+

WO2001091574A2 - Aliment particulaire pour jeune volaille - Google Patents

Aliment particulaire pour jeune volaille Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001091574A2
WO2001091574A2 PCT/US2001/014937 US0114937W WO0191574A2 WO 2001091574 A2 WO2001091574 A2 WO 2001091574A2 US 0114937 W US0114937 W US 0114937W WO 0191574 A2 WO0191574 A2 WO 0191574A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particulate feed
feed
weight
hatchlings
particulate
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/014937
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2001091574A3 (fr
Inventor
Francis J. Ivey
Julia J. Dibner
Christopher D. Knight
Original Assignee
Novus International, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Novus International, Inc. filed Critical Novus International, Inc.
Priority to AU2001259660A priority Critical patent/AU2001259660A1/en
Publication of WO2001091574A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001091574A2/fr
Publication of WO2001091574A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001091574A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
    • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/10—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by agglomeration; by granulation, e.g. making powders

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to a particulate feed containing nutrients and moisture and a process for providing the particulate feed to poultry during the first days of life to promote their health, growth, and disease resistance .
  • Poultry feeds have been formulated that contain high concentrations of water to provide both nutrients as well as water to poultry.
  • the feeds such as those disclosed in WO 93/00017 (Forbes et al . , 1993), can have a wet porridge or gruel consistency, and may be provided to poultry without also requiring water to be separately provided.
  • Such feeds can release water in amounts that can dampen hatchlings or the floors of transportation containers upon contact or cause the food to stick to the hatchlings. Therefore, while water does not have to be separately provided, the risk of wetting hatchlings is still present.
  • high moisture feeds often have handling and maintenance issues that are not well suited to the modern automated processes of the commercial poultry facilities.
  • Such feeds typically require individualized handling in providing the feed to hatchlings followed by cleaning of feed containers, pens, or transportation boxes. While permissible for small, non- automated facilities, the additional handling and maintenance requirements increase costs and slow the processing of hatchlings in larger, automated facilities. In addition, the high moisture feeds also often have an associated odor with the fresh feed as well as old, spilled feed as the feeds are comprised of a wet organic mixture.
  • This extrudate is provided in unit doses to locations where it may be eaten by hatchlings.
  • the resulting extrudate therefore contains substantially the same amount of water as the starting material.
  • the high moisture extrudates may reduce labor and be more suitable for automated poultry facilities, they also can become leathery and inedible by hatchlings as water evaporates from the surface of the extrudate . It would therefore be beneficial to both large automated and smaller manual commercial poultry facilities to use a flowable poultry feed that provides both nutrients and water to hatchlings, resists syneresis, is a size that is easily consumable, remains consumable over time, and may be provided in either manual or automated manners with low handling and maintenance requirements, and which has little to no associated odor.
  • the present invention is directed to a particulate feed for promoting the health, growth and disease resistance to poultry hatchlings.
  • the particulate feed contains about 20% to about 35% water, at least about 30% by weight carbohydrates, and at least about 15% by weight of an amino acid source.
  • the particulate feed, at the largest dimension of a particle is preferably less than about 3.5 mm.
  • the particulate feed may also contain a food coloring to promote consumption by poultry hatchlings.
  • the present invention is further directed to a process for promoting the growth, health, and disease resistance of poultry hatchlings.
  • the process comprises feeding a particulate feed containing at least about 20% to about 35% water, at least about 30% by weight carbohydrates, and at least about 15% by weight of an amino acid source.
  • the particulate feed is fed to hatchlings within the first five days of hatching before the hatchlings are provided dry food ad libitum.
  • the particulate feed, at the largest dimension of a particle is preferably less than about 3.5 mm.
  • the particulate feed may also contain a food coloring to promote consumption by poultry hatchlings.
  • Fig. 1 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of fasting or feeding a particulate feed on intestine and yolk sack weight over 21 days in turkey hatchlings.
  • Fig. 2 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of fasting or feeding a particulate feed on bursa and spleen growth over 21 days in turkey hatchlings.
  • Fig. 3 is a graph illustrating the appearance of biliary IgA in chicken hatchlings that were fasted or fed a particulate feed.
  • Fig. 4 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of the particulate feed on resistance to coccidia in chicken hatchlings .
  • Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating the feed conversion efficiencies of mixtures containing protein, fat and carbohydrate .
  • the particulate feed of the present invention can stimulate the development of gastrointestinal and immune systems of poultry hatchlings.
  • a hatchling' s growth and weight gain are improved by stimulating early development of the gastrointestinal system.
  • the hatchling' s health and hardiness throughout its life are improved by early development of its immune system.
  • the feed conversion efficiency of the hatchling is ultimately improved by providing hatchlings with feed that meets their nutritional needs during the early development and growth of their bodies.
