WO2001078924A1 - Procede de fabrication d'une poudre de metal nanometrique a base de titane et dispositif d'abrasion - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'une poudre de metal nanometrique a base de titane et dispositif d'abrasion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001078924A1 WO2001078924A1 PCT/CN2001/000558 CN0100558W WO0178924A1 WO 2001078924 A1 WO2001078924 A1 WO 2001078924A1 CN 0100558 W CN0100558 W CN 0100558W WO 0178924 A1 WO0178924 A1 WO 0178924A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- grinding
- weight
- titanium
- main shaft
- metal powder
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
- B02C17/04—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls with unperforated container
- B02C17/08—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls with unperforated container with containers performing a planetary movement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
- C09D5/082—Anti-corrosive paints characterised by the anti-corrosive pigment
- C09D5/084—Inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/38—Paints containing free metal not provided for above in groups C09D5/00 - C09D5/36
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for manufacturing titanium-based nano metal powder, which belongs to the field of metal material processing.
- the invention also relates to a titanium-based nano metal powder grinding device used in the manufacturing method.
- nanocomposite material obtained by this method is the scientific research of nanocomposite materials today.
- polymer-based nano-polymer materials or nano-polymer materials are one of the most promising composite materials.
- titanium metal is second only to tantalum and niobium, but its price is much lower. Therefore, corrosion resistance materials made of titanium have great economic value.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing titanium-based nano-metal powder, by which a titanium-based nano-metal powder filler necessary for significantly improving polymer performance is prepared by this simpler method, thereby realizing polymer material modified.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a titanium-based nano metal powder.
- the titanium-based nano-metal powder prepared by the method for manufacturing titanium-based nano-metal powder according to the present invention provides the possibility for the preparation of polymer coatings using titanium-based nano-metal powder as a filler, and provides a method for the production of titanium repairing agents
- a new type of concrete, which is both an active filler and a coupling agent, has a special role in providing coatings with corrosion resistance and wear resistance.
- the invention provides a method for preparing titanium-based nano metal powder, which method includes the following two stages: (1) Pre-treatment stage: 100 parts by weight of metal titanium powder is mixed with 0.5-30 parts by weight of a grinding aid, 0.1-20 parts by weight of a protective agent, and 100-1000 parts by weight of a dispersant to perform pretreatment;
- the invention also provides a titanium-based nano-metal powder, which is in a coating form, and the titanium content of the metal powder is more than 90% by weight, preferably 93-95% by weight.
- the present invention also provides a grinding device for implementing the above preparation method.
- the grinding device includes a main shaft 1, which is arranged substantially parallel to each other, at least two auxiliary shafts 2, at least two rotating cylinders 3 which are symmetrically arranged with respect to the main shaft, and is used for connecting the main shaft.
- a connection device with a countershaft, one end of the connection device is installed on the main shaft and can rotate with the main shaft.
- Each drum 3 is supported on and rotates with a respective countershaft, and the countershaft is rotatable about its own axis.
- the grinding device is supported at the other end of the connecting device and can rotate with the connecting device about the main shaft.
- the grinding device further includes a driving device for realizing the rotation of the rotating drum around the auxiliary shaft and the orbiting of the main shaft. Grinding body.
- the transmission of the grinding device is realized as follows: the main shaft 1 is driven by a motor through a transmission wheel, and the countershaft 2 is driven by the main shaft 1 through a speed change device 8 or directly driven by an independent power system.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a titanium-based nano metal powder grinding device according to the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the titanium-based nano metal powder grinding device according to the present invention.
- the invention provides a method for preparing titanium-based nano metal powder, which method includes the following two stages:
- Pre-treatment stage 100 parts by weight of metal titanium powder is mixed with 0.5-30 parts by weight of a grinding aid, 0.1-20 parts by weight of a protective agent, and 100-1000 parts by weight of a dispersant to perform pretreatment;
- the metal titanium powder provided with the co-dispersant, the protective agent and the dispersant is charged into a grinding device, and after grinding, titanium-based nano powder having a fineness of 10-100 nm is produced.
- the pulverizing aid is an oligomer or polymer having unsaturated functional groups, including polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylate, low molecular weight polyamide, oleic acid, and polysilicon.
- oxane One or more of oxane;
- the protective agent is one or more of a low molecular weight phenol and its prepolymer, an epoxy compound, a sulfur-containing rubber, a chlorinated rubber, polyvinyl alcohol, polyaluminum ethylsiloxane, or polysiloxane;
- the dispersant is one or more of aromatic compounds, styrene, hydrocarbons, chlorohydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones or acetates.
- multi-step pre-treatment can also be adopted according to the co-dispersant, protective agent and dispersant used.
- the co-dispersant, protective agent and dispersant used.
