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WO2003011290A1 - Procedes visant a inhiber ou a inverser le processus de formation de filaments tau ou polymerisation - Google Patents

Procedes visant a inhiber ou a inverser le processus de formation de filaments tau ou polymerisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003011290A1
WO2003011290A1 PCT/US2002/024203 US0224203W WO03011290A1 WO 2003011290 A1 WO2003011290 A1 WO 2003011290A1 US 0224203 W US0224203 W US 0224203W WO 03011290 A1 WO03011290 A1 WO 03011290A1
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compound
tau
radical
carbon atoms
inhibitor
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PCT/US2002/024203
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English (en)
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Jeff Kuret
Sam Khatami
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Neuronautics, Inc.
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Priority to JP2003516520A priority Critical patent/JP2005500346A/ja
Priority to EP02759223A priority patent/EP1418910B1/fr
Priority to DE60231047T priority patent/DE60231047D1/de
Priority to CA002455969A priority patent/CA2455969A1/fr
Publication of WO2003011290A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003011290A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the current invention relates to methods for inhibiting and/or reversing tau filament formation or polymerization.
  • This invention also relates to methods for treating certain neurological disorders in vivo by administering pharmaceutical compositions which inhibit and/or reverse tau filament formation or polymerization.
  • microtubule-associated protein tau is a soluble cytosolic protein that is believed to contribute to the maintenance of the cytoskeleton (Johnson • et al., Alzheimer's Disease Review 3: 125 (1998); Buee et al., Brain Research Reviews 33:95 (2000)).
  • tau protein is induced by unknown cellular conditions to self-associate into filamentous structures (Spillantini et al., Trends Neurosci. 21 : 428 (1998)).
  • These filamentous forms of tau can be found in such varied neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Wood et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • a number of risk factors have been identified which have the common characteristic of being potential contributors to oxidative stress.
  • oxidative stress may play a major role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • the normal aging process, head trauma, increased levels of heavy metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Hg), and, especially in the case of AD, aggregation of the ⁇ -amyloid protein (A ⁇ ) are all thought to be potential contributors to increased oxidative stress.
  • FA Polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • FA metabolites such as the F2-isoprostanes and F4-neuroprostanes
  • Increased amounts of specific FA metabolites can also be found in the affected brain regions of AD patients and even in the cerebrospinal fluid of probable AD patients (Montine et al., Neurology 52: 562 (1999)).
  • the alterations in membrane fluidity as a result of FA oxidation may also have deleterious effects in AD patients.
  • SPs senile plaques
  • NFTs neurofibrillary tangles
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • tau filaments appear to directly cause neurodegeneration in an animal model. Overexpression of the tau protein in lamprey ABC neurons leads to filament formation and subsequent neuronal death (Hall et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4733 (1997); Hall et al., J. Cell Sci. 113: 1373 (2000)).
  • NFTs may be relevant to the neurodegenerative process, it is not clear how they are involved with the oxidative stress hypothesis for AD.
  • oxidative stress and tau filament formation has been the reports which describe the prerequisite oxidation of the tau molecule for its polymerization in vitro.
  • the oxidation of a specific cysteine that results in disulfide-linked dimers of tau has been shown to be a necessary first step before the induction of tau filament formation (Schweers et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8463 (1995)). It should be noted, however, that these results required special conditions to be effective.
  • the tau oxidation theory does not seem tenable for several reasons.
  • the cellular markers for protein oxidation that have been identified in AD as a result of oxidative stress are the creation of protein carbonyls and the nitration of tyrosine residues (see, e.g., Markesbery et al., Brain Pathol. 9: 133 (1999)). It is not clear whether oxidative stress would actually result in the cysteine oxidation and subsequent dimerization of tau molecules.
  • the filamentous tau structures found in AD consist of all six isoforms of the tau molecule, including those with four MTBR (see, e.g., Spillantini et al., Trends in Neurosciences, 21 : 428 (1998)).
