WO2003046953A2 - Retaining device and method for supplying heat to or discharging heat from a substrate - Google Patents
Retaining device and method for supplying heat to or discharging heat from a substrate Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003046953A2 WO2003046953A2 PCT/DE2002/003767 DE0203767W WO03046953A2 WO 2003046953 A2 WO2003046953 A2 WO 2003046953A2 DE 0203767 W DE0203767 W DE 0203767W WO 03046953 A2 WO03046953 A2 WO 03046953A2
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- holding element
- substrate electrode
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- holding device
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/3065—Plasma etching; Reactive-ion etching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/683—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping
- H01L21/687—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using mechanical means, e.g. chucks, clamps or pinches
- H01L21/68714—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using mechanical means, e.g. chucks, clamps or pinches the wafers being placed on a susceptor, stage or support
- H01L21/68785—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using mechanical means, e.g. chucks, clamps or pinches the wafers being placed on a susceptor, stage or support characterised by the mechanical construction of the susceptor, stage or support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67005—Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67011—Apparatus for manufacture or treatment
- H01L21/67098—Apparatus for thermal treatment
- H01L21/67109—Apparatus for thermal treatment mainly by convection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/683—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping
- H01L21/6831—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using electrostatic chucks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/683—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping
- H01L21/6831—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using electrostatic chucks
- H01L21/6833—Details of electrostatic chucks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67005—Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67011—Apparatus for manufacture or treatment
- H01L21/67017—Apparatus for fluid treatment
- H01L21/67063—Apparatus for fluid treatment for etching
- H01L21/67069—Apparatus for fluid treatment for etching for drying etching
Definitions
- Holding device in particular for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and method for supplying or removing heat from a substrate
- the invention relates to holding devices, in particular for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and to a method for supplying or removing heat from the back of a substrate held in one vacuum chamber with one of these holding devices, according to the preamble of the independent claims.
- FIG. 1 shows another holding device known from the prior art in the form of an electrostatic “chuck”. This embodiment is currently found in many plasma etching systems and is typical of the prior art.
- the substrate electrode which is subjected to, for example, a high-frequency voltage, is clamped to a grounded base plate by ceramic insulators and a suitable clamping device, O-rings ensuring the vacuum tightness, so that the substrate to be etched can be exposed to a vacuum. It is further provided that the substrate electrode internally contains a refrigerant, for example deionized
- a helium cushion ie there are suitably shaped gaps between the underside of the wafer and "Chuck” and provided between “Chuck” and the substrate electrode surface, which are filled with helium at a pressure of a few mbar up to a maximum of about 20 mbar.
- mechanical clamping devices are also known in the prior art which press the wafer onto the substrate electrode and allow the back of the wafer to be acted upon with helium as the convection medium.
- Mechanical clamping however, has considerable disadvantages and is increasingly being replaced by electrostatic “chucks” which, above all, ensure favorable flat wafer clamping.
- the holding devices according to the invention and the method according to the invention for supplying or removing heat from the rear side of a substrate held in a vacuum chamber have the advantage over the prior art that this significantly improves the thermal coupling of the wafer to the chuck underneath "or the substrate electrode is reached, and that the supply or removal of heat from the back of the substrate takes place much more reliably, uniformly and effectively.
- a further disadvantage of the construction outlined in FIG. 1 is that helium as a convection medium can only perform a comparatively limited heat dissipation, which can only be increased by a higher gas pressure.
- the electrostatic holding forces of conventional electrostatic "chucks" set an upper limit of 10 mbar to 20 mbar.
- the electrostatic holding forces that can be achieved with the electrostatic “chucks” that have been customary up to now are also insufficient because they are limited by the dielectric strength of the dielectrics used in the “chuck”.
- the clamping voltages have so far been limited to the range between 1000 V and 2000 V.
- EMC risks EMC - electromagnetic compatibility
- the various holding devices according to the invention which on the one hand aim for improved and more uniform heat dissipation from the back of the substrate and a more uniform heat distribution in the vicinity of the etched substrate, and on the other hand an increase in the electrostatic clamping forces and a simplified fixing or solution serve the wafer of the holding device, can be combined with one another as desired.
- FIG. 1 shows an electrostatic holding device known from the prior art
- FIG. 2 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invention with an electrostatic holding device modified compared to FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 shows a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, only the area shown in broken lines in FIG. 2 being shown
- FIG. 4 shows a third exemplary embodiment of the invention, the cooling of the back of a substrate held in the vacuum chamber being illustrated with the aid of a liquid convection medium.
- embodiments 1 initially explains an electrostatic chuck known from the prior art, that is to say an electrostatic holding device for a substrate 12, for example a conventional silicon wafer. Under the substrate 12 there is a holding element 11 which fixes it, for example a shape electrostatic "Chuck" of a holding plate. The holding element 11 is further placed on a metallic substrate electrode 19, which is connected via ceramic insulators 18 to a base body or support body 17, which is also made of a metal. To ensure vacuum tightness, seals 21, for example rubber O-rings, are provided between the insulators 18 and the substrate electrode 19 or between the insulators 18 and the base body 17.
- seals 21 for example rubber O-rings
- FIG. 1 also shows that the base body 17 is connected to the substrate electrode 19 via a metallic holder 20, ceramic insulators 18 preferably also being provided between the holder 20 and the substrate electrode 19, so that the base body 17 as a whole is opposite the Substrate electrode 19 is electrically insulated.
- a ceramic plate is placed on the substrate electrode 19 as a load body 10, which is shaped so that it has, for example, a circular opening in its center, which is larger than the substrate 12, and which is further by means of a projecting part 10 x or one "Nose" is designed such that its weight presses the holding element 11 onto the substrate electrode 19.
- the load body 10 loads the holding element 11 without covering the substrate 12, so that it is accessible from above, for example, to plasma etching.
- the base body 17 according to FIG. 1 is grounded, while the substrate electrode 19 is connected in a known manner with a high-voltage tion supply 15 is connected, via which it can be acted upon by a high-frequency power.
- the substrate electrode 19 has insulated feedthroughs, for example ceramic feedthroughs, so that the holding element 11 can be acted upon by a DC voltage, for example an electrical voltage of 1000 V to 2000 V, via clamping voltage feeds 16.
- the substrate electrode 19 is electrically insulated from this voltage, so that it is only present on the holding element 11 and there clamping or fixing of the substrate 12 on the holding element 11 via an electrostatic clamping or an electrostatic force induced by the clamping voltage feeders 16 causes.
- the holding element 11 is also clamped against the substrate electrode 19 from its underside by an electrostatic force of the same type.
- Holding element 11 can be supplied as a convection medium 30, gaseous helium, which can also penetrate into the area between holding element 11 and substrate 12 via channels 25 provided in holding element 11.
- the convection medium 30 serves to dissipate heat from the area between the substrate electrode 19 and the holding element 11 and from the area between the holding element 11 and the back of the substrate 12.
- the holding plate 11 preferably has a correspondingly structured holding surface on its top and bottom in a known manner 13 on.
- FIG. 2 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invention for a holding device 5, which is constructed similarly to the holding device according to FIG. 1, but in which, above all, the thermal “floating” of the core provided in FIG. ramischen load body around the substrate 12 was eliminated.
- the load body 10 is firmly connected to the grounded base body 17 by means of an aluminum ring or an anodized ring or more generally a clamping device 22, preferably in the form of a clamping ring, and is thus pressed against the surface of the substrate electrode 19.
- L5 electrode 19 are electrically insulated.
- the fastening element 23 is a screw in the example explained, while the connecting element 24 is, for example, a sleeve, a rod or likewise a screw.
- the use of a clamping ring as a clamping device 22 advantageously exercises one
- the holding device 5 according to FIG. 2 5 achieves an improved thermal coupling of the load body 10 to the temperature of the substrate electrode 19, which leads to a significant improvement in the properties of a high-rate plasma etching process, for example in accordance with DE 42 41 045 Cl, especially in the edge region of the Substrate 12 0 leads.
- an undesirable process drift between a hot and a cold system state is also avoided or reduced, which essentially results from heating of the load body 10, which, for example, continues to be designed as a ceramic plate, directly around the substrate 12 5.
- a layer which compensates for unevenness in the surface and / or ensures a uniform heat dissipation which is as good as possible preferably a silicone fat layer or a fat layer made of a perfluorinated fat such as Krytox® fat or Fomblin ® fat, provided.
- the desired clamping takes place via the grounded base body 17 and not via the substrate electrode 19 itself which is subjected to a high-frequency power, since in this case the high frequency has an effect on the clamping device 22, which would have negative effects on the plasma etching process and also on sputtering effects led.
- the clamping ring 22, which is grounded via the base body 17, extends around the substrate 12 and is electrically conductive.
- FIG. 3 shows the detail from FIG. 2 which is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 2, it being initially recognizable that the holding element 11 according to FIG. 2 preferably has a plurality, for example 6 to 8, of channels 25 which pass through it and which face the substrate electrode 19 Lead side of the holding element 11 to the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12.
- One supplied with the feed 14 can be fed via the channels 25
- the holding element 11 has a holding surface 13 structured in a manner known per se, which in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2 is initially made of a dielectric such as A1 2 0 3 is formed.
- the structured holding surface 13 supports the underside of the substrate 12 in some areas by a dielectric material, while in other areas cavities 27 are formed which are delimited by recesses provided on the surface of the substrate 12 and in the holding element 11.
- the cavities 27 are at least partially connected to the channels 25, so that the convection medium, for example helium, can penetrate them.
- the convection medium for example helium
- FIG. 3 shows that the clamping voltage feeds 16 extend into the vicinity of the surface of the holding element 11, and that there is a direct electrical voltage that causes the substrate 12 to be electrostatically fixed on the holding element 11.
- the structure of the channels 25 and their formation and implementation through the holding body 11 is carried out, for example, as in the case of electrostatic “chucks” known from the prior art.
- the dielectric A1 2 0 3 provided on the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12 is made of a ferroelectric material or, preferably, a piezoelectric material 26 like a lead zirconium titanate ceramic (PZT ceramic), which now serves as a dielectric instead of Al 2 0 3 .
- PZT ceramic lead zirconium titanate ceramic
- the advantage here is that in a piezoelectric 26 or an alternatively usable ferroelectric, permanent dipoles already present anyway are aligned by the electrical field applied via the clamping voltage supply 16 or the electrical direct voltage applied above, and this is thus polarized so that the electrostatic clamping forces exerted on the substrate 12 are considerably greater than in the case of a dielectric such as A1 2 0 3 .
