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WO2002012869A1 - Procede et appareil d'imagerie de l'inhomogeneite dans un milieu solide transparent - Google Patents

Procede et appareil d'imagerie de l'inhomogeneite dans un milieu solide transparent Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002012869A1
WO2002012869A1 PCT/TR2000/000045 TR0000045W WO0212869A1 WO 2002012869 A1 WO2002012869 A1 WO 2002012869A1 TR 0000045 W TR0000045 W TR 0000045W WO 0212869 A1 WO0212869 A1 WO 0212869A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sample
image
light
glass
shadow
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/TR2000/000045
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Reha AKÇAKAYA
Ahmet Semih ÖZDURMUS
Original Assignee
Türkiye Sise Ve Cam Farbrikalari A.S.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Türkiye Sise Ve Cam Farbrikalari A.S. filed Critical Türkiye Sise Ve Cam Farbrikalari A.S.
Priority to AU2000274686A priority Critical patent/AU2000274686A1/en
Priority to PCT/TR2000/000045 priority patent/WO2002012869A1/fr
Publication of WO2002012869A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002012869A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
    • G01N21/89—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination in moving material, e.g. running paper or textiles
    • G01N21/892—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination in moving material, e.g. running paper or textiles characterised by the flaw, defect or object feature examined
    • G01N21/896—Optical defects in or on transparent materials, e.g. distortion, surface flaws in conveyed flat sheet or rod
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/41—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length
    • G01N21/45—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length using interferometric methods; using Schlieren methods
    • G01N21/455—Schlieren methods, e.g. for gradient index determination; Shadowgraph
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/38—Concrete; Lime; Mortar; Gypsum; Bricks; Ceramics; Glass