  • tau molecules containing two cysteines are capable of polymerizing in vivo. If cysteine oxidation of the tau molecule is a prerequisite and the intramolecular disulfide formation is favored over dimerization, one would not expect the four MTBR isoforms of tau to be present in the filaments that make up the NFTs. Therefore, there remains a need to determine the effects of oxidation on tau polymerization in vivo and the mechanism by which oxidative stress induces neurodegeneration in AD.
  • the present invention provides a method for regulating the assembly of the protein tau in the brain of a patient, comprises: identifying a patient in need of a method for inhibiting tau polymerization in the brain; and administering to the patient a pharmacologically effective amount of an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, wherein the inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of (1 ) a first compound of the general formula
  • R is an aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms and wherein R 2 and R 3 independently are a second aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, a hydroxyl-substituted aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, or a pheny radical; (2) a second compound of general formula
  • R 4 , R 6 , and R 8 are independently a third aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and R 5 and R 7 are independently a fourth aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a second hydroxyl-substituted aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms; (3) a third compound of general formula
  • R 9 and R 10 independently are a fourth aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; (5) a fifth compound of general formula
  • R is a carboxylic acid-substituted aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and R 12 is a fifth aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and (6) pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the inhibitor is the first compound of the general formula
  • R is an aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms and wherein R 2 and R 3 independently are a second aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, a hydroxyl-substituted aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, or a pheny radical. More preferably, the inhibitor is 2-[[4- (dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-6-methoxylbenzothiazole (i.e., R 1( R 2 , and R 3 are methyl groups in the above formula I) having the formula F:
  • the patient is a human.
  • the inhibitor is administered in an effective amount which can be determined using conventional techniques.
  • the inhibitor is administered in an amount selected from about 10 mg per day to about 1000 mg per day.
  • the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least one week.
  • the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least one month.
  • the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least three months.
  • the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least one year.
  • the administering is performed at least once monthly.
  • the administering is performed at least once weekly.
  • the administering is performed at least once daily.
  • the administering is performed at least once weekly for at least one month.
  • the administering is performed at least once per day for at least one month.
  • Panel A arachidonic acid-induced (75 mM) polymerization of recombinant human htau40 (8 mM) assayed (3.5 h; room temperature) in the presence of thioflavin S (4 mM) and varying concentrations (0, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 nM) of 2-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-6- methoxylbenzothiazole (compound I') using a fluorescence assay as described in the Example.
  • FIG. 1 This figure illustrates the disassembly of synthetic tau filaments.
  • Filaments prepared from recombinant htau40 (4 mM) over 3 hours at room temperature were diluted 20-fold into polymerization buffer containing thioflavin S (2 mM) and either 4 mM htau40 ( ⁇ ), 75 mM arachidonic acid (•), or no additions (D).
  • the resultant depolymerization was followed by thioflavin S fluorescence (F) over time.
  • FIG. 3 This figure shows the timecourse of compound F-mediated depolymerization.
  • Filaments prepared from 8 mM recombinant htau40 C291A ' C322A (100 mM arachidonic acid) for 3.5 hours at room temperature were further incubated in the presence of DMSO vehicle ( ⁇ ) or 200 nM compound I' (D) for 1 h.
  • FIG 4 This figure illustrates length distribution of filaments during compound F-mediated depolymerization.
  • the relative length distributions of htau40 C291A ' c322A filaments ⁇ 50 nm arising from the experiment shown in Figure 3 were plotted in histogram form (bin size of 100 nm) 10 (D), 20 (•),
  • Panel A in the presence of DMSO vehicle, htau40 C291A, C322A filaments maintain an exponential distribution of lengths that changes little over 1 hour incubation time.
  • Panel B in the presence of 200 nM compound F, the exponential distribution of filament lengths is maintained after 10 (D), 20 (•), 30 (o), and 60 ( ⁇ ) min incubation but shifts to shorter filament lengths. For comparison, each panel shows the initial length distribution at time 0 ( ⁇ ).
