely by the energy of this stream. This device contains at least one narrow tube, one end of which is in the gas stream and the other end is in the liquid, which has a free area. This free surface of the liquid borders with the gas that is either resting with respect to this liquid or moves opposite it at a lower speed than the speed of the gas flow with respect to the second tube end of the atomizer. The resulting pressure difference based on the Bemodli principle forces the liquid to rise in the tube and flow into the gas flow.

The liquid in the heat pipe is recovered using a transport zone, which is created by a narrow and a wide section located one behind the other. The atomizer tube is inserted into the narrow section and the body for trapping charged drops into the wide section. The free surface of the liquid, which collects from the discrete droplet form into the continuous liquid form, comes into contact with the gas in the broad part of the stream.

In theory, instead of the drops of the liquid, the powder can also be used in all of the variants of carrying out the method mentioned. However, this is less convenient because of the problems with the organization of the recovery circuit.

6 b) shows a possible vector diagram for a drop converter with the conversion according to the electrostatic generation principle. Here J - flow of gas flow, U - electrical voltage.

The process according to the electrostatic generation principle is carried out by using the liquid particles (atomized liquid) as one of the working bodies: charges are separated from the working bodies as in an ordinary electrostatic generator by stringing or bumping these working bodies together, or in which one charges the charges in the working bodies by means of electrostatic induction, after which the bodies charged in this way move away from one another in the room. The electrical voltage generated in the usual electrostatic generators (e.g., in the Van de Graaff generator) reaches a few million volts. However, the output power of the known devices is so low because the speed of the charge transfer is limited by the speed of the movement of the mechanical system parts and by the area of the surface of the solid working body - the charge transporter. When realizing the method according to the claimed claims, the liquid particles, for. B. emitted into the gas flow using an atomizer. The above-mentioned liquid working body is electrically charged by the friction or collisions with another solid or liquid working body. In the first case (friction) the other working body is placed at the nozzle outlet of the atomizer. In the second case (collisions) the other Arbeitsδδφer, z. B. in the form of a row of rods or a network, placed in the gas flow in the path of the liquid particles. The separation of the charges of the working bodies and the removal of the charged liquid particles from the other working body takes place on the basis of the energy of the gas flow. Here: a) The total area of the surfaces of the liquid particles is considerably larger than all the area of the surface of the fixed charge transporters (e.g. belts in ordinary electrostatic generators; b) The device lacks mechanically movable components which would limit the speed of charge transfer. This eliminates the two causes of the power limitation that exist in the existing electrostatic generators by the offered method and device. There is also a variant of the method implementation, at; which is the energy of the gas flow into the electrical energy through a combination of the MHD generation principle and the electrostatic generation principle. All steps of the process implementation take place in analogy to what has already been described for the drop converter with the conversion according to the electrostatic generation principle. However, the movement of the charged liquid particles takes place in a magnetic field, the force lines of this magnetic field B (magnetic flux density) crossing the vector of the flow of the gas flow J at an angle unequal to 0. It is obvious that within the scope of the presented claims the conversion of the energy according to the MHD generation principle and the electrostatic generation principle with a generalized mathematical model with borderline cases, shown e.g. 4 and 5. That is, in the case of a "pure" electrostatic generator, one could think that the vectors B and J are collinear, ie the vector direction of the magnetic flux density is parallel to the vector direction of the gas flow.

7 shows a schematic image of the implementation of the method with the placement of the energy converter 26 under the water or under the surface of the earth in the ground water (a); on the water surface without using the radiation guide (b); and in cosmic apparatus (c);

In case (a), the increase in output power is achieved by increasing the temperature differential between the evaporator and the condenser of the heat pipe by having the converter 26, i.e. the condenser and the evaporator are placed in a location where the condenser is easy to cool (e.g. in deep ocean water or in underground water in a borehole), and solar energy 10, or radiation energy from another source, becomes the evaporator passed through a radiation conductor 25, which in this case is elongated. This principle can of course also be used not only for supplying the energy to the heat pipe converter, but also for supplying any solar or radiation-driven converter.

8 shows a possible variant of the use of the method for utilizing the industrial waste heat contained in the stream 22 of a particular gas or liquid. In this case, the evaporator 4 of the heat pipe is placed in this stream 22, and the condenser 5 outside of this stream in thermal contact with the coolant 23. Or else, the entire heat pipe energy converter is outside the above. Electricity is placed, and the energy of this current is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pipe using a specific heat exchanger.

