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WO2003059046A1 - Agrumes utilises pour ameliorer la litiere de volaille commerciale - Google Patents

Agrumes utilises pour ameliorer la litiere de volaille commerciale Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003059046A1
WO2003059046A1 PCT/US2002/020586 US0220586W WO03059046A1 WO 2003059046 A1 WO2003059046 A1 WO 2003059046A1 US 0220586 W US0220586 W US 0220586W WO 03059046 A1 WO03059046 A1 WO 03059046A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
citrus
byproduct
component
litter
bedding
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PCT/US2002/020586
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English (en)
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WO2003059046A9 (fr
Inventor
David L. Wilson
James H. Keithly
Thomas Taggart
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Tropicana Products, Inc.
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Application filed by Tropicana Products, Inc. filed Critical Tropicana Products, Inc.
Priority to AU2002316451A priority Critical patent/AU2002316451A1/en
Priority to BR0215516-8A priority patent/BR0215516A/pt
Publication of WO2003059046A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003059046A1/fr
Publication of WO2003059046A9 publication Critical patent/WO2003059046A9/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
    • A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
    • A01K1/0152—Litter
    • A01K1/0155—Litter comprising organic material

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to litter or bedding for commercial poultry raising facilities, along with a process for improving and enhancing the commercial viability of these types of facilities.
  • the invention also provides a valuable and economically attractive use of citrus byproduct or waste, including components thereof, for use as the litter or bedding in commercial poultry raising operations.
  • Citrus byproduct can be used alone or in combination with traditional bedding components.
  • the citrus byproduct invention improves the performance of the litter or bedding, including reducing ammonia levels and litter moisture.
  • the invention also improves the birds raised, such as by significantly reducing the occurrence of poultry imperfections, enhancing bird health and feed efficiency and reducing bird mortality.
  • Implementation of the invention successfully addresses a vexing problem of beetle infestation in commercial poultry raising.
  • Rehberger U.S. Patent No. 5,945,333 recognizes these types of problems and their manifestation as foot pad lesions, breast blisters, and air sac infections, for example.
  • This prior art patent proposes a biological solution to these litter problems by treating poultry litter with a composition for producing a certain blend of bacteria.
  • This proposed type of treatment adds cost, can be perceived as a non-organic approach, and does not address the inherent deficiencies of conventional litter material itself.
  • preferred litter material for poultry houses is a cellulosic litter from woody sources such as pine wood shavings and saw dust.
  • woody sources such as pine wood shavings and saw dust.
  • other proposed litter materials include various other cellulosic and woody materials, each having disadvantages as noted in that article. Included in this suggested litter material are hardwood shavings and sawdust, pine or hardwood chips, processed paper, rice hulls, peanut hulls, sugarcane pomace (bagasse) , crushed corn cobs, and chopped straw, hay or corn stover.
  • Previously proposed approaches include adding expensive active agents to conventional bedding materials. While these may be useful in treating particular problems such as pathogens, they do so with added cost and require added worker time and/or they often do not address other, larger overall issue such as bed deterioration, ammonia, moisture, bird quality and mortality, beetle infestation, and feed efficiency. Active agent addition typically is required when the same litter material is used for multiple growing cycles, usually being incorporated during turning or fluffing of the previously used litter right in the pen. At times, non-organic agents are proposed for these purposes and for either fresh or recycled litter.
  • a particularly desirable solution would be to be able to use an inexpensive natural source for a litter or bedding component or as a litter material itself in order to address these types of long-standing problems.
  • Effective materials which do not require processing to be suitable for use in fresh or recycled bedding litter are recognized herein as being of value in this regard.
  • the present invention addresses these problems and objectives by providing litter or litter components which are inexpensive, widely available and advantageous as litter material
  • the invention provides a bedding litter for poultry raising houses which has as the litter material itself, either alone or combined with other litter materials, citrus byproduct which is citrus peel from citrus operations or components from citrus peel or pulp byproduct or waste from citrus juice extraction.
  • the invention also entails a process for enhancing commercial poultry raising operations, which includes adding citrus byproduct material to the floor area of a space within which poultry chicks are raised until they achieve a size suitable for commercial meat supplies, while reducing poultry imperfections, adjusted feed conversion and beetle infestation and while improving the value of the poultry meat .