  • FIG. 5 This figure illustrates small molecule-mediated disassembly of authentic tau filaments.
  • FIG. 6 This figure illustrates that compound I' is selective for tau polymerization.
  • a ⁇ (20 ⁇ M) was incubated in assembly buffer in the presence of DMSO vehicle ( ⁇ ) or 20 ⁇ M compound F (D). The resultant assembly reaction was followed by absorbance at 350 nm. Compound F did not inhibit A ⁇ polymerization under these conditions.
  • the current invention is a method for regulating the assembly of the protein tau in the brain of a mammal in need of such a regulation, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal a pharmacologically effective amount of an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in a pharmaceutically- acceptable carrier.
  • the term "regulating the assembly of the protein tau” includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting and/or reversing tau filament formation or polymerization and/or moderating the rate of tau filament formation or polymerization.
  • Tau protein assembles into linear filaments capable of binding histochemical dyes such as Congo Red and thioflavin S, suggesting it polymerizes with the extended beta sheet conformation characteristic of "amyloid" deposits (Rochet et al., Cur. Op. Struct. Biol. 10: 60 (2000); Serpell et al., J. Mol. Biol. 300: 1033 (2000)).
  • polymerization is mediated by a short hydrophobic sequence located in its microtubule repeat region (von Bergen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 97: 5129 (2000); Abraha et al., J.
  • filaments of full-length tau protein offer potentially unique pharmacophores for binding polymerization inhibitors.
  • 2- [[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-6-methoxylbenzothiazole (compound F) inhibited tau polymerization by 50% at concentrations below 100 nM and substoichiometric with respect to tau protomer.
  • Compound F also promoted disassembly of mature synthetic straight filaments under these conditions. Authentic paired helical filaments from AD brain were also destabilized by micromolar concentrations of compound F. In addition to its potency, compound F has an advantage over other amyloid inhibitors (Findeis, Biochim. Biophys. Ada 1502: 76 (2000)) by being uncharged at physiological pH, which will facilitate pharmacological dissection of tau polymerization activity in intact cells.
  • Congo Red is a planar aromatic azo dye, and on the basis of its stoichiometry of binding and optical properties (birefringence) is thought to bind all along the length of amyloid fibrils (Klunk et al., (1989)). Although binding of macromolecules along the length of amyloid fibrils can lead to disaggregation (Fraser et al., J. Neurochem. 61 : 298 (1993); Solomon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4109 (1997)), similar binding of small organic dyes like Congo Red does not necessarily do so (Ashburn et al., Chem.
  • the inhibitors suitable for use in the present invention are selected from the group consisting of (1 ) a first compound of the general formula
  • R is an aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms and wherein R 2 and R 3 independently are a second aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, a hydroxyl-substituted aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, or a pheny radical; (2) a second compound of general formula
  • R 4 , R 6 , and R 8 are independently a third aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and R 5 and R 7 are independently a fourth aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a second hydroxyl-substituted aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms; (3) a third compound of general formula
  • R g and R 10 independently are a fourth aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; (5) a fifth compound of general formula
  • R protest is a carboxylic acid-substituted aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and R 12 is a fifth aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and (6) pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Mixtures of such inhibitors can also be used.
  • R hinder R 4 , R 6 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R are independently alkyl radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl or aliphatic radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, including both straight and branched radicals.
  • the alkyl radicals are methyl or ethyl and more preferably methyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are independently alkyl or aliphatic radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyl-substituted alkyl or aliphatic radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or phenyl radicals.
  • alkyl or aliphatic radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl radicals, including both straight and branched radicals.
  • the alkyl radicals are methyl or ethyl and more preferably methyl.
  • hydroxyl-substituted alkyl or aliphatic radicals examples include hydroxyl-substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, including both straight and branched radicals.
  • the hydroxyl-substituted alkyl radicals are -(CH 2 ) n CH 2 OH radicals where n is an integer 0 to 5; more preferably n is 1.