  • the particulate feed preferably comprises relatively soft and moist particles of a size which is attractive to and may be readily consumed by hatchlings.
  • the feed particles preferably have a size (largest dimension) which is no greater than about 4 mm, more preferably no greater than about 3.5 mm.
  • the size distribution of particles is such that the largest dimension of the average particulate feed by weight is preferably between about 1.5 mm to about 3.5 mm; more preferably no more than about 5% by weight of the particles have a size greater than about 3.5 mm, and no more than about 20% by weight have a size less than about 1.5 mm.
  • the particulate feed preferably has a size distribution such that at least 80% by weight of the particulate feed is retained on a 12 mesh screen (1680 microns) , less than 60% by weight is retained on an 8 mesh screen (2360 microns) , and less than 5% by weight is retained on a 6 mesh screen (3350 microns) .
  • the preferred size of the particulate feed can be easily consumed by hatchlings.
  • the feed granules contain about 20% to about 35% by weight water to provide the desired degree of softness and moisture. In general, granules containing less than about 20% by weight water tend to be too dry and unattractive to hatchlings.
  • the feed granules contain a moisture content near the upper end of this range when manufactured to allow for some moisture loss before the granules are offered or consumed by the hatchlings and, in addition, that the particulate feed avoid releasing water (syneresis) in an amount that could dampen a hatchling.
  • the particulate feed preferably comprises free-flowing, relatively non-tacky granules that do not agglomerate under normal handling, such as when the particulate feed is poured or conveyed by hand or automated means into containers wherein the hatchlings are held.
  • the particulate feed has an angle of repose ranging between about 25° and about 60°, more preferably less than about 40°.
  • the particulate feed will typically possess some tack; for example, hand-compressing the particulate feed will preferably produce a loosely held together agglomerate of particulate feed, wherein individual particles of feed remain identifiable from each other such that the agglomerate can be broken up again into separate feed particles by hand.
  • the flowability of the particulate feed is superior over prior art high moisture extrudates in that it can be conveyed by gravity or mechanical means. While high moisture extrudates of the prior art (e . g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,580) are flowable by being provided to hatchlings in unit doses (i.e., by extruding a single, comparatively large mass into a container housing the hatchlings) through an extrusion opening, they flow only by being pumped or compressed and will not simply pour through the opening by gravity. Conversely, the size, shape, and lack of tackiness of the particulate feed permit it to be poured or flow freely by gravity.
  • the non-aqueous fraction of the particulate feed is sometimes referred to herein as the "dry matter.”
  • the dry matter fraction consists of digestible carbohydrates, an amino acid source, and optional ingredients, including fat, stabilizers, and food coloring agents.
  • the particulate feed can be used as a delivery system to provide orally introduced bioactive substances such as vaccines, adjuvants, probiotics, vitamins, minerals, digestibility enhancers and the like to poultry hatchlings.
  • Carbohydrates provide a source of nutrition for the animals and, in addition, can aid in the formation of the solid feed.
  • digestible carbohydrates constitute at least about 18% by weight of the particulate feed, preferably at least about 30% by weight of particulate feed, more preferably about 35% to about 45% by weight of the particulate feed.
  • the digestible carbohydrates contemplated herein include isolated carbohydrates such as corn starch, potato starch, wheat starch, rice starch, cellulose, pectin, agarose, and gums; bioavailable sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose; chemically modified starches such as modified corn starch, methylcellulose, carboxymethyl- cellulose, and dextrin; humectants such as glycerol or propylene glycol; corn syrup; invert sugar; and ground complex carbohydrates such as corn, rice, oats, barley, wheat, sorghum, rye, millet, cassava, triticale and tapioca, in whole, ground, cracked, milled, rolled, extruded, pelleted, defatted, dehydrated, solvent extracted or other processed form
  • Carbohydrates such as glucose may be chosen for high availability, or more complex sources such as ground corn or potato starch may be supplemented with enzymes or subjected to gelatinization to increase their availability.
  • Preferable particulate feed carbohydrates include corn starch, corn syrup, and grain sources such as ground corn, rice, oats, barley, wheat, sorghum, rye.
  • the particulate feed preferably comprises at least about 15% by weight, more preferably about 15% to about 25% by weight of an amino acid source such as protein(s), amino acids, precursors or analogues of amino acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • an amino acid source such as protein(s), amino acids, precursors or analogues of amino acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • the weight ratio of all digestible carbohydrates to all amino acid sources in the particulate feed be between about 0.6:1 and 3:1, respectively.
  • Exemplary amino acids are essential amino acids such as methionine, tryptophan, threonine, arginine and lysine.