- the polarization thus supports the external electrical field applied via the clamping voltage feeders 16 and increases the fixation of the substrate 12 on the holding element 11, so that a substantially higher holding force can now be exerted on the substrate 12 with the same electrical holding voltage.
- the increased electrostatic holding force now also makes it possible to increase the pressure of the convection medium helium, and thus significantly improve the heat dissipation from the back of the substrate 12 to the substrate electrode 19.
- a pressure of 50 mbar to 300 mbar in particular from 100 mbar to 200 mbar, is used, which leads to heat dissipation that is several orders of magnitude better.
- the main advantage of a piezoelectric 26 or ferroelectric on the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12 is therefore primarily not the increased holding force per se, but above all the higher pressure of the convection medium 30 in the region of the cavities 27 between the holding element 11 that is made possible as a result and the substrate 12.
- piezoelectric or ferroelectric dielectrics means that the induced electrostatic holding forces do not disappear when the external electrical field is switched off or the applied electrical voltages are switched off, since existing, initially aligned dipoles at least largely do this even in the voltage-free state or fieldless condition. It is therefore no longer sufficient in the context of this exemplary embodiment to simply switch off the external field or the electrical voltage applied from the outside in order to remove the substrate 12 to be released from the holding element 11. Instead, when the substrate 12 is unloaded or detached from the holding element 11, a so-called “depolarization cycle” using an alternating voltage must be used, the amplitude of which, for example, is slowly reduced from an initial value to zero.
- FIG. 4 explains a further exemplary embodiment, a liquid now serving as a convection medium 30 or more generally as a heat transport medium 30 between the substrate 12 and the holding element 11 and / or between the holding element 11 and the substrate electrode 19 instead of a gaseous convection medium 30 such as helium.
- a gaseous convection medium 30 such as helium.
- fluorocarbons ie perfluorinated long-chain alkanes or similar compounds, such as those sold by 3M under the designation FC77, FC84 or as so-called “performance fluids"("PF xyz ").
- FC77, FC84 or performance fluids so-called "performance fluids"("PF xyz ").
- performance fluids so-called "performance fluids"("PF xyz ").
- fluorocarbons are highly pure, since practically no substances dissolve in them, are absolutely inert and have very high electrical breakdown field strengths.
- thermal conductivity of fluorocarbons is excellent and their viscosity is low.
- fluorine-based processes are generally used for high-rate etching in plasma etching systems, so that fluorocarbons do not interfere with the etching process carried out, even if they get into the etching chamber or vacuum chamber, and have no adverse effects on the etching process.
- the exemplary embodiment explained with the aid of FIG. 4 is particularly suitable for a plasma etching method according to the type of DE 42 41 045 Cl in order to dissipate heat or, if desired, also to supply heat to or from the rear of the one held in a vacuum chamber To perform substrate 12, which is exposed to heat input from the front, for example.
- FIG. 4 the exemplary embodiment explained with the aid of FIG. 4 is initially based on a holding device 5 according to FIG. 2, FIG. 3 or also FIG. 1 known from the prior art, but now instead of the gas Convection medium 30 helium, a liquid convection medium 30, preferably a fluorocarbon, is used.
- a liquid convection medium 30, preferably a fluorocarbon is used instead of the gas Convection medium 30 helium.
- the fluorocarbon selected for the temperature range occurring in each individual case for example the product FC77 from 3M, is fed to the substrate electrode 19 at the point at which helium is otherwise admitted.
- a substrate electrode 19 is shown in FIG. 4, which has a feed 14 according to FIGS. 1 or 2, via which the liquid convection medium is fed to the top of the substrate electrode 19. Since the holding element 11 is located on the substrate electrode 19, it is formed between the substrate electrode and the holding element
- the supplied liquid convection medium 30 penetrates the holding element 11, for example through the channels 25, and penetrates into the region of the cavities or recesses 27 which are located between the holding element 11 and the substrate 12.
- a conventional mass flow controller 31 is first provided according to FIG. 4, to which the liquid convection medium 30 is supplied and which is connected to a control unit 36.
- the control unit 36 controls the inflow of the liquid convection medium 30 via a conventional regulation and a setpoint / actual value comparison.
- the mass flow controller 31 and a further provided, for example electrically controllable throttle valve 33 is opened by the control unit 36 to such an extent that at one
- Pressure sensor 32 for example a conventional baratron, a desired pressure of the liquid convection medium 30 is measured or set on the back of the substrate 12, ie on the side of the substrate 12 facing the holding element 11. This hydrostatic pressure is planted under the substrate 12. Since vacuum conditions prevail under the substrate 12 before the mass flow controller 31 is opened, the liquid convection medium 30 thus fills the entire space between the substrate 12 and the holding element 11 and between the holding element 11 and the substrate electrode 19 instantaneously.
- the liquid convection medium 30 is preferably conducted into the center of the substrate electrode 19 and / or the center of the substrate 12 and from there preferably collected again via a collecting trough 28 in the edge region of the substrate 12 and discharged via a discharge 29.
- the collecting trough 28, as shown in FIG. 4 is preferably embedded in the area of the substrate electrode 19 as well as in the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12. Overall, the liquid convection medium supplied via the feed 14 becomes in this way 30 collected again via the collecting trough 28 and sucked off via a vacuum pump, not shown.
- the outflow of the liquid convection medium 30 preferably takes place via the electrically or manually adjustable throttle 33, via which a low flow of, for example, 0.1 ccm / min to 1 ccm / min is set once according to the desired pressure on the back of the substrate 12 ,
- a low flow of, for example, 0.1 ccm / min to 1 ccm / min is set once according to the desired pressure on the back of the substrate 12
- the liquid convection medium 30 flows from a storage tank, which is preferably under atmospheric pressure, via the mass flow controller 31 into the space between the substrate 12 and the substrate electrode 19, the control unit 36 ensuring that there by controlling the mass flow controller 31 there is always a desired hydrostatic pressure of, for example, 5 to 20 mbar.
- the liquid convection medium 30 fills as far as possible all the spaces between the substrate 12 and the substrate electrode 19, and is finally sucked off again via the throttle valve 33, to which an optionally provided flow measuring device 34 connects, via which the amount of convection medium 30 flowing off can be determined is and can be transmitted to the control unit 36.
- an evaporator device 35 for example an electric evaporator, is provided, which connects to the throttle valve 33 or the flow measuring device 34, and which evaporates the liquid convection medium 30 and supplies it in the gaseous state to the subsequent vacuum pump.
- the control unit 36 preferably also serves to detect a malfunction, ie in the event that the substrate 12 is no longer clamped sufficiently on the holding element 11, which can occasionally occur during a process, this state is recognized by the control unit 36 thereupon the further supply of the liquid convection medium stops. Since in such a case the thermal contact between the substrate electrode 19 and the substrate 12 is lost anyway, the process carried out must be stopped in any case before there is thermal overheating and thus destruction of the silicon wafer used as the substrate 12.
- a fluorocarbon as a liquid convection medium 30 is in itself harmless for a plasma etching process according to DE 42 41 045 Cl and does not harm the vacuum system used, nevertheless the amount of fluorocarbon entering the etching chamber should always be so small be kept as possible.
- This goal is achieved in that the control unit 36 constantly compares the supplied amount of liquid convection medium 30 detected by the mass flow controller 31 with the outflowing amount of liquid convection medium 30 detected by the flow measuring device 34. If a discrepancy beyond certain tolerances occurs in this comparison, the further supply of the liquid convection medium 30 via the control unit 36 is stopped and the process is ended with an error avoidance.
- the control unit 36 is used to immediately detect a leak in the event of deviations, in particular excesses, of this inflow value and to interrupt the process and the further supply of the convection medium 30.
- a leak in the event of deviations, in particular excesses, of this inflow value is used to interrupt the process and the further supply of the convection medium 30.
- the control unit 36 no longer has to take into account a permanent leak as a corresponding offset or safety reserve, as is the case with helium back cooling.
- the above-mentioned increased dielectric strength of the holding device 5 which arises through the use of a liquid convection medium 30 also results from the fact that the dielectric breakdown essentially results from isolated, punctiform defects such as so-called pinholes, cavities, inclusions, cracks and trenches with locally reduced Dielectric strength that is present locally on the surface of the dielectric and, as the weakest points of an otherwise intact surface of the electrostatic holding element 11, determine the failure of the entire component. Therefore, although the Most of the surface of the electrostatic holding element 11 would tolerate higher electrical voltages or electric fields, which actually limits the applicable electrical voltage by a few point defects. Since, in the exemplary embodiment explained with the aid of FIG.
- the entire electrostatic holding element 11 is embedded in operation in the liquid, dielectric convection medium 30 with a high dielectric strength and self-extinguishing properties, such point defects are healed by this. Overall, this effect also leads to significantly higher clamping forces and safer operation of the entire holding device 5 with respect to the risk of electric breakdowns.
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Abstract
Description
Haltevorrichtung, insbesondere zum Fixieren eines Halblei- terwafers in einer Plasmaätzvorrichtung, und Verfahren zur Wärmezufuhr oder Wärmeabfuhr von einem SubstratHolding device, in particular for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and method for supplying or removing heat from a substrate
Die Erfindung betrifft Haltevorrichtungen, insbesondere zum Fixieren eines Halbleiterwafers in einer Plasmaätzvorrich- tung, sowie ein Verfahren zur Zufuhr oder Abfuhr von Wärme von der Rückseite eines mit einer dieser Haltevorrichtungen in einer Vakuumkammer gehaltenen Substrates, nach der Gattung der unabhängigen Ansprüche .The invention relates to holding devices, in particular for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and to a method for supplying or removing heat from the back of a substrate held in one vacuum chamber with one of these holding devices, according to the preamble of the independent claims.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Beim anisotropen Hochratenätzen von Siliziumsubstraten, beispielsweise nach Art der DE 42 41 045 Cl, ist eine Kühlung des Substrates von dessen Rückseite aus erforderlich, da aus dem Plasma durch die Einwirkung von Strahlen, Elektronen und Ionen sowie auch durch eine entstehende Reaktionswärme auf der Waferoberflache in erheblichem Ausmaß Wärme in dieses eingetragen wird. Wird diese Wärme nicht kontrolliert abgeführt, überhitzt das Substrat und das Ätzergebnis ver- schlechtert sich erheblich.In the case of anisotropic high-rate etching of silicon substrates, for example in the manner of DE 42 41 045 Cl, cooling of the substrate from its rear is necessary, since from the plasma due to the action of rays, electrons and ions as well as due to the heat of reaction arising on the wafer surface considerable amount of heat is introduced into it. If this heat is not dissipated in a controlled manner, the substrate overheats and the etching result deteriorates considerably.