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods for imaging inhomogeneities in the index of refraction of a solid transparent medium using the shadow or Schlieren optical systems, and an apparatus which generates photographic or digital images of such transparent media by way of scanning said image.
  • the apparatus is especially useful in inspection of glasses for internal chemical inhomogeneity.
  • Float glass is manufactured by spreading and solidifying molten glass on a bath of molten tin and subsequent heat treatment of the glass. Chemical inhomogeneities in the structure of molten glass are arrested in the internal structure of the solidified glass as numerous layers of glass with slightly different chemical and optical properties. Qualitative and quantitative examination of these two-dimensional inhomogeneities gives useful information to the manufactures regarding the melting conditions in the glass tank prior to forming. Therefore, it is vital for glass manufacturers to obtain high-quality cross- sectional images of float glass at certain times during manufacture of the glass. Similarly, inhomogeneities in other glass articles such as glass containers, tableware and optical glasses, need to be inspected for optical, mechanical and thermal quality.
  • the shadow image thrown on a screen is composed of numerous lines of varying illumination.
  • the image of the transparent medium is focused on a screen by way of a lens system.
  • the basic system uses a simple knife-edge as the spatial filter so that the illumination in the image depends on the extent to which the light beams from the object pass over or are blocked by the knife edge.
  • Shadow system is more stable, due to lack of a knife-edge, easily and cheaply constructed and its image consists of finer details when compared with the Schlieren system.
  • the requirement to use a small light source with the shadow system can be overcome by using a laser light source which provides parallel and uniform illumination for shadow system.
  • the deflection is proportional to the path length and the rate of change of refractive index with distance orthogonal to the ray.
  • a shadow or Schlieren optical system is used for obtaining images of chemical inhomogeneity in a solid transparent object, the optical effects of the interaction of the incident light rays with the surfaces of the object orthogonal to the incident light rays need to be eliminated from the resultant image of the object. For this reason, either the object must be submerged in a liquid having a light refractive index approximate to that of the object, or the surfaces of the object orthogonal to incident light rays must be ground flat and polished.
  • thermal inhomogeneities generated in transparent objects can also be observed by shadow or Schlieren systems as a result of the effect of local temperature changes on the local light refractive index of the transparent material.
  • JP2138853 and US5752519) are not imaging methods and comprise methods of measurement of light intensity after travel through the object of investigation.
  • Inspecting method described in JP53120587 comprises a method for the formation of an image of the inhomogeneities in a glass block to be investigated visually, but does not include a scanning method for the reproduction of the shadow image for further analysis.
  • the method described in US5016099 is related to the inhomogeneities in float glass as viewed orthogonal to the float glass surfaces, hence is not related to cross-sectional inhomogeneity.
  • the present invention is related to forming and recording a shadow image of chemical inhomogeneities in transparent solids such as glass, by a photographic or digital scanning technique, for the purpose of qualitatively assessing the homogeneity of the said solid.
  • striagraphs which utilize the shadow system in combination with a photographic recording system which is principally similar to the system described in this invention.
  • the sample is placed perpendicular to the optical axis consisting of a light source, a projection lens and the photographic recording system, and is drawn at uniform speed across the optical axis while the image projected by the lens is recorded by the photographic recording system.
  • the photographic system comprises a drum, around which a strip of photographic paper is wrapped, and a vertical slit which allows a narrow section of the moving image of the sample fall on a corresponding narrow section on the photographic paper while the drum rotates at in such a way that the photographic paper moves at a slower velocity than the moving image.
  • the resulting recorded latent image of the sample is therefore compressed in the direction of image movement and enlarged in the direction perpendicular to image movement.
  • the present invention prevents vibration of the sample by holding the sample stationary and moving the whole optical system across the sample while recording the shadow image of the sample. Furthermore, the invention makes digital recording of the shadow image possible, thus eliminating lengthy steps of photographic processing of the exposed material. Digital images can be modified for obtaining additional information such as de-spotting, negative image, unproportional resizing, pasting to one another, flipping, etc.
  • This invention is related to methods of imaging and analyzing chemical inhomogeneities in solid transparent materials and various forms of an apparatus which utilize these methods. It is an object of the invention to develop a method and a device for the fast, efficient, safe and high-quality representation of the chemical and thermal inhomogeneities in transparent objects, such as glass, plastics or ceramics, for the purpose of analyzing and controlling manufacturing conditions of these objects. It was surprisingly discovered that efficient, safe and high-quality recording of the spatial distribution of inhomogeneities in a transparent object, such as the relative positions of inhomogeneous layers along the entire width of a float glass ribbon, could be achieved through digitally or photographically scanning the shadow or Schlieren image of that object while the object was held stationary.
  • the method consists of;
  • a light source radiating a uniform and parallel beam of light for the illumination of the sample, such as a laser light source or a collimated beam of light from a halogen light source, where the diameter of the beam of light is larger than the area to be examined in the sample,
  • a digital recording system which processes position information from the movement of the optical system via an encoder in combination with illuminance information from the shadow of the sample thrown by the optical system on an optical sensor, for the construction of a two-dimensional representation of the chemical inhomogeneities in the sample.
  • a photographic recording system can be employed, which comprises a narrow slit positioned between the sample and a strip of photographic film or paper, and a mechanism which allows the strip of the photographic paper to be moved in the direction of movement of the projected image of the sample at a speed proportional to the speed of the optical system relative to the stationary sample.
  • Figure 1 represents the best form of application of the invention, in which a digital system is utilized for imaging the inhomoheneities in the sample.
  • Figure 1 describes the apparatus which records the shadow image of the sample digitally.
  • Light source 1 generates a beam of laser or halogen light 3, expanded by beam expander 2 which illuminates sample 4 immersed in liquid 6 of approximate light refractive index to that of the sample in sample container 5 constructed with substantially optically clear sheet material and placed in such a way that two opposite surfaces of the sample container are approximately orthogonal to the direction of incident laser beam.
