WO2003047567A1 - STABILE, SAURE, WÄSSRIGE LÖSUNG ENTHALTEND α-LIPONSÄURE(-DERIVATE), VERFAHREN ZU DEREN HERSTELLUNG SOWIE IHRE VERWENDUNG - Google Patents
STABILE, SAURE, WÄSSRIGE LÖSUNG ENTHALTEND α-LIPONSÄURE(-DERIVATE), VERFAHREN ZU DEREN HERSTELLUNG SOWIE IHRE VERWENDUNG Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003047567A1 WO2003047567A1 PCT/EP2002/013446 EP0213446W WO03047567A1 WO 2003047567 A1 WO2003047567 A1 WO 2003047567A1 EP 0213446 W EP0213446 W EP 0213446W WO 03047567 A1 WO03047567 A1 WO 03047567A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- solution
- lipoic acid
- particularly preferably
- stage
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lipoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 25
- 229960002663 thioctic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 235000019136 lipoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- IZFHEQBZOYJLPK-SSDOTTSWSA-N (R)-dihydrolipoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC[C@@H](S)CCS IZFHEQBZOYJLPK-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatine Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])N(C)CC([O-])=O CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 cyclic ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003978 infusion fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000137 polyphosphoric acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000011782 Keratins Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108010076876 Keratins Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Ornithine Chemical compound NCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002879 Lewis base Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orn-delta-NH2 Natural products NCCCC(N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ornithine Natural products OC(=O)C(C)CCCN UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000037338 UVA radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZNWGYAYSBZGNBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [V+3]=O Chemical compound [V+3]=O ZNWGYAYSBZGNBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-O benzylaminium Chemical compound [NH3+]CC1=CC=CC=C1 WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 2
- BFGKITSFLPAWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(3+) Chemical compound [Cr+3] BFGKITSFLPAWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002648 combination therapy Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960003624 creatine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006046 creatine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 2
- PAFZNILMFXTMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-O cyclohexylammonium Chemical compound [NH3+]C1CCCCC1 PAFZNILMFXTMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)NC(C)C UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011964 heteropoly acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011167 hydrochloric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007527 lewis bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000598 lipoate effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000018 nitroso group Chemical group N(=O)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960003104 ornithine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- MHHDXUNFNAZUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidovanadium(2+) Chemical compound [V+2]=O MHHDXUNFNAZUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010356 sorbitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lipoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCC1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 10
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyruvic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-SSDOTTSWSA-N (R)-lipoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC[C@@H]1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000007848 Bronsted acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032131 Diabetic Neuropathies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010024636 Glutathione Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010019233 Headaches Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000713772 Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Species 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BMXYSAJAHZRXDU-DRSQBWEGSA-H calcium magnesium potassium disodium ethanone (2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid hexachloride undecahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Mg++].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+].[Ca++].C[C-]=O.O[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O BMXYSAJAHZRXDU-DRSQBWEGSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical class OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011281 clinical therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005515 coenzyme Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000002342 diabetic polyneuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003180 glutathione Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000003969 glutathione Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000869 headache Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000019423 liver disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 201000001119 neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007823 neuropathy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012038 nucleophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005895 oxidative decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003244 pro-oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940107700 pyruvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- AYRVGWHSXIMRAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium acetate trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Na+].CC([O-])=O AYRVGWHSXIMRAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000516 sunscreening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000281 trometamol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SOECUQMRSRVZQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ubiquinone-1 Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(=O)C(CC=C(C)C)=C(C)C1=O SOECUQMRSRVZQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
- A61K31/385—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having two or more sulfur atoms in the same ring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
- A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
- A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants
Definitions
- the subject of the present application is a stable, acidic, aqueous solution containing ⁇ -lipoic acid (derivatives), a process for its preparation and its use.
- ⁇ -Lipoic acid (thioctic acid, 1, 2-dithiolan-3-pentanoic acid) has been known as a growth factor in microorganisms for around 50 years, but it also occurs as an R- (+) enantiomer in small concentrations in higher plants and animals.
- ⁇ -Lipoic acid acts physiologically in hydrophilic and lipophilic media as a coenzyme for the oxidative decarboxylation of ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acids (e.g. pyruvic acid, ⁇ -ketoglutaric acid).
- ⁇ -Lipoic acid is also involved in the breakdown of certain amino acids as a cofactor.