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an improved bedding litter for commercial poultry operations.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an improved bedding litter for commercial poultry operations or to improve existing bedding litter for these types of uses.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved poultry litter using a natural organic source of bedding litter and an improved poultry raising process which reduces imperfections in poultry during the course of poultry contact with the litter and which results in improvements in poultry raising economics .
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an improved poultry litter composition and poultry raising enhancement process by which a change in the composition of the poultry litter itself addresses substantial problems in poultry raising .
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an economically beneficial and productive outlet for large quantities of solid byproduct from commercial citrus juice expressing operations which otherwise would be of low economic value.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a product and process which enhances the effectiveness of poultry feed in translating into bird weight.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an improved poultry litter and process for reducing moisture and ammonia build up during the growing cycle of the birds.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an improved poultry litter and process by which beetles such as darkling beetles and their larva are controlled.
  • Another object of embodiments of the present invention is to provide a product and process in the poultry litter business where litter components remain as intact particles that are not substantially degraded, do not turn to compost, and do not cake together in the manner experienced by conventionally used current bedding litters.
  • Another object of embodiments of this invention is to provide improved product and process advances which use effective and inexpensive litter material in its "native" state without requiring extraction, isolation, purification, and/or physical modification.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a poultry bedding litter which, after use as a litter, provides a natural or organic source of animal food or fertilizer with acceptable nutrients and of a more positive environmental character.
  • Another object of embodiments of this invention is to provide a superior top dressing material which is economically effective due to its low cost and excellent performance in rejuvenating bedding litter which otherwise would perform poorly.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved litter bedding and use thereof which includes top dressing of more conventional litter material for providing enhanced litter performance especially concerning ammonia and beetle control.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a citrus litter of enhanced usefulness and economical cost through the use of flake material produced as byproduct from commercial citrus extraction.
  • FIG. 1 is a bar graph plot of test results from an efficacy study of different litter materials on broiler performance, illustrating the percent of birds with carcass Grade A rating and the percent of birds without foot pad lesions or without breast blisters;
  • FIG. 2 is a bar graph plot of data of foot pad scores from a poultry litter efficacy study noted in Example 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a bar graph plot of breast blister scores from the poultry litter efficacy study of Example 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of short-term average bird weight and adjusted feed conversion data from an initial period of the litter material efficacy study in Example 1;
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph plot of beetle count data discussed in Example 3 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a bar graph plot of data from a barrel ammonia test in Example 3 ;
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of foot pad, breast blister and carcass grade results from Example 4.
  • FIG. 8 bar graph plots more detailed data for the foot pad scores from Example 4 ;
  • FIG. 9 plots average ammonia readings taken with respect to the four litter compositions of Example 4.
  • FIG. 10 provides a bar graph plot of barrel ammonia test data discussed in Example 4; [0039] FIG. 11 gives a bar graph report of litter moisture data from Example 4; and [0040] FIG. 12 plots beetle count data discussed in Example 4.
  • each confined space can take the form of a house or pen within which the birds are confined for all bodily functions, including feeding and waste elimination. Feeding typically is carried out with feeders or containers of feed accessible to the birds and drinker mechanisms, some of which are designed to limit spillage.
  • Each confined area is intended to be used for raising multiple groups of poultry chicks throughout each year. In effect, one group of chicks is cycled through the confined area until a target is achieved. Typically, the target is a selected number of days of feeding. Other possible approaches can be tied to weight, size or other indication of when a bird achieves the desired level of maturity.
  • the adult birds are processed in a manner known in the art. This includes noting weight gain parameters. Also included are objective inspection of the birds for certain imperfections, and grading of the poultry, typically according to go-vernment-imposed standards or criteria.
  • Imperfections which are monitored include so-called foot pad lesions. This includes inspecting the pad of each foot of each bird and recording a foot pad score. In a typical inspection, a score of "3" indicates that a large, open sore lesion was detected on the pad. A score of "2" indicates that a smaller lesion is present. A score of "1" indicates pad burn
  • breast blisters can develop, especially at the locations at which the lower portions of the bird breast typically will contact the soiled litter.