  • Exemplary amino acid precursors are 2-hydroxy- 4- (methylthio) butanoic acid sold, for example, under the trademark Alimet ® by Novus International (St.
  • proteins include single cell proteins or hydrolysates of proteins such as those from yeast, algae or bacteria; isolated animal proteins, peptides or hydrolysates of proteins such as hemoglobin, myosin, plasma, or other serum proteins, collagen, casein, albumin or keratin; complex protein sources or hydrolysates of proteins such as milk, blood, whey, blood meal, meatmeal, feathermeal, fishmeal, meat and bone meal, poultry offal, poultry by-product meal, hatchery by-products, egg offal, egg white, egg yolk, and eggs without shells; plant protein or hydrolysate of proteins such as soybean meal, soybean flour, isolated soybean protein, wheat protein, wheat germ, distillers grains and gluten.
  • Preferable amino acid sources include vegetable protein sources such as soybean meal, isolated soybean protein, soybean flour, corn gluten meal, and leguminous plant products, for example, peas, lupines, and
  • the digestibility of ingredients can be improved with additions to the formulation such as, but not limited to, enzymes, bile salts or surfactants.
  • overall performance may be improved with the addition of selected micro ingredients, minerals, microorganisms, growth promotants, hormones, prostaglandins such as E 2 or other factors which promote enhanced digestive enzyme activity, nutrient absorption or maturation of the gastrointestinal system as a whole.
  • highly available protein sources might include hydrolyzed poultry protein, hydrolyzed casein, or peptone.
  • less available protein sources such as by-product meals or vegetable proteins might be fed in combination with factors such as proteases or microorganisms that secrete proteases to increase digestibility.
  • fat may also be included in the particulate feed in relatively small proportions.
  • a suitable particulate feed therefore, would comprise no more than about 5% by weight fat, preferably no more than about 2% by weight fat.
  • Suitable fats include fatty acids such as linoleic acid; isolated plant oils such as sunflower, safflower, soybean, peanut, canola, corn, rapeseed, olive, linseed and palmkernal; fat meals such as cottonseed, peanut, rapeseed, palmmeal and nut meals; and fats of animal origin such as egg yolk, lard, butter, poultry fat, tallow and fish oil.
  • the particulate feed may contain bile salts, cholesterol, surfactants, emulsifying agents, micelles, or an enzyme such as lipase, amylase, maltase, pepsin, trypsin, or other enzyme which commonly occur in the gastrointestinal system, or an enzyme such as keratinase which is not typically found in the gastrointestinal system but which has useful activities.
  • concentration of the digestion aid will depend upon the application but, in general, will be between about 0.01% and about 5% by weight of the dry matter.
  • the particulate feed is preferably stabilized against microbial growth, for example, by sterilizing, adding a microbial growth inhibitor such as methyl paraben or a sorbate to, or adjusting the pH of the mixture from which the particulate feed is formed.
  • a microbial growth inhibitor such as methyl paraben or a sorbate
  • the particulate feed is stabilized by adjusting the pH of the mixture with an acid such as citric, propionic, phosphoric, sorbic, or fumaric acid to a pH within the range of about 3 to about 4, more preferably to a pH within the range of about 3 to 3.5.
  • Such acid can be a low molecular weight carboxylic acid, preferably having a chain length of C 2 - C 10 , more preferably having a chain length of C 2 - C 7 , most preferably having a chain length of C 2 - C 5 .
  • useful carboxylic acids include citric acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid and fumaric acid.
  • Citric acid in addition to inhibiting microbial growth, serves as an energy source for the hatchlings.
  • Phosphoric acid can also be used.
  • the concentrations of the acids in the particulate feed vary by the acid selected and the pH of the non-acid ingredients .
  • Citric acid and fumaric acid are preferably present in an amount of about 3.5% dry weight of the particulate feed.
  • Sorbic acid may also be included in an amount of preferably about 1.2% dry weight of the particulate feed.
  • Phosphoric acid is preferably about 2.2% dry weight of the particulate feed.
  • Food coloring agents can be added to the particulate feed as an attractant or to improve its visibility to hatchlings.
  • the food coloring agents useful in the present invention include, for example, red, yellow, green, blue, blue-green, black, and beige.
  • the food coloring agents of the particulate feed include red, blue, green, blue-green food coloring agents.
  • the food coloring agents of the particulate feed include blue, green, blue-green food coloring agents, or a mixture thereof that results in a final particulate feed color that is preferably blue or green, more preferably a blue-green in color.