Aus US 6,267,839 Bl, US 5,671,116, EP 840 434 A2 oder JP- 11330056 A sind sogenannte elektrostatische „Chucks" bekannt, d.h. Haltevorrichtungen, mit denen ein Halbleiterwa- fer, insbesondere ein Siliziumwafer, beispielsweise in einer Plasmaätzvorrichtung auf einer Substratelektrode elektrostatisch fixierbar ist. Eine weitere, aus dem Stand der Technik bekannte Haltevorrichtung in Form eines elektrostatischen „Chucks" zeigt Figur 1. Diese Ausführungsform ist derzeit in vielen Plasmaätzanlagen anzutreffen und typisch für den Stand der Technik.So-called electrostatic “chucks” are known from US Pat. No. 6,267,839 B1, US Pat. No. 5,671,116, EP 840 434 A2 or JP-11330056 A, ie holding devices with which a semiconductor wafer, in particular a silicon wafer, for example in a Plasma etching device can be fixed electrostatically on a substrate electrode. FIG. 1 shows another holding device known from the prior art in the form of an electrostatic “chuck”. This embodiment is currently found in many plasma etching systems and is typical of the prior art.
Im Einzelnen ist dabei vorgesehen, dass die mit einer beispielsweise hochfrequenten Spannung beaufschlagte Substrat- elektrode vermöge Keramikisolatoren und einer geeigneten Klemmvorrichtung auf eine geerdete Bodenplatte geklemmt wird, wobei O-Ringe die Vakuumdichtigkeit sicherstellen, so dass das zu ätzende Substrat einem Vakuum ausgesetzt werden kann. Weiter ist vorgesehen, dass die Substratelektrode in- tern von einem Kältemittel, beispielsweise deionisiertemSpecifically, it is provided that the substrate electrode, which is subjected to, for example, a high-frequency voltage, is clamped to a grounded base plate by ceramic insulators and a suitable clamping device, O-rings ensuring the vacuum tightness, so that the substrate to be etched can be exposed to a vacuum. It is further provided that the substrate electrode internally contains a refrigerant, for example deionized
Wasser, Methanol oder anderen Alkoholen, Fluorcarbonen oder Siliconen durchströmt wird. Auf der Substratelektrode selbst findet sich dann der „Chuck" für die elektrostatische Klemmung des darauf liegenden Wafers oder Substrates, der über übliche Hochspannungsdurchführungen mit Hochspannung versorgt wird, um die gewünschte Klemmkraft auf den darauf angeordneten Wafer auszuüben. Schließlich ist im Stand der Technik gemäß Figur 1 vorgesehen, dass die von dem Substrat nicht bedeckte Oberfläche des „Chucks" und der umgebenden Substratelekrodenoberflache durch eine auf die Substrat- elektrode aufgelegte Keramikplatte abgedeckt wird, um eine Einwirkung des darüber befindlichen bzw. erzeugten Plasmas auf die Metallflächen der Substratelektrode, was zu einem schädlichen Absputtern von Metall und einem unerwünschten Stromfluss ins Plasma führen könnte, auszuschließen.Water, methanol or other alcohols, fluorocarbons or silicones is flowed through. The “chuck” for the electrostatic clamping of the wafer or substrate lying thereon, which is supplied with high voltage via conventional high-voltage bushings, is then located on the substrate electrode itself, in order to exert the desired clamping force on the wafer arranged thereon. Finally, in the prior art according to FIG 1 provided that the surface of the "chuck" not covered by the substrate and the surrounding substrate electrode surface is covered by a ceramic plate placed on the substrate electrode in order to prevent the plasma located thereon or generated from acting on the metal surfaces of the substrate electrode, resulting in a exclude harmful sputtering of metal and an undesirable current flow into the plasma.
Den Wärmefluss von der Unterseite des aufgelegten Wafers zu dem elektrostatischen „Chuck" bzw. der Substratelektrode gewährleistet schließlich ein Heliumpolster, d.h. es sind ge- eignet geformte Zwischenräume zwischen Waferunterseite und „Chuck" und zwischen „Chuck" und Substratelektrodenoberfläche vorgesehen, die mit Helium bei einem Druck von einigen mbar bis maximal etwa 20 mbar gefüllt sind.Finally, the flow of heat from the underside of the placed wafer to the electrostatic “chuck” or the substrate electrode is ensured by a helium cushion, ie there are suitably shaped gaps between the underside of the wafer and "Chuck" and provided between "Chuck" and the substrate electrode surface, which are filled with helium at a pressure of a few mbar up to a maximum of about 20 mbar.
Alternativ zur elektrostatischen Klemmung bzw. Fixierung eines Wafers sind im Stand der Technik auch mechanische Klemmvorrichtungen bekannt, die den Wafer auf die Substratelektrode drücken und die Beaufschlagung der Rückseite des Wafers mit Helium als Konvektionsmedium gestatten. Die mechanische Klemmung weist jedoch erhebliche Nachteile auf, und wird zunehmend von elektrostatischen „Chucks", die vor allem eine günstige flächige Waferklemmung gewährleisten, verdrängt.As an alternative to the electrostatic clamping or fixing of a wafer, mechanical clamping devices are also known in the prior art which press the wafer onto the substrate electrode and allow the back of the wafer to be acted upon with helium as the convection medium. Mechanical clamping, however, has considerable disadvantages and is increasingly being replaced by electrostatic “chucks” which, above all, ensure favorable flat wafer clamping.
Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention
Die erfindungsgemäßen Haltevorrichtungen und das erfindungs- gemäße Verfahren zur Zufuhr oder Abfuhr von Wärme von der Rückseite eines in einer Vakuumkammer gehaltenen Substrates haben gegenüber dem Stand der Technik den Vorteil, dass da- mit eine deutlich verbesserte thermische Ankopplung des Wafers an den darunter befindlichen „Chuck" bzw. die Substratelektrode erreicht wird, und dass die Zufuhr bzw. Abfuhr von Wärme von der Rückseite des Substrates wesentlich zuverlässiger, gleichmäßiger und effektiver erfolgt.The holding devices according to the invention and the method according to the invention for supplying or removing heat from the rear side of a substrate held in a vacuum chamber have the advantage over the prior art that this significantly improves the thermal coupling of the wafer to the chuck underneath "or the substrate electrode is reached, and that the supply or removal of heat from the back of the substrate takes place much more reliably, uniformly and effectively.
Insbesondere hat sich herausgestellt, dass gerade in Verbindung mit üblichen Plasmahochratenätzverfahren die Umgebung des Wafers und vor allem die Temperatur der gemäß Figur 1 aufgelegten keramischen Platte, die nicht direkt in Verbin- düng mit dem geätzten Wafer steht, eine wesentliche Rolle hinsichtlich des Prozessergebnisses spielt.In particular, it has been found that, especially in connection with conventional plasma high-rate etching processes, the surroundings of the wafer and, above all, the temperature of the ceramic plate placed according to FIG. 1, which is not directly connected to the etched wafer, play an essential role with regard to the process result.
So führt die bisher eingesetzte, lediglich aufgelegte keramische Platte zu erheblichen Inhomogenitäten der Ätzung von der Mitte des Wafers zum Waferrand hin und insbesondere zu einer Ätzratenüberhöhung im Waferrandbereich, was einer unzureichenden und/oder ungleichmäßigen Wärmeabfuhr von der keramischen Platte, die aufgeheizt schädliche Effekte in ihrer Umgebung, d.h. auch im Waferrandbereich, entwickelt, an die Substratelektrode zugeschrieben wird. Diese Nachteile werden durch die erfindungsgemäßen Haltevorrichtungen überwunden.The previously used, merely placed ceramic plate leads to considerable inhomogeneities in the etching from the center of the wafer to the wafer edge and in particular to it an increase in the etching rate in the area of the wafer edge, which is attributed to inadequate and / or uneven heat dissipation from the ceramic plate which, when heated, develops harmful effects in its surroundings, ie also in the area of the wafer edge, to the substrate electrode. These disadvantages are overcome by the holding devices according to the invention.
Weiterhin ist bei der in Figur 1 skizzierten Konstruktion nachteilig, dass Helium als Konvektionsmedium nur eine vergleichsweise beschränkte Wärmeableitung leisten kann, die nur durch einen größeren Gasdruck steigerbar ist. Hier setzen jedoch die elektrostatischen Haltekräfte üblicher elektrostatischer „Chucks" eine Obergrenze von 10 mbar bis 20 mbar. Auch eine alternative mechanische Waferklemmung im Bereich des Waferrandes bietet keine befriedigende Lösung, da Drücke von mehr als 20 mbar dazu führen können, dass die Wafer unter der dadurch auf sie ausgeübten Kraft brechen. Diese Nachteile werden vor allem durch das in einer erfindungs- gemäßen Ausführungsform eingesetzte elektrisch isolierende Ferroelektrikum oder Piezoelektrikum überwunden, mit denen eine deutliche höhere elektrostatische Klemmkraft auf den Wafer ausübbar ist, und die so eine Erhöhung des Druckes des Konvektionsmediums, insbesondere Helium, auf mehr als 20 mbar erlauben.A further disadvantage of the construction outlined in FIG. 1 is that helium as a convection medium can only perform a comparatively limited heat dissipation, which can only be increased by a higher gas pressure. Here, however, the electrostatic holding forces of conventional electrostatic "chucks" set an upper limit of 10 mbar to 20 mbar. An alternative mechanical wafer clamping in the area of the wafer edge does not offer a satisfactory solution either, since pressures of more than 20 mbar can lead to the wafer under the These disadvantages are overcome above all by the electrically insulating ferroelectric or piezoelectric used in an embodiment according to the invention, with which a significantly higher electrostatic clamping force can be exerted on the wafer, and thus an increase in the pressure of the convection medium , especially helium, to more than 20 mbar.
