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WO2001010993A1 - Compositions detergentes comportant des hydrotropes - Google Patents

Compositions detergentes comportant des hydrotropes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001010993A1
WO2001010993A1 PCT/US2000/021570 US0021570W WO0110993A1 WO 2001010993 A1 WO2001010993 A1 WO 2001010993A1 US 0021570 W US0021570 W US 0021570W WO 0110993 A1 WO0110993 A1 WO 0110993A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
detergent composition
surfactant
detergent
compositions
tablet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/021570
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jean-Pol Boutique
Walter August Maria Broeckx
Steven Jozef Louis Coosemans
Lorenzo Matteo Pierre Gualco
James Pyott Johnston
Eric Tcheou
David William Ingram
Original Assignee
The Procter & Gamble Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Procter & Gamble Company filed Critical The Procter & Gamble Company
Priority to CA002380328A priority Critical patent/CA2380328C/fr
Priority to ES00952615T priority patent/ES2308988T3/es
Priority to US10/048,081 priority patent/US6949496B1/en
Priority to BR0013080-0A priority patent/BR0013080A/pt
Priority to AU65280/00A priority patent/AU6528000A/en
Priority to EP00952615A priority patent/EP1203066B1/fr
Priority to DE60039518T priority patent/DE60039518D1/de
Priority to MXPA02001523A priority patent/MXPA02001523A/es
Priority to JP2001515782A priority patent/JP2003506560A/ja
Publication of WO2001010993A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001010993A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/06—Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0004—Non aqueous liquid compositions comprising insoluble particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
    • C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
    • C11D17/0073—Tablets
    • C11D17/0086—Laundry tablets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2003—Alcohols; Phenols
    • C11D3/2041—Dihydric alcohols
    • C11D3/2044—Dihydric alcohols linear
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2003—Alcohols; Phenols
    • C11D3/2041—Dihydric alcohols
    • C11D3/2051—Dihydric alcohols cyclic; polycyclic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/37—Polymers
    • C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C11D3/3707—Polyethers, e.g. polyalkyleneoxides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to detergent compositions, especially liquid, granular and tablet forms of laundry detergent compositions, that comprise improved hydrotropes, wherein the hydrotropes are organic molecules in which two polar groups are separated from each other by at least 5 aliphatic carbon atoms; liquid compositions that contain such hydrotropes have a viscosity, dilution profile and dissolution behavior that render the product effective and convenient for use as a liquid laundry detergent composition.
  • Liquid laundry detergent products offer a number of advantages over dry, powdered or particulate laundry detergent products.
  • Liquid laundry detergent products are readily measurable, speedily dissolved m wash water, non-dustmg, are capable of being easily applied in concentrated solutions or dispersions to soiled areas on garments to be laundered and usually occupy less storage space than granular products.
  • liquid laundry detergents may have incorporated into their formulations materials which would deteriorate in the drying operations employed in the manufacture of particulate or granular laundry detergent products. Because liquid laundry detergents are usually considered to be more convenient to use than granular laundry detergents, they have found substantial favor with consumers.
  • detergent compositions m tablet form by compacting a granular detergent composition
  • Such tablets offer the convenience to consumers of a pre-measured detergent dosage without the inconvenience and untidiness of measuring a sufficient amount of a granular detergent composition for each wash.
  • Such products also offer considerable convenience to those consumers who launder the clothes outside or away from their residence (e.g. at a laundromat) because the consumer is required to transport only precisely as much laundry detergent as she or he needs for clothes laundering.
  • Detergent compositions may be made in tablet form by compacting detergent particulates.
  • Laundry detergent components which may be compatible with each other in granular and/or tablet products, may tend to interact or react with each other in a liquid, especially in an aqueous liquid environment.
  • a disadvantage with conventional granular/powder detergent compositions has been relatively poor dissolution, dispersion and solubility performance.
  • a disadvantage with conventional tablet detergent compositions has been the conflict between making the tablets sufficiently strong and durable to avoid breaking apart du ⁇ ng manufacture, transportation and/or storage, while at the same time making the tablets in a manner such that the tablets rapidly disintegrate upon contact with wash water.
  • hydrotropes such as aqueous or non- aqueous liquid laundry detergent compositions, granular/powder laundry detergent compositions and or tablet laundry detergent compositions, provides 1 ) a liquid detergent product that has a viscosity, dilution profile and dissolution behavior that render the product useful and convenient as a liquid laundry detergent composition, and/or 2) a granular/powder detergent product having improved dispersion, dissolution and/or solubility performance with the need to reduce surfactant levels compared to granular/powder detergent products that lack such hydrotropes, and/or 3) a tablet detergent product, wherein the hydrotropes are useful as binding agents, having improved strength and durability properties with excellent disintegration and dissolution properties compared to tablet detergent products that lack such hydrotropes.
  • liquid detergent products containing these hydrotropes demonstrate excellent cleaning performance, excellent compositional and physical stability and favorable product rheological behavior.
  • These certain hydrotropes may be most generally classified as organic molecules in which two polar groups are separated from each other by at least 5 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the liquid detergent products may be aqueous or non-aqueous.
  • a nonaqueous liquid detergent comprising a hydrotrope having two polar groups separated from each other by at least 5 aliphatic carbon atoms as well as from about 49% to about 99.95% by weight of the composition of a surfactant-contammg non-aqueous liquid phase and from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition of particulate mate ⁇ al which is substantially insoluble m said liquid phase and which is selected from peroxygen bleaching agents, bleach activators, organic detergent builders, inorganic alkalinity sources and combinations thereof, is provided.
  • the granular/powder detergent products containing these hydrotropes demonstrate improved dispersion, dissolution and/or solubility performance with the need to reduce surfactant levels compared to granular/powder detergent products that lack such hydrotropes
  • These hydrotropes may be most generally classified as an organic molecule which has a first polar group and a second polar group separated from each other by at least 5 aliphatic carbon atoms
  • the detergent tablets prepared according to the present invention comprise a hydrotrope ("binding agent") characterized m that the binding agent may be most generally classified as an organic molecule which has a first polar group and a second polar group separated from each other by at least 5 aliphatic carbon atoms
  • the tablet detergent products exhibit improved strength and durability properties with excellent disintegration and dissolution properties compared to tablet detergent products that lack such hydrotropes
  • Hydrootrope generally means a compound with the ability to increase the solubilities, preferably aqueous solubilities, of certain slightly soluble organic compounds, more preferably “hydrotrope” is defined as follows (see S.E. F ⁇ berg and M. Chiu, J. Dispersion Science and Technology, 9(5&6), pages 443 to 457, (1988-1989)):
  • a solution is prepared comprising 25% by weight of the specific compound and 75% by weight of water.
  • Octanoic Acid is thereafter added to the solution in a proportion of 1.6 times the weight of the specific compound in solution, the solution being at a temperature of 20°Cels ⁇ us.
  • the solution is mixed in a Sotax beaker with a stirrer with a marine propeller, the propeller being situated at about 5mm above the bottom of the beaker, the mixer being set at a rotation speed of 200 rounds per mmute.
  • the specific compound is hydrotrope if the the Octanoic Acid is completely solubihsed, i.e . if the solution comprises only one phase, the phase being a liquid phase.
  • Non-Aqueous or “Anhydrous” - As used herein, “non-aqueous” or “anhydrous” are used synonymously and both describe a fluid in which the free water content is less than about 1 %.
  • Polar groups refers to functional groups which have a permanent electric dipole moment that arises from the partial charges on atoms linked by polar bonds.
  • the polar group itself may be amonic or uncharged.
  • Dissolution refers to the rate at which the detergent product mixes with water and releases the active ingredients in the wash
  • particles means the entire size range of a detergent final product or component or the entire size range of discrete particles, agglomerates, or granules in a final detergent product or component admixture. It specifically does not refer to a size fraction (i.e., representing less than 100% of the entire size range) of any of these types of particles unless the size fraction represents 100% of a discrete particle in an admixture of particles.
  • the entire size range of discrete particles of that type have the same or substantially similar composition regardless of whether the particles are in contact with other particles.
  • the agglomerates themselves are considered as discrete particles and each discrete particle may be comprised of a composite of smaller primary particles and binder compositions.
  • Geometric Mean Particle Diameter As used herein, the phrase “geometric mean particle diameter” means the geometric mass median diameter of a set of discrete particles as measured by any standard mass-based particle size measurement technique, preferably by dry sieving.
  • hydrotropes described in this section are an essential component of the present detergent compositions.
  • hydrotrope in which two polar groups are separated from each other by at least 5, preferably 6, aliphatic carbon atoms
  • suitable polar groups for inclusion m the hydrotrope include are hydroxyl and carboxyl ions.
  • Particularly preferred hydrotropes are selected from the group consisting of:
  • 1,4 Cyclo Hexane Di Methanol may be present in either its cis configuration, its trans configuration or a mixture of both configurations.
  • the present invention comp ⁇ ses liquid laundry detergent compositions which are either aqueous or non-aqueous and which are suitable for use in an automatic washing machine or for pretreatmg stains and spots on textile or fabric articles prior to washing.
  • the present liquid laundry detergent compositions may comp ⁇ se solely a surfactant-rich liquid-phase or they may contain both a surfactant- ⁇ ch liquid-phase and solid particulate phase which is suspended in the liquid phase.
  • the surfactant-rich liquid-phase comprises the hydrotropes, and optionally organic diluents.
  • hydrotropes of the present invention when incorporated into liquid products of the present invention, provide the key ingredient to prevent gelling and/or thickening of the liquid detergent compositions taught herein
  • the detergent compositions are non-aqueous, having a surfactant-rich non-aqueous liquid phase and having a solid particulate phase suspended m said liquid phase.
  • the surfactant-containing, non-aqueous liquid phase will generally comprise from about 49% to 99.95% by weight of the detergent compositions herein. More preferably, this liquid phase is surfactant-structured and will comprise from about 52% to 98.9% by weight of the compositions Most preferably, this non-aqueous liquid phase will comprise from about 55% to 70% by weight of the compositions herein.
  • Such a surfactant- containing liquid phase will frequently have a density of from about 0.6 to 1.4 g/cc, more preferably from about 0.9 to 1 3 g/cc
  • hydrotropes described above prevent the formation of the viscous surfactant phases formed upon dilution, because the hydrotrope can effectively interact with the ordered, structured layers of surfactant molecules, disrupt them and promote the formation of lsotropic low - viscosity surfactant phases.
  • hydrotropes also provide other benefits for improving the rheology of liquid detergent compositions
  • liquid phase of the liquid detergent compositions herein is preferably formed from hydrotropes, noniomc and anionic surfactants, and one or more organic
  • Organic Diluents The major component of the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein comprises one or more aqueous or non-aqueous organic diluents.
  • the organic diluents used in this invention may be either surface active liquids, i.e., surfactants, or non-surfactant liquids referred to herein as solvents.
  • solvents may be either surface active liquids, i.e., surfactants, or non-surfactant liquids referred to herein as solvents.
  • solvent is used herein to connote the non- surfactant liquid portion of the compositions herein. While some of the essential and/or optional components of the compositions herein may actually dissolve in the "solvent" -containing liquid phase, other components will be present as particulate material dispersed withm the "solvent"- contammg liquid phase. Thus the term “solvent” is not meant to require that the solvent material be capable of actually dissolving all of the detergent composition components added thereto.
  • the liquid diluent component will generally comprise from about 50% to 90%, more preferably from about 50% to 80%, most preferably from about 55% to 75%, of a structured, surfactant-contammg liquid phase.
  • the liquid phase of the compositions herein will comprise both liquid surfactants and non-surfactant solvents.
  • surfactant Liquids Suitable types of surfactant liquids which can be used to form the liquid phase of the compositions herein include the alkoxylated alcohols, ethylene oxide (EO)-propylene oxide (PO) block polymers, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, alkylpolysacchandes, and the like.
  • Such normally liquid surfactants are those having an HLB ranging from 10 to 16
  • Most preferred of the surfactant liquids are the alcohol alkoxylate noniomc surfactants.
  • Alcohol alkoxylates are materials which correspond to the general formula:
  • Rl(C m H 2m O) n OH wherein R* is a Cg - Ci g alkyl group, m is from 2 to 4, and n ranges from about 2 to 12.
  • R ⁇ is an alkyl group, which may be primary or secondary, that contains from about 9 to 15 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 10 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • the alkoxylated fatty alcohols will be ethoxylated materials that contain from about 2 to 12 ethylene oxide moieties per molecule, more preferably from about 3 to 10 ethylene oxide moieties per molecule.
  • the alkoxylated fatty alcohol materials useful m the liquid phase will frequently have a hydrophilic-lipophihc balance (HLB) which ranges from about 3 to 17. More preferably, the HLB of this material will range from about 6 to 15, most preferably from about 8 to 15.
  • HLB hydrophilic-lipophihc balance
  • Examples of fatty alcohol alkoxylates useful m or as the liquid phase of the compositions herein will include those which are made from alcohols of 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain about 7 moles of ethylene oxide. Such mate ⁇ als have been commercially marketed under the trade names Neodol 25-7 and Neodol 23-6.5 by Shell Chemical Company.