- ⁇ -Lipoic acid and its associated redox partner dihydrolipoic acid also have strong antioxidative and sometimes prooxidative properties; ⁇ -lipoic acid is therefore often referred to as a "universal antioxidant".
- Racemic ⁇ -lipoic acid is approved for the treatment of liver diseases and neuropathies (eg diabetic polyneuropathy); their use as an effective inhibitor of the replication of HIV-1 viruses has been discussed (see Klin. Klischr. 1991, 69 (15), 722-724).
- the R-enantiomer of ⁇ -lipoic acid is in clinical phase II in Germany (since December 2000) and USA (since May 2001).
- Racemic ⁇ -lipoic acid comes as a pure pharmaceutical ingredient or as a food additive both as a pure solid in a mixture with other components , in solid galenical formulations as well as in ampoules or capsules, but also in Infusion solutions for use. Injection solutions of ⁇ -lipoic acid are preferably used primarily in the early stages of appropriate clinical therapy.
- a major disadvantage of racemic or enantiomerically pure ⁇ -lipoic acid is its lability to light and temperature and a general tendency to polymerize. The reason for this is the extremely easy cleavage of the characteristic disulfide bond of the strained five-membered ring in the lipophilic part of the molecule. This cleavage causes an intermolecular formation of disulfide bridges, which leads to dimeric, oligomeric and polymeric lipoic acid derivatives (DE-PS 16 17 740). This can be done under the influence of light or temperature, but also by adding suitable nucleophiles (J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 3131). Decomposition by oxidation is also known from the literature (J. Org. Chem.
- aqueous lipoic acid solutions which have a physiological or weakly alkaline pH.
- the aqueous solutions of the lipoic acid salt with trometamol prepared according to EP 318 891 B1 have a basic pH of 7.6 to 8.8.
- This patent quotes French and Spanish patents, according to which 1% aqueous solutions are prepared by an equimolar reaction of ⁇ -lipoic acid with amino acids, which results in a neutral pH for these solutions.
- DE-OS 10 47 991 and DS-OS 10 56 784 injectable solutions of lipoic acid salts are known which have a physiological or weakly alkaline pH.
- ⁇ -lipoic acid for example in physiologically effective concentrations as a food additive in beverages with an acidic pH of 2.5 to 4, has not been possible until now.
- the object of the present invention was therefore to provide a stable, acidic, aqueous solution containing ⁇ -lipoic acid or its derivatives, which contains the lipoic acid component both in physiologically effective concentrations and also ensures generally good compatibility and broad applicability.
- the aqueous solutions according to the invention can have considerably higher lipoic acid contents than according to the conventional solubility of ⁇ -lipoic acid in
- the preferred Liponsau component for the aqueous solutions according to the invention are racemic ⁇ -lipoic acid, enantiomerically pure R- (+) - or S - (-) - ⁇ -lipoic acid or any mixtures thereof, as well as racemic dihydrolipoic acid (6,8 -Dimercaptooctanoic acid), enantiomerically pure R - (-) - or S- (+) - dihydrolipoic acid or any mixtures thereof.
- the ⁇ -lipoic acid or dihydrolipoic acid can be used as such or in whole or in part in the form of its salts such as, for example, creatine, sodium, potassium, ammonium or ornithine lipoates in the preparation of the solution.
- the production of racemic ⁇ -lipoic acid, of enantiomerically pure or enantiomerically enriched R- (+) - or S - (-) - ⁇ -lipoic acid, of racemic dihydroliponic acid, enantiomerically pure or enantiomerically enriched R - (-) - or S- (+) dihydroliponic acid and their salts or mixtures can be carried out in a known manner.
- fractions are preferred which, based on the total weight of the aqueous solution according to the invention, are in each case between 0.01 and 10% by weight and particularly preferably between 0.2 and 5% by weight. All parts by weight given here are based on racemic or optically pure ⁇ -lipoic acid. This means that when using lipoic acid derivatives or salts, the amounts of the doses indicated correspond to those of the free lipoic acid and must therefore be adapted to the changed molecular weight. There is no loss of ⁇ -lipoic acid due to decomposition or polymerization in the context of the invention if the pH values of the solutions are within the range likewise essential to the invention, from the values between 2.0 and 5.5 and in particular between 2. 5 and 4.0 are to be regarded as preferred.
- the solution according to the invention may, in certain cases, possibly further conventional pharmaceutical Auxiliaries and / or formulation auxiliaries, such as ethanol, liquid polyethylene glycols (PEG), in particular of types 200-600, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, tetraglycol, benzyl alcohol, sorbitol, mannitol or glycerin.