  • a breast blister score of "2" indicates a large blister of greater than 1/4 inch.
  • a score of "1” indicates a smaller breast blister of not larger than 1/4 inch.
  • a breast blister score of "0" indicates that no breast blisters were detected on the bird.
  • the United States Department of Agriculture provides standards for poultry grading. These are generally available and known in the art . They comprise typical carcass grades of Grade A, Grade B and Grade C. For most applications for human consumption, Grade A is required. In addition, the lower grades have lesser economic value than those of the Grade A variety.
  • the state of the bedding litter can substantially affect conditions such as foot pad lesions, breast blisters, and the USDA Grade. It has been observed that the degree of negative impact on these indicators of bird quality relates to the level of ammonia in bedding litter during the course of its use. When ammonia levels increase unchecked, ammonia toxicity levels can be reached. Ammonia toxicity in commercial poultry operations has been linked to poultry blindness and dermatitis and to rejection of mature birds delivered to processors .
  • Bedding litter also can provide a breeding ground for insects and deleterious microorganisms. So-called litter beetles or darkling beetles cause substantial damage in poultry raising operations. Bacterial populations are reduced with improved bedding litter performance. Excessive moisture retention in soiled bedding litter compromises bird health.
  • Unsuitable bedding litter can lead to deterioration of litter in many ways. Deteriorated litter can lead to poultry air sack damage. Bacterial infections and lung collapse can result from poor litter.
  • Bedding litter compositions of this invention have the ability to reduce ammonia formation. Reduced pH levels and lower pen moisture are beneficial effects of the invention.
  • the bedding litter compositions also include advantageous components which have biological activity believed to be positive for poultry within the environment of the bedding litter composition. This activity can negate many of the bedding deterioration effects noted herein.
  • bedding litter components in this regard include one or more of the following ' components and indicated biological activity or activities which are presently believed to contribute positively to poultry housed within an environment having a litter containing such component (s) .
  • Each component typically is found in dried citrus peel or pulp byproduct or waste from citrus fruit extraction facilities .
  • Pectin and demethylated pectin are believed to effectively bind ammonia, resulting in a reduction of gaseous ammonia. These are useful components of bedding litter compositions. Used litter having enhanced bound ammonia content provides a natural nitrogen source for fertilizers, for example. Such can be a source of slow-release nitrogen when incorporated into agricultural fertilizer such as for horticultural applications .
  • Cellulose, hemicellulose and starch are components contributing moisture absorption and release functions in soiled bedding. Their inclusion in dried flaked citrus byproduct provides benefits of this type.
  • Food grade acids such as citric acid and malic acid are acidifiers for enhancing general bird health. Such acids are found in citrus byproduct or waste from citrus extraction f cilities .
  • Antioxidants can positively impact bird health, including ascorbic acid, carotenoids, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and xanthophylls .
  • Citrus byproducts provide some or all of these. They can be especially accessible in dried flake citrus byproduct according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Tocopherols as litter components promote general bird health and are believed to be of assistance in controlling odor of soiled litter. These are available from citrus peel byproduct material .
  • Antimicrobial and/or insect antifeedant activities or insecticidal activities are believed to be provided by litter components including limonin, nomolin, limonin glucosides, and d- limonene. Each is provided by citrus byproduct such as citrus peel and pulp flake.
  • a readily available and relatively inexpensive source of many to all of these components is dried citrus product which can be citrus peel or pulp byproduct or waste which is dried in accordance with generally known industry practices. This is dried citrus byproduct, it is a preferred component for the subject bedding litter compositions. Dried citrus byproduct incorporates one, some, many or all of the components noted above and elsewhere herein. For economic and positive environmental and organic reasons, the components can be used as is and without requiring extraction, purification or isolation. They can be provided in their native state and in the valuable combinations already present in dried citrus peel and pulp.
  • such dried citrus peel sources have organic qualities and break down organically after removal from poultry houses as a component of used litter.
  • the used composition provides organic fertilizer which is environmentally responsible for spreading on agricultural fields, having no added chemicals such as biocides or antibiotics. This does have agriculturally important sources of nitrogen and other plant nutrients.