  • Neodols include Neodol 1-5, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol averaging 11 carbon atoms in its alkyl chain with about 5 moles of ethylene oxide; Neodol 23-9, an ethoxylated primary Ci 2 - Ci 3 alcohol having about 9 moles of ethylene oxide and Neodol 91-10, an ethoxylated C9-C1 1 primary alcohol having about 10 moles of ethylene oxide. Alcohol ethoxylates of this type have also been marketed by Shell Chemical Company under the Dobanol tradename.
  • Dobanol 91-5 is an ethoxylated C9-C1 1 fatty alcohol with an average of 5 moles ethylene oxide and Dobanol 25-7 is an ethoxylated C12-C15 fatty alcohol with an average of 7 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol
  • Suitable ethoxylated alcohols include Tergitol 15-S-7 and Tergitol 15-S-9 both of which are linear secondary alcohol ethoxylates that have been commercially marketed by Union Carbide Corporation.
  • the former is a mixed ethoxylation product of Ci 1 to Ci 5 linear secondary alkanol with 7 moles of ethylene oxide and the latter is a similar product but with 9 moles of ethylene oxide being reacted.
  • Neodol 45-11 are similar ethylene oxide condensation products of higher fatty alcohols, with the higher fatty alcohol being of 14-15 carbon atoms and the number of ethylene oxide groups per mole being about 11. Such products have also been commercially marketed by Shell Chemical Company.
  • alcohol alkoxylate noniomc surfactant is utilized as part of the liquid phase in the detergent compositions herein, it will preferably be present to the extent of from about 1% to 60% of the composition structured liquid phase More preferably, the alcohol alkoxylate component will comprise about 5% to 40% of the structured liquid phase. Most preferably, an alcohol alkoxylate component will comprise from about 5% to 35% of the detergent composition structured liquid phase. Utilization of alcohol alkoxylate m these concentrations in the liquid phase corresponds to an alcohol alkoxylate concentration in the total composition of from about 1% to 60% by weight, more preferably from about 2% to 40% by weight, and most preferably from about 5% to 25% by weight, of the composition
  • EO-PO block polymer noniomcs of this type are described in greater detail in Davidsohn and Milwidsky; Synthetic Detergents, 7th Ed.; Longman Scientific and Technical (1987) at pp. 34-36 and pp. 189-191 and in U.S. Patents 2,674,619 and 2,677,700. All of these publications are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Pluromc type noniomc surfactants are also believed to function as effective suspending agents for the particulate material which is dispersed in the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
  • surfactant liquid useful in the compositions herein comprises polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactants.
  • materials of this type of noniomc surfactant are those which conform to the formula:
  • R— C— N— Z wherein R is a C9.17 alkyl or alkenyl, p is from 1 to 6, and Z is glycityl derived from a reduced sugar or alkoxylated derivative thereof.
  • Such materials include the C12-C1 g N-methyl glucamides. Examples are N-methyl N-1-deoxygluc ⁇ tyl cocoamide and N-methyl N-l- deoxyglucityl oleamide.
  • Processes for making polyhydroxy fatty acid, amides are know and can be found, for example, in Wilson, U.S. Patent 2,965,576 and Schwartz, U.S. Patent 2,703,798, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The materials themselves and their preparation are also described m greater detail in Honsa, U.S. Patent 5,174,937, Issued December 26, 1992, which patent is also incorporated herein by reference.
  • the detergent compositions of the present invention may also contain anionic, catiomc, and/or amphote ⁇ c types.
  • the liquid phase is prepared by combining the non-aqueous organic liquid diluents described in the present invention with a surfactant which is generally, but not necessarily, selected to add structure to the non-aqueous liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
  • Structuring surfactants can be of the anionic, noniomc, catiomc, and/or amphote ⁇ c types.
  • the surfactants described below may be added for solely their surface-active attributes or for those attributes as well as their structuring ability
  • Preferred surfactants are the anionic surfactants such as the alkyl sulfates, the alkyl polyalkxylate sulfates and the linear alkyl benzene sulfonates.
  • Another common type of anionic surfactant material which may be optionally added to the detergent compositions herein as structurant comprises carboxylate-type anionics.
  • Carboxylate-type amonics include the Ci Q-CI g alkyl alkoxy carboxylates (especially the EO 1 to 5 ethoxycarboxylates) and the Ci Q-CI g sarcosmates, especially oleoyl sarcosmate.
  • one preferred type of structuring anionic surfactant comprises primary or secondary alkyl sulfate anionic surfactants.
  • Such surfactants are those produced by the sulfation of higher Cg-C20 fatty alcohols.
  • R is typically a linear Cg - C20 hydrocarbyl group, which may be straight chain or branched chain, and M is a water-solubihzmg cation.
  • R is a Ci Q-14 alkyl
  • M is alkali metal.
  • R is about Cj2 and M is sodium.
  • alkyl sulfates will generally comp ⁇ se from about 1% to 30% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 5% to 25% by weight of the composition.
  • Non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions containing alkyl sulfates, peroxygen bleaching agents, and bleach activators are described in greater detail in Kong-Chan et al.; WO 96/10073; Published April 4, 1996, which application is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Alkyl polyalkoxylate sulfates are also known as alkoxylated alkyl sulfates or alkyl ether sulfates. Such mate ⁇ als are those which correspond to the formula
  • R ⁇ is a C ⁇ 0-C22 alkyl group, m is from 2 to 4, n is from about 1 to 15, and M is a salt- forming cation.
  • R ⁇ is a Ci 2-Cj alkyl, m is 2, n is from about 1 to 10, and M is sodium, potassium, ammonium, alkylammonium or alkanolammonium.
  • R ⁇ is a Cl2"Cl6' rn is 2, n is from about 1 to 6, and M is sodium Ammonium, alkylammonium and alkanolammonium counte ⁇ ons are preferably avoided when used in the compositions herein because of incompatibility with peroxygen bleaching agents.
  • alkyl polyalkoxylate sulfates can also generally comprise from about 1% to 30% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 5% to 25% by weight of the composition.
  • Non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions containing alkyl polyalkoxylate sulfates, in combination with polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, are described in greater detail mStore et al; PCT Application No. PCT US96/04223, which application is incorporated herein by reference.
  • anionic surfactant for use as a structurant m the compositions herein comprises the linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants.
  • LAS surfactants can be formulated into a specific type of anionic surfactant-contammg powder which is especially useful for incorporation into the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions of the present invention.
  • Such a powder comprises two distinct phases. One of these phases is insoluble in the non-aqueous organic liquid diluents used m the compositions herein; the other phase is soluble in the non-aqueous organic liquids.
  • this preferred anionic surfactant-contammg powder which can be dispersed in the non-aqueous liquid phase of the preferred compositions herein and which forms a network of aggregated small particles that allows the final product to stablely suspend other additional solid particulate materials m the composition.
  • the liquid surfactant can comprise from about 25% to 70% of the liquid phase of the compositions herein. More preferably, the liquid surfactant will comprise from about 30% to 65% of a structured liquid phase. This corresponds to a liquid surfactant concentration in the total composition of from about 10% to 70% by weight, more preferably from about 20% to 50% by weight, of the composition
  • the amount of total liquid surfactant in the preferred surfactant- structured, non-aqueous liquid phase herein is as described above and will be further determined by the type and amounts of other composition components and by the desired composition properties.
  • the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein may also comprise one or more non-surfactant organic solvents.
  • non-surfactant liquids are preferably those of low polarity.
  • low-polarity liquids are those which have little, if any, tendency to dissolve one of the preferred types of particulate material used in the compositions herein, i.e., the peroxygen bleaching agents, sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate.
  • relatively polar solvents such as ethanol are preferably not utilized.
  • Suitable types of low-polarity solvents useful m the liquid detergent compositions herein do include alkylene glycol mono lower alkyl ethers, lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols, lower molecular weight methyl esters and amides, and the like.
  • a preferred type of low-polarity solvent for use in the compositions herein comprises the C4-C branched or straight chain alkylene glycols.
  • Materials of this type include hexylene glycol (4-methyl-2,4-pentaned ⁇ ol), 1,3-butylene glycol and 1,4-butylene glycol.
  • Another preferred type of low-polarity solvent for use herein comprises the mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra- C2-C3 alkylene glycol mono C2-Cg alkyl ethers.
  • the specific examples of such compounds include diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropolyene glycol monoethyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether.
  • Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether and butoxy-propoxy-propanol (BPP) are especially preferred.
  • Compounds of the type have been commercially marketed under the tradenames Dowanol, Carbitol, and Cellosolve.
  • Another preferred type of low-polarity organic solvent useful herein comprises the lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs).
  • PEGs polyethylene glycols
  • Such materials are those having molecular weights of at least about 150.
  • PEGs of molecular weight ranging from about 200 to 600 are most preferred.
  • non-polar solvent comprises lower molecular weight methyl esters.
  • Such materials are those of the general formula. R ⁇ -C(0)-OCH3 wherein R! ranges from 1 to about 18.
  • suitable lower molecular weight methyl esters include methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl octanoate, and methyl dodecanoate.
  • the generally low-polarity, non-surfactant organic solvent(s) employed should, of course, be compatible and non-reactive with other composition components, e.g., bleach and/or activators, used in the liquid detergent compositions herein.
  • a solvent component is preferably utilized m an amount of from about 1% to 70% by weight of the liquid phase. More preferably, a low- polarity, non-surfactant solvent will comprise from about 10%) to 60% by weight of a structured liquid phase, most preferably from about 20% to 50% by weight, of a structured liquid phase of the composition.
  • Utilization of non-surfactant solvent in these concentrations in the liquid phase corresponds to a non-surfactant solvent concentration in the total composition of from about 1% to 50% by weight, more preferably from about 5% to 40% by weight, and most preferably from about 10% to 30% by weight, of the composition.
  • the ratio of surfactant to non-surfactant liquids e.g., the ratio of alcohol alkoxylate to low polarity solvent, within a structured, surfactant-contammg liquid phase can be used to vary the rheological properties of the detergent compositions eventually formed
  • the weight ratio of surfactant liquid to non-surfactant organic solvent will range about 50: 1 to 1:50. More preferably, this ratio will range from about 3: 1 to 1 :3, most preferably from about 2:1 to 1:2.
  • the liquid detergent compositions herein also preferably comprise from about 1% to 50% by weight, more preferably from about 29% to 44% by weight, of additional solid phase particulate material which is dispersed and suspended within the liquid phase.
  • additional solid phase particulate material will range in size from about 0.1 to 1500 microns, more preferably from about 0.1 to 900 microns Most preferably, such material will range in size from about 5 to 200 microns.
  • the additional particulate material utilized herein can comprise one or more types of detergent composition components which in particulate form are substantially insoluble in the liquid phase of the composition.
  • Such materials include peroxygen bleaching agents, bleach activators, organic detergent builders, inorganic alkalinity sources and combinations thereof.
  • the types of particulate materials which can be utilized are described in detail, below, as follows, however, some materials can either be included in the particulate component or in the surfactant- contammg liquid phase.
  • the particulate material comprises the dye transfer inhibitor PVNO (see above for detailed description), an aluminosihcate detergent builder as well as other particulate minor components
  • (a) Bleaching Agent With Optional Bleach Activators The most preferred type of particulate mate ⁇ al useful in the detergent compositions herein comprises particles of a peroxygen bleaching agent.
  • a peroxygen bleaching agent may be organic or inorganic m nature. Inorganic peroxygen bleaching agents are frequently utilized in combination with a bleach activator.
  • Useful organic peroxygen bleaching agents include percarboxyhc acid bleaching agents and salts thereof. Suitable examples of this class of agents include magnesium monoperoxyphfhalate hexahydrate, the magnesium salt of metachloro perbenzoic acid, 4-nonylammo-4- oxoperoxybuty ⁇ c acid and diperoxydodecanedioic acid.
  • Such bleaching agents are disclosed m U.S. Patent 4,483,781, Hartman, Issued November 20, 1984; European Patent Application EP-A- 133,354, Banks et al., Published February 20, 1985; and U.S.
  • Highly preferred bleaching agents also include 6-nonylammo-6- oxoperoxycaproic acid (NAPAA) as described in U.S. Patent 4,634,551, Issued January 6, 1987 to Burns et al.
  • NAPAA 6-nonylammo-6- oxoperoxycaproic acid
  • Inorganic peroxygen bleaching agents may also be used in particulate form in the detergent compositions herein.
  • Inorganic bleaching agents are in fact preferred
  • Such inorganic peroxygen compounds include alkali metal perborate and percarbonate mate ⁇ als, most preferably the percarbonates.
  • sodium perborate e.g. mono- or tetra-hydrate
  • Suitable inorganic bleaching agents can also include sodium or potassium carbonate peroxyhydrate and equivalent "percarbonate" bleaches, sodium pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, and sodium peroxide.
  • Persulfate bleach e.g., OXONE, manufactured commercially by DuPont
  • inorganic peroxygen bleaches will be coated with silicate, borate, sulfate or water-soluble surfactants.
  • coated percarbonate particles are available from various commercial sources such as FMC, Solvay Interox, Tokai Denka and Degussa.
  • Inorganic peroxygen bleaching agents e.g., the perborates, the percarbonates, etc.
  • bleach activators which lead to the in situ production in aqueous solution (i.e., during use of the compositions herein for fabric laundermg/bleachmg) of the peroxy acid corresponding to the bleach activator.