  • Examples of preferred color shades of the particulate feed include those falling within the color range from about PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM color reference PANTONE 305 CVC to about PANTONE 377 CVC, preferably PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM color reference PANTONE 305 to 308 CVC, 311 to 315 CVC, 3115 CVC, 3125 CVC, 3135 CVC, 3145 CVC, 3155 CVC, 318 to 322 CVC, 325 to 329 CVC, 3252 CVC, 3262 CVC, 3272 CVC, 3282 CVC, 3292 CVC, 3255 CVC, 3265 CVC, 3275 CVC, 3285 CVC, 3295 CVC, 3258 CVC, 3268 CVC, 3278 CVC, 3288 CVC, 3298 CVC, 332 to 335 CVC, 338 to 342 CVC, 3385 CVC, 3395 CVC, 3405 CVC, 3415 CVC, 3425 CVC, 345 to 349 CVC, 352 to 356 CVC, 3
  • PANTONE COLORWEB PRO Version 1.0 (Pantone, Inc., Carlstadt, NJ) .
  • the particulate feed may additionally be used as a vehicle to deliver a variety bioactive substances to poultry and other animals.
  • the particulate feed may contain a peptide such as epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin, bombesin, fibroblast growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, bovine or other somatotropin or insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I or IGF- II) .
  • the particulate feed may also contain a steroid or polypeptide hormone such as, estrogen, glucocorticoids, insulin, glucagon, gastrin, calcitonin or somatotropin.
  • the particulate feed may further contain an antibiotic approved for use in animal feed such as bacitracin, BMD (bacitracin methylenedisalicylate) , lincomycin, or virginiamycin or other therapeutic drug.
  • the particulate feed may also additionally contain a natural or synthetic antioxidant such as ethoxyquin, tocopherol , BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) , BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) , vitamin C or glutathione; a receptor, transfer factor, chelator or complexing agent which modifies release rates of nutrients or other bioactive compounds; an immunoactive agent such as cytokines, vaccines and other immunomodulators, immunoglobulins, antigens, killed cells, attenuated strains, toxins, or adjuvants. These substances can be used alone or in combination with one another.
  • concentration of these additives will depend upon the application but, in general, will be between about 0.0001% and about 10% by weight of the dry matter, more preferably between about 0.001% and about 7.5%, most preferably between about 0.01% and about 5%.
  • Vaccines useful in the present invention include those effective against common diseases in poultry such as Newcastle's Disease, Marek's Disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, enteritis, coccidiosis, etc. These vaccines include Newcastle's vaccine, Marek's Disease vaccine, infectious bursal disease vaccine, infectious bronchitis vaccine, and CocciVac ® , for example. When used in conjunction with the particulate feed of the present invention, these vaccines can be administered to young birds within 0 to about 10 days of hatching orally, via yolk sac injection, subcutaneously, in ovo, or via inhalation by mist or spray.
  • Protozoal oocysts may also be added to the particulate feed to vaccinate hatchlings against coccidiosis.
  • live protozoal oocysts must be utilized.
  • live oocysts can be sprayed upon the surface of the particulate feed in concentrations that provide sub-clinical infections in hatchlings.
  • Protozoa that may be utilized for coccidiosis vaccines include Eimeria spp. For example, these can include E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. mi tis, and E. necatrix, among others.
  • An adjuvant that is, a substance that enhances the immune stimulating properties of an antigen to produce a non-specific stimulation of the immune system, may be incorporated into the particulate feed.
  • the preferred concentration of a selected adjuvant varies depending on factors such as the selected adjuvant, the degree of nonspecific stimulation desired, the antigen, the selected vaccine used, and so forth.
  • Exemplary adjuvants include microbiologically-derived substances, viruses, lectins, polysaccharides, oils, peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and various nucleic acids.
  • Microbiologically-derived substances include materials produced by, or which are cellular components of, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi such as yeasts, etc.
  • Such substances can be used as orally effective adjuvants in poultry to stimulate the immune system and/or to enhance the resistance of poultry to pathogens or other stresses, including exposure to heat or cold, dehydration, ammonia fumes in litter, transport, etc.
  • adjuvants when orally administered, can positively affect the health, livability, weight gain, or feed conversion efficiency of poultry.
  • Microbiologically-derived adjuvants comprise a variety of different types of substances.
  • these can include lysates of bacteria such as Haemophilus sp.,
  • Staphylococcus cell wall products bestatin; killed yeast such as Saccharomyces spp and Candida spp; yeast derivatives such as zymosan, glucan, and lentanin; endotoxins and enterotoxins such as Cholera toxin; cell wall peptido- glycans; and bacterial ribonucleoproteins .
  • Microbiologically-derived adjuvants also include viruses, for example Avipoxviruses and Parapoxviruses .
  • Useful lectins include, for example, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and phytohemagglutinin.