  • This used litter composition also provides an environmentally responsible feed stock, such as for ruminants.
  • Ammonia present in poultry pens is bound by the bedding components, typically by way of chemical bonding. A good source of organic nitrogen for fertilizer or feed thus is provided. Concerning phosphorus present in the bedding, there is a substantially reduced amount of soluble phosphorous. This lessens potential environmental run-off issues, whether the used litter is later used in feed or fertilizer.
  • citrus peel or citrus pulp which is a voluminous byproduct of citrus juice extraction operations.
  • This citrus waste material is typically dried as citrus waste material that is widely varying or heterogeneous in terms of components, particle sizes and even shapes.
  • Typical dried citrus waste material is composed of primarily large particles having a general length or width or size of about H inch or greater, while also including a relatively low volume of fine particles
  • this heterogeneously sized dried citrus waste material is referred to as being flaked.
  • This flaked dried citrus byproduct can include fine particles on the order of 1% by weight, usually less than 10% by weight, with at least 10% by weight of irregularly shaped particles in excess of 3/4 inch in size
  • Typical moisture contents of this flaked draed citrus byproduct range between about 5 and about 12 weight percent moisture, based upon the total weight of the byproduct, typically between about 7 and 11 weight percent. Where greater moisture reduction cost is acceptable, a moisture content of between about 8 and 9 weight percent can be practiced.
  • This citrus byproduct can be combined with other traditional bedding litter materials.
  • these are secondary litter materials including shaved pine, wood chips, sugarcane bagasse, oat hulls, and the like. Often these secondary bedding litter materials will be much more homogeneous in particle size when compared with most sources of citrus waste material or the citrus byproduct hereof. Often they will be dried.
  • Secondary litter materials include wood or woody plant originating materials such as soft wood shavings and sawdust, hardwood shavings and sawdust, softwood chips, hardwood chips and processed paper. Vegetation sources include bagasse rice hulls, oat hulls, peanut hulls, crushed corn cobs, chopped straw, hay or corn stover. These can be used in combination.
  • the citrus byproduct (whole composition or components thereof) comprises from about 10 to about 100 volume percent of the total bedding litter composition.
  • the secondary litter sources when included, will comprise between about 0 and about 90 volume percent of the total bedding litter composition.
  • Other such compositions can have at least sbout 15 volume percent citrus byproduct and up to about 85 volume percent secondary litter sources.
  • the compositions have at least about 20 volume percent citrus and up to about 80 volume percent secondary sources .
  • the citrus component (s) and the secondary bedding litter component (s) will be directly blended together as a mixed bedding composition. In other instances, the citrus component (s) will be spread over the secondary bedding litter components to function as a so-called top dressing. In some applications, litter material is recycled for use (often for one or more additional growing regimens) , and fresh or reused citrus component (s) can be thus combined. When a top dressing approach is practiced, this can provide an exceptionally economical manner of dramatically enhancing the performance of litter materials which are top dressed, even when they were previously used as bedding litter or would otherwise perform in a mediocre manner. [0070] Certain enhancements of the present poultry bedding litter over traditional cellulosic poultry bedding litter are illustrated by the following.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A study was conducted to evaluate bedding litters within pens of the type typically used in poultry raising facilities. The testing was carried out over a typical growing period for broiler chickens, while monitoring certain parameters of importance to the poultry industry. The testing protocol strove to maintain all environmental, feeding and other conditions consistent for all birds, with the exception of the bedding litter composition.
  • the diets for each pen were as follows. For days 0 through 19, the birds were given a 22% starter diet in crumbled form, the balance of the feed being typical basal feed material. For early feeding, 4,000 pounds of feed containing a coccidiostat feed additive
  • the species involved in the testing was broiler chicken of commercial production strain and Cobb x Cobb breed, the supplier being Cobb-Vantress, Inc. of Cleveland, Georgia.
  • the birds were supplied as male and 1 day of age upon receipt (day 0 in the study) Pen cards were used for identification.
  • the total number of pens used in the study was 39, with approximately 52 birds being in each pen at the initiation of the study.