  • Light beam emerging from the sample container is projected by optical lens 7 onto light sensor 8 of scanner 9 connected to computer 14 by connection 13.
  • the position and focal length of optical element 7 along the optical axis between sample 4 and sensor 8 determines size of the projected image of the sample on sensor 8.
  • Encoder 12 generates a position signal from motion of plate 10.
  • Lighting and optical elements 1 , 2, and 7, and scanner 9 are placed on plate 10, which can be moved on bearing 11 by mechanical actuator 12 at a fairly uniform speed relative to the stationary sample 4 and sample container 5.
  • Computer 14 is used to capture, record and process the image generated by scanner 9. Final processed image can be printed on printer 15.
  • Figure 2 describes the apparatus which records the shadow image of the sample photographically.
  • Light source 1 generates a beam of laser or halogen light 3, expanded by beam expander 2 which illuminates sample 4 immersed in liquid 6 of approximate light refractive index to that of the sample in sample container 5 constructed with substantially optically clear sheet material and placed placed in such a way that two opposite surfaces of the sample container are approximately orthogonal to the direction of incident laser beam.
  • Light beam emerging from the sample container is projected by optical lens 7 onto slit 8 of specified width placed vertically on light-tight box 9.
  • Drum 10 with a vertical axis of rotation is placed inside box 9.
  • Slit 8 is of sufficient length so that projected image of the sample entirely illuminated photographic sheet 13, in the form of film or enlarging paper, wrapped around drum 10.
  • Lighting and optical elements 1 , 2, and 7, box 9 and gear mechanism 14 are placed on plate 10, which could be moved on bearing 11 by mechanical actuator 12 at a fairly uniform speed relative to the stationary sample 4 and sample container 5.
  • Mechanism 14 is linked to drum 10 and allowed the drum to be rotated at an angular speed proportional to the speed of Plate 10 during movement of the plate, so that the linear speed of photographic sheet 13 was less than the speed of Plate 10.
  • Mechanism 14 is made up of gears that rotate drum 10 in such a way that shadow image of the sample projected onto slit 8 moves in the same direction as the portion of sheet 13 illuminated by the slit.
  • the position and focal length of optical element 7 along the optical axis between sample 4 and slit 8 determines size of the projected image of the sample on slit 8.
  • the width of slit 8 can be adjusted between 0.1 and 3 mm for the purpose of adjusting exposure and image sharpness on sheet 13.
  • FIG. 1 An apparatus was constructed as shown in Figure 1. Samples were clear and colored float glass strips of 115 mm length, 2 - 19 mm thickness and 1.5 - 4 cm width. The samples were placed in the sample container bath filled with dimethylphythalate or silicone oils or almond oil that have light refractive indices close to that of float glass. A hand-held scanner hardware was rearranged so that the scanner card mounted in the computer would capture a scanned image of the sample by using light intensity reading from the sensor directly exposed to the shadow image projected by the optical lens of either converging or diverging type, and the position information from an encoder installed on the plate.
  • the image obtained surprisingly showed in detail the layers of minute chemical inhomogeneity in the float glass samples when compared with the traditional photographic system in which the sample glass was carried across the optical axis of a shadow system. Since inspection of crossection of an entire 3.5 m width of float glass ribbon necessitates a compaction of the crossection image along its longer dimension and enlarging in its shorter dimension (along glass thickness), the scanning procedure was equipped with a facility to perform compaction and enlarging functions. The enlarging was done by the magnification of the optical lens and the compaction function was performed by adjusting the encoder and also by way of an image processing software installed in the computer.
  • the scanning was completed in 20 - 60 s depending on the speed of the plate that could be controlled manually.
  • the whole apparatus occupied much less space than the traditional striagraph system and the whole procedure was significantly faster, more efficient, cheaper and user friendly.
  • High quality striagrams that is, images of chemical inhomogeneity, of float glass were obtained.
  • the apparatus was successfully utilized for inspection of float glass for defects such as ream and optical defects, as well as for investigating the effects of changes in certain glass melting parameters, such as effect of mixers, bubblers, batch chargers, coolers or tweel, on the formation of chemical inhomogeneity structure within the glass.
  • Example 2 The same apparatus described in Example 1 , except the light source was a halogen light source emitting a substantially uniform and parallel beam of light. High quality striagrams of float glass were obtained.
  • Example 2 The same apparatus described in Example 1 , except sample length was 10 cm and sample was not immersed in a liquid of approximate light refractive index, but the surfaces of said sample orthogonal to the incident light were ground flat and polished so that light from said source was not substantially scattered by said surfaces upon entering and leaving the sample. High quality striagrams of float glass were obtained.
  • Example 2 The same apparatus described in Example 1 , except the shadow image of the sample was projected, as shown in Figure 2, through a vertical narrow slit onto a photographic material which moved at a speed smaller than, proportional to, and in the same direction as the speed of the shadow image across the slit.
  • a sheet of photographic film or paper was wrapped around a drum positioned in a light-tight box that contained the slit as was the case in the traditionally used striagraph set-up.
  • the drum was rotated about an axis parallel to the slit by way of a gear system, while the photographic material was exposed by the light passing through the slit.
  • the system was different from the traditional system because the sample was held stationary.
  • the new apparatus produced much sharper images than traditional striagrams.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil permettant de contrôler les inhomogénéités chimiques dans un matériau transparent solide, par production d'une image d'ombre du matériau échantillon et par enregistrement de ladite image numériquement ou de manière photographique. Ce procédé consiste à balayer l'image d'ombre d'un échantillon fixe dans lequel les informations d'éclairement lumineux à travers l'épaisseur de l'échantillon sont combinées avec les information de position le long de l'échantillon, de manière à produire une image d'ombre de l'échantillon. Ce procédé et cet appareil permettent de réduire de manière significative le temps d'analyse, les coûts en énergie et en matériau, et d'augmenter la qualité de l'image et la sécurité du test, plus particulièrement dans le cas de l'analyse d'inhomogénéités dans des échantillons d'articles en verre tel que du verre flotté.
PCT/TR2000/000045 2000-08-09 2000-08-09 Procede et appareil d'imagerie de l'inhomogeneite dans un milieu solide transparent WO2002012869A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2000274686A AU2000274686A1 (en) 2000-08-09 2000-08-09 Method and apparatus for imaging inhomogeneity in a transparent solid medium
PCT/TR2000/000045 WO2002012869A1 (fr) 2000-08-09 2000-08-09 Procede et appareil d'imagerie de l'inhomogeneite dans un milieu solide transparent