  • aqueous solution i.e., during use of the compositions herein for fabric laundermg/bleachmg
  • activators are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,915,854, Issued April 10, 1990 to Mao et al., and U.S. Patent 4,412,934 Issued November 1, 1983 to Chung et al.
  • nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) and tetraacetyl ethylene diamme (TAED) activators are typical Mixtures thereof can also be used See also the hereinbefore referenced U.S 4,634,551 for other typical bleaches and activators useful herein
  • Other useful amido-de ⁇ ved bleach activators are described m U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,838, issued April 6, 1999 to Angell et al., and the copendmg provisional application of Diane Parry entitled "Non-aqueous, Liquid Detergent Compositions Containing Gasified Particulate Matter," P&G Case No. 7173P, serial no. 60/088,170 filed June 5,1998, both of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • peroxygen bleaching agents are used as all or part of the additional particulate material, they will generally comprise from about 1% to 30% by weight of the composition. More preferably, peroxygen bleaching agent will comprise from about 1% to 20% by weight of the composition. Most preferably, peroxygen bleaching agent will be present to the extent of from about 5% to 20%) by weight of the composition. If utilized, bleach activators can comprise from about 0.5% to 20%, more preferably from about 3% to 10%, by weight of the composition. Frequently, activators are employed such that the molar ratio of bleaching agent to activator ranges from about 1:1 to 10: 1, more preferably from about 1.5:1 to 5:1.
  • Transition Metal Bleach Catalysts Another possible type of additional particulate material which can be suspended m the liquid detergent compositions herein comprises transition metal bleach catalysts which encourage the catalytic oxidation of soils and stains on fabric surfaces. Such compounds are present in a catalytically effective amount, preferably from about 1 ppb to about 99.9%>, more typically from about 0.001 ppm to about 49%, preferably from about 0.05 ppm to about 500 ppm (wherein "ppb” denotes parts per billion by weight and "ppm” denotes parts per million by weight), of a laundry detergent composition.
  • the transition-metal bleach catalyst comprises a complex of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Mn(II), Mn( ⁇ i), Mn(IV), Mn(V), Fe(II), Fe(IH), Fe(IV), Co(I), Co(II), Co(III), N ⁇ (I), N ⁇ (II), N ⁇ (HI), Cu(I), Cu( ⁇ ), Cu( ⁇ T), Cr( ⁇ ), Cr( ⁇ i), Cr(rV), Cr(V), Cr(VI), V(III), V(rV), V(V), MO( ⁇ V), Mo(V), Mo(VI), W(rV), W(V), W(VI), Pd( ⁇ ), Ru(II), Ru(III), and Ru(IV) coordinated with a macropolycyclic rigid ligand, preferably a cross-bridged macropolycyclic ligand, having at least 4 donor atoms, at least two of which are bridgehead donor atoms.
  • Organic Builder Material Another possible type of additional particulate material which can be suspended in the liquid detergent compositions herein comprises an organic detergent builder material which serves to counteract the effects of calcium, or other ion, water hardness encountered du ⁇ ng laundermg/bleachmg use of the compositions herein.
  • organic detergent builder material which serves to counteract the effects of calcium, or other ion, water hardness encountered du ⁇ ng laundermg/bleachmg use of the compositions herein.
  • examples of such materials include the alkali metal, citrates, succmates, malonates, fatty acids, carboxymethyl succmates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates and polyacetyl carboxylates. Specific examples include sodium, potassium and lithium salts of oxydisuccmic acid, melhtic acid, benzene polycarboxyhc acids and citric acid.
  • organic phosphonate type sequestering agents such as those which have been sold by Monsanto under the Dequest tradename and alkanehydroxy phosphon
  • suitable organic builders include the higher molecular weight polymers and copolymers known to have builder properties.
  • such materials include appropriate polyacryhc acid, polymaleic acid, and polyacryhc/polymaleic acid copolymers and their salts, such as those sold by BASF under the Sokalan trademark which have molecular weight ranging from about 5,000 to 100,000.
  • Another suitable type of organic builder comprises the water-soluble salts of higher fatty acids, i.e., "soaps".
  • these include alkali metal soaps such as the sodium, potassium, ammonium, and alkylolammonium salts of higher fatty acids containing from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, and preferably from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms.
  • Soaps can be made by direct saponification of fats and oils or by the neutralization of free fatty acids.
  • Particularly useful are the sodium and potassium salts of the mixtures of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., sodium or potassium tallow and coconut soap.
  • insoluble organic detergent builders can generally comprise from about 2% to 20% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, such builder material can comprise from about 4%> to 10% by weight of the composition.
  • Inorganic Alkalinity Sources can comprise a material which serves to render aqueous washing solutions formed from such compositions generally alkaline in nature. Such materials may or may not also act as detergent builders, i.e., as materials which counteract the adverse effect of water hardness on detergency performance.
  • alkalinity sources examples include water-soluble alkali metal carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, silicates and metasihcates.
  • water-soluble phosphate salts may also be utilized as alkalinity sources. These include alkali metal pyrophosphates, orthophosphates, polyphosphates and phosphonates. Of all of these alkalinity sources, alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate are the most preferred.
  • the alkalinity source if in the form of a hydratable salt, may also serve as a desiccant in the liquid detergent compositions herein. The presence of an alkalinity source which is also a desiccant may provide benefits in terms of chemically stabilizing those composition components such as the peroxygen bleaching agent which may be susceptible to deactivation by water.
  • the alkalinity source will generally comprise from about 1% to 25% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, the alkalinity source can comprise from about 2%> to 15% by weight of the composition. Such mate ⁇ als, while water-soluble, will generally be insoluble in the non-aqueous detergent compositions described herein.
  • the aqueous and non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein may be in the form of bleaching agent and/or other materials in particulate form as a solid phase suspended in and dispersed throughout a surfactant-contammg, preferably structured, preferably non-aqueous liquid phase.
  • a surfactant-contammg preferably structured, preferably non-aqueous liquid phase.
  • the structured non-aqueous liquid phase will comprise from about 49% to 99.95%), more preferably from about 52% to 98.5%, by weight of the composition with the dispersed additional solid materials comprising from about 1% to 50%, more preferably from about 29% to 44%, by weight of the composition.
  • the amount of free water should in no event exceed about 1% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, the water content of the non-aqueous detergent compositions herein will comprise less than about 1 % by weight.
  • compositions of this invention can also be used to form aqueous laundry detergent compositions. Additional components suitable for use in an aqueous liquid laundry detergent composition can be found m U. S. Pat. No. 5,783,548, to Fredj et al. and U. S. Pat. No. 5,648,327, to Smerznak et al.
  • the particulate-contammg non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein will be relatively viscous and phase stable under conditions of commercial marketing and use of such compositions. Frequently the viscosity of the compositions herein will range from about 300 to 8,000 cps, more preferably from about 1000 to 4,000 cps. For purposes of this invention, viscosity is measured with a Cammed CSL2 Rheometer at a shear rate of 20 s ⁇ l .
  • non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions are discussed in detail in Copendmg application of Jay I. Kahn et al., entitled "Preparation of Nonaqueous, Particulate- Contaimng Liquid Detergent Compositions with Surfactant-Structured Liquid Phase", having P&G Case No. 6150, serial no. 09/202,964, filed on December 23, 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • An effective amount of the liquid detergent compositions herein added to water to form aqueous laundermg bleachmg solutions can comprise amounts sufficient to form from about 500 to 10,000 ppm of composition in aqueous solution. More preferably, from about 800 to 8,000 ppm of the detergent compositions herein will be provided in aqueous washmg/bleaching solution.
  • the granular/powder detergent products of the present invention comprise in addition to one or more of the hydrotropes, preferably one or more preferred ingredients herembelow and optionally, one or more conventional detergent adjunct materials.
  • Such conventional adjunct materials can include one or more of the solid particulate materials described under the Liquid Products section heremabove or under the Conventional Detergent Adjunct Materials section hereinafter.
  • hydrotropes While the use of hydrotropes is to provide desirable phase formation and product viscosity is well-known, the use of these organic molecules as hydrotropes to prevent gelling and/or thickening of the detergent compositions taught herein and thus improve the dissolution and dispersion performance of a granular detergent product has not been previously disclosed. Gelling has been previously observed in detergent products prepared without the hydrotropes as defined in the present invention, when the products are first contacted and diluted with water.
  • this gelling phenomenon results from the surfactant-containing particles forming either viscous surfactant phases (typically lamellar, spherulitic or hexagonal phases) or inner-connected "lump-gels" the upon contact with water in the wash-liquor or wash-water at certain concentrations of surfactant.
  • viscous surfactant phases typically lamellar, spherulitic or hexagonal phases
  • inner-connected "lump-gels" the upon contact with water in the wash-liquor or wash-water at certain concentrations of surfactant.
  • the problem is particularly pronounced in those areas in which fabric laundering m automatic clothes washer occurs in relatively cold wash water or under mild agitation (such as in Japan).
  • the typical surfactant- water phase diagram shows regions of stability for high-viscosity neat or gel surfactant phases at the relatively cold wash-water temperatures And under conditions of mild agitation, there is insufficient mechanical energy imparted by the agitator to disrupt the formation of these high- viscosity phases
  • the granular detergent compositions taught herein can be either in the form of a single particle or may be in the form of multiple particles each with its own composition. In the case where the detergent is composed of multiple detergent particles, it is preferred that the organic hydrotrope disclosed above be contained in or coat the surface of those particles which are surfactant rich.
  • the anionic surfactants useful in the present invention are split into the alkyl sulfate surfactants which according to the present invention are separated from the electrolytes in the detergent composition and the remaining anionic surfactants which may be formulated in either particle.
  • the alkyl sulfates are defined as alkyl sulfates, alkyl alkoxy sulfate, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl alkoxy carboxylate, alkyl alkoxylated sulfates with the remaining anionic surfactant being selected from the group consisting of alkylbenzene sulfonate, alpha olefin sulfonate, paraffin sulfonates, alkyl ester sulfonates, sarcosmates, taurmates, and mixtures thereof.
  • anionic surfactant When present, anionic surfactant will be present typically in an effective amount m the overall detergent composition More preferably, the composition may contain at least about 0.5%), more preferably at least about 5%, even more preferably still, at least about 10% by weight of said composition of anionic surfactant. The composition will also preferably contain no more than about 90%, more preferably no more than about 50%, even more preferably, no more than about 30% by weight of said composition of anionic surfactant.
  • Alkyl sulfate surfactants providing excellent overall cleaning ability alone and particularly when used m combination with polyhydroxy fatty acid amides (see below), including good grease/oil cleaning over a wide range of temperatures, wash concentrations, and wash times, dissolution of alkyl sulfates can be obtained, as well as improved formulabihty in liquid detergent formulations are water soluble salts or acids of the formula ROS03M wherein R preferably is a C10-C24 hydrocarbyl, preferably an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl having a C10-C20 alkyl component, more preferably a C12-C18 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, and M is H or a cation, e.g., an alkali (Group IA) metal cation (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium), substituted or unsubstituted ammonium cations such as methyl-, dimethyl-, and t ⁇ methyl ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations
  • alkyl sulfate surfactant Another suitable type of alkyl sulfate surfactant according to the present invention are the secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfates. These surfactants preferably are of the formula:
  • x and (y + 1) are integers of at least about 7, preferably at least about 9.
  • these surfactants contain from 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Suitable examples of these anionic surfactants are disclosed m U.S. 3,234,258 Morris, issued February 8, 1966; U.S. 5,075,041 Lutz, issued December 24, 1991; U.S. 5,349,101 Lutz et al., issued September 20, 1994; and U.S. 5,389,277 P ⁇ eto, issued February 14, 1995 each incorporated herein by reference;
  • alkyl sulfate surfactant are the alkyl alkoxylated sulfate.
  • These surfactants are water soluble salts or acids typically of the formula RO(A)mS03M wherein R is an unsubstituted C10-C24 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group having a C10-C24 alkyl component, preferably a C12-C20 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, more preferably C12-C18 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, A is an ethoxy or propoxy unit, m is greater than zero, typically between about 0.5 and about 6, more preferably between about 0.5 and about 3, and M is H or a cation which can be, for example, a metal cation (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, etc.), ammonium or substituted-ammomum cation.
  • R is an unsubstituted C10-C24 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group having a C10-C24
  • Alkyl ethoxylated sulfates as well as alkyl propoxylated sulfates are contemplated herein.
  • Specific examples of substituted ammonium cations include methyl-, dimethyl-, t ⁇ methyl-ammomum and quaternary ammonium cations, such as tetramethyl-ammonium, dimethyl pipe ⁇ dmium and cations derived from alkanolammes, e.g monoethanolamme, diethanolamme, and t ⁇ ethanolamme, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary surfactants are C12-C18 alkyl polyethoxylate (1.0) sulfate, C12-C18 alkyl polyethoxylate (2.25) sulfate, C12-C18 alkyl polyethoxylate (3.0) sulfate, and C12-C18 alkyl polyethoxylate (4.0) sulfate wherein M is conveniently selected from sodium and potassium.
  • Surfactants for use herein can be made from natural or synthetic alcohol feedstocks. Cham lengths represent average hydrocarbon distributions, including branching.
  • the anionic surfactant component may comprise alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates derived from conventional alcohol sources, e.g., natural alcohols, synthetic alcohols such as those sold under the trade name of NEODOLTM, ALFOLTM, LIALTM, LUTENSOLTM and the like.
