WO2001074873A1

WO2001074873A1 - A novel polypeptide - homo dna mismatch repair protein 9 and polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide

Info

Publication number: WO2001074873A1
Application number: PCT/CN2001/000343
Authority: WO
Inventors: Yumin Mao; Yi Xie
Original assignee: Biowindow Gene Development Inc. Shanghai
Priority date: 2000-03-22
Filing date: 2001-03-19
Publication date: 2001-10-11
Also published as: CN1314408A; AU4823401A

Abstract

The invention discloses a new kind of polypeptide - HOMO DNA mismatch repair protein 9 and polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide and a process for producing said polypeptide by DNA recombinant methods. It also discloses the method of applying the polypeptide for the treatment of various kinds of diseases, such as cancer, hemopathy, HIV infection, immune disease and phlogosis, antagonist and the therapeutic use of the polypeptide is also disclosed. In addition, it refers to the use of polynucleotide encoding said HOMO DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

Description

N01 / 00343 A new polypeptide one-to-one DM mismatch repair protein 9 and a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention belongs to the field of biotechnology. Specifically, the present invention describes a novel polypeptide-human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 and a polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. The invention also relates to a method and application for preparing the polynucleotide and polypeptide. Background technique

DNA polymerase can occasionally catalyze the incorporation of the wrong base that cannot form a hydrogen bond with the template. This replication error is usually corrected immediately by the DNA polymerase 3'-5 proofreading function before the next nucleotide polymerization reaction begins. However, under certain conditions, DNA polymerases leave very few erroneous bases on the DNA strand without correction. It is estimated that the frequency of such errors is ^10-8. However, the mutation frequency that people actually measure is 10- ^ie or 10- ^u . Because the integrity and accuracy of DNA is fundamental to life, another repair system, called the mismatch repair system, has evolved in cells, giving a second chance to correct errors. (Modr ich P. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56: 435-466 (1987)) The adenine adenylation is the identification mark of mismatch repair. According to the characteristics brought by aberranty, the mismatch repair system can The template strand and the nascent strand are identified, thereby correcting unpaired bases on the nascent, ensuring a high degree of accuracy and integrity.

DM mismatch repair protein is an important component protein in the mismatch repair system. DM mismatch repair protein exists in many organisms, for example, mutL protein of E. coli; hexB protein of streptococcus; PMS1 and MLH1 proteins of yeast; Human MLH1 (MutL homologue-1) protein and so on.

All DNA mismatch repair proteins contain a conserved region that contains the following consistent sequence fragments: GF-RGEAL, this sequence fragment is contained in the DNA mismatch repair proteins of many different organisms, and this structural motif It plays a very important role in the process of protein's normal physiological function. The results of research on yeast DNA mismatch repair protein showed that if Pro640 becomes Leu, it will cause complete loss of protein function. For the specific structure of DNA mismatch repair protein and its relationship with function, please refer to related literature. (Gene 1998 Jun 15; 213 (1-2): 159-67)

According to some studies, if the gene encoding the human DM mismatch repair protein is mutated, it can lead to heritable non-po lypos i s colorecta l cancer (CC). (Gene 1998 Jun 15; 21 3 (l-2): 159-67)

Recent research results show that DNA mismatch repair protein (DNA mi sma tch repa ir protein drawing R) has a strong interaction with a new human exonuclease. We can speculate that the DNA repair protein White works with many proteins to repair DNA. (Cancer Res 1998 Oct 15; 58 (20): 4537-42)

Studies have also shown that DNA mismatch repair proteins play an important role in repairing the incorporation of wrong bases that may occur in DNA replication during the cell cycle, thereby ensuring the genetic loyalty of the cell mitosis process. (Cancer Res 1998 Feb 15; 58 (4): 767-78)

Gene chip analysis revealed that in the thymus, testis, muscle, spleen, lung, skin, thyroid, liver, PMA + Ecv304 cell line, PMA-Ecv304 cell line, non-starved L0 ² cell line, arsenic stimulated for 1 hour L02 cell line, arsenic stimulated L02 cell line for 6 hours prostate, heart, lung cancer, fetal bladder, fetal small intestine, fetal large intestine, fetal thymus, fetal muscle, fetal liver, fetal kidney, fetal spleen, fetal brain, fetal lung and fetal heart However, the expression profile of the polypeptide of the present invention is very similar to the expression profile of human DM mismatch repair protein 11, so the functions of the two may also be similar. The invention is named as human DNA mismatch repair protein 9

As mentioned above, the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 protein plays an important role in regulating important functions of the body, such as cell division and embryonic development, and it is believed that a large number of proteins are involved in these regulatory processes, so there has been a need in the art to identify more involved in these The process of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 protein, especially the amino acid sequence of this protein is identified. Isolation of the newcomer DNA mismatch repair protein 9 protein encoding gene also provides a basis for research to determine the role of this protein in health and disease states. This protein may form the basis for the development of diagnostic and / or therapeutic drugs for diseases, so it is important to isolate its coding DNA. Disclosure of invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide isolated novel polypeptides-human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 and fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof.

Another object of the invention is to provide a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a recombinant vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a genetically engineered host cell containing a polynucleotide encoding human MA mismatch repair protein 9.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

Another object of the present invention is to provide antibodies against the polypeptide-to-human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention.

Another object of the present invention is to provide mimic compounds, antagonists, agonists, and inhibitors directed to the polypeptide-to-human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention.

Another object of the present invention is to provide diagnostic treatments related to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 abnormalities. Methods of disease.

The present invention relates to an isolated polypeptide, which is of human origin and comprises: a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2, or a conservative variant, biologically active fragment or derivative thereof. Preferably, the polypeptide is a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

The present invention also relates to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence or a variant thereof selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2;

(b) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide (a);

(c) A polynucleotide having at least 70% identity to a polynucleotide sequence of (a) or (b).

More preferably, the sequence of the polynucleotide is one selected from the group consisting of: (a) having SEQ ID NO: 1

A sequence of positions 631-873; and (b) a sequence of positions 1-1486 in SEQ ID NO: 1.

The present invention further relates to a vector, particularly an expression vector, containing the polynucleotide of the present invention; a host cell genetically engineered with the vector, including a transformed, transduced or transfected host cell; Host cell and method of preparing the polypeptide of the present invention by recovering the expression product.

The invention also relates to an antibody capable of specifically binding to a polypeptide of the invention.

The invention also relates to a method for screening compounds that mimic, activate, antagonize or inhibit the activity of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 protein, which comprises utilizing the polypeptide of the invention. The invention also relates to compounds obtained by this method.

The invention also relates to a method for detecting a disease or disease susceptibility related to abnormal expression of human DM mismatch repair protein 9 protein in vitro, which comprises detecting a mutation in the polypeptide or a polynucleotide sequence encoding the same in a biological sample, or detecting The amount or biological activity of a polypeptide of the invention in a biological sample.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention or a mimetic thereof, an activator, an antagonist or an inhibitor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention also relates to the use of the polypeptide and / or polynucleotide of the present invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer, developmental disease or immune disease or other diseases caused by abnormal expression of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

Other aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the techniques herein.