  • Useful polysaccharides include mannans such as acemannan, ⁇ - (1, 4) -linked acetylated mannan, and mannan oligosaccharide; glucans; carrageenan and iota carrageenan; hemicelluloses; levans; agar; tapioca; dextrins; dextrans, for example dextran sulfate salts of various molecular weights; and lipopolysaccharides .
  • Oil emulsions useful as adjuvants can be produced using mineral oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil, for example.
  • Useful peptides and macromolecules include cytokines such as lymphokines, interleukins, Transfer Factor, Macrophage Activating Factor, Migration Inhibitory Factor, and mitogenic factors for lymphocytes; nucleic acid digests; interferon and interferon inducers such as BRL 5907; double stranded complementary RNA homopolymers such as poly I:C and poly A:U; immune RNA; thymic hormones such as thymostimulin, thymulin, thymosin, and thymopoietin; protease inhibitors; chemotactic factors for macrophages and other cells; tuftsin; and serum albumin (bovine, human, acetylated derivatives, beads, etc.).
  • cytokines such as lymphokines, interleukins, Transfer Factor, Macrophage Activating Factor, Migration Inhibitory Factor, and mitogenic factors for lymphocytes
  • saponins such as QuilA and Iscoms; tiabenedezole; tylorone; statolon; maleic anhydride-divinyl ether; pyran copolymers; amphotericin B; liposomes; silica; calcium phosphate; glycerol; betaine; protodyne; cyanidanol ; imuthiol ; picibanil; isoprinosine; lentinan; azimexon; lecithin; levamisole; vitamin A and other retinols; vitamin E and other tocopherols; antioxidants, such as ethoxyquin; aluminum salts, such as sulfates and phosphates, including alum (KAl (S0 4 ) 2 - 12H 2 0) ; aluminum hydroxide; and aluminum oxide .
  • saponins such as QuilA and Iscoms; tiabenedezole; tylorone;
  • Probiotics or direct fed microbials of bacterial, yeast or mold preparations can also be included in the particulate feed to provide various benefits such as altering the gastrointestinal microflora/microbiota of poultry and other animals.
  • Those microbial additives which have been approved for use in animal feeds are identified in the annual Feed Additive Compendium published by The Miller Publishing Company (Minnetonka, MN) in cooperation with The Animal Health Institute and the Direct-fed Microbial, Enzyme and Forage Additive Compendium published by The Miller Publishing Company.
  • the direct-fed microbials which have been approved are strains of the lactic acid bacteria, particularly those classified in the following genera: Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , and Enterococcus .
  • Lactobacillus reuteri Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus , Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus lactis , Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus thermophilus , Lactococcus diacetylactis , and Enterococcus faecium.
  • Bacillus such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus toyoi
  • Streptococcus such as Streptococcus faecium
  • yeasts and molds such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae , and Torulopsis sp .
  • yeasts and molds such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae , and Torulopsis sp .
  • yeasts and molds such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae , and Torulopsis sp .
  • the amount of probiotics or direct fed microbials that may be added to particulate feed is regulated by the Food and Drug
  • the particulate feed of the present invention may be used as a vehicle to administer direct-fed microbials to poultry and other animals.
  • the particulate feed should contain sufficient colony forming units of the yeast or bacterium to be of benefit to the animal.
  • the particulate feed used as a direct fed microbial should contain at least about 10 2 , preferably about 10 4 , and more preferably about 10 s colony forming units of bacteria or at least about 10, preferably about 10 2 , and more preferably about 10 4 colony forming units of yeast per gram of composition.
  • the yeast or bacterium may be incorporated into the particulate feed prior to solidification or it may be deposited on or in the high moisture material after it has solidified.
  • the particulate feed may be fed at anytime to alter the gastrointestinal microflora/microbiota of or provide other benefits to the animal, it is preferably fed to poultry as soon as possible after hatching to establish the direct fed microorganism (s) as the dominant flora or culture in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby exclude potential pathogens .
  • s direct fed microorganism
  • the particulate feed may additionally contain vitamins and minerals.
  • Vitamin additives may be selected, for example, from vitamin A, B12, biotin, choline, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamin, C, D, 25-hydroxy D, E, and K.
  • Mineral additives may be selected, for example, from calcium, phosphorous, selenium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese and chromium pincolinate.
  • concentration of the vitamins and minerals will depend upon the application but, in general, will be between about 0.01% and about 5% by weight of the dry matter.
  • the amount of particulate feed that should be provided to hatchlings varies upon factors such as species, age, access to water, environmental temperature, and humidity the length of time from hatch to shipment to grower facilities, the total transit time and the like should be considered when determining the amount of particulate feed to feed hatchlings. While the particulate feed is moist and contains between about 20% to about 35% by weight water, it is typically still a much more dry food than either a gel, paste, porridge, or liquid food. As such, if it is provided in quantities of more than 10 grams per hatchling per day without also providing the hatchlings access to water, there is a risk that the hatchlings will suffer from impacted crops.