- auxiliaries such as ethanol, liquid polyethylene glycols (PEG), in particular of types 200-600, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, tetraglycol, benzyl alcohol, sorbitol, mannitol or glycerin.
- a possibly necessary sterilization of the solution according to the invention is also possible in principle.
- the solutions according to the invention can also be filtered if necessary, for example using a blue band or black band filter.
- the present invention also claims a method for its production, in which
- the content of the lipoic acid component is adjusted to 0.001 to 30% by weight by dilution and / or the temperature is brought to values between -5 and 80 ° C. by tempering, and finally
- the pH of the solution from stage (b) is adjusted to between 0.0 and 6.5 using an acid.
- the stock solution is prepared in step (a) by adding ⁇ -lipoic acid or a suitable derivative and a likewise suitable base to the required amount of water.
- the order in which the individual components are added can be varied as desired. However, the addition should take place in all possible stages (a), (b) and (c) at temperatures from -5 to 80 ° C., preferably from 0 to 50 ° C. and particularly preferably from 4 to 30 ° C. Between the individual process steps of the procedure according to the invention, the respective solutions can be tempered as desired within the broad temperature limits specified.
- Brönsted and / or Lewis bases containing cationic components from the series of alkali metals (such as sodium or potassium) or alkaline earth metals (such as calcium or magnesium) are particularly suitable for preparing the stock solution of ⁇ -lipoic acid or its derivatives.
- alkali metals such as sodium or potassium
- alkaline earth metals such as calcium or magnesium
- the hydroxides, thiolates, acetates, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates are particularly suitable as anions.
- other bases can also be readily used, in which case the cationic component according to the invention should in particular come from the series iron, copper, zinc, palladium, vanadium and selenium.
- the organic cations and here preferably open-chain or cyclic ammonium compounds such as benzylammonium, diisopropylammonium, triethylammonium or cyclohexylammonium, or complex cations optionally with metallic central atoms, such as iron (III), chromium (III) or cobalt (II) and / or neutral, cationic or anionic ligands, such as water, ammonia, carbonyl, cyano or nitroso, or oxocations, such as oxovanadium (V) (VO 3 + ) or oxovanadium (IV) (VO 2 + )), are included for the aqueous ones Solutions according to the present invention are very suitable.
- aqueous solutions For the preparation of the aqueous solutions according to the invention, it is generally not necessary to prepare the stock solution by equimolar proportions of the lipoic acid component and the corresponding base. Rather, it has been shown that stock solutions with asymmetrical stoichiometries also lead to the stable, acidic, aqueous solutions according to the invention with a clear appearance and compatible properties. The decisive criterion for this is obviously not the stoichiometry between the lipoic acid component, the base and the acid, but the setting of a clear one Stock solution in step (a).
- a first solution containing 208 g ( ⁇ ) -dihydroliponic acid (1.0 mol) with 64 g of a 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (0.8 mol) in 1.9 liters of water gives a clear solution which can be brought to a pH between 2.0 and 6.5 by adding acid.
- the clarity of this solution is verified by visual inspection, but it can also be carried out by means of conventional turbidity measurements relative to standard solutions which are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
- the base component in step (a) can be present in amounts of 0.1 to 5.0 molar equivalents, preferably 0.3 to 3.0 molar equivalents and particularly preferably 0.6 to 1.5 molar equivalents, in each case based on ⁇ -Liponic acid can be used.
- the pH at the end of stage (a) is 6.0 to 11.0 and particularly preferably between 6.5 and 10.5.
- the corresponding stock solution of ⁇ -lipoic acid, a derivative or a suitable precursor is prepared in step 8a) in concentrated form and diluted to the desired concentration range in step (b) in step (c), which preferably happens with water.
- the acids which can be used are, in particular, physiologically tolerated acids, for example organic or inorganic Bronsted acids such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid and glutamic acid, as well as organic or inorganic Lewis acids, the series of which mainly include Carbon dioxide, Ca 2 + and Fe 2 + are particularly suitable.
- physiologically tolerated acids for example organic or inorganic Bronsted acids such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid and glutamic acid, as well as organic or inorganic Lewis acids, the series of which mainly include Carbon dioxide, Ca 2 + and Fe 2 + are particularly suitable.