Im Übrigen sind die mit bisher üblichen elektrostatischen „Chucks" erreichbaren elektrostatischen Haltekräfte auch deshalb ungenügend, weil sie durch die Durchschlagsfestig- keit der eingesetzten Dielektrika im „Chuck" limitiert werden. Insofern sind die Klemmspannungen bisher auf den Bereich zwischen 1000 V und 2000 V beschränkt. Bei höheren Spannungen nimmt sowohl das Durchschlagsrisiko erheblich zu als auch die Lebensdauer der eingesetzten Dielektrika ab. Mit dem Durchschlagsrisiko einher gehen zudem erhebliche EMV-Risiken (EMV - elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit) , über die Schäden in der Elektronik der Plasmaätzanlage drohen. Auch diese Problematik wird durch die erfindungsgemäße Haltevorrichtung deutlich entschärft.Incidentally, the electrostatic holding forces that can be achieved with the electrostatic “chucks” that have been customary up to now are also insufficient because they are limited by the dielectric strength of the dielectrics used in the “chuck”. In this respect, the clamping voltages have so far been limited to the range between 1000 V and 2000 V. At higher voltages, both the breakdown risk increases considerably and the service life of the dielectric used. The risk of breakthroughs is also accompanied by considerable risks EMC risks (EMC - electromagnetic compatibility) that could damage the electronics of the plasma etching system. This problem is also significantly alleviated by the holding device according to the invention.
Im Übrigen ist vorteilhaft, dass die verschiedenen erfindungsgemäßen Haltevorrichtungen, die einerseits auf eine verbesserte und vergleichmäßigtere Wärmeabfuhr von der Rückseite des Substrates und eine gleichmäßigere Wärmeverteilung in der Umgebung des geätzten Substrates abzielen, und die andererseits einer Erhöhung der elektrostatischen Klemmkräfte und einer vereinfachten Fixierung beziehungsweise Lösung des Wafers von der Haltevorrichtung dienen, beliebig miteinander kombinierbar sind.In addition, it is advantageous that the various holding devices according to the invention, which on the one hand aim for improved and more uniform heat dissipation from the back of the substrate and a more uniform heat distribution in the vicinity of the etched substrate, and on the other hand an increase in the electrostatic clamping forces and a simplified fixing or solution serve the wafer of the holding device, can be combined with one another as desired.
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den in den Unteransprüchen genannten Maßnahmen.Advantageous developments of the invention result from the measures mentioned in the subclaims.
Zeichnungdrawing
Die Erfindung wird anhand der Zeichnungen und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigt Figur 1 eine aus dem Stand der Technik bekannte elektrostatische Hal- tevorrichtung, Figur 2 ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung mit einer gegenüber Figur 1 modifizierten elektrostatischen Haltevorrichtung, Figur 3 ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung, wobei lediglich der in Figur 2 gestrichelt gekennzeichnete Bereich dargestellt ist, und Figur 4 ein drittes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung, wobei die Kühlung der Rückseite eines in der Vakuumkammer gehaltenen Substrates mit Hilfe eines flüssigen Konvektionsmediums dargestellt ist.The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the drawings and in the description below. FIG. 1 shows an electrostatic holding device known from the prior art, FIG. 2 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invention with an electrostatic holding device modified compared to FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 shows a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, only the area shown in broken lines in FIG. 2 being shown and FIG. 4 shows a third exemplary embodiment of the invention, the cooling of the back of a substrate held in the vacuum chamber being illustrated with the aid of a liquid convection medium.
Ausführungsbeispiele Die Figur 1 erläutert zunächst einen aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten elektrostatischen „Chuck", das heißt eine e- lektrostatische Haltevorrichtung für ein Substrat 12, beispielsweise einen üblichen Siliziumwafer . Unter dem Substrat 12 befindet sich ein dieses fixierendes Halteelement 11, beispielsweise ein in Form eines Haltetellers ausgeführter elektrostatischer „Chuck". Das Halteelement 11 ist weiter auf eine metallische Substratelektrode 19 aufgelegt, die ü- ber vorzugsweise keramische Isolatoren 18 mit einem Grund- körper oder Tragkδrper 17 verbunden ist, der ebenfalls aus einem Metall besteht. Zur Gewährleistung der Vakuumdichtigkeit sind zwischen den Isolatoren 18 und der Substratelektrode 19 bzw. zwischen den Isolatoren 18 und dem Grundkörper 17 Dichtungen 21, beispielsweise O-Ringe aus Gummi, vorgese- hen.embodiments 1 initially explains an electrostatic chuck known from the prior art, that is to say an electrostatic holding device for a substrate 12, for example a conventional silicon wafer. Under the substrate 12 there is a holding element 11 which fixes it, for example a shape electrostatic "Chuck" of a holding plate. The holding element 11 is further placed on a metallic substrate electrode 19, which is connected via ceramic insulators 18 to a base body or support body 17, which is also made of a metal. To ensure vacuum tightness, seals 21, for example rubber O-rings, are provided between the insulators 18 and the substrate electrode 19 or between the insulators 18 and the base body 17.
In Figur 1 ist weiter dargestellt, dass der Grundkörper 17 über einen metallischen Halter 20 mit der Substratelektrode 19 verbunden ist, wobei zwischen dem Halter 20 und der Sub- stratelektrode 19 ebenfalls vorzugsweise keramische Isolatoren 18 vorgesehen sind, so dass der Grundkörper 17 insgesamt gegenüber der Substratelektrode 19 elektrisch isoliert ist. Darüber hinaus ist auf die Substratelektrode 19 eine keramische Platte als Lastkörper 10 aufgelegt, der so geformt ist, dass er in seiner Mitte eine beispielsweise kreisförmige Öffnung aufweist, die größer als das Substrat 12 ist, und der weiter mittels eines überstehenden Teils 10 x oder einer „Nase" so ausgebildet ist, dass er das Halteelement 11 durch sein Gewicht auf die Substratelektrode 19 drückt . Auf diese Weise belastet der Lastkörper 10 das Halteelement 11 ohne das Substrat 12 abzudecken, so dass dieses von oben beispielsweise einer Plasmaätzung zugänglich ist.FIG. 1 also shows that the base body 17 is connected to the substrate electrode 19 via a metallic holder 20, ceramic insulators 18 preferably also being provided between the holder 20 and the substrate electrode 19, so that the base body 17 as a whole is opposite the Substrate electrode 19 is electrically insulated. In addition, a ceramic plate is placed on the substrate electrode 19 as a load body 10, which is shaped so that it has, for example, a circular opening in its center, which is larger than the substrate 12, and which is further by means of a projecting part 10 x or one "Nose" is designed such that its weight presses the holding element 11 onto the substrate electrode 19. In this way, the load body 10 loads the holding element 11 without covering the substrate 12, so that it is accessible from above, for example, to plasma etching.
Der Grundkörper 17 gemäß Figur 1 ist geerdet, während die Substratelektrode 19 in bekannter Weise mit einer Hochspan- nungsZuführung 15 verbunden ist, über die sie mit einer Hochfrequenzleistung beaufschlagbar ist . Daneben weist die Substratelektrode 19 dieser gegenüber isolierte Durchführungen, beispielsweise Keramikdurchführungen, auf, so dass über KlemmspannungsZuführungen 16 eine Beaufschlagung des Halteelementes 11 mit einer elektrischen Gleichspannung, beispielsweise einer elektrischen Spannung von 1000 V bis 2000 V, möglich ist. Die Substratelektrode 19 ist dabei gegenüber dieser Spannung elektrisch isoliert, so dass diese lediglich am Halteelement 11 anliegt und dort über eine e- lektrostatische Klemmung bzw. eine durch die über die KlemmspannungsZuführungen 16 induzierte elektrostatische Kraft eine Klemmung oder Fixierung des Substrats 12 auf dem Halteelement 11 bewirkt. Gleichzeitig wird das Halteelement 11 auch durch eine ebensolche elektrostatische Kraft von seiner Unterseite ausgehend gegen die Substratelektrode 19 geklemmt .The base body 17 according to FIG. 1 is grounded, while the substrate electrode 19 is connected in a known manner with a high-voltage tion supply 15 is connected, via which it can be acted upon by a high-frequency power. In addition, the substrate electrode 19 has insulated feedthroughs, for example ceramic feedthroughs, so that the holding element 11 can be acted upon by a DC voltage, for example an electrical voltage of 1000 V to 2000 V, via clamping voltage feeds 16. The substrate electrode 19 is electrically insulated from this voltage, so that it is only present on the holding element 11 and there clamping or fixing of the substrate 12 on the holding element 11 via an electrostatic clamping or an electrostatic force induced by the clamping voltage feeders 16 causes. At the same time, the holding element 11 is also clamped against the substrate electrode 19 from its underside by an electrostatic force of the same type.
Schließlich ist in Figur 1 vorgesehen, dass über eine Zufüh- rung 14 der der Substratelektrode 19 zugewandten Seite desFinally, it is provided in FIG. 1 that the side of the
Halteelements 11 als Konvektionsmedium 30 gasförmiges Helium zuführbar ist, das über in dem Halteelement 11 vorgesehene Kanäle 25 auch in den Bereich zwischen dem Halteelement 11 und dem Substrat 12 vordringen kann. Das Konvektionsmedium 30 dient der Wärmeabfuhr aus dem Bereich zwischen Substratelektrode 19 und Halteelement 11 und aus dem Bereich zwischen dem Halteelement 11 und der Rückseite des Substrates 12. Entsprechend weist der Halteteller 11 auf seiner Oberseite und Unterseite bevorzugt in bekannter Weise eine ent- sprechend strukturierte Haltefläche 13 auf.Holding element 11 can be supplied as a convection medium 30, gaseous helium, which can also penetrate into the area between holding element 11 and substrate 12 via channels 25 provided in holding element 11. The convection medium 30 serves to dissipate heat from the area between the substrate electrode 19 and the holding element 11 and from the area between the holding element 11 and the back of the substrate 12. Accordingly, the holding plate 11 preferably has a correspondingly structured holding surface on its top and bottom in a known manner 13 on.
Die Figur 2 zeigt ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung für eine Haltevorrichtung 5, die ähnlich der Haltevorrichtung gemäß Figur 1 aufgebaut ist, bei der jedoch vor al- lern das thermische „Floaten" des in Figur 1 vorgesehenen ke- ramischen Lastkörpers um das Substrat 12 herum beseitigt wurde.FIG. 2 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invention for a holding device 5, which is constructed similarly to the holding device according to FIG. 1, but in which, above all, the thermal “floating” of the core provided in FIG. ramischen load body around the substrate 12 was eliminated.