Claims

1. A method for converting energy, in which the solar energy or the heat energy or the radiation energy is converted into another form of energy, characterized in that the energy in its heat form or in the form of radiation is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pipe (HEAT PIPE), and is converted into the energy of the working gas of the heat pipe as a result of its absorption by the working liquid of the heat pipe, the energy in its heat form is derived from the condenser of the heat pipe, and the energy of the movement of the gas of the heat pipe is converted into other non-thermal energy types, whereby the dissipation of the heat energy from the condenser of the heat pipe takes place on the basis of the heat-dissipating liquid located outside the condenser or by the radiation of the energy by the condenser, or in both these ways at the same time. 2. Nerfahr according to the preamble in claim 1, characterized in that the energy conversion into other, non-thermal, energy types takes place within the heat pipe, after which this energy is conducted in its non-thermal form from the inner part of the heat pipe, and the energy in it thermal form of the working body of the heat pipe, which is located in the condenser of the heat pipe, is derived, the dissipation of the energy by the absorption of this energy taking place on the basis of the heat-dissipating liquid located outside the inner part of the condenser of the heat pipe. 3. Ner driving according to the preamble in claim 1, characterized in that the conversion of the energy is realized in the transport zone of a heat pipe. 4. The method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the dissipation of the thermal energy from the condenser of the heat pipe is carried out by converting the heat-dissipating liquid according to claim 1 or 2 in the gaseous state. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the heat-dissipating liquid is the working liquid of a certain heat pipe, which is connected to the condenser of the heat pipe according to claim 1, 2 or 3. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the dissipation of the thermal energy from the condenser of the heat pipe according to claim 1, 2 or 3 is carried out with the aid of a cascade of heat pipes. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 5 or 6, characterized in that the thermal energy from the condenser of the heat pipe according to claim 1, 2 or 3, or from the condenser of the heat-dissipating heat pipe according to claim 5, or from the condenser the last heat pipe in the cascade according to claim 6 with the help of heat-dissipating liquid, for example Water whose layer, which is in contact with the outer wall of the condenser, moves relative to this wall, e.g. due to convection. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the working liquid of the heat pipe evaporates through or without boiling in the evaporator, and condenses in the condenser on each other in their physical properties according to different capillary structures, among others. different in capillary diameter, in capillary shape and in the surface properties of the capillary material, the recovery of the working fluid through the transport zone takes place through the capillary or gravitational or centrifugal or also by other forces or their combinations, the physical properties of the wick in the transport zone differ from its physical properties in the evaporator or condenser zone, or the wick is completely absent in the transport zone. 9. A method for converting energy, in which the solar energy or the radiation energy from another source or the thermal energy is brought to the working body of the energy converter, characterized in that instead of the energy supply to the working body from its outer perimeter, i.e. from the outer surface of the space (volume) that can be occupied by this body, the energy is brought to the whole body at the same time, i.e. at the same time as its large area, for which the end part of the energy supply (through which the energy is brought to the work body) is placed inside the space occupied by the work body, and inside the space occupied by the work body, between the above-mentioned. Working body and the end part of the energy supply, a large, well-developed surface is formed. 10. The method according to the preamble of claim 9, characterized in that the surface of the surface of that boundary between the working materials of the energy converter or between the working material and the material of the input energy feeder, from which the energy also enters the system, a larger, among others. is an area many times larger than the area of the surface of the geometric figure that limits the volume of the device in which the energy transfer process takes place. 11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, or according to a combination of these claims, characterized in that the solar radiation or radiation from other sources directly to the capillary structure (the wick) of the heat pipe or to the working fluid of the heat pipe by a for this Radiation transparent material is supplied, then, among other things, directly into the channels of the wick, which are delimited by the walls of these channels, this above-mentioned radiation spreads among other things through the reflection from the walls of the channels and is thereby from the Working fluid is absorbed, so this working fluid evaporates either through or without boiling. 12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the radiation leads directly into the material of the wick. and spreads in it through the multiple reflection along the boundaries of the working material of the heat pipe, whereby with each reflection a part of the energy is absorbed by the working liquid. 