The following terms used in this specification and claims have the following meanings unless specifically stated: "Nucleic acid sequence" refers to an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide or a polynucleotide and a fragment or part thereof, and may also refer to a genomic or synthetic DM or RM, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, representing the sense or antisense strand. Similarly, the term "amino acid sequence" refers to an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide or protein sequence and fragments or portions thereof Minute. When the "amino acid sequence" in the present invention relates to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, such "polypeptide" or "protein" does not mean to limit the amino acid sequence to a complete natural amino acid related to the protein molecule .

A "variant" of a protein or polynucleotide refers to an amino acid sequence having one or more amino acids or nucleotide changes or a polynucleotide sequence encoding it. The changes may include deletions, insertions or substitutions of amino acids or nucleotides in the amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence. Variants can have "conservative" changes, in which the amino acid substituted has a structural or chemical property similar to the original amino acid, such as replacing isoleucine with leucine. Variants can also have non-conservative changes, such as replacing glycine with tryptophan.

"Deletion" refers to the deletion of one or more amino acids or nucleotides in an amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence.

"Insertion" or "addition" refers to an alteration in the amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence that results in an increase in one or more amino acids or nucleotides compared to a naturally occurring molecule. "Replacement" refers to the replacement of one or more amino acids or nucleotides with different amino acids or nucleotides.

"Biological activity" refers to a protein that has the structure, regulation, or biochemical function of a natural molecule. Similarly, the term "immunologically active" refers to the ability of natural, recombinant or synthetic proteins and fragments thereof to induce a specific immune response in appropriate animals or cells and to bind to specific antibodies.

An "agonist" refers to a molecule that, when combined with human DNA mismatch repair protein 9, causes a change in the protein to regulate the activity of the protein. An agonist may include a protein, a nucleic acid, a carbohydrate, or any other molecule that can bind human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

An "antagonist" or "inhibitor" refers to a molecule that can block or regulate the biological or immunological activity of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 when combined with human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. Antagonists and inhibitors may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or any other molecule that can bind to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

"Regulation" refers to a change in the function of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9, including an increase or decrease in protein activity, a change in binding characteristics, and any other biological, functional, or immune properties of human Di mismatch repair protein 9. change.

"Substantially pure ¹ 'means substantially free of other proteins, lipids, sugars or other substances with which it is naturally associated. Those skilled in the art can purify human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 using standard protein purification techniques. Basic The pure human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can generate a single main band on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel. The purity of the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 polypeptide can be analyzed by amino acid sequence.

"Complementary" or "complementary" refers to polynucleotides that naturally bind through base-pairing under conditions of acceptable salt concentration and temperature. For example, the sequence "C-T-G-A" can be combined with the complementary sequence "G-A-C-T". The complementarity between two single-stranded molecules may be partial or complete. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has a significant effect on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands.

"Homology" refers to the degree of complementarity and can be partially homologous or completely homologous. "Partial homology" refers to a partially complementary sequence that at least partially inhibits hybridization of a fully complementary sequence to a target nucleic acid. This inhibition of hybridization can be detected by performing hybridization (Southern imprinting or Northern blotting, etc.) under conditions of reduced stringency. Substantially homologous sequences or hybridization probes can compete and inhibit the binding of fully homologous sequences to the target sequence under conditions of reduced stringency. This does not mean that conditions with reduced stringency allow non-specific binding, because conditions with reduced stringency require that the two sequences bind to each other as either specific or selective interactions.

"Percent identity" refers to the percentage of sequences that are identical or similar in the comparison of two or more amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. The percent identity can be determined electronically, such as by the MEGALIGN program (Lasergene sof tware package, DNASTAR, Inc., Madi son Wis.). The MEGALIGN program can compare two or more sequences according to different methods such as the Clus ter method (Higg ins, DG and PM Sharp (1988) Gene 73: 237-244). _{0 The} Clus ter method compares each pair by checking the distance between all pairs. Group sequences are arranged in clusters. The clusters are then assigned in pairs or groups. The percent identity between two amino acid sequences such as sequence A and sequence B is calculated by the following formula: The number of matching residues between sequence A and sequence X 1 00 The number of residues in sequence A-the interval residues in sequence A The number of spacer residues in sequence B can also be determined by Clus ter method or using methods known in the art such as Jotun Hein. The percent identity between nucleic acid sequences (Hein J., (1990) Methods in emzumology 183: 625-645 ) ₀ "Similarity" refers to the degree of identical or conservative substitutions of amino acid residues at corresponding positions in the alignment of amino acid sequences. Amino acids used for conservative substitutions, for example, negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid; positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine; having an uncharged head group is Similar hydrophilic amino acids may include leucine, isoleucine and valine; glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; serine and threonine; phenylalanine and tyrosine.

"Antisense" refers to a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a particular DNA or RNA sequence. "Antisense strand" refers to a nucleic acid strand that is complementary to a "sense strand."

"Derivative" refers to a chemical modification of HFP or a nucleic acid encoding it. This chemical modification may be the replacement of a hydrogen atom with an alkyl, acyl or amino group. Nucleic acid derivatives encode major organisms that retain natural molecules Peptides with chemical properties.

"Antibody" refers to a complete antibody molecule and its fragments, such as Fa,? (^ ') ₂ and? It can specifically bind to the epitope of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

A "humanized antibody" refers to an antibody in which the amino acid sequence of a non-antigen binding region is replaced to become more similar to a human antibody, but still retains the original binding activity.

The term "isolated" refers to the removal of a substance from its original environment (for example, its natural environment if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide is not isolated when it is present in a living thing, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide is separated from some or all of the substances that coexist with it in the natural system. Such a polynucleotide may be part of a certain vector, or such a polynucleotide or polypeptide may be part of a certain composition. Since the carrier or composition is not part of its natural environment, they are still isolated.

As used herein, "isolated" refers to the separation of a substance from its original environment (if it is a natural substance, the original environment is the natural environment). For example, polynucleotides and polypeptides in a natural state in a living cell are not isolated and purified, but the same polynucleotides or polypeptides are separated and purified if they are separated from other substances in the natural state .

As used herein, "isolated human MA mismatch repair protein 9" means that human DM mismatch repair protein 9 is substantially free of other proteins, lipids, sugars, or other substances that are naturally associated with it. Those skilled in the art can purify human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 using standard protein purification techniques. Substantially pure polypeptides produce a single main band on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel. The purity of the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 peptide can be analyzed by amino acid sequence.

The present invention provides a novel polypeptide-to-human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 which is basically composed of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. The polypeptide of the present invention may be a recombinant polypeptide, a natural polypeptide, or a synthetic polypeptide, and preferably a recombinant polypeptide. The polypeptides of the invention may be naturally purified products, or chemically synthesized products, or produced using recombinant techniques from prokaryotic or eukaryotic hosts (eg, bacteria, yeast, higher plants, insects, and mammalian cells). Depending on the host used in the recombinant production protocol, the polypeptide of the invention may be glycosylated, or it may be non-glycosylated. Polypeptides of the invention may also include or exclude starting methionine residues.