- complex acids in particular hexaaquoaluminum (III) [Al (H 2 O) 6 3 + ], and polymeric acids, of which polyphosphoric acid (PPA), an isopoly acid, such as heptamolybdic acid (H 6 Mo 7 O 24 ), or a heteropoly acid, such as dodecotungstophosphoric acid (H 3 [PW 12 O 40 ]), are particularly preferred.
- PPA polyphosphoric acid
- H 6 Mo 7 O 24 heptamolybdic acid
- H 3 [PW 12 O 40 ] dodecotungstophosphoric acid
- the acid forms or mixtures thereof can preferably be used in amounts of 0.1 to 5.0 molar equivalents, preferably 0.2 to 4.0 molar equivalents and particularly preferably 0.9 to 2.0 molar equivalents, in each case based on ⁇ -lipoic acid become.
- the present invention also takes into account the use of the solution according to the invention for pharmaceutical, cosmetic or dietetic purposes, in particular as part of a supplementary or combination therapy or as an infusion solution.
- the stable, acidic, aqueous solution according to the present invention in beverages which in particular have a pH of 2.0 to 5.5, preferably between 2.5 and 4.0 and particularly preferably between 3 , 0 and 3.5.
- the solution according to the invention is used for the prevention or reduction of photochemical damage and here in particular for those which are caused by solar radiation, UVA radiation, UVB radiation, X-rays, gamma radiation and mixtures thereof, and which are particularly preferred in humans or Animals occur.
- the solution according to the invention can also be used as a fiber treatment agent, in particular acting on the respective fiber material and subsequently the solvent used is particularly preferably removed by drying or spinning.
- fibers from cotton, linen, new wool, wool, natural silk, keratin, synthetic fibers or any mixtures thereof are taken into account in particular.
- the last-mentioned special purpose in connection with photochemical damage covers a particularly advantageous broad area, since in addition to the traditional pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas of application and areas of the food and food industry, for example, biotechnological areas of application also come into question, for example by adding the solution according to the invention to culture media.
- the present invention offers a convincing further development of the prior art, which is particularly positively supplemented by the additionally claimed and relatively simple production process.
- ⁇ -lipoic acid 1.0 g was added at room temperature to a solution of 0.24 g of sodium hydroxide in 98.76 g of water, a pH of 11.5 being established. The solution was heated to 40 ° C. and stirred for 30 min, then the mixture was acidified to pH 5.9 with 15% strength aqueous HCl. The content determination by HPLC showed a ⁇ -lipoic acid content of 1.07 ⁇ 0.1% by weight in the solution.
- Example 5 10 g of R- (+) - ⁇ -lipoic acid were added to a solution of 10 g of potassium hydroxide in 9980 g of water at room temperature. The clear solution was stirred for 30 min, during which a pH of 1 3.0 was established. The solution was cooled to 4 ° C. and acidified to pH 2.1 with 1 5% hydrochloric acid. The content determination showed an R- (+) - ⁇ -lipoic acid content of 0.1, 1 ⁇ 0.04% by weight in the solution.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02804200A EP1450789A1 (de) | 2001-12-03 | 2002-11-28 | STABILE, SAURE, W SSRIGE L SUNG ENTHALTEND a-LIPONS URE(-DERIVATE), VERFAHREN ZU DEREN HERSTELLUNG SOWIE IHRE V ERWENDUNG |
JP2005501541A JP2006502245A (ja) | 2001-12-03 | 2002-11-28 | α−リポ酸(誘導体)を含有している安定な酸性水溶液、その製造方法並びにその使用 |
US10/495,600 US20040266858A1 (en) | 2001-12-03 | 2002-11-28 | Stable, acid, aqueous solution containing alpha-liponic acid (derivatives), method for the production thereof and use of the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10159245A DE10159245A1 (de) | 2001-12-03 | 2001-12-03 | Stabile, saure, wässrige Lösung enthaltend alpha-Liponsäure(-Derivate), Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie ihre Verwendung |
DE10159245.0 | 2001-12-03 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003047567A1 true WO2003047567A1 (de) | 2003-06-12 |