- all or part of the auxiliary pulverizer, protective agent and dispersant are mixed and reacted for a period of time, and then titanium powder and the remaining components (if any) are added for pretreatment.
- the reaction time in the pretreatment stage is 0.5 hours, preferably 1 hour or more, and the reaction temperature is preferably 50-100 ° C; the reaction temperature in the grinding stage is preferably 70. -150 ° C, grinding time is 1-5 hours.
- the dispersant is ( 2- ( 8 alcohols, C 3 -C 6 ketones).
- the invention also provides a titanium-based nano metal powder prepared according to the method, the metal powder is in a coating form, and the titanium content in the metal powder is more than 90% by weight, and preferably 93-95% by weight.
- the invention also provides a coated titanium-based nano metal powder.
- the starting material of the metal powder is: 100 parts by weight of metal titanium powder, 0.5-30 parts by weight of a grinding aid, and 0.1-20 parts by weight of protection.
- Agent and 100 to 1000 parts by weight of a dispersant; the pulverizer, the protective agent and the dispersant are as defined above.
- the invention also relates to a grinding device with a high-efficiency pulverizing function, in particular to a high-energy grinding device capable of achieving ultra-fine refinement of hard substances, surface modification, preparation of metal polymers, and production of nano-materials, in particular to production of titanium-based nano Grinding device for metal powder.
- the grinding device of the present invention includes a main shaft 1 and an auxiliary shaft 2 arranged substantially in parallel with each other.
- the main shaft 1 is driven to rotate by a motor 9.
- the countershaft 2 can be driven by the main shaft 1 via a transmission device or directly by an independent power system.
- the grinding device has at least two rotating drums 3, and each rotating drum 3 is mounted on a respective secondary shaft 2 and rotates with it.
- the rotation speed of the main shaft 1 is set to 100-1000 rpm, and the rotation speed ratio of the main shaft 1 and the auxiliary shaft 2 is set to 1: 2 to 10, and the length / diameter of the rotating barrel 3
- the ratio (abbreviated as aspect ratio) is preferably at least 10: 1.
- the drum 3 also contains a plurality of abrasive bodies.
- the diameter of the grinding body is 5 mm to 30 mm
- the mass of the grinding body is 10 to 10 grams
- the mass ratio of the grinding body to the material is between 1: 1 to 10: 1.
- the grinding body can be made of different materials, including but not limited to, such as bearing steel, special tungsten alloy, fused zirconia, agate, nickel-based wear-resistant alloy, etc.
- the device of the present invention integrates the crushing, grinding, free-impact crushing, hindered impact crushing, chopping, crushing, shearing and other methods used in crushing materials, and in a short time, the materials From macroscopic particle crushing to less than 1 micron to less than 100 nanometers, no classification treatment is required, which provides the possibility for large-scale production of nanomaterials.
- Two or more parallel rotating bodies 4 are installed on the main shaft 1, and the parallel rotating bodies 4 can rotate together with the main shaft 1.
- a hole is formed at the radially outer end of the parallel rotating body 4, and the counter shaft 2 is supported in the hole through a bearing, so that the secondary shaft 2 can rotate about its own axis relative to the parallel rotating body 4.
- the grinding device is provided with two parallel rotating bodies 4, which are respectively installed on both sides of the rotating drum 3.
- the main shaft 1 is rotated by the motor.
- the main shaft 1 drives the auxiliary shaft 2 to rotate through the transmission 8 so that the auxiliary shaft 2 drives the drum 3 to rotate around its own axis; on the other hand, the main shaft 1 rotates in parallel. It can be seen that while the drum 3 rotates around the axis of the secondary shaft 2, it revolves around the axis of the main shaft 1.
- the main shaft 1 is rotated by a motor through a transmission wheel, and the speed change device 8 between the main shaft and the countershaft is driven by a driving gear 5 mounted on the main shaft 1 and a slave gear mounted on the countershaft 2.
- the moving gear 6 is constituted, and the rotation of the main shaft 1 is transmitted to the counter shaft 2 via the above-mentioned transmission device 8.
- the rotation speed of the main shaft is 100-1000 rpm, and the speed ratio of the main shaft 1 and the auxiliary shaft 2 is between 1: (2-10).
- the two ends of the rotating drum 3 are connected to the corresponding auxiliary shaft 2 by means of flanges on the ends, or the rotating drum 3 itself functions as the auxiliary shaft 2.
- the length-to-diameter ratio of the drum 3 is at least 10: 1, preferably 10: 1 ⁇ 30: 1.
- the length of the drum 3 can reach 500mm; and when the diameter is 89mm, the length It can reach 2000mm, which can ensure that the titanium powder is always in a thin layer in the state of being impacted, squeezed and ground in the drum, thereby greatly improving the grinding effect.