  • R 5 and R 7 are independently alkyl or aliphatic radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydroxyl-substituted alkyl or aliphatic radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl or aliphatic radicals examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl radicals, including both straight and branched radicals.
  • the alkyl radicals are methyl or ethyl and more preferably methyl.
  • examples of such hydroxyl-substituted alkyl or aliphatic radicals are hydroxyl-substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, including both straight and branched radicals.
  • the hydroxyl-substituted alkyl radicals are -(CH 2 ) n CH 2 OH radicals where n is an integer 0 to 5; more preferably n is 1.
  • R réelle is a carboxylic acid alkyl or aliphatic radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • carboxylic acid- substituted alkyl or aliphatic radicals are carboxylic acid-substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, including both straight and branched radicals.
  • the carboxylic acid-substituted alkyl radicals are -(CH 2 ) n CH 2 COOH radicals where n is an integer 0 to 5; more preferably n is 2.
  • inhibitors were identified using essentially the methods described in co-pending United States Application Serial Number , filed on the same date as the present application and based on United States Provisional Application Serial Number 60/221 ,777 filed on July 21 , 2000. These inhibitors are specific relatively low molecular weight liqands which inhibit and/or reverse tau filament formation or polymerization. This co- pending application, which is owned by the same assignee of the present application, is hereby incorporated by reference. These liqands or inhibitors can be used therapeutically to treat certain neurological disorders or disease states, including Alzheimer's disease, in which tau filaments are formed.
  • the inhibitor is the first compound of the general formula
  • R 1 is an aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms and wherein R 2 and R 3 independently are a second aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, a hydroxyl-substituted aliphatic radical having one to six carbon atoms, or a pheny radical.
  • the inhibitor is 2-[[4- (dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-6-methoxylbenzothiazole (i.e., R 1 f R 2 , and R 3 are methyl groups in the above formula I; compound F); this preferred inhibitor inhibited arachidonic acid polymerization of full length tau protein at substoichiometric concentrations relative to tau (1 :40 molar ratio) with a IC 50 of about 60 nM.
  • inhibitors of general formula I include [4-(6-methoxy-benzothiazol-2-ylazo)phenyl]-methylphenyl amine (i.e., R 1 and R 2 are methyl radicals and R 3 is phenyl) which has an IC 50 of about 60 nM; 2-[[4-(N-ethyl-N- ⁇ -hydroxyethyl amino)phenyl]azo]-6- methoxybenzothiazole (i.e., R, is methyl, R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl, and R 3 is ethyl) which has an IC 50 of about 60 nM; and 2-[[4-(didethylamino) phenyl]azo]-6-methoxybenzothiazole (i.e., K is methyl, and R 2 and R 3 are ethyl radicals) which has an IC 50 of about 60 nM.
  • inhibitors include compounds of general formula II above. More preferably, in general formula II R 4 and R 8 are methyl radicals, R 5 and R 7 are -(CH 2 ) 2 OH, and R 6 is ethyl.
  • the preferred inhibitor of general formula II is 3-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-2- ⁇ 2-[3-(2-hydroxyl-ethyl)-5-methoxy-3H-benzothiazol- 2-ylidenemethyl]-but-1-enyl ⁇ -5-methoxy-benzothiazol-3-ium. More preferably, an iodide salt of this inhibitor is employed; the idodide salt of this preferred inhibitor has an IC 50 of about 40 nM. Another inhibitor is the compound of formula III above.
  • Compound III is 3-hydroxy-napthalene-2-carboxylic acid )2-oxo-1 ,2-dihydro-indol-3- ylidene)-hydrazide and has an IC 50 of about 600 nM.
  • Other inhibitors of this invention include compounds of general formula IV.
  • a preferred inhibitor of general formula IV is 3-[4'-(3-carboxy-2- hydroxy-4-methyl-cyclohexa-1 ,5-dienylazo)-biphenyl-4-ylazo]-2-hydroxy-6- methyl benzoic acid (i.e., R 9 and R 10 are methyl radicals) which has an IC 50 of about 400 nM.