  • Alkyl ether sulfates are also known as alkyl polyethoxylate sulfates.
  • Another type of alkyl sulfate surfactant according to the present invention are one or more (preferably a mixture of two or more) mid-cham branched surfactants, preferably mid-cham branched alkyl alkoxy alcohols having the formula:
  • M is a water soluble cation and may comp ⁇ ses more than one type of cation, for example, a mixture of sodium and potassium.
  • the index w is an integer from 0 to 13; x is an integer from 0 to 13; y is an integer from 0 to 13; z is an integer of at least 1; provided w + x + y + z is from 8 to 14.
  • EO and PO represent ethyleneoxy units and propyleneoxy units having the formula:
  • alkoxy units inter aha 1,3-propyleneoxy, butoxy, and mixtures thereof are suitable as alkoxy units appended to the mid-cham branched alkyl moieties.
  • the mid-cham branched surfactants are preferably mixtures which comprise a surfactant system. Therefore, when the surfactant system comprises an alkoxylated surfactant, the index m indicates the average degree of alkoxylation withm the mixture of surfactants. As such, the index m is at least about 0.01, preferably withm the range of from about 0.1, more preferably from about 0.5, most preferably from about 1 to about 30, preferably to about 10, more preferably to about 5.
  • the value of the index m represents a distribution of the average degree of alkoxylation corresponding to m, or it may be a single specific chain with alkoxylation (e.g., ethoxylation and/or propoxylation) of exactly the number of units corresponding to m.
  • the preferred mid-cham branched surfactants of the present invention which are suitable for use in the surfactant systems of the present invention have the formula:
  • the surfactant systems of the present invention which comprise mid-cham branched surfactants are preferably formulated in two embodiments.
  • a first preferred embodiment comprises mid-cham branched surfactants which are formed from a feedstock which comprises 25% or less of mid-cham branched alkyl units. Therefore, prior to admixture with any other conventional surfactants, the mid-cham branched surfactant component will comprise 25% or less of surfactant molecules which are non-linear surfactants.
  • a second preferred embodiment comprises mid-cham branched surfactants which are formed from a feedstock which comp ⁇ ses from about 25% to about 70% of mid-cham branched alkyl units. Therefore, prior to admixture with any other conventional surfactants, the mid-cham branched surfactant component will comprise from about 25% to about 70% surfactant molecules which are non-linear surfactants.
  • alkyl sulfates according to the present invention one type of anionic surfactant which can be utilized encompasses alkyl ester sulfonates. These are desirable because they can be made with renewable, non-petroleum resources.
  • Preparation of the alkyl ester sulfonate surfactant component can be effected according to known methods disclosed in the technical literature. For instance, linear esters of C8-C20 carboxyhc acids can be sulfonated with gaseous S03 according to "The Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society," 52 (1975), pp. 323-329. Suitable starting materials would include natural fatty substances as derived from tallow, palm, and coconut oils, etc.
  • the preferred alkyl ester sulfonate surfactant especially for laundry applications, comprises alkyl ester sulfonate surfactants of the structural formula:
  • R HCOR 4 I SO 3 M wherein R3 is a C8-C20 hydrocarbyl, preferably an alkyl, or combination thereof, R4 is a C1-C6 hydrocarbyl, preferably an alkyl, or combination thereof, and M is a soluble salt-forming cation.
  • Suitable salts include metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and substituted or unsubstituted ammonium salts, such as methyl-, dimethyl, -t ⁇ methyl, and quaternary ammonium cations, e.g tetramethyl-ammonium and dimethyl piperdmium, and cations derived from alkanolammes, e.g.
  • R3 is C10-C16 alkyl
  • R4 is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl
  • methyl ester sulfonates wherein R3 is C14-C16 alkyl.
  • alkylbenzenesulphonates include the hard (ABS, TPBS), linear types, also known as LAS, and made by known process such as various HF or solid HF e.g., DETAL® (UOP) process, or made by using other Lewis Acid catalysts e.g., A1C1 3 , or made using acidic silica/alumma or made from chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as C9-C20 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, particularly sodium linear alkyl C10-C15 benzene sulfonate.
  • surfactants are water soluble salts or acids typically of the formula RAS03M wherein R is a branched or linear C10-C24 alkyl group, preferably a C10-C20 alkyl, more preferably C10-C18 alkyl, A is an aryl group , preferably benzene, or toluene, more preferably benzene unit, and M is H or a cation which can be, for example, a metal cation (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, etc.), ammonium or substituted- ammonium cation.
  • RAS03M wherein R is a branched or linear C10-C24 alkyl group, preferably a C10-C20 alkyl, more preferably C10-C18 alkyl, A is an aryl group , preferably benzene, or toluene, more preferably benzene unit, and M is H or a cation which can be, for example, a metal
  • the surfactant systems of the laundry detergent compositions of the present invention can also comprise from about 0.001%, preferably from about 1%, more preferably from about 5%, most preferably from about 10% to about 100%, preferably to about 60%, more preferably to about 30%) by weight, of the surfactant system, of one or more (preferably a mixture of two or more) modified alkyl arylsulfonate surfactants, or MLAS preferably surfactants wherein the aryl unit is a benzene ring having the formula:
  • L is an acyclic hydrocarbyl moiety comprising from 6 to 18 carbon atoms
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently hydrogen or Cj-C 3 alkyl, provided R 1 and R 2 are not attached at the terminus of the L unit
  • M is a water soluble cation having charge q wherein a and b are taken together to satisfy charge neutrality.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are given in "Surface Active Agents and Detergents" (Vol. I and II by Schwartz, Perry and Berch). A variety of such surfactants are also generally disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,929,678, issued December 30, 1975 to Laughhn, et al. at Column 23, line 58 through Column 29, line 23.
  • anionic surfactants useful for detersive purposes can also be included in the compositions hereof. These can include salts (including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and t ⁇ ethanolamme salts) of soap, C8-C22 p ⁇ mary or secondary alkanesulphonates, C8-C24 olefinsulphonates, sulphonated polycarboxylic acids prepared by sulphonation of the pyrolyzed product of alkaline earth metal citrates, e.g., as described in British patent specification No.
  • salts including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and t ⁇ ethanolamme salts
  • C8-C22 p ⁇ mary or secondary alkanesulphonates C8-C24 olefinsulphonates
  • sulphonated polycarboxylic acids prepared by sulphonation of the pyrolyze
  • alkyl glycerol sulfonates 1,082,179, alkyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty acyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty oleyl glycerol sulfates, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, alkyl phosphates, isothionates such as the acyl isothionates, N-acyl taurates, fatty acid amides of methyl tau ⁇ de, alkyl succinamates and sulfosuccmates, monoesters of sulfosuccmate (especially saturated and unsaturated C12-C18 monoesters) diesters of sulfosuccmate (especially saturated and unsaturated C6-C14 diesters), N-acyl sarcosmates, sulfates of alkylpolysacchandes such as the sulfates of alkylpolyglu
  • Resin acids and hydrogenated resm acids are also suitable, such as rosm, hydrogenated rosm, and resm acids and hydrogenated resm acids present in or derived from tall oil. Further examples are given in "Surface Active Agents and Detergents" (Vol. I and II by Schwartz, Perry and Berch). A vanety of such surfactants are also generally disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,929,678, issued December 30, 1975 to Laughlin, et al. at Column 23, line 58 through Column 29, line 23.
  • dianiomcs Another type of useful anionic surfactant are the so-called dianiomcs. These are surfactants which have at least two anionic groups present on the surfactant molecule.
  • suitable diamonic surfactants are further described in copendmg U.S. Serial No. 60/020,503 (Docket No. 6160P), 60/020,772 (Docket No. 6161P), 60/020,928 (Docket No. 6158P), 60/020,832 (Docket No. 6159P) and 60/020,773 (Docket No. 6162P) all filed on June 28, 1996, and 60/023,539 (Docket No. 6192P), 60/023493 (Docket No.
  • the tablet detergent products of the present invention comprise m addition to one or more of the hydrotropes ("binding agents" because they have a cohesive effect on the tablets), preferably one or more preferred ingredients herembelow and optionally, one or more conventional detergent adjunct materials.
  • Such conventional adjunct materials can include one or more of the solid particulate materials described under the Liquid Products section and/or Granular/Powder Products section heremabove or under the Conventional Detergent Adjunct Materials section hereinafter.
  • Detergent tablet formulations generally contain at least a small amount of binding agent in the composition in order to provide a cohesive effect and promote the integrity of the tablets.
  • the Cohesive Effect on the particulate material of a detergent matrix is characterised by the force required to break a tablet based on the examined detergent matrix pressed under controlled compression conditions. Means to assess tablet strength (also refer to diametncal fracture stress) are given m Pharmaceutical dosage forms : tablets volume 1 Ed. H.A. Lieberman et al, published in 1989.
  • hydrotrope compounds to a particulate material prepared according to the present invention has a cohesive effect while also providing excellent disintegration performance m wash-water when it is formed into a tablet by compressing the particulate material.
  • Detergent tablets containing this hydrotrope have a higher tensile strength at constant compacting force or an equal tensile strength at lower compacting force when compared to traditional tablets.
  • these hydrotropes also provide the key ingredient to prevent gelling and/or thickening of the detergent compositions taught herein.
  • Gelling has been previously observed in detergent products prepared without the hydrotropes as defined m the present invention, when the products are first contacted and diluted with water. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that this gelling phenomenon results from the surfactant-contammg particles forming viscous surfactant phases (typically lamellar, spherulitic or hexagonal phases) upon contact with water m the wash-liquor or wash-water at certain concentrations of surfactant.
  • a correlation has been found between the viscosity of the product- water mixture in the critical dilution range where gelling is observed, and the amount of viscous surfactant phase formed in this range.
  • hydrotropes described above prevent the formation of the viscous surfactant phases formed upon dilution, because the hydrotrope can effectively interact with the ordered, structured layers of surfactant molecules, disrupt them and promote the formation of lsotropic low - viscosity surfactant phases.
  • the operating window relates to the range in the bulk density of the detergent tablets, when the detergent tablets are manufactured on an industrial scale. Because of several variables, during the industrial-scale manufacture of detergent tablets the density of the detergent tablets varies somewhat from the ideal or preferred density.
  • the operating window is the range of densities surrounding the preferred density where the tablet is not at the preferred density but is still acceptable. Below the operating window, the density is too low as a result of insufficient packing and cohesion during the compression step and thus the tablet is very friable and likely to be broken during handling and storage. Above the operating window, the tablet is packed too tightly and is likely to be insufficiently dissolved and dispersed in a wash liquor du ⁇ ng a wash process.
  • the present detergent tablets may also include additional non-gellmg binders.
  • Non-gellmg binders not only provide cohesive benefits, but also facilitate dissolution.
  • suitable non-gellmg binders include synthetic organic polymers such as polyethylene glycols, polyvmylpyrrohdones, polyacrylates and water-soluble acrylate copolymers.
  • binders classification Acacia, Algmic Acid, Carbomer, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Dextrin, Ethylcellulose, Gelatin, Guar gum, Hydrogenated vegetable oil type I, Hydroxyethyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Liquid glucose, Magnesium aluminum silicate, Maltodextrin, Methylcellulose, polymethacrylates, povidone, sodium algmate, starch and zem.
  • binders also have an active cleaning function in the laundry wash such as catiomc polymers, i.e. ethoxylated hexamethylene diamme quaternary compounds, bishexamethylene t ⁇ ammes, or others such as pentaammes, ethoxylated polyethylene amines, maleic acrylic polymers
  • Non-gellmg binder materials are preferably sprayed on and hence have an appropriate melting point temperature below 90°C, preferably below 70°C and even more preferably below 50°C so as not to damage or degrade the other active ingredients in the matrix.
  • non-aqueous liquid binders i.e. not in aqueous solution
  • they may also be solid binders incorporated into the matrix by dry addition but which have binding properties within the tablet.
  • the detergent tablets prepared according to the present invention will comprise from about 0.05% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 3%, most preferably from about 0.1% to about 1% of the essential hydrotrope in which two polar groups are separated from each other by at least 5, preferably 6, aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the optional non-gellmg binder materials When the optional non-gellmg binder materials are used, they will be present in the detergent tablets, they will be used in levels of from about 0.1%) to about 7%, pref. from about 0.5% to about 5%, more pref. from about 1% to about 3% of the detergent tablet.
  • non-gellmg binders When the optional non-gellmg binders are used they will be present m the detergent tablets in a ratio of non-gellmg binder to special hydrotrope binder of from about 2:1 to about 60:1, preferably from about 3:1 to about 30:1, more preferably from about 3:1 to about 15:1.
  • Dismtegrants Although it is necessary that the tablets should have good integrity before use, it is necessary also that they should disintegrate rapidly during use, when contacted with wash-water. Thus it is also known to include a dismtegrant which will promote disintegration of the tablet. Va ⁇ ous classes of dismtegrant are known, including the class m which disintegration is caused by swelling of the dismtegrant. Various swelling dismtegrants have been proposed in the literature, with the preference being directed predominantly towards starches, celluloses and water soluble organic polymers. Inorganic swelling dismtegrants such as bentonite clay have also been mentioned, for instance in EP-A-466,484.