The invention also includes fragments, derivatives and analogs of human DM mismatch repair protein 9. As used in the present invention, the terms "fragment", "derivative" and "analog" refer to a polypeptide that substantially maintains the same biological function or activity of the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention. A fragment, derivative, or analog of the polypeptide of the present invention may be: (I) a type in which one or more amino acid residues are replaced with conservative or non-conservative amino acid residues (preferably conservative amino acid residues), and the substitution The amino acid may or may not be encoded by the genetic codon; or (Π) such one or more of the amino acids A group on a residue is substituted by another group to include a substituent; or (II) a method in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound (such as a compound that prolongs the half-life of the polypeptide, such as polyethylene glycol); Or (IV) a polypeptide sequence (such as a leader sequence or a secreted sequence or a sequence used to purify this polypeptide or a protease sequence) formed by fusing an additional amino acid sequence into a mature polypeptide, as described herein, such a fragment , Derivatives and analogs are considered to be within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.

The present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid (polynucleotide), which basically consists of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The polynucleotide sequence of the present invention includes the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The polynucleotide of the present invention is found from a cDNA library of human fetal brain tissue. It contains a full-length polynucleotide sequence of 1486 bases, and its open reading frames 631-873 encode 80 amino acids. According to the comparison of gene chip expression profiles, it was found that this peptide has a similar expression profile with human DNA mismatch repair protein 11, and it can be inferred that the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 has a function similar to that of human DNA mismatch repair protein 1 1.

The polynucleotide of the present invention may be in the form of DNA or RNA. DNA forms include cDNA, genomic DM, or synthetic DNA. DNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded. DM can be a coding chain or a non-coding chain. The coding region sequence encoding the mature polypeptide may be the same as the coding region sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a degenerate variant. As used herein, a "degenerate variant" refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or polypeptide having SEQ ID NO: 2 but having a sequence different from the coding region shown in SBQ ID NO: 1 in the present invention.

The polynucleotide encoding the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 includes: only the coding sequence of the mature polypeptide; the coding sequence of the mature polypeptide and various additional coding sequences; the coding sequence of the mature polypeptide (and optional additional coding sequences); Coding sequence.

The term "polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide" refers to a polynucleotide comprising the polypeptide and a polynucleotide comprising additional coding and / or non-coding sequences.

The invention also relates to variants of the polynucleotides described above, which encode polypeptides or fragments, analogs and derivatives of polypeptides having the same amino acid sequence as the invention. Variants of this polynucleotide can be naturally occurring allelic variants or non-naturally occurring variants. These nucleotide variants include substitution variants, deletion variants, and insertion variants. As known in the art, an allelic variant is an alternative form of a polynucleotide that may be a substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides, but does not substantially change the function of the polypeptide it encodes .

The invention also relates to a polynucleotide that hybridizes to the sequence described above (having at least 50%, preferably 70% identity between the two sequences). The present invention particularly relates to the present invention under strict conditions. The polynucleotide is a polynucleotide that can hybridize. In the present invention, "strict conditions" means: (1) hybridization and elution at lower ionic strength and higher temperature, such as 0.2xSSC, 0.1% SDS, 6 (TC; or (2) Add denaturants during hybridization, such as 50% (v / v) formamide, 0.1% calf serum / 0.1% Fico ll, 42 ° C, etc .; or (3) only between the two sequences Hybridization occurs only when the identity is at least 95%, and more preferably 97%. Moreover, the polypeptide encoded by the hybridizable polynucleotide has the same biological function and activity as the mature polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.

The invention also relates to nucleic acid fragments that hybridize to the sequences described above. As used in the present invention, a "nucleic acid fragment" contains at least 10 nucleotides in length, preferably at least 20-30 nucleotides, more preferably at least 50-60 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 100 cores. Glycylic acid or more. Nucleic acid fragments can also be used in nucleic acid amplification techniques (such as PCR) to identify and / or isolate polynucleotides encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

The polypeptides and polynucleotides in the present invention are preferably provided in an isolated form and are more preferably purified to homogeneity. The specific polynucleotide sequence encoding the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention can be obtained by various methods. For example, polynucleotides are isolated using hybridization techniques well known in the art. These techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) hybridization of probes to genomic or CDM libraries to detect homologous polynucleotide sequences, and 2) antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned polynucleosides with common structural characteristics Acid fragments.

The DM fragment sequence of the present invention can also be obtained by the following methods: 1) separating a double-stranded DNA sequence from genomic DNA; 2) chemically synthesizing the DM sequence to obtain the double-stranded DM of the polypeptide.

Of the methods mentioned above, genomic DNA isolation is the least commonly used. Direct chemical synthesis of DM sequences is often the method of choice. The more commonly used method is the separation of cDM sequences. The standard method for isolating the cDM of interest is to isolate mRNA from donor cells that overexpress the gene and perform reverse transcription to form a plasmid or phage cDM library. There are many mature techniques for extracting mRM, and kits are also commercially available (Q i agene). The construction of cDNA libraries is also a common method (Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning, A Labora tory Manua, Cold Sprue Harbor Labora tory. New York, 1989). Commercially available cDNA libraries are also available, such as different cDNA libraries from Clontech. When polymerase reaction technology is used in combination, even very small expression products can be cloned.

The genes of the present invention can be selected from these cDNA libraries by conventional methods. These methods include (but are not limited to): (l) DM-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization; (2) the presence or absence of marker gene functions; (3) determining the level of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 transcripts; ( 4) Detecting gene-expressed protein products by immunological techniques or by measuring biological activity. The above methods can be used alone or in combination.

In the method (1), the probe used for hybridization is homologous to any part of the polynucleotide of the present invention, and its length is at least 10 nucleotides, preferably at least 30 nucleotides, more preferably At least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 100 nucleotides. In addition, the length of the probe is usually within 2000 nucleotides. 43 is preferably within 1000 nucleotides. The probe used herein is generally a DNA sequence chemically synthesized based on the gene sequence information of the present invention. The genes or fragments of the present invention can of course be used as probes. DNA probes can be labeled with radioisotopes, fluorescein or enzymes (such as alkaline phosphatase).

In the (4) method, immunological techniques such as Western blotting, radioimmunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used to detect the protein products of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 gene expression.

A method (Saikii, et al. Science 1985; 230: 1350-1354) using DNA technology to amplify DNA / MA by PCR is preferably used to obtain the gene of the present invention. In particular, when it is difficult to obtain a full-length cDNA from a library, the RACE method (RACE-cMA terminal rapid amplification method) may be preferably used. The primers for PCR may be appropriately based on the polynucleotide sequence information of the present invention disclosed herein. Select and synthesize using conventional methods. The amplified DNA / RNA fragments can be isolated and purified by conventional methods such as by gel electrophoresis.

The polynucleotide sequence of the gene of the present invention or various DNA fragments and the like obtained as described above can be determined by a conventional method such as dideoxy chain termination method (Sanger et al. PNAS, 1977, 74: 5463-5467). Such polynucleotide sequences can also be determined using commercial sequencing kits and the like. In order to obtain the full-length cDNA sequence, the sequencing must be repeated. Sometimes it is necessary to determine the cDNA sequence of multiple clones in order to splice into a full-length cDNA sequence.

The present invention also relates to a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the present invention, and a host cell produced by genetic engineering using the vector of the present invention or directly using human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 coding sequence, and a recombinant technology to produce the polypeptide of the present invention. method.