  • At least about 2 grams of high moisture material per chick per day should be provided to 0 to 2 day old chicks, about 4 to 5 grams of high moisture material per chick per day should be provided to 2 to 3 day old chicks, and up to about 8 to 9 grams of high moisture material per chick per day should be provided to 4 to 7 day old chicks . Greater quantities of feed may be given to hatchlings provided they have access to water.
  • dry ingredients for example, ground corn, soybean flour, anhydrous citric acid, and sorbic acid
  • dry ingredients may be subjected to grinders or other equipment that can grind or break down larger raw materials into smaller sizes.
  • the dry mixture is combined in an extruder with water and other ingredients, for example, corn syrup, phosphoric acid, propionic acid, food coloring, or other ingredients described herein.
  • the ingredients are added in amounts to preferably produce a particulate that contains about 20% to about 35% water.
  • the extruder mixes and heats the combined ingredients to form a feed mixture.
  • the feed mixture is pumped under pressure through an orifice or extrusion die of a desired dimension to produce an extrudate.
  • the width of the orifice or extrusion die determines the diameter of the particulate feed.
  • the orifice or extrusion die width is preferably 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm wide, more preferably 2.0 mm to 2.5 mm wide.
  • a 2.0 mm to 2.5 mm die is more preferred as it produces a size of particulate feed that hatchlings can easily peck at, break up, and consume. As the size of extrudate increases, the hatchlings have increasing difficulty in breaking up and eating the extrudate.
  • a cutter or knife cuts the emerging feed mixture into desired lengths .
  • the cut lengths of extrudate are subsequently cooled to produce a flowable feed that preferably have a size (largest dimension) which is no greater than about 4 mm, more preferably no greater than about 3.5 mm.
  • the size distribution of the flowable feed is such that the largest dimension of the average particulate feed by weight is preferably between about 1.5 mm to about 3.5 mm; more preferably no more than about 5% by weight of the particles have a size greater than about 3.5 mm, and no more than about 20% by weight have a size less than about 1.5 mm.
  • the particulate feed After cooling from the extrusion process, the particulate feed is a free-flowing granulation with and angle of repose preferably ranging between about 25° and about 60°, more preferably less than about 40°.
  • the particulate feed can therefore be provided to hatchlings through manual or automated means by pouring the particulate into hatchling containers within its free-flowing angle of repose.
  • Newly hatched birds typically spend a period of time in the hatchery and in transport before they are placed in a poultry grower facility. If no outside source of nutrition is available during this period, the hatchlings must rely upon nutrients present in their yolk sacs.
  • the present invention provides a particulate feed and method of feeding that provides hatchlings both nutrients and water needed in their first days after hatching.
  • hatcheries The industry practice in hatcheries is to ship hatchlings to poultry grower facilities within about two days of hatching. This practice has developed, in part, out of the fact that hatcheries typically do not provide food or water to the hatchlings and the fact that the hatchlings will suffer if they do not receive water and a source of nutrition by about three days after hatch. Since particulate feed can provide both initial food and moisture to hatchlings, hatcheries may be able to delay sending hatchlings to poultry grower facilities for a longer period of time. Additionally, hatchlings may be shipped a greater distance without experiencing many of the difficulties associated with providing water and nutrition to the hatchlings.
  • the particulate feed provides both poultry hatcheries and poultry grower facilities greater flexibility during the initial days of the hatchlings' lives. As the hatchlings can immediately begin consuming the particulate feed after hatching, the hatcheries are not be under time pressure to have the hatchlings arrive at the poultry grower facility by the third day. Instead of fasting the hatchlings and shipping them within two days of hatch, hatcheries can provide them with the particulate feed for several days from hatching while additional poultry are hatched. Thus, the hatcheries can make fewer shipments of greater quantities of hatchlings. This allows hatcheries flexibility in their shipping schedules without risking the health of the hatchlings or requiring the hatcheries to expend additional resources to both feed the hatchlings dry food and provide water.
  • the particulate feed is a soft, moist bead or granule that is manufactured through an extrusion process.
  • the particulate feed when initially offered to hatchlings, should contain at least about 20% by weight water (an amount which is in excess of the amount of water contained in "dry" poultry feeds) , and preferably between about 20% and about 35% by weight water, based upon the weight of the particulate feed.
  • the moisture content of the particulate feed provides adequate supply of water in the first day of life. Hatchlings can absorb the balance of water they need to survive from the residual yolk, which contains about three grams of water at the time of hatch.