  • inhibitors of this invention include compounds of general formula V.
  • a preferred inhibitor of general formula V is 4-[3-(2-hydroxy- naphthalen-1-ylazo)-5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl]-butyric acid (i.e., Renfin is -(CH 2 ) 3 COOH and R 12 is a methyl radical) which has an IC 50 of about 700 nM.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the inhibitor is administered in an effective amount which can be determined using conventional techniques.
  • the inhibitor is administered in an amount selected from about 10 mg per day to about 1000 mg per day.
  • the inhibitors of the present invention may also administered in combination with other inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation (i.e., co-inhibitors), including, for example, vitamins with antioxidative properties, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2.
  • co-inhibitors include, for example, vitamins with antioxidative properties, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2.
  • vitamins with anti-oxidative properties include, but is not limited to, vitamin E, beta carotene, and vitamin C.
  • suitable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include, but is not limited to, aspirin, dilofenic, and ibuprofen.
  • the inhibitor of fatty acid oxygenation is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase- 2.
  • the administering of the inhibitors of this invention is performed repeatedly over a period of at least one week. In one embodiment, the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least one month. In one embodiment, the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least three months. In one embodiment, the administering is performed repeatedly over a period of at least one year. In another embodiment, the administering is performed at least once monthly. In another embodiment, the administering is performed at least once weekly. In another embodiment, the administering is performed at least once daily. In another embodiment, the administering is performed at least once weekly for at least one month. In another embodiment, the administering is performed at least once per day for at least one month.
  • This aspect of the invention provides for treatment and/or prevention of various diseases and disorders associated with induction of tau polymerization by oxidized fatty acids.
  • the invention provides methods of treatment (and prophylaxis) by administration to a subject of an effective amount of a therapeutic of the invention.
  • the therapeutic is substantially purified.
  • the patient or subject is preferably an animal, including, but not limited to, cows, pigs, horses, chickens, cats, dogs, and the like, and more preferably is a mammal, and most preferably is a human.
  • Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a therapeutic of the invention.
  • Such systems include, for example, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the therapeutic (see, e.g., Wu and Wu,
  • Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a soluble DNA carrier system J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429 (1987)
  • Construction of a therapeutic nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector and the like.
  • Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes.
  • the therapeutics may be administered by any convenient route, including, for example, infusion or bolus injection, absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, and the like) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
  • intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir.
  • Pulmonary administration can also be employed (e.g., by an inhaler or nebulizer) using a formulation containing an aerosolizing agent.
  • administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a tissue that is subject to damage by oxidation, such as the brain.
  • the therapeutic can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see, e.g., Langer, "New methods of drug delivery," Science 249:1527 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, N.Y., pp. 353-365 (1989)).
  • the therapeutic can be delivered in a controlled release system.
  • a pump may be used (see, e.g., Langer, (1990); Sefton, "Implantable pumps," Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng.
  • polymeric materials can be used (see, e.g., Ranger et al., Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem.
  • the inhibitors of this invention typically are administered using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable means approved by a regulatory agency of the federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and, more particularly, in humans.
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.
  • Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, and the like.
  • the therapeutic if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These therapeutics can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations, and the like.
  • the therapeutic can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin.
  • Such therapeutics will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide proper administration to the patient.
  • the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
  • the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings.
  • compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer.
  • the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
  • the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
  • the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
  • an ampule of sterile water or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
  • the amount of the therapeutic of the invention which will be effective depends on the nature of the tau-related disorder or condition, as well as the stage of the disorder or condition. Effective amounts can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays, such as those described below, may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and should be decided according to the judgment of the health care practitioner and each patient's circumstances. However, suitable dosage ranges are about 10 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the therapeutics of the invention.