  • dismtegrant may give supplementary building, anti-redeposition or fabric softening properties.
  • the amount of dismtegrant is preferably 1 to 5%. It is proposed m EP-A-466,484 that the tablet may have a heterogeneous structure comprising a plurality of discrete regions, for example layers, inserts or coatings.
  • Tablet Manufacture - Detergent tablets of the present invention can be prepared simply by mixing the solid ingredients together and compressing the mixture m a conventional tablet press as used, for example, in the pharmaceutical industry.
  • the principal ingredients, m particular gelling surfactants are used m particulate form.
  • Any liquid ingredients, for example surfactant or suds suppressor, can be incorporated in a conventional manner into the solid particulate ingredients.
  • the ingredients such as builder and surfactant can be spray-dried in a conventional manner and then compacted at a suitable pressure.
  • the tablets according to the invention are compressed using a force of less than 100000N, more preferably of less than 50000N, even more preferably of less than 5000N and most preferably of less than 3000 N.
  • the most preferred embodiment is a tablet compressed using a force of less than 2500N
  • the particulate material used for making the tablet of this invention can be made by any particulation or granulation process.
  • An example of such a process is spray drying (in a co- current or counter current spray drying tower) which typically gives low bulk densities 600g/l or lower.
  • Particulate materials of higher density can be prepared by granulation and densification m a high shear batch mixer/granulator or by a continuous granulation and densification process (e.g. using Lod ⁇ ge(R) CB and/or Lod ⁇ ge(R) KM mixers).
  • Other suitable processes include fluid bed processes, compaction processes (e.g. roll compaction), extrusion, as well as any particulate material made by any chemical process like flocculation, crystallisation sentermg, etc.
  • Individual particles can also be any other particle, granule, sphere or grain.
  • the components of the particulate mate ⁇ al may be mixed together by any conventional means. Batch is suitable in, for example, a concrete mixer, Nauta mixer, ribbon mixer or any other. Alternatively the mixing process may be carried out continuously by mete ⁇ ng each component by weight on to a moving belt, and blending them in one or more drum(s) or m ⁇ xer(s).
  • Non-gellmg binder can be sprayed on to the mix of some, or all of, the components of the particulate material.
  • Other liquid ingredients may also be sprayed on to the mix of components either separately or premixed. For example perfume and slur ⁇ es of optical b ⁇ ghteners may be sprayed.
  • a finely divided flow aid dustting agent such as zeolites, carbonates, silicas
  • the tablets may be manufactured by using any compacting process, such as tablettmg, b ⁇ quetting, or extrusion, preferably tablettmg.
  • Suitable equipment includes a standard single stroke or a rotary press (such as Courtoy(R), Korch(R), Manesty(R), or Bonals(R)).
  • the tablets prepared according to this invention preferably have a diameter of between 20mm and 60mm, preferably of at least 35 and up to 55 mm, and a weight between 15 g and 100 g.
  • the ratio of height to diameter (or width) of the tablets is preferably greater than 1 :3, more preferably greater than 1:2.
  • the compaction pressure used for preparing these tablets need not exceed 100000 kN/m2, preferably not exceed 30000 kN/m2, more preferably not exceed 5000 kN/m2, even more preferably not exceed 3000kN/m2 and most preferably not exceed 1000kN/m2.
  • the tablet has a density of at least 0.9 g/cc, more preferably of at least 1.0 g/cc, and preferably of less than 2.0 g/cc, more preferably of less than 1.5 g/cc, even more preferably of less than 1.25 g/cc and most preferably of less than 1.1 g/cc.
  • Multi-layer tablets can be made by known techniques.
  • Coating - Solidity of the tablet according to the invention may be further improved by making a coated tablet, the coating covering a non-coated tablet according to the invention, thereby further improving the mechanical characteristics of the tablet while maintaining or further improving dispersion.
  • the tablets may then be coated so that the tablet does not absorb moisture, or absorbs moisture at only a very slow rate.
  • the coating is also strong so that moderate mechanical shocks to which the tablets are subjected du ⁇ ng handling, packing and shipping result m no more than very low levels of breakage or attrition.
  • the coating is preferably brittle so that the tablet breaks up when subjected to stronger mechanical shock.
  • the coating material is dispersed under alkaline conditions, or is readily emulsified by surfactants. This contributes to avoiding the problem of visible residue in the window of a front-loading washing machine du ⁇ ng the wash cycle, and also avoids deposition of particles or lumps of coating material on the laundry load.
  • Water solubility is measured following the test protocol of ASTM El 148-87 entitled, "Standard Test Method for Measurements of Aqueous Solubility".
  • Suitable coating materials are dicarboxyhc acids. Particularly suitable dicarboxyhc acids are selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, malonic acid, succimc acid, gluta ⁇ c acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, fridecanedioic acid and mixtures thereof.
  • the coating material has a melting point preferably of from 40°C to 200°C.
  • the coating can be applied in a number of ways. Two preferred coating methods are a) coating with a molten material and b) coating with a solution of the mate ⁇ al.
  • the coating material is applied at a temperature above its melting point, and solidifies on the tablet.
  • the coating is applied as a solution, the solvent being dried to leave a coherent coating.
  • the substantially insoluble material can be applied to the tablet by, for example, spraying or dipping. Normally when the molten material is sprayed on to the tablet, it will rapidly solidify to form a coherent coating. When tablets are dipped into the molten material and then removed, the rapid cooling again causes rapid solidification of the coating material.
  • substantially insoluble materials having a melting point below 40°C are not sufficiently solid at ambient temperatures and it has been found that materials having a melting point above about 200°C are not practicable to use.
  • the materials melt m the range from 60°C to 160°C, more preferably from 70°C to 120°C.
  • melting point is meant the temperature at which the material when heated slowly in, for example, a capillary tube becomes a clear liquid.
  • a coating of any desired thickness can be applied according to the present invention.
  • the coating forms from 1% to 10%, preferably from 1.5% to 5%, of the tablet weight.
  • the tablet coatings are preferably very hard and provide extra strength to the tablet.
  • the fracture of the coating in the wash is improved by adding a dismtegrant in the coating.
  • This dismtegrant will swell once in contact with water and break the coating in small pieces. This will improve the dispersion of the coating in the wash solution.
  • the dismtegrant is suspended in the coating melt at a level of up to 30%, preferably between 5% and 20%>, most preferably between 5 and 10% by weight. Possible dismtegrants are described in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (1986).
  • suitable dismtegrants include starch: natural, modified or pregelatmized starch, sodium starch gluconate; gum: agar gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, karaya gum, pectin gum, tragacanth gum, croscarmylose Sodium, crospovidone, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, algenic acid and its salts including sodium algmate, silicone dioxide, clay, polyvmylpyrrolidone, soy polysacha ⁇ des, ion exchange resins and mixtures thereof.
  • starch natural, modified or pregelatmized starch, sodium starch gluconate
  • gum agar gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, karaya gum, pectin gum, tragacanth gum, croscarmylose Sodium, crospovidone, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, algenic acid and its salts including sodium algmate, silicone dioxide, clay, polyvmylpyrrolidone,
  • the used compacting force may be adjusted to not affect the tensile strength, and the disintegration time in the washing machine. This process may be used to prepare homogenous or layered tablets of any size or shape.
  • the tensile strength corresponds to the diametrical fracture stress (DFS) which is a way to express the strength of a tablet, and is determined by the following equation :
  • F is the maximum force (Newton) to cause tensile failure (fracture) measured by a VK 200 tablet hardness tester supplied by Van Kell industries, Inc.
  • D is the diameter of the tablet, and t the thickness of the tablet.
  • the detergent compositions herein can, and preferably will, contain various other optional components.
  • the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more types of inorganic detergent builders beyond those listed hereinbefore that also function as alkalinity sources.
  • Such optional inorganic builders can include, for example, alummosihcates such as zeolites. Aluminosihcate zeolites, and their use as detergent builders are more fully discussed in Corkill et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,605,509; Issued August 12, 1986, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • crystalline layered silicates such as those discussed in this '509 U.S. patent, are also suitable for use in the detergent compositions herein.
  • optional inorganic detergent builders can comprise from about 2% to 15% by weight of the compositions herein.
  • Enzymes - Enzymes can be included in the formulations herein for a wide variety of fabric laundering purposes, including removal of protem-based, carbohydrate-based, or t ⁇ glyce ⁇ de- based stains; for the prevention of refugee dye transfer; and for fabric restoration. It is believed that the addition of the special hydrotropes described above will enhance the performance of enzymes in a detergent composition. This is because as the hydrotropes increase the rate of dissolution of the detergent composition, the rate at which enzymes come into contact with water and are activated will also increase and the corresponding detersive benefits provided by activated enzymes will also increase. This behavior is seen in both aqueous and non-aqueous detergent compositions.
  • the enzymes to be incorporated include proteases, amylases, lipases, mannanase, cellulases, and peroxidases, as well as mixtures thereof. Other types of enzymes may also be included. They may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. However, their choice is governed by several factors such as pH-activity and/or stability optima, thermostability, stability versus active detergents, builders and so on. In this respect bacterial or fungal enzymes are preferred, such as bacterial amylases and proteases, and fungal cellulases.
  • Enzymes are normally incorporated at levels sufficient to provide up to about 5 mg by weight, more typically about 0.01 mg to about 3 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the composition. Stated otherwise, the compositions herein will typically comprise from about 0.001% to about 5%, preferably 0.01%-1.0% by weight of a commercial enzyme preparation. Protease enzymes are usually present in such commercial preparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1 Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition.
  • AU Anson units
  • proteases are the subtihsins which are obtained from particular strains of Bacillus subtihs and Bacillus hcheniforms .
  • Another suitable protease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus, having maximum activity throughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold by Novo Industries A/S under the registered trade name ESPERASE®. The preparation of this enzyme and analogous enzymes is desc ⁇ bed in B ⁇ tish Patent Specification No. 1,243,784 of Novo Industries A/S.
  • proteases suitable for removing protem-based stams include those sold under the tradenames ALCALASE® and SAVINASE® by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark) and MAXATASE® by International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. (The Netherlands).
  • Other proteases include Protease A (see European Patent Application 130,756, published January 9, 1985) and Protease B (see European Patent Application Serial No. 87303761.8, filed April 28, 1987, and European Patent Application 130,756, Bott et al, published January 9, 1985).
  • Amylases include, for example, amylases described in British Patent Specification No. 1,296,839 (Novo Industries A/S), RAPIDASE®, International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. and TERMAMYL®, Novo Industries A/S.
  • Mannanases include the following three mannans-degrading enzymes : EC 3.2.1.25 ⁇ ⁇ - mannosidase, EC 3.2.1.78 : Endo-l,4- ⁇ -mannos ⁇ dase, referred therein after as "mannanase” and EC 3.2.1.100 : 1,4- ⁇ -mannob ⁇ os ⁇ dase (RJPAC Classification- Enzyme nomenclature, 1992 ISBN 0-12- 227165-3 Academic Press).
  • the detergent compositions of the present invention comprise a ⁇ -1,4- Mannosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.78) referred to as Mannanase.
  • Mannanase or "galactomannanase” denotes a mannanase enzyme defined according to the art as officially being named mannan endo-1,4- beta-mannosidase and having the alternative names beta-mannanase and endo-l,4-mannanase and catalysing the reaction: random hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D- mannosidic linkages m mannans, galactomannans, glucomannans, and galactoglucomannans.
  • Mannanases (EC 3.2.1.78) constitute a group of polysaccharases which degrade mannans and denote enzymes which are capable of cleaving polyose chains containing mannose units, i e. are capable of cleaving glycosidic bonds in mannans, glucomannans, galactomannans and galactogluco-mannans.
  • Mannans are polysaccha ⁇ des having a backbone composed of ⁇ -1,4- linked mannose; glucomannans are polysaccha ⁇ des having a backbone or more or less regularly alternating ⁇ -1,4 linked mannose and glucose; galactomannans and galactoglucomannans are mannans and glucomannans with ⁇ -1,6 linked galactose sidebranches These compounds may be acetylated.
  • the cellulase enzymes used in the instant detergent composition are preferably incorporated at levels sufficient to provide up to about 5 mg by weight, more preferably about 0.01 mg to about 3 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the composition Stated otherwise, the compositions herein preferably comprise from about 0.001%> to about 5%, preferably 0.01%-1 0% by weight of a commercial enzyme preparation.
  • the cellulase usable in the present invention includes both bacterial or fungal cellulase. Preferably, they will have a pH optimum of between 5 and 9.5. Suitable cellulases are disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
  • Suitable lipase enzymes for detergent usage include those produced by microorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in British Patent 1,372,034. See also hpases m Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open to public inspection on February 24, 1978. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P AMANO®, hereinafter referred to as "Amano-P.”
  • Other commercial hpases include AMANO-CES®, hpases from Chromobacter viscosum, e.g.
  • Chromobacter viscosum var hpolyticum NRRLB 3673 commercially available from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; and further Chromobacter viscosum hpases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands, and hpases from Pseudomonas gladioli.
  • the LIPOLASE® enzyme de ⁇ ved from Humicola lanuginosa and commercially available from Novo Industries A S(see also EPO 341,947) is a preferred lipase for use herein.