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/TR2000/000045 WO2002012869A1 (fr) 2000-08-09 2000-08-09 Procede et appareil d'imagerie de l'inhomogeneite dans un milieu solide transparent

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WO2002012869A1 true WO2002012869A1 (fr) 2002-02-14

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AU (1) AU2000274686A1 (fr)
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003085389A1 (fr) * 2002-04-03 2003-10-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Dispositif et procede pour l'imagerie
WO2005031326A1 (fr) * 2003-10-01 2005-04-07 Sick Ivp Ab Systeme et procede d'imagerie des caracteristiques d'un objet
DE102004017237A1 (de) * 2004-04-05 2005-11-03 Schott Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur quantitativen Bestimmung der optischen Güte eines transparenten Materials
WO2006039192A1 (fr) * 2004-09-29 2006-04-13 Telco Testing Solutions, Llc Appareil et procede de detection de particules de contaminants ou de defauts de composants
WO2024089100A1 (fr) 2022-10-28 2024-05-02 Saint-Gobain Glass France Procede de fabrication de verre flotte a partir d'un melange de matieres minerales comprenant un silicate de calcium

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JPS53120597A (en) * 1977-03-30 1978-10-21 Hitachi Ltd Column connector for gc-ms
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DD203393A1 (de) * 1981-12-02 1983-10-19 Guenther Heuthe Verfahren und vorrichtung zur erfassung der inhomogenitaeten eines prueflings aus glas
WO1988009497A1 (fr) * 1987-05-27 1988-12-01 Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. Detecteur discriminateur de defauts pour materiaux translucides en feuilles
JPH02138853A (ja) * 1988-11-18 1990-05-28 Matsushita Electron Corp ガラス管の脈理検出方法
DD281877A5 (de) * 1988-12-27 1990-08-22 Torgau Flachglas Verfahren zur erkennung von fehlern im inneren ebener glastafeln
US5016099A (en) * 1988-05-13 1991-05-14 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Process for determining the optical quality of flat glass or flat glass products
EP0559433A1 (fr) * 1992-03-06 1993-09-08 Nippon Sheet Glass Company, Limited Système de détection de défauts pour une matière translucide en plaque
JPH06288930A (ja) * 1993-04-02 1994-10-18 Toshiba Ceramics Co Ltd 脈理測定装置
JPH0915095A (ja) * 1995-06-27 1997-01-17 Nikon Corp 光学材料の均質性検査装置
WO1997010487A1 (fr) * 1995-09-12 1997-03-20 Corning Incorporated Procedes de detection de stries
US5752519A (en) * 1993-02-26 1998-05-19 Benaron; David A. Device and method for detection, localization, and characterization of inhomogeneities in turbid media