In the present invention, a polynucleotide sequence encoding a human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can be inserted into a vector to form a recombinant vector containing the polynucleotide of the present invention. The term "vector" refers to bacterial plasmids, phages, yeast plasmids, plant cell viruses, mammalian cell viruses such as adenoviruses, retroviruses, or other vectors well known in the art. Vectors suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to: T7 promoter-based expression vectors (Rosenberg, eta l. Gene, 1987, 56: 125) expressed in bacteria; pMSXND expression vectors expressed in mammalian cells ( Lee and Na thans, J Bio Chera. 263: 3521, 1988) and baculovirus-derived vectors expressed in insect cells. In short, as long as it can be replicated and stabilized in the host, any plasmid and vector can be used to construct a recombinant expression vector. An important feature of expression vectors is that they usually contain an origin of replication, a promoter, a marker gene, and translational regulatory elements.

Methods well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing a DNA sequence encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 and suitable transcription / translation regulatory elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DM technology, DNA synthesis technology, in vivo recombination technology, etc. (Sambroook, et al. Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manua, Cold Spooning Harbor Labora tory. New York, 1989). The DNA sequence can be operably linked to an appropriate promoter in an expression vector to guide mRNA synthesis. Representative examples of these promoters are: the l ac or trp promoter of E. coli; the PL promoter of lambda phage; eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, and the early and late SV40 promoters Promoters, retroviral LTRs, and other known promoters that control the expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses. The expression vector also includes a ribosome binding site and a transcription terminator for translation initiation. Insertion of enhancer sequences into the vector will enhance its transcription in higher eukaryotic cells. Enhancers are cis-acting factors for DNA expression, usually about 10 to 300 base pairs, which act on promoters to enhance gene transcription. Illustrative examples include SV40 enhancers of 100 to 270 base pairs on the late side of the origin of replication, polyoma enhancers on the late side of the origin of replication, and adenovirus enhancers.

In addition, the expression vector preferably contains one or more selectable marker genes to provide phenotypic traits for selection of transformed host cells, such as dihydrofolate reductase, neomycin resistance, and green for eukaryotic cell culture. Fluorescent protein (GFP), or tetracycline or ampicillin resistance for E. coli.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will know how to select appropriate vector / transcription control elements (such as promoters, enhancers, etc.) and selectable marker genes.

In the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 or a recombinant vector containing the polynucleotide can be transformed or transduced into a host cell to constitute a genetically engineered host cell containing the polynucleotide or a recombinant vector. The term "host cell" refers to a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell; or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell; or a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell. Representative examples are: E. coli, Streptomyces; bacterial cells such as Salmonella typhimurium; fungal cells such as yeast; plant cells; insect cells such as fly S2 or Sf 9; animal cells such as CH0, COS or Bowes melanoma cells.

Transformation of a host cell with a DNA sequence described in the present invention or a recombinant vector containing the DNA sequence can be performed using conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art. When the host is a prokaryote such as E. coli, competent cells capable of absorbing DM may be harvested after exponential growth phase, treated with CaC l ₂ method used in steps well known in the art. The alternative is to use MgC l ₂ . If necessary, transformation can also be performed by electroporation. When the host is a eukaryotic organism, the following DNA transfection methods can be used: calcium phosphate co-precipitation method, or conventional mechanical methods such as microinjection, electroporation, and liposome packaging.

Using conventional recombinant DM technology, the polynucleotide sequence of the present invention can be used to express or produce recombinant human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 (Science, 1984; 224: 1431). Generally, the following steps are taken:

(1) using the polynucleotide (or variant) encoding human human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention, or transforming or transducing a suitable host cell with a recombinant expression vector containing the polynucleotide; (2) culturing host cells in a suitable medium;

(3) Isolate and purify protein from culture medium or cells.

In step (2), the medium used in the culture may be selected from various conventional mediums depending on the host cells used. Culture is performed under conditions suitable for host cell growth. After the host cells have grown to an appropriate cell density, the selected promoter is induced by a suitable method (such as temperature conversion or chemical induction), and the cells are cultured for a period of time.

In step (3), the recombinant polypeptide may be coated in a cell, expressed on a cell membrane, or secreted outside the cell. If desired, recombinant proteins can be separated and purified by various separation methods using their physical, chemical and other properties. These methods are well known to those skilled in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to: conventional renaturation treatment, protein precipitant treatment (salting out method), centrifugation, osmotic disruption, ultrasonic treatment, ultracentrifugation, molecular sieve chromatography (gel filtration), adsorption chromatography, ion Exchange chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and various other liquid chromatography techniques and combinations of these methods. Brief description of the drawings

The following drawings are used to illustrate specific embodiments of the invention, but not to limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

FIG. 1 is a comparison diagram of gene chip expression profiles of DM mismatch repair protein 9 and human DNA mismatch repair protein 11 of the present invention. The upper graph is a graph of the expression profile of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 and the lower graph is the graph of the expression profile of human DNA mismatch repair protein 11. Among them, 1 indicates fetal kidney, 2 indicates fetal large intestine, 3 indicates fetal small intestine, 4 indicates fetal muscle, 5 indicates fetal brain, 6 indicates fetal bladder, 7 indicates non-starved L02, 8 indicates L0 ² +, l hr, As ³⁺ , 9 means ECV304 PMA-, 10 means ECV304 PMA +, 11 means fetal liver, 12 means normal liver, 1 means thyroid, 14 means skin, 15 means fetal lung, 16 means lung, 17 means lung cancer, 18 means fetal spleen, 19 Indicates the spleen, 20 indicates the prostate, 21 indicates the fetal heart, 22 indicates the heart, 23 indicates muscle, 24 indicates testes, 25 indicates fetal thymus, and 26 indicates thymus.

Figure 2 shows the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of human DM mismatch repair protein 9 isolated.

9kDa is the molecular weight of the protein. The arrow indicates the isolated protein band. The best way to implement the invention

The present invention is further described below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these examples are only used to illustrate the present invention and not to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental methods without specific conditions in the following examples are generally in accordance with the general conditions such as those described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual (New York: Cold Spr ing Harbor Labora tory Pres s, 1989) , Or as built by the manufacturer Agreed conditions.

Example 1: Cloning of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9

Total human fetal brain RNA was extracted by one-step method with guanidine isothiocyanate / phenol / chloroform. Quik mRNA Isolat ion Kit (product of Qiegene) was used to isolate poly (A) niRNA 2ug poly (A) mRNA from total RNA by reverse transcription to form CDM. The Smart cDNA Cloning Kit (purchased from Clontech) was used to insert the CDM fragment into the multiple cloning site of pBSK (+) vector (Clontech) to transform DH5a. The bacteria formed a cDNA library. Dye terminate cycle react ion sequencing kit (Perkin-Elmer) and ABI 377 automatic sequencer (Perkin-Elmer) were used to determine the sequences at the 5 'and 3' ends of all clones. The determined cDNA sequence was compared with the public DNA sequence database (Genebank), and it was found that the cDNA sequence of one of the clones 0480f 04 was new DNA. A series of primers were synthesized to determine the inserted cDNA fragments of the clone in both directions. The results show that the full-length cDNA contained in the 0480f04 clone is 1486bp (as shown in Seq ID NO: 1), and there is a 242bp open reading frame (0RF) from 631bp to 873bp, which encodes a new protein (such as Seq ID NO : Shown in 2). We named this clone pBS-0480f 04, and the encoded protein was named human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 Example 2: Using RT-PCR method to clone the gene encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein ⁹