  • Peroxidase enzymes are used m combination with oxygen sources, e.g., percarbonate, perborate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, etc They are used for "solution bleaching," i.e. to prevent transfer of dyes or pigments removed from substrates du ⁇ ng wash operations to other substrates in the wash solution.
  • Peroxidase enzymes are known in the art, and include, for example, horseradish peroxidase, hgninase, and haloperoxidase such as chloro- and bromo- peroxidase.
  • Peroxidase-contammg detergent compositions are disclosed, for example, in PCT International Application WO 89/099813, published October 19, 1989, by O. Kirk, assigned to Novo Industries A S.
  • Enzyme stabilization systems are also desc ⁇ bed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,519,570.
  • Enzymes added to the compositions herein in the form of conventional enzyme prills are especially preferred for use herein. Such prills will generally range in size from about 100 to 1,000 microns, more preferably from about 200 to 800 microns and will be suspended throughout the liquid phase of the composition.
  • compositions which utilize enzyme prills need not contain conventional enzyme stabilizing such as must frequently be used when enzymes are incorporated into aqueous liquid detergents.
  • Chelatmg Agents may also optionally contain a chelatmg agent which serves to chelate metal ions, e.g., iron and or manganese, withm the detergent compositions herein.
  • chelatmg agents thus serve to form complexes with metal impurities in the composition which would otherwise tend to deactivate composition components such as the peroxygen bleaching agent.
  • Useful chelatmg agents can include ammo carboxylates, phosphonates, ammo phosphonates, polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelatmg agents and mixtures thereof.
  • Ammo carboxylates useful as optional chelatmg agents include ethylenediammetetraacetates, N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediaminet ⁇ acetates, nit ⁇ lot ⁇ acetates, ethylene-diamme tetrapropionates, t ⁇ ethylenetetraaminehexacetates, diethylenet ⁇ ammepentaacetates, ethylenediaminedisuccmates and ethanol diglycmes.
  • the alkali metal salts of these materials are preferred.
  • Ammo phosphonates are also suitable for use as chelatmg agents in the compositions of this invention when at least low levels of total phosphorus are permitted in detergent compositions, and include ethylenediammetetrakis (methylene-phosphonates) as DEQUEST.
  • these ammo phosphonates do not contain alkyl or alkenyl groups with more than about 6 carbon atoms.
  • Preferred chelatmg agents include hydroxy-ethyldiphosphonic acid (HEDP), diethylene t ⁇ amine penta acetic acid (DTP A), ethylenediamme disuccimc acid (EDDS) and dipicolmic acid (DP A) and salts thereof.
  • the chelatmg agent may, of course, also act as a detergent builder du ⁇ ng use of the compositions herein for fabric laundermg/bleachmg.
  • the chelatmg agent if employed, can comp ⁇ se from about 0.1% to 4% by weight of the compositions herein. More preferably, the chelatmg agent will comprise from about 0.2%> to 2% by weight of the detergent compositions herein.
  • suds suppressors A wide variety of mate ⁇ als may be used as suds suppressors, and suds suppressors are well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 7, pages 430-447 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979)
  • One category of suds suppressor of particular interest encompasses monocarboxyhc fatty acid and soluble salts therein. See U.S. Patent 2,954,347, issued September 27, 1960 to Wayne St. John.
  • the monocarboxyhc fatty acids and salts thereof used as suds suppressor typically have hydrocarbyl chains of 10 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable salts include the alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and ammonium and alkanolammonium salts.
  • the detergent compositions herein may also contain non-surfactant suds suppressors.
  • non-surfactant suds suppressors include, for example- high molecular weight hydrocarbons, N-alkylated ammo t ⁇ azmes, monostearyl phosphates, silicone suds suppressors, secondary alcohols (e.g., 2-alkyl alkanols) and mixtures of such alcohols with silicone oils
  • Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are described, for example, m U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al.
  • Silicone suds suppressors are well known in the art and are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al and European Patent Application No. 89307851.9, published February 7, 1990, by Starch, M. S. Mixtures of alcohols and silicone oils are described in U.S. 4,798,679, 4,075,118 and EP 150,
  • the preferred particulate foam control agent used herein contains a silicone antifoam compound, an organic material and a carrier material onto which the silicone antifoam compound and the organic material are deposited.
  • the earner mate ⁇ al is preferably a native starch or zeolite.
  • the silicone antifoam compound is selected from the group consisting of polydiorganosiloxane, solid silica and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic material is selected from:
  • an organic matenal having a melting point in the range 50°C to 85°C and comprising a monoester of glycerol and a fatty acid having a carbon chain containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms;
  • the dispersing polymer is selected from the group consisting of copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof.
  • Silicone suds suppressors known in the art which can be used are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al and European Patent Application No. 89307851.9, published Feb. 7, 1990, by Starch, M. S. Silicone defoamers and suds controlling agents in granular detergent compositions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,933,672, Bartolotta et al, and in U.S Pat. No. 4,652,392, Bagmski et al, issued Mar. 24, 1987.
  • An exemplary silicone based suds suppressor for use herein is a suds suppressing amount of a particulate foam control agent consisting essentially of:
  • compositions of the present invention may also include one or more mate ⁇ als effective for inhibiting the transfer of dyes from one fabric to another during the cleaning process. These agents may be included either in the nonaqueous surfactant-contammg liquid phase or m the solid particulate mate ⁇ al.
  • dye transfer inhibiting agents include polyvinyl pyrrohdone polymers, polyamme N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vmylpyrrohdone and N-vmyhmidazole, manganese phthalocyanme, peroxidases, and mixtures thereof. These agents typically comprise from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.01%) to about 5%, and more preferably from about 0.05% to about 2%.
  • Preferred polyamme N-oxides are those wherein R is a heterocychc group such as pyndme, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrrohdme, pipe ⁇ dine and derivatives thereof.
  • the N-0 group can be represented by the following general structures:
  • the amme oxide unit of the polyamme N-oxides has a pKa ⁇ 10, preferably pKa ⁇ 7, more preferred pKa ⁇ 6.
  • any polymer backbone can be used as long as the amme oxide polymer formed is water- soluble and has dye transfer inhibiting properties.
  • suitable polymeric backbones are polyvmyls, polyalkylenes, polyesters, polyethers, polyamide, polyimides, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof. These polymers include random or block copolymers where one monomer type is an amme N-oxide and the other monomer type is an N-oxide.
  • the amme N-oxide polymers typically have a ratio of amme to the amine N-oxide of 10: 1 to 1:1 ,000,000.
  • the number of amme oxide groups present in the polyamme oxide polymer can be varied by appropriate copolyme ⁇ zation or by an appropriate degree of N-oxidation.
  • the polyamme oxides can be obtained m almost any degree of polymerization. Typically, the average molecular weight is withm the range of 500 to 1,000,000; more preferred 1,000 to 500,000; most preferred 5,000 to 100,000.
  • polyamme N-oxide useful in the detergent compositions herein is poly(4-vmylpy ⁇ dme-N-ox ⁇ de) which as an average molecular weight of about 50,000 and an amme to amine N-oxide ratio of about 1 :4.
  • PVNO poly(4-vmylpy ⁇ dme-N-ox ⁇ de) which as an average molecular weight of about 50,000 and an amme to amine N-oxide ratio of about 1 :4.
  • PVNO poly(4-vmylpy ⁇ dme-N-ox ⁇ de) which as an average molecular weight of about 50,000 and an amme to amine N-oxide ratio of about 1 :4.
  • the present invention further comprises additional agents to provide fabric care benefits. As described above, these additional agents may be necessary because the high concentrations of detergent concentration in the aqueous laundering solutions used in the present invention may damaged the garments and fabrics contact by the aqueous launde ⁇ ng solutions.
  • the present invention may also include materials which could be added to laundry products that would associate themselves with the fibers of the fabrics and textiles laundered using such products and thereby reduce or minimize the tendency of the laundered fabric/textiles to deteriorate in appearance.
  • Any such detergent product additive material should, of course, be able to benefit fabric appearance and integrity without unduly interfering with the ability of the laundry product to perform its intended function.
  • fabric appearance benefits can include, for example, improved overall appearance of the laundered fabrics, reduction of the formation of pills and fuzz, protection against color fading, improved abrasion resistance, etc.
  • PEI 600 E20 polyethyleneimme
  • m has an average value of about 20.
  • an average value of 20 is that sufficient ethylene oxide or other suitable reagent is reacted with the polyethyleneimme starting material to fully ethoxylate each N-H unit to a degree of 20 ethoxylations.
  • N-H unit hydrogen atoms will be replaced by less than 20 ethoxy units and some will be replaced by more than 20 ethoxy units, therefore, the average of the number of ethoxylations is 20.
  • the units which make up the polyalkyleneimme backbones are primary amme units having the formula:
  • the indices w, x, and y have values such that the average molecular weight of the polyethyleneimme backbone prior to modification is about 600 daltons.
  • each branch chain must terminate in a pnmary amme unit, therefore the value of the index w is y + 1 in the case where no cyclic amme backbones are present.
  • the average molecular weight for each ethylene backbone unit, -NCH 2 CH 2 -, is approximately 43 daltons.
  • the polyammes of the present invention can be prepared, for example, by polymerizing ethyleneimme m the presence of a catalyst such as carbon dioxide, sodium bisulfite, sulfunc acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, etc.
  • a catalyst such as carbon dioxide, sodium bisulfite, sulfunc acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, etc.
  • Specific methods for preparing these polyamme backbones are disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,182,306, Ul ⁇ ch et al., issued December 5, 1939; U.S. Patent 3,033,746, Mayle et al., issued May 8,1962; U.S. Patent 2,208,095, Esselmann et al., issued July 16,1940; U.S. Patent 2,806,839, Crowther, issued September 17,1957; and U.S Patent 2,553,696, Wilson, issued May 21,1951; all herein incorporated by reference.
  • Suitable fabric care agents for use in the present detergent compositions include dye maintenance polymers.
  • One example of such a polymer is the Adduct of Imidazole- epichlorohydnn:
  • the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain a polymeric material which serves to enhance the ability of the composition to maintain its solid particulate components m suspension. Such materials may thus act as thickeners, viscosity control agents and/or dispersing agents.
  • mate ⁇ als are frequently polymeric polycarboxylates but can include other polymeric materials such as polyvmylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyamide resms.
  • Polymeric polycarboxylate materials can be prepared by polymerizing or copolyme ⁇ zmg suitable unsaturated monomers, preferably in their acid form.
  • Unsaturated monome ⁇ c acids that can be polymenzed to form suitable polymeric polycarboxylates include acrylic acid, maleic acid (or maleic anhydnde), fuma ⁇ c acid, ltacomc acid, aconitic acid, mesacomc acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalomc acid.
  • the presence in the polymeric polycarboxylates herein of monome ⁇ c segments, containing no carboxylate radicals such as vmylmefhyl ether, styrene, ethylene, etc. is suitable provided that such segments do not constitute more than about 40% by weight of the polymer.
  • Particularly suitable polymeric polycarboxylates can be derived from acrylic acid.
  • acrylic acid-based polymers which are useful herein are the water-soluble salts of polymerized acrylic acid.
  • the average molecular weight of such polymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 100,000, more preferably from about 2,000 to 10,000, even more preferably from about 4,000 to 7,000, and most preferably from about 4,000 to 5,000.
  • Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid polymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, salts. Soluble polymers of this type are known materials. Use of polyacrylates of this type in detergent compositions has been disclosed, for example, Diehl, U.S. Patent 3,308,067, issued March 7, 1967. Such matenals may also perform a builder function.
  • polymeric materials suitable for use as thickening, viscosity control and/or dispersing agents include polymers of: castor oil derivatives; polyurethane derivatives, and polyethylene glycol.
  • the optional thickening, viscosity control and/or dispersing agents should be present in the compositions herein to the extent of from about 0.1% to 4% by weight. More preferably, such materials can comprise from about 0.1% to 2% by weight of the detergents compositions herein.
  • compositions of the present invention can also optionally contain water-soluble ethoxylated amines having clay soil removal and anti- redeposition properties. If used, soil materials can contain from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the compositions herein.
  • the most preferred soil release and anti-redeposition agent is ethoxylated tetraethylenepentamme.
  • Exemplary ethoxylated amines are further described in U.S. Patent 4,597,898, VanderMeer, issued July 1, 1986.
  • Another group of preferred clay soil removal-anti- redeposition agents are the catiomc compounds disclosed in European Patent Application 111,965, Oh and Gosselmk, published June 27, 1984.
  • Clay soil removal/anti-redeposition agents which can be used include the ethoxylated amme polymers disclosed in European Patent Application 111,984, Gosselmk, published June 27, 1984; the zwitte ⁇ onic polymers disclosed in European Patent Application 112,592, Gosselmk, published July 4, 1984; and the amme oxides disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,548,744, Connor, issued October 22, 1985.
  • Preferred clay-removmg compounds include ethoxylated quatermzed amines.
  • Preferred ethoxylated quatermzed amme mate ⁇ als are selected from the group consisting of compounds having the general formula:
  • each x is independently less than about 16, preferably from about 6 to about 13, more preferably from about 6 to about 8, or wherein each x is independently greater than about 35
  • Materials suitable for use in the present invention can be purchased from the BASF Corporation in Germany, and the Witco Chemical Company.
  • the ethoxylated quatermzed amme clay materials can be added to the present liquid heavy duty detergent compositions as liquids without causing undesired thickening at low temperatures.