13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, or according to a combination of these claims, characterized in that the area of the surface of the boundary between the working liquid and the working gas of the heat pipe a larger, among others. is an area many times larger than the area of the surface of the geometric figure that limits the volume of the device in which the evaporation process takes place. 14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, or according to a combination of these claims, characterized in that the solar energy or the radiation energy is supplied to the evaporator or to the wick of the heat pipe or to the working fluid of the heat pipe via a radiation conductor. 15. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the heat pipe is placed in the immediate vicinity of the coolant, inter alia in the water, inter alia in the sea, ocean or sea water, also at a certain depth or in the groundwater certain depth from the surface of the earth, whereby the radiation conductor among other things is placed in the "borehole". 16. A method of products utilization of waste heat, ^'which is located in the stream of gas or liquid, and in which the heat energy of this flow is passed to the Arbeitsköφer, characterized in that the heat energy of the liquid or the gas flow heiangeführt to the evaporator of the heat pipe, and is converted into the kinetic energy of the gas movement of the heat pipe, and the kinetic energy of the gas movement of the heat pipe is converted into another, non-thermal form of energy, including electrical energy, and this energy thus obtained becomes outside of the heat pipe. 17. Device for the conversion of energy, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 16, which has a zone for the interaction with the sun or other type of radiation, or a zone for the supply of thermal energy that this device contains the heat pipe (Heat Pipe), which in turn has a converter of the energy of the working gas of the heat pipe into another non-thermal type of energy, where, among other things the wall of the condenser of the heat pipe or the portion of the wick located in the condenser or the working liquid of the heat pipe located in the condenser is in thermal contact with the liquid which is outside the interior space of the condenser and from the working liquid of the heat pipe a partition that is impermeable to mass transfer is separated. 18. Device according to claim 17, characterized in that the zone of interaction with solar radiation or the zone of the supply of external thermal energy is in particular the evaporator of the heat pipe: 19. Device according to claim 17 or 18, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the Converter of the energy of the working gas of the heat pipe into other non-thermal energy types is placed wholly or partially within this heat pipe. 20. Device according to one of claims 17 to 19, inter alia. for carrying out the method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the wick of the heat pipe in its evaporator, condenser, and in the transport zone is characterized by various physical properties, among others. due to different sizes, structures and the shape of the capillary cross-sections, e.g. due to the presence or absence of arteries, or also due to different sizes and structures of the arteries or due to the shape of the arterial cross-sections, e.g. through different materials of the wick, including even due to the absence of the wick in the evaporator, condenser or in the transport zones or in their individual sections. 21. Device for converting the energy, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 11 to 16, which contains the heat pipe, characterized in that the surface of the heat pipe or the wick of the heat pipe or both of them are made of a material which is transparent to the radiation, the energy of which allows the working liquid of the heat pipe to evaporate. 22. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that the material according to claim 21 is optically transparent. 23. Device according to one of claims 17 to 22 or according to a combination of these claims or according to the preamble in claim 17, characterized in that the device has a radiation conductor which is connected to the energy converter, inter alia, that with the evaporator of the Heat pipe or connected to that part of the wick of the heat pipe which is placed in the evaporator. 24. Device according to claim 23, characterized in that the part of the radiation conductor located in the evaporator, through which the energy is transferred into the working fluid of the heat pipe, has a large or highly developed surface which borders on the working fluid. 25. Device according to claim 23, characterized in that the surface of the surface of that boundary between the working fluid of the heat pipe and the material of the input energy feeder, from which the energy enters the working fluid h, has an area which is larger, inter alia. is many times larger than the area of the surface of the geometric figure that limits the volume of the evaporator. 26. Device according to claim 24 or 25, characterized in that the part of the radiation conductor located in the evaporator, through which the energy is transferred into the working fluid of the heat pipe, is the wick of the heat pipe or part of the wick. 27. Device according to one of claims 17 to 26 or according to a combination of these claims, inter alia for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the area is the boundary between the working fluid of the heat pipe and the working gas of the heat pipe Larger, including many times larger than the area of a convex geometric figure, which comprises the volume that the evaporator of the heat pipe occupies. 