CDNA was synthesized using fetal brain total RNA as a template and ol igo-dT as a primer for reverse transcription reaction. After purification using Qiagene's kit, the following primers were used for PCR amplification:

Pr imer 1: 5'- CCAGTTGACTGCCAAGTCCTCCAA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 3)

Pr imer2: 5'- GTCTTCAATAAGGCTTTATTTAAT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 4)

Pr imerl is a forward sequence starting at lbp at the 5 ′ end of SEQ ID NO: 1;

Pr imer ² is the 3, terminal reverse sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

-Amplification conditions: 50 mmol / L KCl '10 ol / L Tr is- Cl (pH 8. 5), 1.5 mmol / L MgCl ₂ , 200 μ mol / L dNTP, l Opmol primer, 1U Taq DNA polymerase (Clontech). The reaction was performed on a PE9600 DNA thermal cycler (Perkin-Elmer) for 25 cycles under the following conditions: 94 C 30sec; 55 ° C 30sec; 72 ° C 2min. During RT-PCR, β-act in was set as a positive control and template blank was set as a negative control. The amplified product was purified using a QIAGEN kit and ligated to a pCR vector (Invitrogen) using a TA cloning kit. The DNA sequence analysis results showed that the DNA sequence of the PCR product was exactly the same as l-1486bp shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Example 3: Northern blot analysis of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 gene expression:

Total RNA was extracted in one step [Ana l. Biochem 1987, 162, 156-159]. The method includes acid thiocyanate Guanidine phenol-chloroform extraction. I.e. with 4M guanidinium isothiocyanate -25mM sodium citrate, 0. ² M sodium acetate (ρΗ4 · 0) of the tissue was homogenized, 1 volume of phenol and 1/5 volume of chloroform - isoamyl alcohol (49 : 1), centrifuge after mixing. Aspirate the aqueous layer, add isopropanol (0.8 vol) and centrifuge the mixture to obtain RNA precipitate. The resulting RNA pellet was washed with 70% ethanol, dried and dissolved in water. Using 20 _M g RNA, electrophoresis was performed on a 1.2% agarose gel containing 20 mM 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (H7.0)-5 mM sodium acetate-1 mM EDTA-2.2M formaldehyde. It was then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Preparation ³² P- DNA probe labeled with a- ³² P dATP by random priming method. The DNA probe used is the sequence of the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 coding region (631bp to 873bp) amplified by PCR as shown in FIG. A 32P-labeled probe (about 2 x 10 ⁶ cpm / ml) was hybridized with a nitrocellulose membrane to which RNA was transferred at 42 ° C overnight in a solution containing 50% formamide-25mM H ₂ P0 ₄ (pH7.4)-5 x SSC-5 x Denhardt's solution and 200 _g / ml salmon sperm DNA. After hybridization, the filter was washed in 1 x SSC-0.1 ° / »SDS at 55 ° C for 30 min. Then, Phosphor Imager was used for analysis and quantification. Example 4: In vitro expression, isolation and purification of recombinant human DNA mismatch repair protein 9

According to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the coding region sequence shown in Figure 1, a pair of specific amplification primers was designed, the sequence is as follows:

Primer 3: 5 '-CATGCTAGCATGCTCCACATTCTGTCTTTACTG- 3' (Seq ID No: 5)

Primer4: 5'-CATGGATCCCTAAGCAGATGGAGTCCTAAGGCG-3 '(Seq ID No: 6) The 5' ends of these two primers contain Nhel and BamHI digestion sites, respectively, followed by the 5 'and 3' coding sequences of the target gene Nhel and BamHI restriction sites correspond to selective endonuclease sites on the expression vector plasmid pET-28b (+) (Novagen, Cat. No. 69865.3). The PCR reaction was performed using pBS-0480f04 plasmid containing the full-length target gene as a template. The PCR reaction conditions are as follows: a total volume of 50 μ 1 contains 10 pg of pBS-0480f 04 plasmid, primers? 1 ^ 1116: "-3 and?]: 111] 6]: -4 points and another!] Is 10 1101, Advantage polymerase Mix (Clontech) 1 μ 1. Cycle parameters: 94.C 20s, 60 ° C 30s , 68. C 2 min, a total of 25 cycles. Digestion of the amplified product and plasmid pET-28 (+) with Nhel and BamHI, respectively, to recover large fragments and ligate with T4 ligase. The ligation product was converted with chlorine Calcium bacillus DH5a was cultured overnight on LB plates containing kanamycin (final concentration 30 _g / mi), and positive clones were selected by colony PCR method and sequenced. Positive clones with correct sequence (pET- 0480f04) The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) plySs (product of Novagen) using the calcium chloride method. In a LB liquid medium containing kanamycin (final concentration 30 g / ml), the host strain BL21 (pET -0480f04) Incubate at 37 ° C to logarithmic growth phase, add IPTG to a final concentration of 1 ol / L, and continue to cultivate for 5 hours. Centrifuge to collect bacteria, ultrasonically break bacteria, and centrifuge to collect the supernatant. Histidine (6His-Tag) binding affinity chromatography column His. Bind Quick CartridgeC Novagen) Chromatography to obtain a purified protein of human DNA mismatch repair protein by electrically 9. SDS-PAGB Swimming, a single band was obtained at 9 kDa (Figure 2). The band was transferred to a PVDF membrane and the N-terminal amino acid sequence was analyzed by the Edams hydrolysis method. As a result, the 15 amino acids at the N-terminus were identical to the 15 amino acid residues at the N-terminus shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.

Example 5 Production of anti-human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 antibodies

The following peptides specific for human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 were synthesized using a peptide synthesizer (product of PE):

NH2-Met-Leu-Hi s-I le-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Met-Leu-Cys-Leu-Leu-Pro-Al a- C00H (SEQ ID NO: 7). The peptide is coupled to hemocyanin and bovine serum albumin to form a complex, respectively. For methods, see: Avrameas, et al. I. leg unochemi s try, 1969; 6: 43. Rabbits were immunized with 4 mg of the i-blue protein peptide complex plus complete Freund's adjuvant, and 15 days later, the hemocyanin peptide complex plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant was used to boost the immunity once. A titer plate coated with a 15 μg / ral bovine serum albumin peptide complex was used as an ELISA to determine the antibody titer in rabbit serum. Protein A-Sepharose was used to isolate total IgG from antibody-positive rabbit serum. The peptide was bound to a cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharos B column, and the anti-peptide antibody was separated from the total I gG by affinity chromatography. The immunoprecipitation method proved that the purified antibody could specifically bind to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. Example 6: Application of the polynucleotide fragment of the present invention as a hybridization probe

Suitable oligonucleotide fragments selected from the polynucleotides of the present invention are used as hybridization probes in a variety of ways. For example, the probes can be used to hybridize to genomic or cDNA libraries of normal tissue or pathological tissue from different sources to It is determined whether it contains the polynucleotide sequence of the present invention and a homologous polynucleotide sequence is detected. Further, the probe can be used to detect the polynucleotide sequence of the present invention or its homologous polynucleotide sequence in normal tissue or pathology. Whether the expression in tissue cells is abnormal.