  • the degree of ethoxylation for the same structure is greater than about 35, that is when x is greater than about 35, these higher ethoxalated materials can be added to the formulations as stable solid without melting at high temperatures and without causing low temperature product thickening.
  • compositions herein may also optionally contain bleach activators which are liquid in form at room temperature and which can be added as liquids to the liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein.
  • bleach activators is glycerol triacetate, which serves as a solvent in the composition du ⁇ ng storage but when released into the wash water solution is peroxidized and functions as a bleach activator.
  • bleach activators include acetyl t ⁇ ethyl citrate (ATC) and nonanoyl valerolactam.
  • Liquid bleach activators can be dissolved m the liquid phase of the compositions herein.
  • the detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain conventional bnghteners, bleach catalysts, dyes and/or perfume materials. Such bnghteners, silicone oils, bleach catalysts, dyes and perfumes must, of course, be compatible and non-reactive with the other composition components in the aqueous or non- aqueous liquid environment. If present, bnghteners, dyes and/or perfumes will typically comprise from about 0.0001%> to 2% by weight of the compositions herein.
  • the liquid detergent compositions herein can also contain from about 0.1% to 5%>, preferably from about 0.1% to 2% by weight of a finely divided, solid particulate material which can include silica, e.g., fumed silica, titanium dioxide, insoluble carbonates, finely divided carbon, SD-3 bentone, clays, or combinations of these materials Clays are well known to those skilled in the art and are commercially available from companies such as Rheox. Fine particulate material of this type functions as a structure elasticizing agent in the products of this invention. Such material has an average particle size ranging from about 7 to 40 nanometers, more preferably from about 7 to 15 nanometers. Such material also has a specific surface area which ranges from about 40 to 400m ⁇ /g.
  • a finely divided, solid particulate material which can include silica, e.g., fumed silica, titanium dioxide, insoluble carbonates, finely divided carbon, SD-3 bentone, clays, or combinations of these materials Clays are well known to those skilled in
  • the finely divided elasticizing agent material can improve the shipping stability of the liquid detergent products herein by increasing the elasticity of the surfactant-structured liquid phase without increasing product viscosity This permits such products to withstand high frequency vibration which may be encountered during shipping without undergoing undesirable structure breakdown which could lead to sedimentation in the product
  • Microspheres - Microspheres may be used in the present invention.
  • Suitable microspheres may be made of one or more water-msoluble materials selected from the group consisting of: polymers; sihcaceous materials, ceramics and mixtures thereof
  • water-msoluble materials selected from the group consisting of: polymers; sihcaceous materials, ceramics and mixtures thereof
  • Polymer microspheres of the present invention are preferably made of a water-msoluble material selected from the group consisting of: thermoplastics; acylonit ⁇ le; methacrylonit ⁇ le; polyacrylomt ⁇ le; polymethacrylonitrile and mixtures thereof.
  • Sihcaceous microspheres of the present invention are preferably made of one or more sihcaceous materials selected from the group consisting of glass. Borosihcate glass is particularly preferred.
  • microspheres are available from Akzo-Nobel of Sweden under the trademark EXPANCEL®; PQ Corp. under the trade names PM 6545, PM 6550, PM 7220, PM 7228, EXTENDOSPHERES®, LUXSH®, Q-CEL®, SPHERICEL®; and Malmckrodt under the trademark ALBUMEX®.
  • microspheres and further disclosure on microsphere-contammg liquid detergents may be found m copendmg provisional patent applications of Broeckx et al., entitled “Stable Non-aqueous Liquid Laundry Detergents Comp ⁇ smg Low Density Particles", having P & G Case No. 7417P, provisional serial no. 60/119,555 and filed on February 10, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • suitable microspheres for use in the present invention may also be made from wash-water soluble biomate ⁇ als (such as starches and proteins) which are disclosed in greater detail in the copendmg provisional patent application of Sadlowski et al., entitled “Nonaqueous Liquid Detergent with Wash-water soluble Low- Density Filler Particles", having P&G Case No 7707P, and filed on August 10, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • wash-water soluble biomate ⁇ als such as starches and proteins
  • microspheres used in the present invention may be used as the core of a particle which is formed by substantially encapsulating the core with detergent components.
  • a non-exclusive list of such components includes organic and inorganic builder material, alkalinity source material and other coating components.
  • These coated microspheres are disclosed with greater specificity in the copendmg provisional patent application of Aouad et al., entitled “Nonaqueous Liquid Detergent with Wash-water soluble Low-Density Filler Particles", having P&G Case No. 7708P, and filed on August 10, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Coated microspheres are also discussed in the copendmg provisional application of Sadlowski et al, P&G Case No. 7707P, incorporated above, (l) Effervescent - In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the tablets further comp ⁇ ses an effervescent.
  • Effervescency as defined herein means the evolution of bubbles of gas from a liquid, as the result of a chemical reaction between a soluble acid source and an alkali metal carbonate, to produce carbon dioxide gas, i.e. C 6 H g 0 7 + 3NaHC0 3 Na 3 C 6 H 5 0 7 + 3C0 2 + 3H 2 0
  • An effervescent may be added to the tablet mix in addition to the detergent ingredients.
  • the addition of this effervescent to the detergent tablet improves the disintegration time of the tablet.
  • the amount will preferably be between 5 and 20 % and most preferably between 10 and 20% by weight of the tablet.
  • the effervescent should be added as an agglomerate of the different particles or as a compact, and not as separated particles.
  • the tablet Due to the gas created by the effervescency m the tablet, the tablet can have a higher D.F.S. and still have the same disintegration time as a tablet without effervescency.
  • the D.F.S. of the tablet with effervescency is kept the same as a tablet without, the disintegration of the tablet with effervescency will be faster.
  • dispersion aid could be provided by using compounds such as sodium acetate or urea.
  • suitable dispersion aid may also be found in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Volume 1, Second edition, Edited by H.A. Lieberman et all, ISBN 0-8247-8044-2.
  • the effervescent system may comprise and acid and a base, such as cit ⁇ c acid and sodium bicarbonate, and or the effervescent system may comprise an enzyme, such as catalase and/or peroxidase and a source of peroxide, such as hydrogen peroxide.
  • a base such as cit ⁇ c acid and sodium bicarbonate
  • an enzyme such as catalase and/or peroxidase and a source of peroxide, such as hydrogen peroxide.
  • Binders - Non gelling binders can be integrated to the particles forming the tablet in order to further facilitate dispersion.
  • suitable non-gelling binders include synthetic organic polymers such as polyethylene glycols, polyvmylpyrrohdones, polyacrylates and water-soluble acrylate copolymers.
  • binders classification Acacia, Algmic Acid, Carbomer, Carboxymefhylcellulose sodium, Dextrin, Ethylcellulose, Gelatin, Guar gum, Hydrogenated vegetable oil type I, Hydroxyethyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Liquid glucose, Magnesium aluminum silicate, Maltodextrin, Methylcellulose, polymethacrylates, povidone, sodium algmate, starch and zem.
  • binders also have an active cleaning function in the laundry wash such as catiomc polymers, i.e. ethoxylated hexamethylene diam e quaternary compounds, bishexamethylene t ⁇ amines, or others such as pentaammes, ethoxylated polyethylene amines, maleic acrylic polymers.
  • catiomc polymers i.e. ethoxylated hexamethylene diam e quaternary compounds, bishexamethylene t ⁇ amines, or others such as pentaammes, ethoxylated polyethylene amines, maleic acrylic polymers.
  • Non-gellmg binder materials are preferably sprayed on and hence have an appropriate melting point temperature below 90°C, preferably below 70°C and even more preferably below 50°C so as not to damage or degrade the other active ingredients in the matrix.
  • non-aqueous liquid binders i.e. not in aqueous solution
  • they may also be solid binders incorporated into the matrix by dry addition but which have binding properties withm the tablet.
  • Non-gellmg binder materials are preferably used in an amount withm the range from 0.1 to 15%) of the composition, more preferably below 5% and especially if it is a non laundry active material below 2% by weight of the tablet.
  • gelling binders such as noniomc surfactants are avoided in their liquid or molten form.
  • Noniomc surfactants and other gelling binders are not excluded from the compositions, but it is preferred that they be processed into the detergent tablets as components of particulate materials, and not as liquids.
  • Clays The clay minerals used to provide the softening properties of the instant compositions can be described as expandable, three-layer clays, i.e., alummo-silicates and magnesium silicates, having an ion exchange capacity of at least 50 meq/lOOg. of clay.
  • the term "expandable” as used to describe clays relates to the ability of the layered clay structure to be swollen, or expanded, on contact with water.
  • the three-layer expandable clays used herein are those materials classified geologically as smectites.
  • smectite-type clays There are two distinct classes of smectite-type clays; m the first, aluminum oxide is present m the silicate crystal lattice; the second class of smectites, magnesium oxide is present in the silicate crystal lattice.
  • the general formulas of these smectites are Al 2 (S ⁇ 2 0 5 ) 2 (OH) 2 and Mg 3 (S ⁇ 2 0 5 ) (OH) 2 for the aluminum and magnesium oxide type clay, respectively. It is to be recognised that the range of the water of hydration m the above formulas can vary with the processing to which the clay has been subjected.
  • the smectite clays in the present invention m that the expandable characteristics of the hydrated clays are dictated by the silicate lattice structure. Furthermore, atom substitution by iron and magnesium can occur withm the crystal lattice of the smectites, while metal cations such as Na+, Ca++, as well as H+, can be co-present in the water of hydration to provide electrical neutrality.
  • the three-layer, expandable alumino-sihcates useful herein are further characterised by a dioctahedral crystal lattice, while the expandable three-layer magnesium silicates have a tnoctahedral crystal lattice.
  • the clays employed m the compositions of the instant invention contain catiomc counte ⁇ ons such as protons, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ion, magnesium ion, and the like. It is customary to distinguish between clays on the basis of one cation predominantly or exclusively absorbed.
  • a sodium clay is one in which the absorbed cation is predominantly sodium.
  • Such absorbed cations can become involved in exchange reactions with cations present in aqueous solutions.
  • a typical exchange reaction involving a smectite-type clay is expressed by the following equation: smectite clay (Na) + NH 4 OH _ smectite clay (NH 4 ) + NaOH.
  • cation exchange capacity (sometimes termed "base exchange capacity") in terms of milhequivalents per 100 g. of clay (meq./lOO g.).
  • base exchange capacity cation exchange capacity
  • the cation exchange capacity of clays can be measured m several ways, including by elecfrodialysis, by exchange with ammonium ion followed by tifration or by a methylene blue procedure, all as fully set forth in Gnmshaw, "The Chemistry and Physics of Clays", pp. 264- 265, Interscience (1971).
  • the cation exchange capacity of a clay mineral relates to such factors as the expandable properties of the clay, the charge of the clay, which, m turn, is determined at least in part by the lattice structure, and the like.
  • the ion exchange capacity of clays varies widely in the range from about 2 meq/lOO g. for kaolmites to about 150 meq/lOO g., and greater, for certain clays of the montmo ⁇ llonite va ⁇ ety.
  • Elite clays have an ion exchange capacity somewhere in the lower portion of the range, i.e., around 26 meq/lOO g. for an average illite clay
  • Il te and kaolmite clays are preferably not used as the clay in the instant compositions
  • such ilhte and kaolmite clays constitute a major component of clay soils and, as noted above, are removed from fabric surfaces by means of the instant compositions.
  • smectites such as nontonite, having an ion exchange capacity of around 70 meq/lOO g.
  • montmo ⁇ llomte which has an ion exchange capacity greater than 70 meq/lOO g.
  • clay minerals useful herein can be characterised as expandable, three-layer smectite-type clays having an ion exchange capacity of at least about 50 meq/lOO g.
  • the smectite clays used in the compositions herein are all commercially available. Such clays include, for example, montmo ⁇ llonite, volchonskoite, nontronite, hecto ⁇ te, sapomte, saucomte, and vermicuhte.
  • the clays herein are available under vanous tradenames, for example, Thixogel #1 and Gelwhite GP from Georgia Kaolm Co., Elizabeth, New Jersey; Volclay BC and Volclay #325, from American Colloid Co., Skokie, Illinois; Black Hills Bentonite BH450, from International Minerals and Chemicals; and Veegum Pro and Veegum F, from R.T. Vanderbilt. It is to be recognised that such smectite-type minerals obtained under the foregoing tradenames can comprise mixtures of the vanous discrete mineral entities. Such mixtures of the smectite minerals are suitable for use herein.
  • Gelwhite GP is an extremely white form of smectite clay and is therefore preferred when formulating white granular detergent compositions
  • Volclay BC which is a smectite-type clay mineral containing at least 3% of iron (expressed as Fe 2 0 3 ) in the crystal lattice, and which has a very high ion exchange capacity, is one of the most efficient and effective clays for use in laundry compositions and is preferred from the standpoint of product performance.
  • Appropriate clay minerals for use herein can be selected by virtue of the fact that smectites exhibit a true 14A x-ray diffraction pattern. This characteristic pattern, taken in combination with exchange capacity measurements performed in the manner noted above, provides a basis for selecting particular smectite -type minerals for use in the granular detergent compositions disclosed herein.