Im Einzelnen ist gemäß Figur 2 vorgesehen, dass mittels ei- 5 nes Aluminiumringes oder eines Eloxalringes oder allgemeiner einer bevorzugt in Form eines Klemmringes ausgeführten Klemmeinrichtung 22 der Lastkörper 10 mit dem geerdeten Grundkörper 17 fest verbunden und so gegen die Oberfläche der Substratelektrode 19 gepresst wird. Dabei ist die Klemm-In detail, it is provided according to FIG. 2 that the load body 10 is firmly connected to the grounded base body 17 by means of an aluminum ring or an anodized ring or more generally a clamping device 22, preferably in the form of a clamping ring, and is thus pressed against the surface of the substrate electrode 19. The clamping
L0 einrichtung 22 und die Verbindung der Klemmeinrichtung 22 mit dem Grundkörper 17 über ein Befestigungselement 23 und ein Verbindungselement 24 so ausgeführt, dass der Lastkörper 10, der ohnehin aus einem Isolator wie Keramik oder Quarzglas besteht, und der Grundkörper 17 gegenüber der Sübstrat-L0 device 22 and the connection of the clamping device 22 to the base body 17 via a fastening element 23 and a connecting element 24 so that the load body 10, which consists of an insulator such as ceramic or quartz glass anyway, and the base body 17 with respect to the substrate
L5 elektrode 19 elektrisch isoliert sind. Das Befestigungselement 23 ist im erläuterten Beispiel eine Schraube, während das Verbindungselement 24 beispielsweise eine Hülse, ein Stab oder ebenfalls eine Schraube ist . Die Verwendung eines Klemmringes als Klemmeinrichtung 22 übt vorteilhaft eineL5 electrode 19 are electrically insulated. The fastening element 23 is a screw in the example explained, while the connecting element 24 is, for example, a sleeve, a rod or likewise a screw. The use of a clamping ring as a clamping device 22 advantageously exercises one
20 sehr gleichmäßige Klemmkraft auf den Lastkörper 10 aus, so dass die Gefahr eine Abscherens oder Spaltens ausgeschlossen wird.20 very uniform clamping force on the load body 10, so that the risk of shearing or splitting is excluded.
Insgesamt wird durch die Haltevorrichtung 5 gemäß Figur 2 5 eine verbesserte thermische Ankoppelung des Lastkörpers 10 an die Temperatur der Substratelektrode 19 erreicht, was zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Eigenschaften eines Hochratenplasmaätzprozesses, beispielsweise nach Art der DE 42 41 045 Cl, vor allem im Randbereich des Substrates 12 0 führt. Daneben wird darüber auch ein unerwünschter Prozessdrift zwischen einem heißen und einem kalten Anlagezustand vermieden oder reduziert, der wesentlich von einem Aufheizen des Lastkörpers 10, der beispielsweise weiterhin als keramische Platte ausgeführt ist, unmittelbar um das Substrat 12 5 herum resultiert. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erläuterten Ausführungsbeispiels ist zwischen dem Lastkörper 10 und der Oberfläche der Substratelektrode 19 zusätzlich eine Oberflächenunebenheiten ausgleichende und/oder einen gleichmäßigen, möglichst guten Wärmeabfluss gewährleistende Schicht, vorzugsweise eine Silikonfettschicht oder eine Fettschicht aus einem perfluorierten Fett wie Krytox®-Fett oder Fomblin®- Fett, vorgesehen.Overall, the holding device 5 according to FIG. 2 5 achieves an improved thermal coupling of the load body 10 to the temperature of the substrate electrode 19, which leads to a significant improvement in the properties of a high-rate plasma etching process, for example in accordance with DE 42 41 045 Cl, especially in the edge region of the Substrate 12 0 leads. In addition, an undesirable process drift between a hot and a cold system state is also avoided or reduced, which essentially results from heating of the load body 10, which, for example, continues to be designed as a ceramic plate, directly around the substrate 12 5. In a preferred embodiment of the exemplary embodiment explained, between the load body 10 and the surface of the substrate electrode 19 there is additionally a layer which compensates for unevenness in the surface and / or ensures a uniform heat dissipation which is as good as possible, preferably a silicone fat layer or a fat layer made of a perfluorinated fat such as Krytox® fat or Fomblin ® fat, provided.
Generell ist wichtig, dass die gewünschte Klemmung über den geerdeten Grundkörper 17 und nicht über die mit einer hochfrequenten Leistung beaufschlagte Substratelektrode 19 selbst erfolgt, da in diesem Fall die Hochfrequenz auf die Klemmeinrichtung 22 einwirkte, was negative Auswirkungen auf den Plasmaätzprozess hätte und auch zu Absputtereffekten führte. Insofern ist es im Fall des erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsbeispiels gemäß Figur 2 auch aus elektrischen Gründen vorteilhaft, dass der über den Grundkörper 17 geerdete Klemmring 22 um das Substrat 12 herum verläuft und elektrisch leitend ist .In general, it is important that the desired clamping takes place via the grounded base body 17 and not via the substrate electrode 19 itself which is subjected to a high-frequency power, since in this case the high frequency has an effect on the clamping device 22, which would have negative effects on the plasma etching process and also on sputtering effects led. In this respect, in the case of the exemplary embodiment according to the invention according to FIG. 2, it is also advantageous for electrical reasons that the clamping ring 22, which is grounded via the base body 17, extends around the substrate 12 and is electrically conductive.
Die Figur 3 zeigt den in Figur 2 gestrichelt gekennzeichneten Ausschnitt aus Figur 2, wobei zunächst erkennbar ist, dass das Halteelement 11 gemäß Figur 2 bevorzugt eine Mehrzahl, beispielsweise 6 bis 8, von dieses durchquerenden Kanälen 25 aufweist, die von der der Substratelektrode 19 zugewandten Seite des Halteelementes 11 bis zu der dem Substrat 12 zugewandten Seite des Halteelementes 11 führen. Ü- ber die Kanäle 25 kann ein mit der Zuführung 14 zugeführtesFIG. 3 shows the detail from FIG. 2 which is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 2, it being initially recognizable that the holding element 11 according to FIG. 2 preferably has a plurality, for example 6 to 8, of channels 25 which pass through it and which face the substrate electrode 19 Lead side of the holding element 11 to the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12. One supplied with the feed 14 can be fed via the channels 25
Konvektionsmedium in den Bereich unterhalb des Substrates 12 gelangen. Weiter weist das Halteelement 11 auf seiner dem Substrat 12 zugewandten Seite eine in an sich bekannter Weise strukturierte Haltefläche 13 auf, die in dem Ausführungs- beispiel gemäß Figur 2 zunächst von einem Dielektrikum wie A1203 gebildet wird. Durch die strukturierte Haltefläche 13 wird die Unterseite des Substrates 12 bereichsweise von einem dielektrischen Material gestützt, während sich in anderen Bereichen Hohlräume 27 bilden, die von dem Substrat 12 und in dem Halteelement 11 auf seiner Oberfläche vorgesehenen Ausnehmungen begrenzt sind.Convection medium reach the area below the substrate 12. Furthermore, on its side facing the substrate 12, the holding element 11 has a holding surface 13 structured in a manner known per se, which in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2 is initially made of a dielectric such as A1 2 0 3 is formed. The structured holding surface 13 supports the underside of the substrate 12 in some areas by a dielectric material, while in other areas cavities 27 are formed which are delimited by recesses provided on the surface of the substrate 12 and in the holding element 11.
Die Hohlräume 27 stehen zumindest teilweise mit den Kanälen 25 in Verbindung, so dass das Konvektionsmedium, beispiels- weise Helium, in diese vordringen kann. Im Übrigen ist inThe cavities 27 are at least partially connected to the channels 25, so that the convection medium, for example helium, can penetrate them. Incidentally, is in
Figur 3 erkennbar, dass die KlemmspannungsZuführungen 16 bis in eine Umgebung der Oberfläche des Halteelementes 11 reichen, und dass dort eine elektrische Gleichspannung anliegt, die eine elektrostatische Fixierung des Substrates 12 auf dem Halteelement 11 bewirkt. Die Struktur der Kanäle 25 und ihre Ausbildung und Durchführung durch den Haltekörper 11 ist beispielsweise wie bei aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten elektrostatischen „Chucks" ausgeführt.FIG. 3 shows that the clamping voltage feeds 16 extend into the vicinity of the surface of the holding element 11, and that there is a direct electrical voltage that causes the substrate 12 to be electrostatically fixed on the holding element 11. The structure of the channels 25 and their formation and implementation through the holding body 11 is carried out, for example, as in the case of electrostatic “chucks” known from the prior art.
In einem zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel, das ebenfalls mit Hilfe der Figur 3 erläutert wird, ist alternativ zu dem vorstehenden Ausführungsbeispiel das auf der dem Substrat 12 zugewandten Seite des Halteelementes 11 vorgesehene Dielektrikum A1203 durch ein ferroelektrisches Material oder, bevorzugt, ein piezoelektrisches Material 26 wie eine Blei-Zirkonium- Titanat-Keramik (PZT-Keramik) ersetzt worden, das statt des Al203 nun als Dielektrikum dient. Der Vorteil ist dabei, dass in einem Piezoelektrikum 26 oder einem alternativ einsetzbaren Ferroelektrikum ohnehin bereits vorhandene perma- nente Dipole durch das über die KlemmspannungsZuführung 16 angelegte elektrische Feld bzw. die darüber angelegte elektrische Gleichspannung ausgerichtet, und dieses somit polarisiert wird, so dass die auf das Substrat 12 ausgeübten e- lektrostatischen Klemmkräfte erheblich größer sind als im Fall eines Dielektrikums wie A1203. Die Polarisation unterstützt somit das über die KlemmspannungsZuführungen 16 angelegte äußere elektrische Feld und bewirkt eine Verstärkung der Fixierung des Substrates 12 auf dem Halteelement 11, so dass bei einer gleichen elektrischen Haltespannung nun eine wesentlich höhere Haltekraft auf das Substrat 12 ausgeübt werden kann.In a second exemplary embodiment, which is likewise explained with the aid of FIG. 3, as an alternative to the above exemplary embodiment, the dielectric A1 2 0 3 provided on the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12 is made of a ferroelectric material or, preferably, a piezoelectric material 26 like a lead zirconium titanate ceramic (PZT ceramic), which now serves as a dielectric instead of Al 2 0 3 . The advantage here is that in a piezoelectric 26 or an alternatively usable ferroelectric, permanent dipoles already present anyway are aligned by the electrical field applied via the clamping voltage supply 16 or the electrical direct voltage applied above, and this is thus polarized so that the the electrostatic clamping forces exerted on the substrate 12 are considerably greater than in the case of a dielectric such as A1 2 0 3 . The polarization thus supports the external electrical field applied via the clamping voltage feeders 16 and increases the fixation of the substrate 12 on the holding element 11, so that a substantially higher holding force can now be exerted on the substrate 12 with the same electrical holding voltage.