  • the method for regulating the assembly of the protein tau in the brain of a patient comprises: identifying a patient in need of a method for inhibiting tau polymerization in the brain; and administering to the patient a pharmacologically effective amount of an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation of formula I, II, III, IV, or V as defined herein.
  • the identifying being based on identifying mutant genomic subtypes of tau in the patient. Typically, these mutant subtypes are involved with increased Tau protein polymerization. See review by Spillantini et al., Trends in Neurosciences, 21 : 428 (1998).
  • the identifying is other than a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
  • the identifying may be, but is not limited to, the diagnosis of another disorder involving tau polymerization, such as Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and familial frontotemporal dementia, and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17).
  • FTDP-17 parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17
  • compound I' was added to polymerized tau to a final concentration of 0.2 mM into two separate microcentrifuge tubes. Aliquots were removed from each sample after 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes incubation and subjected to fluorescence or electron microscopy assays described below. Control (no compound I') reactions were normalized for DMSO vehicle, which was limited to 5% in all reactions. The ability of compound F (2 mM) to depolymerize authentic filaments
  • A Ao + (A max - A Q )/[1 + 10 (l ° 9 ,C50 " ,09X) ]
  • a and A Q are blank-adjusted fluorescence in the presence and absence of inhibitor (at concentration X), respectively.
  • IC 50 values were calculated using the nonlinear regression algorithm of GRAPHPAD PRISM (GraphPad Software Inc.).
  • a ⁇ o Aggregation Stock solutions of A ⁇ (1 mM) were prepared in DMSO and filtered (0.2 mM cutoff). Aggregation was initiated by diluting the A ⁇ b stock solution to 20 mM final concentration in aggregation buffer (150 mM NaCI, 10 mM 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid, pH 6.2; final volume 100 mL). Turbidity resulting from A ⁇ aggregation in the presence (20 mM final concentration) and absence of compound F was monitored as a function of time in a Beckman DU640B spectrophotometer at 350 nm versus a DMSO vehicle blank (Snyder et al interchange Biophys. J.
  • Compound F Promotes tau Disaggregation.
  • Other members of the azo dye family have been shown to bind fibrils composed of different protein protomers such as amyloid beta peptide, insulin, or prion protein (Klunk et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37: 1273 (1989); Ashburn et al., Chem. Biology 3: 351 (1996)).
  • the dyes were capable of antagonizing fibril formation from protomer (Lorenzo et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 : 12243 (1994); Rudyk et al., J. Gen. Virol. 81 : 1155 (2000)).
  • tau filaments assembled in the presence of thioflavin S for 3 hours under standard conditions were incubated in the presence or absence of compound I' (200 nM) and examined after various times by electron microscopy and fluorescence. Dose response curves again showed an inhibition pattern consistent with a single binding site and an IC 50 of 91 ⁇ 13 nM (data not shown). Together these data show that compound F inhibits further growth and promotes disassembly of synthetic tau filaments at substoichiometric concentrations in the presence of 8 mM protomer (htau40) and 75 mM arachidonic acid inducer.
  • the observation of first order ligand-induced filament depolymerization along with substoichiometric activity suggested that compound F promoted sequential release of tau protomers from filament ends rather than random filament breakage.
  • the number and length distribution of tau polymers also were examined after treatment of preassembled tau filaments with compound F.
  • authentic tau filaments consist of multiple tau isoforms in different states of postranslational modification (Buee et al., Brain Res Rev. 33: 95 (2000)).
  • PHFs prepared from an AD brain by differential centrifugation were incubated alone or in the presence of compound F (2 mM) and followed over time by electron microscopy. In the absence of compound F, authentic filaments partially depolymerized over a 20 min period.
  • compound I' has been shown to bind a variety of amyloid aggregates at low micromolar concentrations, including those formed from A ⁇ and insulin (Caprathe et al., U.S. Patent 6,001 ,331 (December 14,1999)).
  • amyloid binding was accompanied by polymerization inhibitory activity, the ability of compound F to inhibit spontaneous A ⁇ 0 assembly was examined.