28. Device according to one of claims 17 to 27 or a combination of these claims, characterized in that the wick of the heat pipe, etc. the wick of the heat pipe evaporator has a geometric shape that forms a large surface of the boundary between the working liquid of the heat pipe and the working gas of the heat pipe, among others. is the wick of the heat pipe, among others the wick of the evaporator of the heat pipe, built in the form of a spiral, or the individual parts of this wick are built in the form of a spiral. 29. Device according to one of claims 17 to 28 or a combination of these claims, inter alia. for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the evaporator of the heat pipe is placed in a section of the pipe or in a section of the gas pipe (air pipe) or the liquid pipe, and this section is constructed with the possibility of to be able to connect these to other gas conductors or liquid conductors, the heat pipe with respect to this og Section is placed so that the outer liquid or gas flow with respect to the evaporator of the heat pipe in the space between the evaporator and the inner surface of the above. Section could flow, and the condenser of the heat pipe is placed so that it is outside the above. Section is in thermal contact with the coolant or other coolant. 30. Device according to claim 29, characterized in that the heat pipe containing the generator is placed entirely outside the section of the pipe (the gas pipe, the ventilation pipe) according to claim 29, and instead of the evaporator of this heat pipe is in the above. Section one end of the heat exchanger, which is connected at its other end to the evaporator of this heat pipe containing the generator. 31. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16 or a combination of these claims, characterized in that the energy of the working gas of the heat pipe is converted into electrical energy. 32. Device according to one of claims 17 to 30 or a combination of these claims, in particular for carrying out the method according to claim 31, characterized in that the device contains a generator of electrical energy. 33. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16 or a combination of these claims, characterized in that the energy of the movement of the working gas of the heat pipe is converted into the energy of the acoustic vibrations. 34. Device according to one of claims 17 to 30 or a combination of these claims, characterized in that the converter of the energy of the working gas of the heat pipe into another, non-thermal type of energy, a generator of acoustic vibrations, and. a. which also contains ultrasonic and acoustic vibrations. 35. Device according to claim 34, characterized in that the generator of acoustic vibrations is the Hartmann generator or one of its modifications. 36. Device according to claim 34, characterized in that - the generator of the acoustic vibrations is a whistle. 37. Device according to claim 34, characterized in that the generator of acoustic vibrations contains a membrane, a string or some other solid body, which performs mechanical vibrations or circular movements based on the energy of the current of the working gas. 38. The method according to claim 31 or 33, characterized in that the energy of the acoustic vibrations is converted into electrical energy. 39. Device according to one of claims 34 to 37, in particular for carrying out the method according to claim 38, characterized in that the device contains a converter of the energy of the acoustic vibrations into the electrical energy. 40. Device according to claim 39, characterized in that the device contains a piezoelectric or a magnetostrictive transducer. 41. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that the generation of the electrical energy takes place on the basis of the joint action on the transducer of the energy of the acoustic vibrations and the sun or other high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. 42. Nerfahren according to claim 41, characterized in that the current of solar radiation is separated into two parts, one of which is directed to the evaporator of the heat pipe, and the other to a photoconductive crystal of the converter of energy. 43. Nerfahr according to claim 42, characterized in that the parts of the flow of solar radiation according to claim 42 differ in frequency, wherein only a narrow part of the frequency range of electromagnetic solar radiation is directed to the crystal of the energy converter, which on the conductivity of the fόtoleitenden Crystal of the converter works; and the remainder of the frequency range of the radiation is applied to the evaporator of the heat pipe. 44. Device according to one of claims 34 to 37, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 41 to 43, characterized in that this device contains a photoconductive crystal, u. a. a piezo semiconductor. 45. Device according to claim 44, characterized in that the device contains a CdS piezo semiconductor. 46. Device according to claim 44 or 45, characterized in that this device is a generator for the excitation of mechanical vibrations in the above. Has crystal, as well as a transparent window or another optical system for the supply of sunlight or electromagnetic radiation from another source to the above. Crystal. 47. Device according to one of claims 44 to 46, characterized in that the photoconductive crystal in the area of the sound field of the acoustic generator and its surface is placed under the transparent window in the wall of the heat pipe in the area of optical radiation. 