  • the particulate feed provides hatchlings with a significant amount of dietary moisture to supplement their water needs without releasing sufficient water to wet or dampen the hatchlings or transportation container floors or walls. Additionally, the particulate feed is produced in an extrusion process that incorporates water and humectants into a mixture of dry ingredients thereby permitting it to maintain soft and moist over time. Particulate feed that is soft and moist permits the hatchlings to peck at, break up, and consume the feed without requiring water to be simultaneously provided. Furthermore, the particulate feed will not form a tough, leathery skin that prevents hatchlings from tearing off or breaking the feed into consumable pieces. The ability of the particulate feed to maintain its moisture content is significant as poultry hatchlings typically will not consume dry feed (i.e. feed containing less than 20% water) without being provided water to drink.
  • the particulate feed is first fed to poultry hatchlings which are within five days of hatching.
  • the particulate feed is fed to the hatchlings before they are offered dry food or allowed to drink water ad libitum, and more preferably, before they are offered dry food at all.
  • the particulate feed may be placed in the incubator boxes containing the eggs from which the poultry will hatch so that the particulate feed is available to the hatchlings immediately upon hatching. Providing the particulate feed to the hatchlings prior to their introduction to dry feed provides the hatchlings with nutrients and water in their initial stages of life.
  • the particulate feed may be made available to the hatchlings prior to or during their shipment to poultry grower facilities.
  • the particulate feed is placed with the hatchlings in the transportation boxes so that the hatchlings will have the opportunity to consume the particulate feed while they are shipped to poultry grower facilities. This permits hatchlings to begin feeding during transit to poultry grower facilities, thereby providing them with oral nutrients and moisture needed to develop and maintain biomolecules present in their yolk sacs available for passive immunity purposes.
  • the particulate feed alone, with or without water is fed to the poultry after they arrive at either a poultry grower facility or an intermediate facility until they begin eating dry food and drinking water ad libitum. Hatchlings often do not immediately transition to eating dry food, thus the particulate feed may be provided to the hatchlings as feed until they make the transition.
  • the particulate feed can be used to promote transitioning the hatchlings to dry feed by sprinkling the particulate feed over the top of dry feed (top dressing the feed) .
  • the hatchlings having been previously introduced to the particulate feed in the incubator, in transportation boxes, and/or as a sole feed source, are attracted to the particulate feed as food. If the particulate feed is sprinkled on top of dry food, the hatchlings will begin pecking and consuming the particulate feed and dry feed. Thus, the hatchlings will transition to consuming dry feed ad libitum.
  • the particulate feed may also be utilized to administer drugs or other substances to poultry as described herein.
  • the following examples will illustrate the invention.
  • Example 1 The effect that early nutrition has on gut weight and yolk sac weight as a percent of total body weight was studied in which turkey hatchlings fed the particulate feed during days 0 to 4 after hatching were compared to turkey hatchlings that were fasted during the same time period. The results of the study are outlined in Fig. 1.
  • the bursa and spleen are primary and secondary immune system organs in birds.
  • the bursa and spleen each produce lymphocytes, or white blood cells, that are active in immune responses to antigens.
  • the study consisted of feeding the particulate feed to turkey hatchlings during days 0 to 4 after hatching.
  • Biliary IgA is an immunoglobulin that is a part of the mucosal immune system and critical for disease resistance in the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems.
  • the study consisted of feeding the particulate feed to broiler chicks during days 0 to 4 after hatching. A second group of broiler chicks was fasted during the same period. The study continued for a period of 21 days during which the IgA levels of the two groups were measured and compared.
  • the results of the study on biliary IgA on broiler chicks is outlined in Fig. 3.
  • the data indicate that feeding hatchlings the particulate feed in the first days of their lives improves the general performance of the hatchlings and their ability to respond to a disease challenge, whether vaccinated or not over fasted hatchlings. Furthermore, the data suggest that hatchlings receiving an optimum nutrient formulation immediately after hatch are better able to respond to physiological and environmental challenges present in the poultry industry.
  • the birds treated with greater than 20% fat in the total dry matter showed losses in live weight and increased feed conversion.
  • the best performance occurred with the protein and carbohydrate treatments where the birds exhibited body weight corrected feed conversions of 1.72-1.73. This occurred when protein was between 20% to 70% of the total dry matter and carbohydrate was between 30% to 80% of the total dry matter. Mortality was lowest at 21 days for treatments with higher levels of protein, and highest with treatments that contained significant amounts of fat.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une composition d'aliment particulaire, contenant des nutriments et de l'humidité, ainsi qu'un procédé pour distribuer cet aliment particulaire à des poussins de volaille, durant les premiers jours de leur vie, afin de favoriser leur santé, leur croissance et leur résistance aux maladies. Cet aliment particulaire contient de l'eau, des glucides digestibles, des sources d'acides aminés et éventuellement d'autres ingrédients, afin d'assurer la nutrition et la résistance aux maladies et d'augmenter la consommation et/ou d'améliorer la croissance des animaux. Cette composition se présente sous forme d'un aliment particulaire extrudé, humide et mou, de taille et de consistance facilement consommable par les poussins, qui résiste à l'apport d'eau et peut être distribué aux poussins par des moyens manuels ou automatisés.