The purpose of this embodiment is to select a suitable oligonucleotide fragment from the polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: 1 of the present invention as a hybridization probe, and to identify whether some tissues contain the polynucleoside of the present invention by a filter hybridization method. Acid sequence or a homologous polynucleotide sequence thereof. Filter hybridization methods include dot blotting, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and copying methods. They all use the same steps of hybridization after fixing the polynucleotide sample to be tested on the filter. These same steps are as follows: The sample-immobilized filter is first pre-hybridized with a probe-free hybridization buffer, so that the non-specific binding site of the sample on the filter is saturated with the carrier and the synthetic polymer. The pre-hybridization solution is then replaced with a hybridization buffer containing the labeled probe and incubated to hybridize the probe to the target nucleic acid. After the hybridization step, the unhybridized probes are removed by a series of membrane washing steps. This embodiment utilizes higher-intensity washing conditions (such as lower salt concentration and higher temperature) to reduce the hybridization background and retain only strong specific signals. The probes used in this embodiment include two types: the first type of probes are oligonucleotide fragments that are completely the same as or complementary to the polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: 1 of the present invention; A needle is an oligonucleotide fragment that is partially identical or complementary to the polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: 1 of the present invention. In this embodiment, the dot blot method is used to fix the sample on the filter membrane. Under the high-intensity washing conditions, the first type of probe and the sample have the strongest hybridization specificity and are retained.

First, the selection of the probe

The selection of oligonucleotide fragments for use as hybridization probes from the polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: 1 of the present invention should follow the following principles and several aspects to be considered:

1. The preferred range of probe size is 18-50 nucleotides;

2.The GC content is 30% -70%, and the non-specific hybridization increases when it exceeds;

3. There should be no complementary regions inside the probe;

4. Those that meet the above conditions can be used as primary selection probes, and then further computer sequence analysis, including the primary selection probe and its source sequence region (ie, SEQ ID NO: 1) and other unknown genomic sequences and their complements For homology comparison of the regions, if the homology with the non-target molecular region is greater than 85½ or there are more than 15 consecutive bases, the primary selection probe should generally not be used;

5. Whether the preliminary selection probe is finally selected as a probe with practical application value should be further determined by experiments.

After completing the above analysis, select and synthesize the following two probes:

Probe 1 (probel), which belongs to the first type of probe, is completely homologous or complementary to the gene fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 ("Nt):

5'-TGCTCCACATTCTGTCTTTACTGATGCTGTGTCTTCTGCCT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 8)

Probe 2 (probe2), which belongs to the second type of probe, is equivalent to the replacement mutant sequence of the gene fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 or its complementary fragment (41M):

5 '-TGCTCCACATTCTGTCTTTACTGATGCTGTGTCTTCTGCCT- 3' (SEQ ID NO: 9) For other commonly used reagents and their preparation methods related to the following specific experimental steps, please refer to the literature: DNA PROBES GH Kel ler; MM Manak; Stockton Press, 1989 ( USA) and more commonly used molecular cloning experiment manual books such as "Molecular Cloning Experiment Guide" U 998 Second Edition) [US] Sambruck et al., Science Press.

Sample Preparation:

1.Extract DNA from fresh or frozen tissue

Steps: 1) Place fresh or freshly thawed normal liver tissue in a plate immersed in ice and filled with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cut the tissue into small pieces with scissors or a scalpel. Tissue should be kept moist during operation. ² ) Centrifuge the tissue at 1,000 g for 10 minutes. 3) Suspend the precipitate (approximately 10 ral / g) with a cold homogenate buffer solution (0.25 mol / L sucrose; 25 mmol / L Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 25 ol / LnaCl; 25 mmol / L MgCl ₂ ). 4) Homogenize the tissue suspension at 4 ° C at full speed with an electric homogenizer until the tissue is completely broken. 5) l OOOg centrifuge 10 minutes. 6) Resuspend the cell pellet (l-5 ml per 0.1 g of the original tissue sample), and centrifuge at 1,000 g for 10 minutes. 7) Resuspend the pellet in lysis buffer (1 ml per 0.1 g of the initial tissue sample), and then follow the phenol extraction method below.

2, phenol extraction method for DNA

Steps: 1) Wash the cells with 1-10 ml of cold PBS and centrifuge at 1,000 g for 10 minutes. 2) Resuspend the pelleted cells (1 × 10 ⁸ cells / ml) with cold cell lysate and apply a minimum of 10 Gul lysis buffer. 3) Add SDS to a final concentration of 1%. If SDS is directly added to the cell pellet before resuspending the cells, the cells may form large clumps that are difficult to break, and reduce the overall yield. This is particularly serious when extracting> 10 ⁷ cells. 4) Add proteinase K to a final concentration of 2 G0ug / ml. 5) Incubate at 50 ° C for 1 hour or shake gently at 37 ° C overnight. 6) Extract with an equal volume of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25: 24: 1) and centrifuge in a small centrifuge tube for 10 minutes. The two should be clearly separated, otherwise centrifuge again. 7) Transfer the water phase to a new tube. 8) Extract with an equal volume of chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24: 1) and centrifuge for 10 minutes. 9) Transfer the DNA-containing aqueous phase to a new tube. The DNA was then purified and ethanol precipitated.

3, DNA purification and ethanol precipitation

Steps: 1) Add 1/10 volume of 2fliol / L sodium acetate and 2 volumes of cold 100% ethanol to the MA solution and mix well. Store at -20 ° C for '1 hour or overnight. 2) Centrifuge for 10 minutes. 3) Carefully aspirate or pour out the ethanol. 4) Wash the pellet with 500ul of 70 ° / »cold ethanol and centrifuge for 5 minutes. 5) Carefully aspirate or pour out the ethanol. Wash the pellet with 500ul of cold ethanol and centrifuge for 5 minutes. 6) Carefully aspirate or pour out the ethanol, then invert on the absorbent paper to drain off the residual ethanol. Air dry for 10-15 minutes to allow the surface ethanol to evaporate. Be careful not to allow the pellet to dry completely, otherwise it will be more difficult to re-dissolve. 7) Resuspend the DNA pellet in a small volume of TE or water. Vortex at low speed or blow with a dropper while gradually increasing TE, mix until the DNA is fully lysed, and add approximately 1 ul per 1- 5 x 10 ^δ cells.

The following steps 8-13 are only used when contamination must be removed, otherwise step 14 can be performed directly.

8) Add RNase A to the DNA solution to a final concentration of 100ug / ral, and incubate at 37 ° C for 30 minutes. ) Add SDS and proteinase K to final concentrations of 0.5½ and 100ug / ml, respectively. Incubate at 37 ° C for 30 minutes. 10) Extract the reaction solution with an equal volume of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25: 24: 1) and centrifuge for 10 minutes. 11) Carefully remove the aqueous phase and re-extract with an equal volume of chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24: 1) and centrifuge for 10 minutes. 12) Carefully remove the aqueous phase, add 1/10 volume of 2mol / L sodium acetate and 2.5 volumes of cold ethanol, and mix well at -20 ° C for 1 hour. 13) Wash the pellet with 70% ethanol and 100% ethanol, air dry, and resuspend the nucleic acid. The process is the same as steps 3-6. 14) A _26Q and A _28Q were measured to detect the purity and yield of DNA. 15) Store at -20 ° C after dispensing. Preparation of sample film:

1) Take 4 x 2 sheets of nitrocellulose (NC film) of appropriate size, and mark the spot lightly with a pencil For location and sample number, two NC membranes are required for each probe, in order to wash the membranes with high-strength conditions and intensity conditions in the subsequent experimental steps.