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US3586444A (en) * 1970-01-30 1971-06-22 American Optical Corp Striaescope for inspecting a transparent object submerged in a liquid having the same index of refraction
JPS53120597A (en) * 1977-03-30 1978-10-21 Hitachi Ltd Column connector for gc-ms
SU840712A1 (ru) * 1978-02-09 1981-06-23 Предприятие П/Я Р-6681 Устройство дл исследовани опти-чЕСКиХ НЕОдНОРОдНОСТЕй
US4306808A (en) * 1979-12-14 1981-12-22 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. Glass flaw inspection system
DD203393A1 (de) * 1981-12-02 1983-10-19 Guenther Heuthe Verfahren und vorrichtung zur erfassung der inhomogenitaeten eines prueflings aus glas
WO1988009497A1 (fr) * 1987-05-27 1988-12-01 Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. Detecteur discriminateur de defauts pour materiaux translucides en feuilles
US5016099A (en) * 1988-05-13 1991-05-14 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Process for determining the optical quality of flat glass or flat glass products
JPH02138853A (ja) * 1988-11-18 1990-05-28 Matsushita Electron Corp ガラス管の脈理検出方法
DD281877A5 (de) * 1988-12-27 1990-08-22 Torgau Flachglas Verfahren zur erkennung von fehlern im inneren ebener glastafeln
EP0559433A1 (fr) * 1992-03-06 1993-09-08 Nippon Sheet Glass Company, Limited Système de détection de défauts pour une matière translucide en plaque
US5752519A (en) * 1993-02-26 1998-05-19 Benaron; David A. Device and method for detection, localization, and characterization of inhomogeneities in turbid media
JPH06288930A (ja) * 1993-04-02 1994-10-18 Toshiba Ceramics Co Ltd 脈理測定装置
JPH0915095A (ja) * 1995-06-27 1997-01-17 Nikon Corp 光学材料の均質性検査装置
WO1997010487A1 (fr) * 1995-09-12 1997-03-20 Corning Incorporated Procedes de detection de stries

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003085389A1 (fr) * 2002-04-03 2003-10-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Dispositif et procede pour l'imagerie
US7023542B2 (en) 2002-04-03 2006-04-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Imaging method and apparatus
WO2005031326A1 (fr) * 2003-10-01 2005-04-07 Sick Ivp Ab Systeme et procede d'imagerie des caracteristiques d'un objet
US7502102B2 (en) 2003-10-01 2009-03-10 Sick Ivp Ab System and method of imaging the characteristics of an object
DE102004017237A1 (de) * 2004-04-05 2005-11-03 Schott Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur quantitativen Bestimmung der optischen Güte eines transparenten Materials
DE102004017237B4 (de) * 2004-04-05 2006-04-06 Schott Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur quantitativen Bestimmung der optischen Güte eines transparenten Materials
WO2006039192A1 (fr) * 2004-09-29 2006-04-13 Telco Testing Solutions, Llc Appareil et procede de detection de particules de contaminants ou de defauts de composants
WO2024089100A1 (fr) 2022-10-28 2024-05-02 Saint-Gobain Glass France Procede de fabrication de verre flotte a partir d'un melange de matieres minerales comprenant un silicate de calcium
FR3141458A1 (fr) 2022-10-28 2024-05-03 Saint-Gobain Glass France Procede de fabrication de verre flotte a partir d’un melange de matieres minerales comprenant un silicate de calcium

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