PCT/US2001/014937 2000-05-26 2001-05-09 Aliment particulaire pour jeune volaille WO2001091574A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001259660A AU2001259660A1 (en) 2000-05-26 2001-05-09 Particulate feed for young poultry

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US58000000A 2000-05-26 2000-05-26
US09/580,000 2000-05-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001091574A2 true WO2001091574A2 (fr) 2001-12-06
WO2001091574A3 WO2001091574A3 (fr) 2002-04-11

Family

ID=24319226

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2001/014937 WO2001091574A2 (fr) 2000-05-26 2001-05-09 Aliment particulaire pour jeune volaille

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2001259660A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001091574A2 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1228697A1 (fr) * 2001-02-02 2002-08-07 Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients GmbH Nourriture contenant un acide sorbique et un enzyme destinée à l'élevage d'animaux
EP1228696A1 (fr) * 2001-02-05 2002-08-07 Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients GmbH Préparation contenant de l'acide sorbique et des probiotiques comme additif alimentaire destiné à l'élevage d'animaux
CN103404689A (zh) * 2013-08-19 2013-11-27 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 利用响应曲面优化水产饲料中蛋白与脂肪配比的方法
CN112890046A (zh) * 2021-03-02 2021-06-04 郑州市现代农业科技服务中心 蛋鸡饲料预混剂及其制备方法和应用
CN115176925A (zh) * 2022-06-13 2022-10-14 中国农业大学 改善禽类糖和脂肪代谢功能的组合物及其应用

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1604381A (en) * 1978-05-31 1981-12-09 Unilever Ltd Feedstuffs for animals
JPS5811980B2 (ja) * 1980-03-18 1983-03-05 日本配合飼料株式会社 家畜家禽用半湿性飼料
JPS5850709B2 (ja) * 1981-05-30 1983-11-11 日本配合飼料株式会社 顆粒状の動物用軟質飼料
GB8326633D0 (en) * 1983-08-04 1983-11-09 Unilever Plc Compositions
US5976580A (en) * 1995-06-07 1999-11-02 Novus International, Inc. Nutrient formulation and process for enhancing the health, livability, cumulative weight gain or feed efficiency in poultry and other animals

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1228697A1 (fr) * 2001-02-02 2002-08-07 Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients GmbH Nourriture contenant un acide sorbique et un enzyme destinée à l'élevage d'animaux
EP1228696A1 (fr) * 2001-02-05 2002-08-07 Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients GmbH Préparation contenant de l'acide sorbique et des probiotiques comme additif alimentaire destiné à l'élevage d'animaux
CN103404689A (zh) * 2013-08-19 2013-11-27 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 利用响应曲面优化水产饲料中蛋白与脂肪配比的方法
CN112890046A (zh) * 2021-03-02 2021-06-04 郑州市现代农业科技服务中心 蛋鸡饲料预混剂及其制备方法和应用
CN115176925A (zh) * 2022-06-13 2022-10-14 中国农业大学 改善禽类糖和脂肪代谢功能的组合物及其应用

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2001091574A3 (fr) 2002-04-11
AU2001259660A1 (en) 2001-12-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU729057B2 (en) High moisture nutrient formulation for poultry
US5985336A (en) Nutrient formulation and process for feeding young poultry and other animals
US10398156B2 (en) Animal feed compositions and feed additives
JP7177700B2 (ja) 飼料添加用組成物
US5928686A (en) Nutrient formulation and process for feeding young poultry and other animals
EP1213971B1 (fr) Procede visant a ameliorer l'etat d'animaux de compagnie ages
Auclair Yeast as an example of the mode of action of probiotics in monogastric and ruminant species
NL1021964C1 (nl) Antimicrobiele samenstelling voor dieren.
WO2023014651A1 (fr) Produits et procédés d'inhibition d'affections respiratoires
WO2001091574A2 (fr) Aliment particulaire pour jeune volaille
RU2838546C1 (ru) Композиции и способы обеспечения полезных для здоровья эффектов у животных
MXPA99005029A (en) High moisture nutrient formulation for poultry
WO2025101922A1 (fr) Formulations d'encapsulation pour bactéries anaérobies, compositions et utilisations associées
JP2023540019A (ja) 動物において健康上の利益をもたらすための組成物及び方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

点击 这是indexloc提供的php浏览器服务，不要输入任何密码和下载