  • each pen was targeted to have 50 birds, three different bedding litter compositions were used, and each composition was experienced by a target of 650 birds, there being 13 pens for each litter composition.
  • compositions were assigned to individual pens using a complete randomized block design, with the composition assigned to each pen being by way of a computer-generated assignment period.
  • Clean concrete floor pens within an environmentally controlled facility were used. All birds were placed on an initially clean litter, and lighting followed a typical commercial program. Within the pens, the floor space was approximately 0.8 square feet per bird. These housing conditions simulated conditions in commercial poultry raising facilities. Plywood barriers were placed between each pen in order to prevent bird migration and minimize litter transfer across pens.
  • composition 1 was the control, namely 100% pine wood shavings, a typical litter used in commercial poultry raising facilities.
  • Composition 2 was 100% dried citrus byproduct as received from a commercial orange juice extraction byproduct or waste flow treated to dried pulp generally in accordance with Chapter 10 of Braddock, Handbook of Citrus By-Products and Processing Technology.
  • Composition 3 was a 50:50 (volume % /volume %) blend of Composition 1 and Composition 2.
  • the birds were vaccinated for Mareks at the hatchery, and they were vaccinated for Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis (NCB) at approximately 7 days of age by addition to the drinking water. Water was provided ad libi tum throughout the study by way of a single automatic 14-inch diameter bell drinker within each pen. For approximately the first 5 days of age, a floor-placed gallon drinker also was placed in each pen to facilitate access by the small chicks. A clean and constant water supply was provided to the birds.
  • NCB Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis
  • the feed was provided ad libi tum throughout the study by way of two 17 inch diameter hanging tube feeders within each pen. A chick feeder tray also was placed in each pen for approximately the first 5 days. All feed added and removed from the pens was weighed and recorded.
  • test facility The test facility, pens and birds were observed at least twice daily for general flock condition, lighting, water, feed, ventilation, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and any unanticipated events. These observations included noting any apparent bedding litter consumption by the birds, none being observed.
  • the quality of each carcass was determined in accordance with the following.
  • the USDA Grade of each carcass was recorded as A, B or C.
  • a foot pad score for each individual was determined as follows: An individual having no burn, scab or lesion on its foot pad was scored as normal ("0") .
  • a dermis only foot pad burn was recorded as a "1" reading.
  • composition 1 had a noticeable "chicken barn" odor, while Compositions 2 and 3 had an odor neutralizing effect indicated by the lack of such odor at the end of the test period.
  • all pens' litter was slick and caked over, indicating that the wetting effect of the bell drinkers provided excess water on the litter and a substantial opportunity for ammonia development.
  • Mortality levels all were within the acceptable range.
  • Composition 1 had deteriorated to a compost state, while Compositions 2 and 3 still had intact dried citrus byproduct which was still of its original shape and size for the most part.
  • the average bird weight at day 16 was 0.479 kilograms.
  • the average bird weight at day 16 was 0.474 kilograms.
  • the average bird weight was 0.484 kilograms.
  • An adjusted feed conversion is determined by including the weight of birds that died or were removed in order to take into consideration the actual amount of feed converted into bird weight.
  • the resulting adjusted feed conversion at day 16 was 1.222 for the birds raised on control litter Composition 1, while those on either litter Composition 2 or 3 was considerably lower at day 16, 1.205 and 1.209, respectively. This illustrates that, with litter Compositions 2 or 3, significantly less feed was required to attain bird weight of the birds raised on control litter Composition 1.
  • Litter Composition 2 had a moisture reduction of 17.2% over control litter Composition 1. This indicates that the citrus byproduct Composition 2 facilitated release of moisture within the pens, apparently due to evaporation within the poultry facility.
  • Total nitrogen content of litter Composition 2 showed an increase of 23.8% over the control litter Composition 1.
  • This also indicates enhanced value as a feedstock, such as for ruminants, and as fertilizer having a desirable nitrogen content.