Die gesteigerte elektrostatische Haltekraft erlaubt in einer bevorzugten Weiterführung des Ausführungsbeispiels gemäß Figur 3 nun auch, den Druck des Konvektionsmediums Helium zu erhöhen, und somit die Wärmeabfuhr von der Rückseite des Substrates 12 hin zur Substratelektrode 19 deutlich zu verbessern. Insbesondere wird nun anstelle des ansonsten üb- liehen Druckes des zugeführten Heliums von 10 bis 20 mbar ein Druck von 50 mbar bis 300 mbar, insbesondere von 100 mbar bis 200 mbar eingesetzt, was zu einer um mehrere Größenordnungen bessere Wärmeableitung führt . Der wesentliche Vorteil eines Piezoelektrikums 26 oder Ferroelektrikums auf der dem Substrat 12 zugewandten Seite des Halteelements 11 ist somit in erster Linie nicht die gesteigerte Haltekraft an sich, sondern vor allem der dadurch ermöglichte höhere Druck des Konvektionsmediums 30 im Bereich der Hohlräume 27 zwischen dem Halteelement 11 und dem Substrat 12.In a preferred development of the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3, the increased electrostatic holding force now also makes it possible to increase the pressure of the convection medium helium, and thus significantly improve the heat dissipation from the back of the substrate 12 to the substrate electrode 19. In particular, instead of the otherwise usual pressure of the supplied helium of 10 to 20 mbar, a pressure of 50 mbar to 300 mbar, in particular from 100 mbar to 200 mbar, is used, which leads to heat dissipation that is several orders of magnitude better. The main advantage of a piezoelectric 26 or ferroelectric on the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12 is therefore primarily not the increased holding force per se, but above all the higher pressure of the convection medium 30 in the region of the cavities 27 between the holding element 11 that is made possible as a result and the substrate 12.
Im Übrigen sei noch erwähnt, dass durch die Verwendung von piezoelektrischen oder ferroelektrischen Dielektrika die induzierten elektrostatischen Haltekräfte mit dem Abschalten des äußeren elektrischen Feldes oder dem Ausschalten der an- gelegten elektrischen Spannungen nicht verschwinden, da vorhandene, zunächst ausgerichtete Dipole dies zumindest weitgehend auch im spannungslosen bzw. feldlosen Zustand bleiben. Daher genügt es im Rahmen dieses Ausführungsbeispiels nun nicht mehr, das äußere Feld oder die von Außen angelegte elektrische Spannung einfach abzuschalten, um das Substrat 12 von dem Halteelement 11 zu lösen. Vielmehr muss nun bei einem Ausladen oder Lösen des Substrates 12 von dem Halteelement 11 ein sogenannter „Depolarisationszyklus" unter Verwendung einer Wechselspannung eingesetzt werden, deren Amplitude beispielsweise langsam von einem Ausgangswert auf Null zurückgefahren wird. Dabei verschwindet die Ausrichtung der Dipolmomente weitgehend, d.h. diese liegen danach in einer chaotischen Richtungsverteilung vor. Dieses, an sich bekannte Verfahren ist üblich beim Entmagnetisieren von Mate- rialien und an dieser Stelle erforderlich, um das Substrat 12 ohne größere Kräfte auch wieder von dem Halteelement 11 trennen zu können. Weiter sei an dieser Stelle noch betont, dass durch die Verwendung eines Piezoelektrikums 26 als dielektrisches Material und den erläuterten Depolarisations- zyklus über den piezoelektrischen Effekt eine vorteilhafte Schwingungsbewegung (Dickenschwingung) in das Piezoelektri- kum 26 induziert wird, was zu einem weiter verbesserten Loslassen des Substrates 12 von dem Halteelement 11 und einem vereinfachten Überwinden vorhandener Adhäsionskräfte zwi- sehen benachbarten Oberflächen führt. Insbesondere verhalten sich mit positiver oder negativer Polarität beaufschlagte Zonen, wie in Figur 3 skizziert, jeweils gegensätzlich, d.h. sie kontrahieren oder expandieren, was das Trennen der Oberflächen wesentlich erleichtert. Zusammenfassend wird durch die Verwendung eines Piezoelektrikums 26 das sogenannteIn addition, it should also be mentioned that the use of piezoelectric or ferroelectric dielectrics means that the induced electrostatic holding forces do not disappear when the external electrical field is switched off or the applied electrical voltages are switched off, since existing, initially aligned dipoles at least largely do this even in the voltage-free state or fieldless condition. It is therefore no longer sufficient in the context of this exemplary embodiment to simply switch off the external field or the electrical voltage applied from the outside in order to remove the substrate 12 to be released from the holding element 11. Instead, when the substrate 12 is unloaded or detached from the holding element 11, a so-called “depolarization cycle” using an alternating voltage must be used, the amplitude of which, for example, is slowly reduced from an initial value to zero. The orientation of the dipole moments largely disappears, ie they lie This method, which is known per se, is customary when demagnetizing materials and is required at this point in order to be able to separate the substrate 12 from the holding element 11 again without major forces emphasizes that the use of a piezoelectric 26 as dielectric material and the depolarization cycle explained above induces an advantageous oscillatory movement (thickness oscillation) into the piezoelectric 26 via the piezoelectric effect, which leads to a further improved release of the substrate 12 leads from the holding element 11 and a simplified overcoming of existing adhesive forces between adjacent surfaces. In particular, zones with positive or negative polarity, as sketched in FIG. 3, behave in opposite directions, ie they contract or expand, which makes it much easier to separate the surfaces. In summary, the so-called
„Declamping" wesentlich erleichtert, was bei üblichen elektrostatischen „Chucks" immer wieder zum Bruch „angeklebter" Wafer beim Ausladen führt."Declamping" much easier, which in the case of conventional electrostatic "chucks" repeatedly leads to the breakage of "glued" wafers when unloading.
Die Figur 4 erläutert ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel, wobei nun anstelle eines gasförmigen Konvektionsmediums 30 wie Helium eine Flüssigkeit als Konvektionsmedium 30 oder allgemeiner als Wärmetransportmedium 30 zwischen Substrat 12 und Halteelement 11 und/oder zwischen Halteelement 11 und Sub- stratelektrode 19 dient. Dabei nutzt man aus, dass Flüssig- keiten Wärme wesentlich besser leiten als Gase und selbst Helium signifikant überlegen sind. Andererseits scheiden sehr viele Flüssigkeiten zur Kühlung von Substraten in Plasmaätzanlagen aus, weil sie entweder das Substrat 12 oder die Anlage kontaminieren oder selbst in kleinsten Mengen einen schädlichen Einfluss auf den jeweils durchgeführten Ätzpro- zess ausüben. Eine Ausnahme bilden die Fluorcarbone, d.h. perfluorierte langkettige Alkane oder ähnliche Verbindungen, wie sie beispielsweise von der Firma 3M unter der Bezeich- nung FC77, FC84 oder auch als sogenannte „Performance Flu- ids" („PFxyz") vertrieben werden. Solche Fluorcarbone sind hochrein, da sich darin praktisch keine Stoffe lösen, absolut inert und weisen sehr hohe elektrische Durchschlagfeldstärken auf . Zudem ist das Wärmeleitvermögen von Fluorcarbo- nen ausgezeichnet und ihre Viskosität niedrig.FIG. 4 explains a further exemplary embodiment, a liquid now serving as a convection medium 30 or more generally as a heat transport medium 30 between the substrate 12 and the holding element 11 and / or between the holding element 11 and the substrate electrode 19 instead of a gaseous convection medium 30 such as helium. This takes advantage of the fact that liquid conduct heat much better than gases and even helium are significantly superior. On the other hand, a large number of liquids for cooling substrates in plasma etching systems are ruled out because they either contaminate the substrate 12 or the system or even in the smallest quantities exert a harmful influence on the etching process carried out in each case. An exception are the fluorocarbons, ie perfluorinated long-chain alkanes or similar compounds, such as those sold by 3M under the designation FC77, FC84 or as so-called "performance fluids"("PF xyz "). Such fluorocarbons are highly pure, since practically no substances dissolve in them, are absolutely inert and have very high electrical breakdown field strengths. In addition, the thermal conductivity of fluorocarbons is excellent and their viscosity is low.
Zudem werden zum Hochratenätzen in Plasmaätzanlagen in der Regel fluorbasierte Prozesse eingesetzt, so dass Fluorcarbone selbst dann, wenn sie in die Ätzkammer bzw. Vakuumkammer gelangen, in den durchgeführten Ätzprozess nicht eingreifen und keine nachteiligen Auswirkungen auf den Ätzprozess haben.In addition, fluorine-based processes are generally used for high-rate etching in plasma etching systems, so that fluorocarbons do not interfere with the etching process carried out, even if they get into the etching chamber or vacuum chamber, and have no adverse effects on the etching process.
Insofern ist das mit Hilfe der Figur 4 erläuterte Ausfüh- rungsbeispiel besonders für ein Plasmaätzverfahren nach der Art der DE 42 41 045 Cl geeignet, um eine Wärmeabfuhr oder, falls gewünscht, auch eine Zufuhr von Wärme zu oder von der Rückseite des in einer Vakuumkammer gehaltenen Substrates 12 zu leisten, das beispielsweise einem Wärmeeintrag von dessen Vorderseite ausgesetzt ist.In this respect, the exemplary embodiment explained with the aid of FIG. 4 is particularly suitable for a plasma etching method according to the type of DE 42 41 045 Cl in order to dissipate heat or, if desired, also to supply heat to or from the rear of the one held in a vacuum chamber To perform substrate 12, which is exposed to heat input from the front, for example.
Im Einzelnen geht das mit Hilfe der Figur 4 erläuterte Aus- führungsbeispiel zunächst von einer Haltevorrichtung 5 gemäß Figur 2, Figur 3 oder auch der aus dem Stand der Technik be- kannten Figur 1 aus, wobei nun jedoch an Stelle des gasför- migen Konvektionsmediums 30 Helium ein flüssiges Konvektionsmedium 30, vorzugsweise ein Fluorcarbon, eingesetzt wird.Specifically, the exemplary embodiment explained with the aid of FIG. 4 is initially based on a holding device 5 according to FIG. 2, FIG. 3 or also FIG. 1 known from the prior art, but now instead of the gas Convection medium 30 helium, a liquid convection medium 30, preferably a fluorocarbon, is used.