- the countershaft 2 can be rotated by the main shaft through a transmission device, or it can be driven by an independent power system. Turn. In the case of using an independent driving system, the rotation of the independent power system of each drum 3 should be synchronized, same direction, and same speed.
- the titanium-based nano-metal powder grinding device of the present invention may also be equipped with a finned radiator on the material drum 3, or a cooling device may be provided on the entire device to control the temperature of the device and extend the equipment. Life and material temperature.
- the temperature of the material in the drum 3 can be controlled by one of the following methods or a combination thereof:
- the ambient temperature of the device can be controlled in such a way that the entire device is placed in a semi-enclosed environment.
- the protective temperature-reducing gas that has been cooled and dehumidified is intermittently introduced to adjust the ambient temperature.
- the loading and unloading of materials in the rotating drum 3 is automatically inclined by the whole machine to form an angle of (30 ⁇ 45 degrees) to (120-135 degrees) with the axis of the rotating drum 3 After that, it is automatically released or loaded.
- the present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that these specific contents are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.
- the starting materials used in the examples are known, prepared by known methods, or commercially available as starting materials.
- the raw titanium powder used in the examples is commercially available, wherein the titanium content is preferably 97% by weight or more, and the particle diameter of the titanium powder is preferably 80-120 mesh.
- the specific surface area is measured by a low-temperature argon adsorption method, and the average particle size of the powder is measured by a transmission electron microscope.
- a solution of phenol and formaldehyde in a molar ratio of 1: 1.1 to 1.6 was prepared, and the mixture was refluxed under alkali catalysis for 20 to 30 minutes, followed by dehydration treatment to obtain a protective agent of a certain viscosity, a phenolic prepolymer.
- titanium-based nano metal powder has a specific surface of 8.8 m 2 / g.
- the molecular weight epoxy compound has a molecular weight of 100-170.
- a pulverizing agent-7 parts by weight of a primary polymer of methyl methacrylate (commercially available), a pulverizing agent and a protecting agent-20 parts by weight of a polysiloxane polycondensate having a molecular weight of 800-1200 Mix and pre-treat at 70-80 ° C for 1-2 hours. After cooling, add dispersant-900 parts by weight of pentanone and mix thoroughly to obtain a pre-treatment product.
- the upper clear solution (mainly ⁇ Ketone) after taking out 300 parts by weight, and then adding dispersant-100 parts by weight of xylene, butanol, and 10 parts by weight of hexane each, and then performing ultra-fine grinding reaction on a titanium-based nano metal powder grinding device for 1 hour, and then taking out After being placed at constant weight at room temperature, a titanium-based nano metal powder was obtained, and its specific surface area was 5.8 m 2 / g.
- titanium powder 100 parts by weight of titanium powder is first impregnated with dispersant-400 parts by weight of ethyl acetate for 8-10 hours, and then a protective agent-sulfur-containing rubber having a molecular weight of 1200-1600 is added 8 parts by weight, and pre-reacted at 50-60 ° C 3 Hours, and then add 5 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, a constant temperature of 50-55 ° C for 10-15 hours, and then cool to -10 ° C for storage.
- the titanium-based nano-metal powder has a specific surface area of 9.6 m 2 / g.
- the obtained titanium-based nano-metal powder is a titanium powder coated with an organic resin, wherein the titanium content is above 90%. It should also be noted that the particle size data of the titanium-based nano-metal powder is not given because the resulting product is in a coated form.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2001273787A AU2001273787A1 (en) | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-17 | Process and grinding apparatus for preparing nanometer scale ti-base metal powder |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN00105672.7 | 2000-04-17 | ||