48. Device according to one of claims 44 to 47, characterized in that the energy source of the mechanical vibrations of the photoconductive crystal is the flow of the working gas of the heat pipe from the evaporator into the condenser. 49. Device according to one of claims 39 to 40 or 44 to 48, characterized in that the acoustoelectric converter according to one of claims 39 to 40 or the photoacoustoelectric converter according to one of claims 44 to 48 is placed outside the heat pipe, and with the source of acoustic vibrations is connected using a sound conductor. 50. Nerfahr according to claim 31, characterized in that the energy of the movement of the working gas of the heat pipe is converted into electrical energy by means of the mechano-electrical converter. 51. Device according to claim 32 for carrying out the method according to claim 50, characterized in that the generator of electrical energy is a mechano-electrical converter which is arranged in the flow of the working gas of the heat pipe from the evaporator into the condenser. 52. Method and device according to one of claims 1 to 69 or a combination of these claims, characterized in that the energy supply to the energy converter directly or to the radiation conductor connected to this energy converter by means of the sun-concentrating devices, etc. by means of the Fresnel lens or Fresnel mirror or using these two methods simultaneously. 53. Nerfahr according to claim 31, characterized in that the energy of the movement of the working gas of the heat pipe is converted into electrical energy using ^■ the magnetohydrodynamic MHD generator. 54. Ner driving to generate electrical energy, etc. according to one of Claims 16, in which the gas flow flows in a magnetic field or in crossed electric and magnetic fields, characterized in that charged particles of the liquid or powder are introduced into the gas flow, and the spatial transport of the charges in the magnetic field together with the particles of the liquid or powder that carry these charges. 55. Nerfahr according to claim 54, characterized in that the particles according to claim 54 either by friction or collision with each other ^" or to one or some other bodies are charged. 56. Ner driving according to claim 54, characterized in that the particles according to claim 54 are charged by electrostatic induction. 57. Device according to claim 32, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of ^' claims 53 to 56, characterized in that the generator of electrical energy is a magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator). 58. Magnetohydrodynamic generator, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 53 to 56, which has a working body, a channel for the passage of the working body, a source of the magnetic field and a system for the conductive or inductive decrease in the electrical energy to the load circuit contains, thereby characterized in that the Arbeitsköφer are the particles of the liquid or powder, the particles of the liquid or powder being electrically charged. 59. Device according to one of claims 17 to 30 or 58, in particular for the implementation of the method according to one of claims 53 to 56, characterized in that the device contains an atomizer of the liquid. 60. Ner driving to convert energy, etc. according to one of claims 1 to 16, in which the work of external forces is converted into electrical energy with which charges between two or more Arbeitsköφern are separated by friction or collision, or in which charges in the Arbeitssköφem by electrostatic Charges induction, after which the bodies charged in this way move away from one another, characterized in that at least one of these bodies is the atomized liquid or the powder, the steps according to the preamble in claim 60 taking place on the basis of the energy of the gas flow. 61. Nerfahr according to claim 31, characterized in that the conversion of the energy takes place according to claim 60. 62ι Nerfahren according to claim 31, characterized in that the energy of the movement of the working gas of the heat pipe is converted into electrical energy using an electrostatic generator. 63. Electrostatic generator, in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 60 to 62, a Arbeitsköφer for the mechanical transmission of electrical charges in the room, a device for applying the charges to this body and for removing the charges from it Contains working body on an outer electrode, characterized in that the working body is either liquid or pulverized. 64. Electrostatic generator according to claim 63, characterized in that it contains at least one atomizer of the liquid, the nozzle of the atomizer being placed in the gas flow. 65. Device according to claim 32, characterized in that it contains an electrostatic generator according to claim 63 or 64. 66. Nerfahr according to one of claims 60 to 62, characterized in that the transfer of charges in space takes place in a magnetic field or in crossed electrical and magnetic fields. 67. Ner driving according to one of the claims 66 or according to a combination of these claims, characterized in that the method is implemented in microsystems, the components of the energy converter according to one of claims 1 to 66 and others. produced by the LIGA process. 68. Ner driving according to claim 67, characterized in that many microscopic energy converters according to claim 67 are assembled in one system, and the output energies of these microconverters are summed, after which this summed energy is conducted outside from the system containing the microconverters. 69. Device according to one of claims 34 to 37, 39 and 40 or 44 to 49, in particular for carrying out the method according to claim 67 or 68, characterized in that one or more microcracks are used as the sound generator, over which the fluid flow flows.