  • the clay is preferably mainly m the form of granules, with at least 50% (and preferably at least 75% or at least 90%) being in the form of granules having a size of at least 100mm up to 1800mm, preferably up to 1180mm, preferably 150-850mm.
  • the amount of clay m the granules is at least 50%, usually at least 70% or 90%, of the weight of the granules, (o) Flocculants -
  • Most clay flocculating polymers are fairly long chained polymers and copolymers derived from such monomers as ethylene oxide, acrylamide, acrylic acid, dimethylammo ethyl methacrylate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl pyrrohdone and ethylene lmine. Gums, like guar gum, are suitable as well.
  • polymers of ethylene oxide, acrylamide or acrylic acid are preferred. These polymers dramatically enhance the deposition of a fab ⁇ c softening clay if their molecular weights are in the range of from 100 000 to 10 million. Preferred are such polymers having a weight average molecular weight of from 150000 to 5 million.
  • the most preferred polymer is poly (ethylene oxide).
  • Molecular weight distributions can be readily determined using gel permeation chromatography, against standards of poly (ethylene oxide) of narrow molecular weight distributions.
  • the amount of flocculant is preferably 0.5-10% by weight of the tablet, most preferably about 2 to 6%.
  • the flocculant is preferably mainly m the form of granules, with at least 50% by weighty (and preferably at least 75% and most preferably at least 90%>) being in the form of granules having a size of at least 100mm up to 1800mm, preferably up to 1180mm and most preferably 150-850 m
  • the amount of flocculant in the granules is at least 50%>, generally at least 70% or 90%, of the weight of the granules.
  • compositions which are commonly used in detergent compositions and which may be incorporated into the detergent tablets of the present invention include chelatmg agents, soil release agents, soil antiredeposition agents, dispersing agents, bnghteners, suds suppressors, fabric softeners, dye transfer inhibition agents and perfumes.
  • a clay material when compressed prior to incorporation into a tablet or in a cleaning composition, improved disintegration or dispensing is achieved.
  • tablets comprising clay which is compressed prior to incorporation into a tablet disintegrate more rapidly than tablets comprising the same clay material which has not been compressed prior to incorporation into a tablet.
  • the amount of pressure used for the compression of the clay is of importance to obtain clay particles which aid disintegration or dispensing.
  • the clay component is obtained by compression of a clay material.
  • a preferred process comprises the steps of submitting the clay material to a pressure of at least 1 OMPa, or even at least 20MPa or even 40MPa. This can for example be done by tablettmg or roller compaction of a clay material, optionally together with one or more other ingredients, to form a clay tablet or sheet, preferably followed by size reduction, such as grinding, of the compressed clay sheet or tablet, to form compressed clay particles. The particles can then be incorporated in a tablet or cleaning composition.
  • Tablettmg methods and roller compaction methods are known in the art.
  • the compression of the clay can be done in a Lloyd 50K tablet press or with a Chilsonator roller compaction equipment, available form Fitzpat ⁇ ck Company.
  • Nal2(A102S ⁇ 02)12.27H20 having a primary particle size m the range from 0.1 to 10 micrometers (weight expressed on an anhydrous basis)
  • Bicarbonate Anhydrous sodium bicarbonate with a particle size distribution between
  • Protease Proteolytic enzyme having 4%> by weight of active enzyme, as described in WO 95/10591, sold by Genencor Int. Inc.
  • Amylase Amylolytic enzyme having 1.6% by weight of active enzyme, sold by
  • Lipase Lipolytic enzyme having 2.0% by weight of active enzyme, sold by
  • NAC-OBS (6-nonam ⁇ docaproyl) oxybenzene sulfonate
  • HEDP 1 , 1 -hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid PEGx Polyethylene glycol, with a molecular weight of x (typically 4,000) QEA b ⁇ s((C2H50)(C2H40)n)(CH3) -N+-C6H12-N+-(CH3) b ⁇ s((C2H50)-
  • Silicone Polydimethylsiloxane foam controller with siloxane-oxyalkylene antifoam copolymer as dispersing agent with a ratio of said foam controller to said dispersing agent of 10: 1 to 100:1
  • Nonaqueous liquid detergent compositions comprising a surfactant- ⁇ ch liquid phase and a solid phase were prepared as follows:
  • composition A Composition B
  • Liquid detergent composition A is prepared according to the present invention and thus contains the preferred hydrotrope 1,4 Cyclo Hexane Di Methanol.
  • liquid detergent composition B is nearly identical to composition A, except that composition B contains none of the hydrotrope and its other components have been slightly rebalanced.
  • the liquid detergent product that remains inside the screen cap is added to the product-water mixture by immersing the cap into the mixture and increasing the rate of stirring
  • the dissolution values were obtained by dividing the measured conductivity at each individual time by the measured conductivity at full dissolution and multiplying by 100.
  • An aqueous liquid detergent composition according to the present invention is prepared as follows:
  • Composition C Component Wt. % c 12-15 al ether ( - 5 ) sulfate 18.0 c 12-13 alkyl ethoxylate (9.0) 2.00
  • Nonaqueous liquid detergent compositions comprising a surfactant-rich liquid phase and a solid phase were prepared as follows
  • compositions are in accordance with the invention.
  • compositions exemplified above have at least 90% by weight of particles having a geometric mean particle diameter of from about 850 microns with a geometric standard deviation of from about 1.2. Unexpectedly, the compositions have improved aesthetics, flowabihty and solubility.
  • a detergent base powder of composition A (see table 1) was prepared as follows: all the particulate materials of base composition A were mixed together in a mixing drum to form a homogenous particulate mixture.
  • composition A was prepared following the same process as in example la.
  • Tablets were then made following the same way as described in example la. .
  • the tablet tensile strength (or diametrical fracture stress) obtained at a force of 2.0kN was 23.6kPa.
  • Examples 2a-3b were prepared in an analogous fashion to the process described above and according to the formulation compositions detailed below.
  • Anionic agglomerates comprise 37%> anionic surfactant, 2% catiomc surfactant, 22% layered silicate, 10% acetate, 6% carbonate and 23% zeolite.
  • Noniomc agglomerates comprise of 24% noniomc surfactant, 6% ethoxylated hexamethylene diammequat, 40%> acetate/zeolite mix, 20% carbonate and 10%) zeolite 3: Layered silicate comprises of 95% SKS 6 and 5%> silicate.
  • Bleach activator agglomerates comprise of 81% TAED, 17% acryhc/maleic copolymer
  • Suds suppressor comprises of 11.5% silicone oil (ex Dow Corning); 59% of zeolite and
  • a tablet binder composition was sprayed onto the above detergent base powders according to the following compositions. Table 2
  • the amount of dispensing of a detergent tablet as tabulated above in table 4 can be determined through an experimental test which measures the amount of detergent product dispensed during an automatic wash process in the following way:
  • % dispensing residue weight x 100 / original tablet weight
  • the level of residues is determined by repeating the procedure 10 times and an average residue level is calculated based on the ten individual measurements.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur des compositions détergentes pour lessive notamment liquides, granulaires ou en comprimés comportant des hydrotropes améliorés consistant en molécules dans lesquelles deux groupes polaires sont séparés par au moins 5 atomes de carbone aliphatiques. L'invention porte également sur des compositions liquides contenant de tels hydrotropes et présentant une viscosité, un profil de dilution et un comportement de dissolution qui font du produit une composition détergente pour lessive efficace et pratique.
PCT/US2000/021570 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Compositions detergentes comportant des hydrotropes WO2001010993A1 (fr)

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CA002380328A CA2380328C (fr) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Compositions detergentes comportant des hydrotropes
ES00952615T ES2308988T3 (es) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Composiciones detergentes que comprenden hidrotropos.
US10/048,081 US6949496B1 (en) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Detergent compositions comprising hydrotropes
BR0013080-0A BR0013080A (pt) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Composições detergentes compreendendo hidrótropos
AU65280/00A AU6528000A (en) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Detergent compositions comprising hydrotropes
EP00952615A EP1203066B1 (fr) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Compositions detergentes comportant des hydrotropes
DE60039518T DE60039518D1 (de) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Hydrotrope enthaltende waschmittel
MXPA02001523A MXPA02001523A (es) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 Composiciones detergentes que comprenden hidrotropos.
JP2001515782A JP2003506560A (ja) 1999-08-10 2000-08-08 ヒドロトロープを含有する洗剤組成物

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US15634099P 1999-09-27 1999-09-27
US15633999P 1999-09-27 1999-09-27
US60/156,339 1999-09-27
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US10626318B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-04-21 Ecolab Usa Inc. Paraffin suppressant compositions and methods
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JP6220652B2 (ja) * 2013-11-26 2017-10-25 日華化学株式会社 医療器具用洗浄剤組成物
WO2015083800A1 (fr) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 ライオン株式会社 Détergent liquide
DE102015213943A1 (de) 2015-07-23 2017-01-26 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittel umfassend wenigstens zwei Phasen
CN111511890B (zh) * 2018-01-26 2022-03-04 宝洁公司 具有高阴离子表面活性剂含量的洗涤剂颗粒
CN110924175A (zh) * 2019-12-13 2020-03-27 广州立白企业集团有限公司 一种织物护理片剂
JP7449125B2 (ja) * 2020-03-09 2024-03-13 花王株式会社 繊維製品用洗浄剤組成物
WO2024089067A2 (fr) * 2022-10-25 2024-05-02 Symrise Ag Détergents et compositions de nettoyage à performance de nettoyage améliorée
WO2024089071A1 (fr) * 2022-10-25 2024-05-02 Symrise Ag Composition de traitement textile anti-jaunissement
WO2024088520A1 (fr) * 2022-10-25 2024-05-02 Symrise Ag Détergents liquides et compositions de nettoyage à pouvoir hydrotrope amélioré
WO2024089139A1 (fr) * 2022-10-25 2024-05-02 Symrise Ag Détergents et compositions de nettoyage à performances de blanchiment améliorées
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WO1997000938A1 (fr) * 1995-06-20 1997-01-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions detergentes liquides non aqueuses contenant des particules et un agent tensioactif a base de sulfonate de benzene d'alkyle
WO1998053035A1 (fr) * 1997-05-19 1998-11-26 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions adoucissantes claires ou translucides pour tissus, contenant un melange de solvants

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002006432A1 (fr) * 2000-07-13 2002-01-24 The Procter & Gamble Company Composition de détergent granulaire à solubilité accrue
US6589931B2 (en) 2000-07-13 2003-07-08 The Procter & Gamble Company Granular detergent composition having an improved solubility
WO2002031100A1 (fr) * 2000-10-12 2002-04-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Procédé pour la confection de comprimés
US7041633B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2006-05-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for preparing tablets
WO2002077144A3 (fr) * 2001-03-21 2003-02-13 Procter & Gamble Composition pour le lavage de la vaisselle a la main
US6790818B2 (en) 2001-03-21 2004-09-14 Procter & Gamble Company Hand dishwashing composition
WO2002094975A1 (fr) * 2001-05-22 2002-11-28 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions en sachets
EP1260578A1 (fr) * 2001-05-22 2002-11-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions en sachets
EP1399531A1 (fr) * 2001-06-01 2004-03-24 Genencor International, Inc. Procedes et formulations servant a amplifier la dissolution d'un materiau solide dans un liquide
EP1399531A4 (fr) * 2001-06-01 2004-08-11 Genencor Int Procedes et formulations servant a amplifier la dissolution d'un materiau solide dans un liquide
US7033988B2 (en) 2002-01-23 2006-04-25 The Procter & Gamble Company Detergent tablets comprising solubility aids
WO2003062360A1 (fr) * 2002-01-23 2003-07-31 The Procter & Gamble Company Auxiliaires de solubilite utilises dans des compositions detergentes
EP1546297A2 (fr) * 2002-08-13 2005-06-29 McINTYRE GROUP, LTD. Compositions tensio-actives a haute concentration et procedes
EP1546297A4 (fr) * 2002-08-13 2006-06-07 Mcintyre Group Ltd Compositions tensio-actives a haute concentration et procedes
US7256164B2 (en) 2002-08-13 2007-08-14 Mcintyre Group, Ltd. High concentration surfactant compositions and methods
US7449435B2 (en) 2002-08-13 2008-11-11 Mcintyre Group, Ltd. High concentration surfactant compositions and methods
US10626318B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-04-21 Ecolab Usa Inc. Paraffin suppressant compositions and methods
US10738138B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-08-11 Ecolab Usa Inc. Paraffin inhibitors, and paraffin suppressant compositions and methods
WO2022128369A1 (fr) * 2020-12-14 2022-06-23 Unilever Ip Holdings B.V. Composition

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CA2380328C (fr) 2009-10-06
EP1203066B1 (fr) 2008-07-16
EP1785479A1 (fr) 2007-05-16
ES2308988T3 (es) 2008-12-16
DE60039518D1 (de) 2008-08-28
EP1203066A1 (fr) 2002-05-08
EP1754775A3 (fr) 2007-03-28
JP2003506560A (ja) 2003-02-18
ATE401386T1 (de) 2008-08-15
BR0013080A (pt) 2002-04-23
CN1370220A (zh) 2002-09-18
MXPA02001523A (es) 2002-07-02
AU6528000A (en) 2001-03-05
EP1754775A2 (fr) 2007-02-21
CN100422299C (zh) 2008-10-01
CA2380328A1 (fr) 2001-02-15

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