  • Example 1 Another study was conducted to evaluate previously used bedding litters within pens of the type typically used in poultry raising facilities. The testing was carried out generally in accordance with Example 1 and included an additional analysis concerning a further matter of importance to the poultry industry, darking beetle and beetle larva populations. The testing protocol strove to maintain all environmental, feeding and other conditions consistent for all birds, with the exception of the bedding litter composition.
  • the study protocol was essentially as in Example 1, except the total number of pens used in the study was 40, with approximately 52 birds being in each pen at the initiation of the study. At day 7, each pen was targeted to have 50 birds, three different bedding litter compositions were used, and each composition was experienced by a target of 500 birds, there being 10 pens for each litter composition.
  • Composition 1 was the control, namely 100% used pine wood shavings, a typical litter used in commercial poultry raising facilities which often reuse soiled litter.
  • Composition 2 was a 50:50 (volume % /volume %) blend of used pine and citrus litter.
  • Composition 3 was 100% soiled or used citrus litter from Example 1.
  • Composition 4 was 80% used pine shavings litter and 20% used citrus peel litter. This Composition 4 was obtained by mixing 1 part of used 50/50 mixture with 1.5 parts of used 100% pine shavings, both as recycled from the Example 1 tests.
  • the birds were vaccinated for Mareks at the hatchery, and they were vaccinated for Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis (NCB) at 17 days of age by spray application. Water was provided ad libi tum throughout the study by way of a five automatic nipple drinkers within each pen. For approximately the first 4 days of age, a floor-placed gallon drinker also was placed in each pen to facilitate access by the small chicks. A clean and constant water supply was provided to the birds.
  • NCB Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis
  • the feed was provided ad libi tum throughout the study by way of two 17 inch diameter hanging tube feeders within each pen.
  • a chick feeder tray also was placed in each pen for approximately the first 6 days. All feed added and removed from the pens was weighed and recorded. The amount available of each diet (starter, grower, finisher) was fed to completion, and the next diet was added on top of the diet remaining in the feeder. The feed remaining in the feeders was weighed and recorded on day 49, concurrent with body weight measurement. Birds were weighed on a pen basis on day 49.
  • Moisture analysis was conducted on a sample of litter (less than about 60 grams) from each pen on days 0 and 49. The samples were weighed and then placed in a convection drying oven. Samples were dried for about 24 hours at about 100°C. The samples then were weighed and the percent moisture calculated. On day 23, litter from three pens of each composition was sampled and moisture determined in the same manner.
  • Ammonia levels in the air at approximately six inches above the litter were measured in four pens of each litter composition (16 measurements at each of eight different periods) . Measurements were taken on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 49. Ammonia levels were measured using a Matheson Toxic Gas Detector, Model 8014KA and Precision Gas Detector Tubes #105SC (5-260 ppm) .
  • ammonia levels in the test facility are presented in Table IV for days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 49.
  • the 100% used citrus and 50/50 used pine/citrus groups had significantly lower ammonia levels at several of the measurement periods .
  • the level of ammonia in each case was very similar. Because the ambient temperature was very hot (several 90°F days during the study) , it was necessary to run the ventilation full time during most of the study. This resulted in any build up of ammonia being dissipated from the facility and, therefore, treatment effects were difficult to determine.
  • a beetle collection chamber (PVC pipe, about 1 inch in diameter and about 8 inches long) was placed in the litter under the front feeder in each after pens of each composition.
  • the collection chambers were removed. The number of beetles (adults and larvae) present in each chamber were counted and recorded.
  • For the 100% used pine litter (Composition 1) the average count was 19 beetles and 233 larvae.
  • the average counts were 9 beetles and 43 beetle larvae.
  • the 80/20 litter having 80% used pine litter and 20% used citrus litter the average counts were 20 beetles and 232 beetle larvae.
  • compositions 2 and 3 (100% and 50% used citrus litter compositions) had significantly fewer adult and larval stage beetles than did Compositions 1 and 4 (100% and 80% used pine shavings litter) . More specifically, the 100% used citrus litter showed an approximate 80% reduction in larval count compared with either Compositions 1 or 4. The 50% used citrus litter showed an approximate 30% reduction in larval count compared with either Compositions 1 or 4.