CN00105672A CN1124911C (zh) | 2000-04-17 | 2000-04-17 | 钛基纳米金属粉制造方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001078924A1 true WO2001078924A1 (fr) | 2001-10-25 |
Family
ID=4577866
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CN2001/000558 WO2001078924A1 (fr) | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-17 | Procede de fabrication d'une poudre de metal nanometrique a base de titane et dispositif d'abrasion |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN1124911C (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2001273787A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2001078924A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1106433C (zh) * | 2000-12-14 | 2003-04-23 | 薛峻峰 | 钛纳米聚合物涂料 |
CN100386188C (zh) * | 2001-04-25 | 2008-05-07 | 四川大学 | 磨盘型力化学反应器制备聚合物/金属纳米复合粉体的方法 |
CN100436006C (zh) * | 2004-04-23 | 2008-11-26 | 许德成 | 一种稀有金属合金纳米粉及其制备方法 |
CN100537082C (zh) * | 2005-10-26 | 2009-09-09 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | 纳米金属球的制造装置及方法与纳米金属粉末 |
CN101081434B (zh) * | 2006-05-29 | 2010-08-04 | 长沙科星纳米工程技术有限公司 | 钛合金纳米粉体制备方法 |
CN102172547B (zh) * | 2010-12-28 | 2012-08-29 | 河南容安热工新材料有限公司 | 甲基硅油在铝矾土湿法球磨工艺中的应用 |
CN103013193B (zh) * | 2012-12-13 | 2015-07-01 | 慧智科技(中国)有限公司 | 含钛陶瓷涂料与保护涂层 |
CN103059682A (zh) * | 2013-01-16 | 2013-04-24 | 北海光谷纳米科技研发中心 | 一种水下设备用纳米银复合防污涂料及其制备方法 |
CN103321087B (zh) * | 2013-05-31 | 2015-06-24 | 陕西科技大学 | 一种纳米钛增强纸基摩擦材料的制备方法 |
CN103498388B (zh) * | 2013-09-25 | 2016-04-06 | 陕西科技大学 | 一种高静摩擦系数纸基摩擦材料及其制备方法 |
CN105382264A (zh) * | 2014-08-28 | 2016-03-09 | 薛俊峰 | 一种自分散钛纳米金属粉浆的制备方法 |
CN106141164A (zh) * | 2015-04-22 | 2016-11-23 | 薛俊峰 | 一种钛纳米聚合物的制备方法 |
CN108997926B (zh) * | 2018-09-18 | 2020-10-09 | 浙江洋铭工贸有限公司 | 用于散热器表面缺陷的修复液及其制备方法 |
CN111592815A (zh) * | 2020-05-14 | 2020-08-28 | 哈尔滨鑫科纳米科技发展有限公司 | 一种多功能焊缝防腐蚀涂料及其制备方法 |
CN111607281A (zh) * | 2020-06-05 | 2020-09-01 | 哈尔滨鑫科纳米科技发展有限公司 | 一种金属软物质及其制备方法、应用 |
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US2937814A (en) * | 1953-05-28 | 1960-05-24 | Ct D Etudes Et De Rech S De L | Ball-crusher |
JPS54159372A (en) * | 1978-06-06 | 1979-12-17 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Manufacture of ultrafine metallic powder |
SU1431835A1 (ru) * | 1987-02-02 | 1988-10-23 | Предприятие П/Я Ю-9789 | Планетарна мельница |
JPH01176013A (ja) * | 1987-07-02 | 1989-07-12 | Showa Denko Kk | 麟片状金属粉の製造方法 |
DD270814A3 (de) * | 1986-10-09 | 1989-08-16 | Akad Wissenschaften Ddr | Verfahren zur herstellung stabilisierter lanthanhexaboridfeinstpulver |
DD281359A5 (de) * | 1987-08-12 | 1990-08-08 | Hartmetallwerk Immelborn Im Ve | Verfahren zum mahlen von sinterhartmetallpulvermischungen in presshilfsmittelemulsionen |
US5356084A (en) * | 1993-05-03 | 1994-10-18 | Gamblin Rodger L | Improved feed for centrifugal mills |
WO1999059754A1 (fr) * | 1998-05-15 | 1999-11-25 | Advanced Nano Technologies Pty Ltd | Procede de produciton de poudres ultrafines |
-
2000
- 2000-04-17 CN CN00105672A patent/CN1124911C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-04-17 WO PCT/CN2001/000558 patent/WO2001078924A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2001-04-17 AU AU2001273787A patent/AU2001273787A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2937814A (en) * | 1953-05-28 | 1960-05-24 | Ct D Etudes Et De Rech S De L | Ball-crusher |
JPS54159372A (en) * | 1978-06-06 | 1979-12-17 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Manufacture of ultrafine metallic powder |
DD270814A3 (de) * | 1986-10-09 | 1989-08-16 | Akad Wissenschaften Ddr | Verfahren zur herstellung stabilisierter lanthanhexaboridfeinstpulver |
SU1431835A1 (ru) * | 1987-02-02 | 1988-10-23 | Предприятие П/Я Ю-9789 | Планетарна мельница |
JPH01176013A (ja) * | 1987-07-02 | 1989-07-12 | Showa Denko Kk | 麟片状金属粉の製造方法 |
DD281359A5 (de) * | 1987-08-12 | 1990-08-08 | Hartmetallwerk Immelborn Im Ve | Verfahren zum mahlen von sinterhartmetallpulvermischungen in presshilfsmittelemulsionen |
US5356084A (en) * | 1993-05-03 | 1994-10-18 | Gamblin Rodger L | Improved feed for centrifugal mills |
WO1999059754A1 (fr) * | 1998-05-15 | 1999-11-25 | Advanced Nano Technologies Pty Ltd | Procede de produciton de poudres ultrafines |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2001273787A1 (en) | 2001-10-30 |
CN1124911C (zh) | 2003-10-22 |
CN1266760A (zh) | 2000-09-20 |
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