Konkret wird das für den jeweils im Einzelfall auftretenden Temperaturbereich ausgewählte Fluorcarbon, beispielsweise das Produkt FC77 der Firma 3M, der Substratelektrode 19 an der Stelle zugeführt, an der ansonsten Helium eingelassen wird. Dazu ist in Figur 4 eine Substratelektrode 19 dargestellt, die eine Zuführung 14 gemäß den Figuren 1 oder 2 aufweist, über die der Oberseite der Substratelektrode 19 das flüssige Konvektionsmedium zugeführt wird. Da sich auf der Substratelektrode 19 das Halteelement 11 befindet, bildet sich zwischen der Substratelektrode und dem HalteelementSpecifically, the fluorocarbon selected for the temperature range occurring in each individual case, for example the product FC77 from 3M, is fed to the substrate electrode 19 at the point at which helium is otherwise admitted. For this purpose, a substrate electrode 19 is shown in FIG. 4, which has a feed 14 according to FIGS. 1 or 2, via which the liquid convection medium is fed to the top of the substrate electrode 19. Since the holding element 11 is located on the substrate electrode 19, it is formed between the substrate electrode and the holding element
11 zunächst ein zweiter Zwischenraum 37 aus. Daneben durch- dringt das zugeführte flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 das Halteelement 11, beispielsweise durch die Kanäle 25, und dringt in den Bereich der Hohlräume oder Ausnehmungen 27 vor, die sich zwischen Halteelement 11 und dem Substrat 12 befinden.11 first a second space 37. In addition, the supplied liquid convection medium 30 penetrates the holding element 11, for example through the channels 25, and penetrates into the region of the cavities or recesses 27 which are located between the holding element 11 and the substrate 12.
Zur Bereitstellung des flüssigen Konvektionsmediums ist gemäß Figur 4 zunächst ein üblicher Massenflussregler 31 vorgesehen, dem das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 zugeführt wird, und der mit einer Steuereinheit 36 in Verbindung steht. Die Steuereinheit 36 steuert den Zufluss des flüssi- gen Konvektionsmediums 30 über eine übliche Regelung und einen Sollwert/Istwert-Vergleich. Befindet sich ein SubstratTo provide the liquid convection medium, a conventional mass flow controller 31 is first provided according to FIG. 4, to which the liquid convection medium 30 is supplied and which is connected to a control unit 36. The control unit 36 controls the inflow of the liquid convection medium 30 via a conventional regulation and a setpoint / actual value comparison. There is a substrate
12 auf der Substratelektrode 19 bzw. auf dem Halteelement 11, wird der Massenflussregler 31 und ein weiter vorgesehenes, beispielsweise elektrisch steuerbares Drosselventil 33 von der Steuereinheit 36 so weit geöffnet, dass an einem12 on the substrate electrode 19 or on the holding element 11, the mass flow controller 31 and a further provided, for example electrically controllable throttle valve 33 is opened by the control unit 36 to such an extent that at one
Drucksensor 32, beispielsweise einem üblichen Baratron, ein gewünschter Druck des flüssigen Konvektionsmediums 30 an der Rückseite des Substrates 12, d.h. der dem Halteelement 11 zugewandten Seite des Substrates 12, gemessen oder einge- stellt wird. Dieser hydrostatische Druck pflanzt sich unter dem Substrat 12 fort. Da vor dem Öffnen des Massenflussreg- lers 31 unter dem Substrat 12 Vakumbedingungen herrschen, füllt das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 somit den gesamten Raum zwischen Substrat 12 und Halteelement 11 und zwischen Halteelement 11 und Substratelektrode 19 augenblicklich aus.Pressure sensor 32, for example a conventional baratron, a desired pressure of the liquid convection medium 30 is measured or set on the back of the substrate 12, ie on the side of the substrate 12 facing the holding element 11. This hydrostatic pressure is planted under the substrate 12. Since vacuum conditions prevail under the substrate 12 before the mass flow controller 31 is opened, the liquid convection medium 30 thus fills the entire space between the substrate 12 and the holding element 11 and between the holding element 11 and the substrate electrode 19 instantaneously.
Das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 wird bevorzugt in das Zentrum der Substratelektrode 19 und/oder das Zentrum des Substrates 12 geleitet und von dort bevorzugt über eine Sam- melrinne 28 im Randbereich des Substrates 12 wieder gesammelt und über eine Abführung 29 abgeführt. Die Sammelrinne 28 ist, wie in Figur 4 dargestellt, bevorzugt sowohl im Bereich der Substratelektrode 19 in diese eingelassen, als auch in die dem Substrat 12 zugewandten Seite des Halteele- mentes 11. Insgesamt wird auf diese Weise das über die Zuführung 14 zugeführte flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 über die Sammelrinne 28 wieder gesammelt und über eine nicht dargestellte Vakuumpumpe abgesaugt. Da, wie ausgeführt, keine Kompatibilitätsprobleme zwischen einem Hochratenätzverfahren nach der Art der DE 42 41 045 Cl und einem Fluorcarbon als flüssigem Konvektionsmedium 30 bestehen, kann hierfür ein gewöhnlicher Bypass zu einem Anlagenpumpstand oder einer ohnehin für die Vakuumkammer vorgesehenen Turbomolekularpumpe eingesetzt werden.The liquid convection medium 30 is preferably conducted into the center of the substrate electrode 19 and / or the center of the substrate 12 and from there preferably collected again via a collecting trough 28 in the edge region of the substrate 12 and discharged via a discharge 29. The collecting trough 28, as shown in FIG. 4, is preferably embedded in the area of the substrate electrode 19 as well as in the side of the holding element 11 facing the substrate 12. Overall, the liquid convection medium supplied via the feed 14 becomes in this way 30 collected again via the collecting trough 28 and sucked off via a vacuum pump, not shown. Since, as stated, there are no compatibility problems between a high-rate etching method of the type of DE 42 41 045 Cl and a fluorocarbon as a liquid convection medium 30, a normal bypass to a system pumping station or a turbomolecular pump which is already provided for the vacuum chamber can be used for this.
Der Abfluss des flüssigen Konvektionsmediums 30 geschieht bevorzugt über die elektrisch oder auch manuell einstellbare Drossel 33, über die ein geringer Fluss von beispielsweise 0,1 ccm/min bis 1 ccm/min entsprechend dem gewünschten Druck an der Rückseite des Substrates 12 einmal fest eingestellt wird. Insofern genügt es auch, den Massenflussregler 31 im Zuflussbereich auf einen sehr kleinen Maximalfluss auszulegen, was das Problem von Flüssigkeitsübertritten in die Prozesskammer deutlich entschärft . Insgesamt fließt das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 aus einem Vorratstank, der bevorzugt unter Atmosphärendruck steht, ü- ber den Massenflussregler 31 in den Raum zwischen dem Substrat 12 und der Substratelektrode 19, wobei die Steuerein- heit 36 durch Ansteuern des Massenflussreglers 31 dafür sorgt, dass dort stets ein gewünschter hydrostatischer Druck von beispielsweise 5 bis 20 mbar vorherrscht. Weiter füllt das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 möglichst sämtliche Zwischenräume zwischen dem Substrat 12 und der Substratelektro- de 19 aus, und wird schließlich über das Drosselventil 33 wieder abgesaugt, an das sich eine optional vorgesehene Flussmesseinrichtung 34 anschließt, über die die abfließende Menge an Konvektionsmedium 30 bestimmbar ist und an die Steuereinheit 36 übermittelt werden kann.The outflow of the liquid convection medium 30 preferably takes place via the electrically or manually adjustable throttle 33, via which a low flow of, for example, 0.1 ccm / min to 1 ccm / min is set once according to the desired pressure on the back of the substrate 12 , In this respect, it is also sufficient to design the mass flow controller 31 in the inflow area for a very small maximum flow, which significantly alleviates the problem of liquid transfers into the process chamber. Overall, the liquid convection medium 30 flows from a storage tank, which is preferably under atmospheric pressure, via the mass flow controller 31 into the space between the substrate 12 and the substrate electrode 19, the control unit 36 ensuring that there by controlling the mass flow controller 31 there is always a desired hydrostatic pressure of, for example, 5 to 20 mbar. Furthermore, the liquid convection medium 30 fills as far as possible all the spaces between the substrate 12 and the substrate electrode 19, and is finally sucked off again via the throttle valve 33, to which an optionally provided flow measuring device 34 connects, via which the amount of convection medium 30 flowing off can be determined is and can be transmitted to the control unit 36.
In bevorzugter Ausgestaltung ist schließlich noch eine Verdampfereinrichtung 35, beispielsweise ein elektrischer Verdampfer, vorgesehen, die sich an das Drosselventil 33 bzw. die Flussmesseinrichtung 34 anschließt, und die das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 verdampft und in gasförmigem Zustand der sich daran anschließenden Vakuumpumpe zuführt .Finally, in a preferred embodiment, an evaporator device 35, for example an electric evaporator, is provided, which connects to the throttle valve 33 or the flow measuring device 34, and which evaporates the liquid convection medium 30 and supplies it in the gaseous state to the subsequent vacuum pump.
Die Steuereinheit 36 dient bevorzugt auch dazu, eine Fehlfunktion zu erkennen, d.h. in dem Fall, dass das Substrat 12 nicht mehr ausreichend auf dem Halteelement 11 geklemmt ist, was gelegentlich während eines Prozesses vorkommen kann, wird dieser Zustand über die Steuereinheit 36 erkannt, die daraufhin die weitere Zufuhr des flüssigen Konvektionsmediums stoppt. Da in einem solchen Fall der Wärmekontakt zwi- sehen der Substratelektrode 19 und dem Substrat 12 ohnehin verloren ist, muss der durchgeführte Prozess in jedem Fall gestoppt werden, bevor es zu einer thermischen Überhitzung und damit zu einer Zerstörung des als Substrat 12 eingesetzten Siliziumwafers kommt. Zwar ist ein Fluorcarbon als flüssiges Konvektionsmedium 30, wie bereits ausgeführt, für einen Plasmaätzprozess nach der DE 42 41 045 Cl an sich unschädlich und schadet auch der eingesetzten Vakuumanlage nicht, trotzdem sollte die Menge an Fluorcarbon, die in die Ätzkammer eintritt, stets so gering wie möglich gehalten werden. Dieses Ziel wird dadurch erreicht, dass die Steuereinheit 36 die von dem Massenfluss- regler 31 detektierte zugeführte Menge an flüssigem Konvektionsmedium 30 ständig mit der von der Flussmesseinrichtung 34 detektierten abfließenden Menge an flüssigem Konvektionsmedium 30 vergleicht. Tritt bei diesem Vergleich eine über gewisse Toleranzen hinausgehende Diskrepanz auf, wird die weitere Zufuhr des flüssigen Konvektionsmediums 30 über die Steuereinheit 36 gestoppt und der Prozess mit einer Fehler- meidung beendet. Daneben ist dann vorgesehen, dass über eine Vakuumabsaugung die Zwischenräume 27, 37 zwischen dem Substrat 12 und der Substratelektrode 19 rasch geleert werden, so dass sich dort bei einem nachfolgenden Ausladen des nicht korrekt geklemmten Substrates 12 kein flüssiges Konvektions- medium 30 mehr befindet.The control unit 36 preferably also serves to detect a malfunction, ie in the event that the substrate 12 is no longer clamped sufficiently on the holding element 11, which can occasionally occur during a process, this state is recognized by the control unit 36 thereupon the further supply of the liquid convection medium stops. Since in such a case the thermal contact between the substrate electrode 19 and the substrate 12 is lost anyway, the process carried out must be stopped in any case before there is thermal overheating and thus destruction of the silicon wafer used as the substrate 12. Although a fluorocarbon as a liquid convection medium 30, as already stated, is in itself harmless for a plasma etching process according to DE 42 41 045 Cl and does not harm the vacuum system used, nevertheless the amount of fluorocarbon entering the etching chamber should always be so small be kept as possible. This goal is achieved in that the control unit 36 constantly compares the supplied amount of liquid convection medium 30 detected by the mass flow controller 31 with the outflowing amount of liquid convection medium 30 detected by the flow measuring device 34. If a discrepancy beyond certain tolerances occurs in this comparison, the further supply of the liquid convection medium 30 via the control unit 36 is stopped and the process is ended with an error avoidance. In addition, it is then provided that the spaces 27, 37 between the substrate 12 and the substrate electrode 19 are quickly emptied by means of vacuum suction, so that there is no longer any liquid convection medium 30 there when the substrate 12 which is not correctly clamped is subsequently unloaded.