  • Litter Composition 3 (100% used citrus litter) had a moisture reduction of 21.5% over control litter Composition 1. This indicates that the citrus byproduct Composition 3 facilitated release of moisture within the pens, apparently due to evaporation within the poultry facility.
  • Total nitrogen content of litter Composition 3 showed an increase of 19.5% over the control litter Composition 1.
  • the protocol for this study was substantially in accordance with the other Examples.
  • About 45 birds were placed in each of 40 pens and fed and given water generally as in Example 2.
  • Twenty of these pens contained fresh 100% pine wood shavings. These are identified as Compositions 1 and 4.
  • Ten of the pens were designated to have Composition 2, which was 100% fresh dried citrus by product flake.
  • the remaining ten pens contained Composition 3, which was 50% fresh pine wood shavings and 50% fresh dried citrus byproduct flake mixed together.
  • the piping used in this study had a corrugated liner and a flute.
  • One tube per 1000 square feet of each chicken house was used.
  • the tubes were placed parallel to the side wall, level with the top surface of the litter. Care was taken to avoid placement under drinkers or feed trays due to potential moisture excesses.
  • Counts were as follows. For the 100% fresh pine wood shavings litter (Compositions 1 and 4) , the average beetle count was 13.5 beetles, and the average larva count was 70 larvae. For the 50/50 pme/citrus litter (Composition 2) , the average beetle count was 6 beetles and the average larva count was 35 larvae. For the 100% fresh citrus litter (Composition 3) , the average beetle count was 2 beetles, and the average larva count was 23 larvae These data are illustrated in the bar graphs of FIG. 5. [00122] It will be appreciated that the citrus-containmg litters showed a reduction of 50% or more in beetle infestation over the 100% pine litter. The 100% citrus litter far exceeded this level of improvement .
  • Ammonia levels in all pens were determined at day 43. A barrel was placed over a specific area in each pen, and the building housing them was heated to approximately 90°F. Ammonia levels in the air above the litter covered by the barrel was measured at 24 and at 48 hours following placement of the barrels Ammonia detection equipment as described herein was used. Before conducting this test on the Composition 4 pens, fresh citrus litter was spread over the soiled 100% pine litter so as to approximate an 80/20 mixture which has a top-dressed litter assembly scheme. The thus layered litter assembly was allowed to settle for 24 hours before the temperature was raised to 90°F. [00124] Results were as follows More than 24 hours were needed to detect substantial ammonia levels.
  • EXAMPLE 4 Utilizing the soiled or used litter materials from Example 3, a study was conducted to evaluate bedding litters within pens of the type typically used in poultry raising facilities and generally in accordance with the study protocol of Example 2. This study was begun about one week after completion of the Example 3 study.
  • the total number of pens used in the study was 40, with approximately 52 birds being in each pen at the initiation of the study. At day 7, each pen was targeted to have 50 birds, four different bedding litter compositions were used, and each composition was experienced by a target of 500 birds, there being 10 pens for each litter composition.
  • composition 1 was the ccntrol, namely 100% used pine wood shavings of Example 3, Composition 1.
  • Composition 2 was a 50:50 (volume % /volume %) blend of used pine and citrus, used Composition 2 of Example 3.
  • Composition 3 was 100% used dried citrus byproduct from Example 3, Composition 3.
  • Composition 4 was the used pine shavings from Composition 4 of Example 3 which were top dressed with fresh citrus peel litter in a layered combination of 80% pine and 20% citrus. This provided a top dressing of about 1 inch to 2 inches of citrus peel litter onto the used pine litter.
  • the feed and water were provided ad libi tum throughout the study generally in accordance with Example 2.
  • the test facility, pens and birds were observed at least twice daily for general flock condition, lighting, water, feed, ventilation, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and any unanticipated events.
  • At about day 35 there was a ventilation equipment failure which caused high mortality in the compartments having Compositions 2 and 3.
  • a recording error also occurred at about this same time.
  • Pens affected were not included in reports of averages of parameters generated by the testing. Birds were weighed on a pen basis on day 49, and feed remaining in the feeders was weighed and recorded at this time.