2) Pipette and control 15 microliters each, spot on the sample film, and dry at room temperature.

3) Place on filter paper impregnated with 0.1 mol / L NaOH, 1.5 mol / L NaCl for 5 minutes (twice), dry and place on filter paper impregnated with 0.5 mol / L Tris-HCl (pH 7.0), 3 mol / L NaCl Allow to dry for 5 minutes (twice).

4) Caught in clean filter paper, wrapped in aluminum foil, and dried under vacuum at 60-80 ° C for 2 hours.

Labeling of probes

1) 3 μl Probe (0.1OD / 10 μ 1), add 2 μ IKinase buffer, 8-10 uCi γ- ³² P- dATP + 2U Kinase, to make up to a final volume of 20 μ1.

2) Incubate at 37 ° C for 2 hours.

3) Add 1/5 volume of bromophenol blue indicator (BPB

4) Pass Sephadex G-50 column.

5) Before the ³² P-Probe is washed out, start collecting the first peak (can be monitored by Monitor).

6) 5 drops / tube, collect 10-15 tubes.

7) Monitor the amount of isotope with a liquid scintillator

8) After the collection of the first peak is combined, the ³² P-Probe (the second peak is free γ- ³² P-dATP) is prepared.

Pre-hybridization

The sample membrane was placed in a plastic bag, and 3-lOrag prehybridization solution (10xDenhardt's; 6xSSC, 0.1 mg / ml) was added.

CT DM (calf thymus DNA). ), After sealing the bag, shake at 68 ° C for 2 hours.

Cross

Cut a corner of the plastic bag, add the prepared probe, seal the bag, and shake it at 42 ° C in a water bath overnight. Wash film:

High-intensity washing film:

1) Take out the hybridized sample membrane.

2) 2xSSC, 0.1% SDS, 40. C Wash for 15 minutes (twice).

3) Wash in 0.1xSSC, 0.1P / oSDS at 40 ° C for 15 minutes (twice).

4) 0. IxSSC, 0.1% SDS, wash at 55 ° C for 30 minutes (twice), and dry at room temperature.

Low-intensity washing film:

1) Take out the hybridized sample membrane.

2) 2xSSC, 0.1% SDS, 37. C wash for 15 minutes (2 times). 3) 0.1xSSC, 0.1% SDS, 37. C wash for 15 minutes (2 times).

4) 0.1xSSC, 0.1% SDS, 40. Wash for 15 minutes (twice) and dry at room temperature.

X-ray auto-development:

-70 ° C, X-ray autoradiography (press time depends on the radioactivity of the hybrid spot).

Experimental results:

The hybridization experiments performed under low-intensity membrane washing conditions showed no significant difference in the radioactive intensity of the above two probes. However, in the hybridization experiments performed under high-intensity membrane washing conditions, the radioactive intensity of probe 1 was significantly stronger. To the radioactive intensity of the hybridization spot of another probe. Therefore, the presence and differential expression of the polynucleotide of the present invention in different tissues can be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with the probe 1. Example 7 DNA Microarray

Gene microarrays or DNA microarrays are new technologies currently being developed by many national laboratories and large pharmaceutical companies. It refers to the orderly and high-density arrangement of a large number of target gene fragments on glass, The data is compared and analyzed on a carrier such as silicon using fluorescence detection and computer software to achieve the purpose of rapid, efficient, and high-throughput analysis of biological information. The polynucleotide of the present invention can be used as target DNA for gene chip technology for high-throughput research on the function of new genes; search for and screen new tissue-specific genes, especially diseases related genes such as tumors; diagnosis of diseases such as heredity disease. The specific method steps have been reported in the literature. For example, see DeRis i, JL, Lyer, V. & Brown _; P. 0. (1997) Science 278, 680-686. And Hel le, RA, Schema, M., Chai, A., Shalom, D., (1997) PNAS 94: 2150-2155.

(A) spotting

A total of 4,000 polynucleotide sequences of various full-length cDNAs are used as target DNA, including the polynucleotide of the present invention. They were respectively amplified by PCR, and the concentration of the amplified product was adjusted to about 500 ng / ul after purification. The spots were spotted on a glass medium using a Cartesian 7500 spotter (purchased from Cartesian Company, USA) The distance between them is 280 μm. The spotted slides were hydrated, dried, and cross-linked in a UV cross-linking instrument. After elution, the DNA was fixed on the glass slide to prepare a chip. The specific method steps are variously reported in the literature. The sample post-processing steps in this embodiment are:

1. Hydration in a humid environment for 4 hours;

2. 0. 2 »/. Wash with SDS for 1 minute;

3. Wash twice with ddH ₂ 0 for 1 minute each time;

4. NaBH _{4 is} blocked for 5 minutes;

5. 95 ° C water for 2 minutes; 6. 0.2% SDS was washed for 1 minute;

7. dd 0 flush twice;

8. Dry and store at 25 ° C in the dark for future use.

(Two) probe marking

Total mRNA was extracted from human mixed tissues and specific tissues (or stimulated cell lines) in one step, and mRM was purified by Ol igotex mRNA Midi Kit (purchased from QiaGen), and another ¹ J was separated by reverse transcription. The fluorescent reagent Cy 3dUTP (5-Amino-propargy 1-2 '-deoxyur idine 5'-tr iphate coupled to Cy3 f luorescent dye, purchased from Amersham Pharaacia Biotech) was used to label the mRNA of human mixed tissue, and the fluorescent reagent Cy5dUTP (5 -Amino- propargyl- 2'- deoxyur idine 5 '-triphate coupled to Cy5 f luorescent dye, purchased from Amersham Phamacia Biotech Company, labeled mRNA of specific tissue (or stimulated cell line) of the body, and purified the probe to prepare a probe. For specific steps and methods, see:

Schena, M., Shalon, D., Heller, R. (1996) Proc. Nat l. Acad. Sci. USA. Vol. 93: 10614- 10619. Schena, M., Shalon, Dari., Davi s, RW (1995) Science. 270. (20): 467-480. (3) Hybridization

The probes from the above two tissues and the chips were respectively hybridized in a UniHyb ™ Hybridization Solution (purchased from TeleChem) hybridization solution for 16 hours, and the washing solution (1 x SSC, 0.2% SDS) was used at room temperature. After washing, scanning was performed with a ScanArray 3000 scanner (purchased from General Scanning, USA), and the scanned images were analyzed by Imagene software (Biodiscovery, USA) to calculate the Cy3 / Cy5 ratio of each point.

The above specific tissues (or stimulated cell lines) are divided into thymus, testis, muscle, spleen, lung, skin, thyroid, liver, PMA + Ecv304 cell line, PMA-Ecv304 cell line, non-starved L02 cell line, L02 cell line stimulated by arsenic for 1 hour, L02 cell line stimulated by arsenic for 6 hours prostate, heart, lung cancer, fetal bladder, fetal small intestine, fetal large intestine, fetal thymus, fetal muscle, fetal liver, fetal kidney, fetal spleen, fetal brain, Fetal lung and fetal heart. Draw a graph based on these 26 Cy3 / Cy5 ratios. (figure 1 ). It can be seen from the figure that the expression profiles of human DM mismatch repair protein 9 and human DNA mismatch repair protein 11 according to the present invention are very similar. Industrial applicability

The polypeptide of the present invention and the antagonists, agonists and inhibitors of the polypeptide can be directly used in the treatment of diseases, for example, it can treat malignant tumors, adrenal deficiency, skin diseases, various inflammations, HIV infections and immune diseases.