Alternativ zu einer Messung der abfließenden Menge an flüssigem Konvektionsmedium 30 ist es ebenso möglich, das Drosselventil 33 einmalig zu kalibrieren, und damit bei einer festen Position des Drosselventils 33 die Menge an über den Massenflussregler 31 zuzuführendem flüssigen Konvektionsmedium 30 zu bestimmen, die erforderlich ist, um den gewünschten hydrostatischen Druck als Funktion der Zeit aufzubauen. Dieser Wert oder diese Wertetabelle in der Form „Druck als Funktion des Flusses" wird daraufhin von der SteuereinheitAs an alternative to measuring the outflowing amount of liquid convection medium 30, it is also possible to calibrate the throttle valve 33 once, and thus to determine the amount of liquid convection medium 30 to be supplied via the mass flow controller 31 that is required when the throttle valve 33 is in a fixed position. to build up the desired hydrostatic pressure as a function of time. This value or this table of values in the form of “pressure as a function of the flow” is then used by the control unit
36 herangezogen, um bei Abweichungen, insbesondere Überhöhungen, dieses Zuflusswertes sofort ein Leck zu erkennen und den Prozess sowie die weitere Zufuhr des Konvektionsmediums 30 zu unterbrechen. Im Übrigen ist, anders als bei einer Verwendung von gasförmigem Helium als Konvektionsmedium, wo eine Leckage im Elektrodenbereich stets vorhanden ist, da sich Helium über eine elektrostatische Klemmung des Substrates 12 niemals vollständig abdichten lässt, eine Flüssig- keits-Leckage bei einem korrekt geklemmten Substrat 12 äußerst gering, so dass das Drosselventil 33 auf sehr kleine Werte eingestellt werden kann. Zudem muss nun von der Steuereinheit 36 auch kein permanentes Leck als entsprechender Offset oder Sicherheitsvorhalt mehr berücksichtigt werden, wie dies bei der Heliumrückseitenkühlung der Fall ist.36 is used to immediately detect a leak in the event of deviations, in particular excesses, of this inflow value and to interrupt the process and the further supply of the convection medium 30. Incidentally, unlike when using gaseous helium as a convection medium, where there is always a leak in the electrode area, since helium can never be completely sealed by electrostatically clamping the substrate 12, a liquid leakage with a correctly clamped substrate 12 is extremely low, so that the throttle valve 33 can be set to very small values , In addition, the control unit 36 no longer has to take into account a permanent leak as a corresponding offset or safety reserve, as is the case with helium back cooling.
Schließlich ist selbstverständlich, dass die erläuterte Sicherheitseinrichtung, die zum Abschalten des Prozesses führt, in den ersten Sekunden nach dem Beladen des Substrates 12 deaktiviert werden muss, da in dieser Anfangsphase zunächst das flüssige Konvektionsmedium 30 in die vorhandenen Zwischenräume 27, 37 fließen und diese ausfüllen muss, bevor ein Abfluss über die Sammelrinne 28 stattfinden kann. Umgekehrt wird vor dem Ausladen des Substrates 12, das heißt bei abgeschalteter Zufuhr des Konvektionsmediums 30, nur noch ein Abfließen festgestellt, so dass die Vakuumpumpe den Bereich unterhalb des Substrates 12 evakuiert, bevor dieses schließlich trocken von dem Halteelement 11 abgehoben und ausgeladen werden kann.Finally, it goes without saying that the safety device explained, which leads to the process being switched off, must be deactivated in the first seconds after the substrate 12 has been loaded, since in this initial phase the liquid convection medium 30 first flows into the existing spaces 27, 37 and fills them must, before a drain can take place via the collecting channel 28. Conversely, before the substrate 12 is unloaded, that is to say when the supply of the convection medium 30 is switched off, only an outflow is ascertained, so that the vacuum pump evacuates the area below the substrate 12 before it can finally be lifted off and unloaded dry from the holding element 11.
Die erwähnte, sich durch Verwendung eines flüssigen Konvektionsmediums 30 einstellende gesteigerte elektrische Durchschlagsfestigkeit der Haltevorrichtung 5 resultiert weiter auch daraus, dass das Durchschlagen eines Dielektrikums im Wesentlichen von isolierten, punktuellen Defekten wie soge- nannten Pinholes, Hohlräumen, Einschlüssen, Rissen und Gräben mit lokal herabgesetzter Spannungsfestigkeit ausgeht, die lokal auf der Oberfläche des Dielektrikums vorhanden sind und als schwächste Punkte einer ansonsten intakten O- berfläche des elektrostatischen Halteelementes 11 das Versa- gen des gesamten Bauteils bestimmen. Daher wird, obwohl der größte Teil der Oberfläche des elektrostatischen Halteelementes 11 durchaus höhere elektrische Spannungen oder e- lektrische Felder tolerieren würde, die tatsächlich appli- zierbare elektrische Spannung durch einige wenige Punktde- fekte limitiert . Da bei dem mit Hilfe der Figur 4 erläuterten Ausführungsbeispiel das gesamte elektrostatische Halteelement 11 bei Betrieb in das flüssige, dielektrische Konvektionsmedium 30 mit hoher elektrischer Durchschlagsfestigkeit und selbstlöschenden Eigenschaften eingebettet ist, werden solche Punktdefekte durch dieses geheilt. Insgesamt führt auch dieser Effekt zu weiter deutlich höheren Klemmkräften und einem sichereren Betrieb der gesamten Haltevorrichtung 5 gegenüber dem Risiko elektrischer Durchschläge. The above-mentioned increased dielectric strength of the holding device 5 which arises through the use of a liquid convection medium 30 also results from the fact that the dielectric breakdown essentially results from isolated, punctiform defects such as so-called pinholes, cavities, inclusions, cracks and trenches with locally reduced Dielectric strength that is present locally on the surface of the dielectric and, as the weakest points of an otherwise intact surface of the electrostatic holding element 11, determine the failure of the entire component. Therefore, although the Most of the surface of the electrostatic holding element 11 would tolerate higher electrical voltages or electric fields, which actually limits the applicable electrical voltage by a few point defects. Since, in the exemplary embodiment explained with the aid of FIG. 4, the entire electrostatic holding element 11 is embedded in operation in the liquid, dielectric convection medium 30 with a high dielectric strength and self-extinguishing properties, such point defects are healed by this. Overall, this effect also leads to significantly higher clamping forces and safer operation of the entire holding device 5 with respect to the risk of electric breakdowns.
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE50207232T DE50207232D1 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2002-10-04 | HOLDING DEVICE AND METHOD FOR HEAT SUPPLYING OR HEAT REMOVAL OF ONE SUBSTRATE |
JP2003548280A JP4550420B2 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2002-10-04 | Holding device, in particular a holding device for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and a method for supplying heat to or deriving heat from a substrate |
EP02781125A EP1459354B1 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2002-10-04 | Retaining device, especially for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and method for supplying heat to or discharging heat from a substrate |
US10/495,648 US7149070B2 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2002-10-04 | Holding device, in particular for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and method for supplying heat to or dissipating heat from a substrate |
KR1020047007351A KR101006337B1 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2002-10-04 | Fixing apparatus for securing a semiconductor wafer to a plasma etching apparatus and a method for supplying heat to or dissipating heat from the substrate |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10156407A DE10156407A1 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2001-11-16 | Holding device, in particular for fixing a semiconductor wafer in a plasma etching device, and method for supplying or removing heat from a substrate |
DE10156407.4 | 2001-11-16 |
Publications (2)
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WO2003046953A2 true WO2003046953A2 (en) | 2003-06-05 |
WO2003046953A3 WO2003046953A3 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2002/003767 WO2003046953A2 (en) | 2001-11-16 | 2002-10-04 | Retaining device and method for supplying heat to or discharging heat from a substrate |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7149070B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1459354B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4550420B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101006337B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10156407A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003046953A2 (en) |
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2001
- 2001-11-16 DE DE10156407A patent/DE10156407A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-10-04 JP JP2003548280A patent/JP4550420B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-04 KR KR1020047007351A patent/KR101006337B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-04 DE DE50207232T patent/DE50207232D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-04 WO PCT/DE2002/003767 patent/WO2003046953A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-10-04 EP EP02781125A patent/EP1459354B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-04 EP EP06101547A patent/EP1655764A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-04 US US10/495,648 patent/US7149070B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
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KR101006337B1 (en) | 2011-01-10 |
DE50207232D1 (en) | 2006-07-27 |
EP1655764A2 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
WO2003046953A3 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
JP2005512310A (en) | 2005-04-28 |
JP4550420B2 (en) | 2010-09-22 |
EP1459354A2 (en) | 2004-09-22 |
US7149070B2 (en) | 2006-12-12 |
EP1655764A3 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
EP1459354B1 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
DE10156407A1 (en) | 2003-06-05 |
KR20040053310A (en) | 2004-06-23 |
US20050083634A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
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