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  • Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne une composition de litière de volaille ainsi que les utilisations de cette composition de litière. Cette composition de litière comprend des sous-produits ou des déchets provenant de l'extraction du jus des agrumes. Comparées aux litières de volaille classiques composées par exemple de copeaux de bois, ces compositions de litière renfermant des sous-produits ou des déchets de pelures d'agrumes améliorent les caractéristiques de la volaille et renforcent la valorisation des aliments. Ces compositions réduisent par ailleurs la formation d'ammoniac et s'avèrent très bénéfique dans la lutte contre les problèmes liés à la présence de coléoptères dans la litière.
PCT/US2002/020586 2002-01-14 2002-06-27 Agrumes utilises pour ameliorer la litiere de volaille commerciale WO2003059046A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2002316451A AU2002316451A1 (en) 2002-01-14 2002-06-27 Commercial poultry litter enhancement with citrus sources
BR0215516-8A BR0215516A (pt) 2002-01-14 2002-06-27 Composição aperfeiçoada de cama de palha para aves e usos incorporando a mesma

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US4647302A 2002-01-14 2002-01-14
US10/046,473 2002-01-14

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WO2003059046A1 true WO2003059046A1 (fr) 2003-07-24
WO2003059046A9 WO2003059046A9 (fr) 2004-05-06

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011126290A3 (fr) * 2010-04-09 2012-03-08 O'jeju Agro Foodtech Holdings, Inc. Procédé de fabrication d'un en-cas à base d'agrumes par séchage sous pression réduite
CN104206743A (zh) * 2014-09-26 2014-12-17 张可池 一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂
IT201600111756A1 (it) * 2016-11-09 2018-05-09 Andrea Cultraro Combustibile solido in forma di pellet a base di pastazzo di agrumi

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4424763A (en) * 1982-05-10 1984-01-10 Green Mountain Products, Inc. Citrus pulp litter for pet animals
US4737582A (en) * 1985-06-28 1988-04-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent vegetable materials
DE19617224A1 (de) * 1994-11-08 1997-11-06 Christian Simon Streu für Tiere und hieraus erhaltene Produkte
WO1998027261A2 (fr) * 1996-12-17 1998-06-25 The Procter & Gamble Company Systeme d'hygiene animale et litiere a retenue reduite des mauvaises odeurs
US5945333A (en) 1997-08-26 1999-08-31 Ag Tech Products, Inc. Biological poultry litter treatment composition and its use
US5970916A (en) * 1998-05-04 1999-10-26 Thermo Fibergen, Inc. Clumping cellulosic animal litter
US6017525A (en) * 1997-04-02 2000-01-25 Logan; Walter T. Poultry house litter treatment

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4424763A (en) * 1982-05-10 1984-01-10 Green Mountain Products, Inc. Citrus pulp litter for pet animals
US4737582A (en) * 1985-06-28 1988-04-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent vegetable materials
DE19617224A1 (de) * 1994-11-08 1997-11-06 Christian Simon Streu für Tiere und hieraus erhaltene Produkte
WO1998027261A2 (fr) * 1996-12-17 1998-06-25 The Procter & Gamble Company Systeme d'hygiene animale et litiere a retenue reduite des mauvaises odeurs
US6017525A (en) * 1997-04-02 2000-01-25 Logan; Walter T. Poultry house litter treatment
US5945333A (en) 1997-08-26 1999-08-31 Ag Tech Products, Inc. Biological poultry litter treatment composition and its use
US5970916A (en) * 1998-05-04 1999-10-26 Thermo Fibergen, Inc. Clumping cellulosic animal litter

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011126290A3 (fr) * 2010-04-09 2012-03-08 O'jeju Agro Foodtech Holdings, Inc. Procédé de fabrication d'un en-cas à base d'agrumes par séchage sous pression réduite
CN104206743A (zh) * 2014-09-26 2014-12-17 张可池 一种蛋鸡饲料添加剂
IT201600111756A1 (it) * 2016-11-09 2018-05-09 Andrea Cultraro Combustibile solido in forma di pellet a base di pastazzo di agrumi

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2002316451A1 (en) 2003-07-30
WO2003059046A9 (fr) 2004-05-06
BR0215516A (pt) 2005-04-05

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