  • a ⁇ o (20 mM) polymerized spontaneously after a lag of 1 hour ( Figure 6).

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Abstract

Procédés visant à inhiber et/ou à inverser le processus de formation de filaments tau ou polymérisation. Ces procédés peuvent servir à traiter certains troubles neurologiques in vivo, par l'administration de compositions pharmaceutiques qui inhibent et/ou inversent le processus de formation de filaments tau ou polymérisation. Une composition pharmaceutique particulièrement préférée contient : un inhibiteur représenté par la formule générale (I), dans laquelle R1 représente un radical aliphatique possédant de un à six atomes de carbone, et R2 et R3 représentent indépendamment un deuxième radical aliphatique possédant de un à six atomes de carbone, un radical aliphatique à substitution hydroxyle possédant de un à six atomes de carbone ou un radical phény ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de l'inhibiteur.
PCT/US2002/024203 2001-07-31 2002-07-31 Procedes visant a inhiber ou a inverser le processus de formation de filaments tau ou polymerisation WO2003011290A1 (fr)

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JP2003516520A JP2005500346A (ja) 2001-07-31 2002-07-31 タウフィラメント形成重合を阻害するかまたは逆転させる方法
EP02759223A EP1418910B1 (fr) 2001-07-31 2002-07-31 Procedes visant a inhiber ou a inverser le processus de formation de filaments tau ou polymerisation
DE60231047T DE60231047D1 (de) 2001-07-31 2002-07-31 Verfahren zur unterdrückung oder umkehrung der tau-filament-bildungspolymerisation
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WO2006007864A1 (fr) * 2004-07-17 2006-01-26 Max Planck Geselllschaft Zur Förderung Der Wissenschaft Traitement d'etats neurodegeneratifs
JP2007524617A (ja) * 2003-06-19 2007-08-30 ニューロナーティクス インコーポレイテッド タウフィラメント線維化を阻害または逆転させるための方法

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JP4163946B2 (ja) 2000-08-29 2008-10-08 バイオコン・リミテッド 免疫調節性化合物およびその誘導体並びにそれを用いて疾患を治療する方法
US8048924B2 (en) 2001-08-29 2011-11-01 Biocon Limited Methods and compositions employing 4-aminophenylacetic acid compounds
US7172875B2 (en) * 2003-02-18 2007-02-06 The Ohio State University Research Foundation Identifying inhibitors of intracellular protein fibrillization
DK1773767T3 (en) 2004-07-07 2016-03-21 Biocon Ltd Synthesis of azo bound in immune regulatory relations
US20060038780A1 (en) * 2004-08-20 2006-02-23 Mese John C System and method for automatically establishing handedness settings of mouse-like input device
WO2007011834A2 (fr) * 2005-07-15 2007-01-25 The Regents Of The University Of California Composes et procede pour diagnostiquer et traiter les maladies associees aux amyloides
WO2007076875A2 (fr) * 2006-01-06 2007-07-12 Aarhus Universitet Composes agissant sur le transporteur de la serotonine
US20110144029A1 (en) * 2009-09-30 2011-06-16 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Model Systems and Materials for the Study and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

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JP2000281591A (ja) * 1999-03-26 2000-10-10 Bf Kenkyusho:Kk ベーシックブルー４１およびパラチン・ファスト・ブラックｗａｎによるアミロイドが蓄積する疾患の画像診断プローブおよびそれを含む画像診断用組成物

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US6001331A (en) * 1996-01-24 1999-12-14 Warner-Lambert Company Method of imaging amyloid deposits

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JP2007524617A (ja) * 2003-06-19 2007-08-30 ニューロナーティクス インコーポレイテッド タウフィラメント線維化を阻害または逆転させるための方法
WO2006007864A1 (fr) * 2004-07-17 2006-01-26 Max Planck Geselllschaft Zur Förderung Der Wissenschaft Traitement d'etats neurodegeneratifs

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