WO2003047567A8 WO2003047567A8 (de) | 2004-03-25 |
Family
ID=7707822
Family Applications (1)
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PCT/EP2002/013446 WO2003047567A1 (de) | 2001-12-03 | 2002-11-28 | STABILE, SAURE, WÄSSRIGE LÖSUNG ENTHALTEND α-LIPONSÄURE(-DERIVATE), VERFAHREN ZU DEREN HERSTELLUNG SOWIE IHRE VERWENDUNG |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20040266858A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1450789A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2006502245A (de) |
DE (1) | DE10159245A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003047567A1 (de) |
Cited By (6)
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WO2006042728A2 (de) * | 2004-10-15 | 2006-04-27 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verwendung von ammoniumsalze der liponsäure zur behandlung diabetischer störungen |
JP2006169253A (ja) * | 2004-12-17 | 2006-06-29 | Wacker Chemie Ag | アルファリポ酸/シクロデキストリン複合体の製造方法及び製造された生成物 |
US7384558B2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2008-06-10 | Baxter International Inc. | Compositions capable of inhibiting reactive oxygen and carbonyl species |
CN1853626B (zh) * | 2005-04-29 | 2010-10-06 | 上海医药工业研究院 | 一种供注射用的硫辛酸冻干制剂 |
WO2016113679A1 (en) * | 2015-01-13 | 2016-07-21 | Lo.Li.Pharma S.R.L. | Lipoic acid for treating or preventing threatened miscarriage or preterm delivery |
CN111893759A (zh) * | 2020-07-30 | 2020-11-06 | 江苏阳光股份有限公司 | 一种精纺羊毛面料的抗静电整理工艺及精纺羊毛面料 |
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DE10318045A1 (de) * | 2003-04-17 | 2004-11-04 | Basf Ag | Stabile Ammoniumsalze der alpha-Liponsäure, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung |
JP5125146B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-02 | 2013-01-23 | 大正製薬株式会社 | 内服液剤 |
JP4910428B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-02 | 2012-04-04 | 大正製薬株式会社 | 内服液剤組成物 |
ITMI20061024A1 (it) * | 2006-05-25 | 2007-11-26 | Eurand Pharmaceuticals Ltd | Pellet a base di acido lipoico |
JP2012510511A (ja) * | 2008-12-01 | 2012-05-10 | インヴアスク セラピューテイックス インコーポレイテッド | レニン−アンジオテンシン−アルドステロン系阻害剤及びリポ酸化合物を含有する組成物、並びに、レニン−アンジオテンシン−アルドステロン系に関連した疾患の治療のためのそれらの使用 |
WO2012165468A1 (ja) * | 2011-05-31 | 2012-12-06 | 学校法人 聖マリアンナ医科大学 | 親油性化合物を高濃度で含有する液晶組成物の製造方法及びその方法によって製造された液晶組成物 |
ES2904580T3 (es) * | 2015-09-24 | 2022-04-05 | Novartis Ag | Composiciones de éster de colina del ácido lipoico y métodos para generar formulaciones oftálmicas biocompatibles. |
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- 2001-12-03 DE DE10159245A patent/DE10159245A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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- 2002-11-28 US US10/495,600 patent/US20040266858A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-11-28 EP EP02804200A patent/EP1450789A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-11-28 JP JP2005501541A patent/JP2006502245A/ja active Pending
- 2002-11-28 WO PCT/EP2002/013446 patent/WO2003047567A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7384558B2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2008-06-10 | Baxter International Inc. | Compositions capable of inhibiting reactive oxygen and carbonyl species |
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JP2006169253A (ja) * | 2004-12-17 | 2006-06-29 | Wacker Chemie Ag | アルファリポ酸/シクロデキストリン複合体の製造方法及び製造された生成物 |
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CN1853626B (zh) * | 2005-04-29 | 2010-10-06 | 上海医药工业研究院 | 一种供注射用的硫辛酸冻干制剂 |
WO2016113679A1 (en) * | 2015-01-13 | 2016-07-21 | Lo.Li.Pharma S.R.L. | Lipoic acid for treating or preventing threatened miscarriage or preterm delivery |
CN111893759A (zh) * | 2020-07-30 | 2020-11-06 | 江苏阳光股份有限公司 | 一种精纺羊毛面料的抗静电整理工艺及精纺羊毛面料 |
CN111893759B (zh) * | 2020-07-30 | 2023-03-24 | 江苏阳光股份有限公司 | 一种精纺羊毛面料的抗静电整理工艺及精纺羊毛面料 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20040266858A1 (en) | 2004-12-30 |
EP1450789A1 (de) | 2004-09-01 |
DE10159245A1 (de) | 2003-06-18 |
JP2006502245A (ja) | 2006-01-19 |
WO2003047567A8 (de) | 2004-03-25 |
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