For proper DNA transcription, DM polymerase occasionally catalyzes wrong bases that cannot form hydrogen bonds with the template Base incorporation. The mismatch repair system gives a second chance to correct the error. DNA mismatch repair protein is an important component protein in the mismatch repair system. DM mismatch repair protein exists in many organisms. For example, human MLH1 (Mutl homo l ogue-1) protein is a DNA mismatch repair protein. . All DNA mismatch repair proteins contain a conserved sequence fragment. Mutations in this sequence fragment can cause loss of protein function. Therefore, abnormal expression of a polypeptide containing a DNA mismatch repair protein-specific sequence will affect the correct transcription of DM, and further cause certain diseases such as tumors, growth and development disorders, and inflammation.

It can be seen that the abnormal expression of the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention will produce various diseases, especially tumors, embryonic developmental disorders, growth disorders, and inflammation. These diseases include, but are not limited to:

Tumors of various tissues: gastric cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid tumor, uterine fibroids, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymoma, glioblastoma, Knot cancer, malignant histiocytosis, melanoma, teratoma, sarcoma, adrenal cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, osteosarcoma, myeloma, bone marrow cancer, brain cancer, uterine cancer, endometrial cancer, gallbladder cancer, Colon cancer, thymic tumor, nasal cavity and sinus tumor, nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, tracheal tumor, pleural mesothelioma, fibroid, fibrosarcoma, lupus, liposarcoma, leiomyoma

Embryonic disorders: congenital abortion, cleft palate, limb absentness, limb differentiation disorder, hyaline membrane disease, atelectasis, polycystic kidney disease, double ureter, crypto, congenital inguinal hernia, double uterus, vaginal atresia, hypospadias , Bisexual deformity, Atrial septal defect, Ventricular septal defect, Pulmonary stenosis, Arterial duct occlusion, Neural tube defect, Congenital hydrocephalus, Iris defect, Congenital cataract, Congenital glaucoma or cataract, Congenital deafness

Growth and development disorders: mental retardation, cerebral palsy, brain development disorders, mental retardation, familial cerebral nucleus dysplasia syndrome, strabismus, skin, fat and muscular dysplasia such as congenital skin laxity, premature aging Disease, congenital keratosis, various metabolic defects such as various amino acid metabolic defects, stunting, dwarfism, sexual retardation

Various inflammations: allergic reactions, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary eosinophilia, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, cholecystitis, glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis , Polymyositis, Addison's disease, telangiectasia, Blome syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum

The abnormal expression of the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 of the present invention will also produce certain hereditary, hematological and immune system diseases.

The invention also provides methods for screening compounds to identify agents that increase (agonist) or suppress (antagonist) human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. Agonist enhances human DM mismatch repair protein 9 to stimulate cell proliferation And other biological functions, while antagonists prevent and treat disorders related to excessive cell proliferation, such as various cancers. For example, mammalian cells or a membrane preparation expressing human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can be cultured with labeled human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 in the presence of a drug. The ability of the drug to increase or block this interaction is then determined.

Antagonists of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 include antibodies, compounds, receptor deletions, and the like that have been screened. Antagonists of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can bind to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 and eliminate its function, or inhibit the production of the polypeptide, or bind to the active site of the polypeptide so that the polypeptide cannot exert its biology Features.

In screening compounds that act as antagonists, human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can be added to a bioanalytical assay to determine whether the compound can affect the interaction between human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. and its receptor. Is an antagonist. Receptor deletions and analogs that act as antagonists can be screened in the same way as for screening compounds described above. Peptide molecules capable of binding to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can be obtained by screening a random peptide library composed of various possible combinations of amino acids bound to a solid phase. When screening, generally 9 molecules of human DNA mismatch repair protein should be labeled.

The present invention provides a method for producing antibodies using polypeptides, and fragments, derivatives, analogs or cells thereof as antigens. These antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. The present invention also provides antibodies against human DM mismatch repair protein 9 epitopes. These antibodies include (but are not limited to): polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments generated from Fab expression libraries.

Polyclonal antibodies can be produced by injecting human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 directly into immunized animals (such as rabbits, mice, rats, etc.). A variety of adjuvants can be used to enhance the immune response, including but not limited to Freund's Agent. Techniques for preparing monoclonal antibodies to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 include, but are not limited to, hybridoma technology (Kohler and Miste in. Nature, 1975, 256: 495-497), triple tumor technology, human beta cells Hybridoma technology, EBV-hybridoma technology, etc. Chimeric antibodies that bind human constant regions and non-human variable regions can be produced using existing techniques (Morrson et al, PNAS, 1985, 81: 6851) and existing techniques for producing single-chain antibodies (US Pa t No. 4946778) can also be used to produce single chain antibodies against human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

Antibodies against human DM mismatch repair protein 9 can be used in immunohistochemical techniques to detect human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 in biopsy specimens.

Monoclonal antibodies that bind to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can also be labeled with radioisotopes and injected into the body to track their location and distribution. This radiolabeled antibody can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to locate tumor cells and determine whether there is metastasis. Antibodies can also be used to design immunotoxins that target a particular part of the body. For example, human DM mismatch repair protein 9 high affinity monoclonal antibodies can covalently bind to bacterial or phytotoxins (such as diphtheria toxin, ricin, ormosine, etc.). A common method is to attack the amino group of an antibody with a thiol cross-linking agent such as SPDP and bind the toxin to the antibody through the exchange of disulfide bonds. This hybrid antibody can be used to kill human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 positive cell.

The antibodies of the present invention can be used to treat or prevent diseases related to human DM mismatch repair protein 9. Administration of an appropriate dose of antibody can stimulate or block the production or activity of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

The invention also relates to a diagnostic test method for quantitative and localized detection of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 levels. These tests are well known in the art and include FISH assays and radioimmunoassays. The level of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 detected in the test can be used to explain the importance of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 in various diseases and to diagnose diseases in which human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 plays a role.

The polypeptide of the present invention can also be used for peptide mapping analysis. For example, the polypeptide can be specifically cleaved by physical, chemical or enzymatic analysis, and subjected to one-dimensional or two-dimensional or three-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis, and more preferably mass spectrometry analysis.

Polynucleotides encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can also be used for a variety of therapeutic purposes. Gene therapy technology can be used to treat abnormal cell proliferation, development or metabolism caused by the non-expression or abnormal / inactive expression of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. Recombinant gene therapy vectors (such as viral vectors) can be designed to express mutated human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 to inhibit endogenous human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 activity. For example, a mutated human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 may be shortened and lack human signaling mismatch repair protein 9. Although it can bind to downstream substrates, it lacks signaling activity. Therefore, recombinant gene therapy vectors can be used to treat diseases caused by abnormal expression or activity of human DM mismatch repair protein 9. Virus-derived expression vectors such as retrovirus, adenovirus, adenovirus-associated virus, herpes simplex virus, and parvovirus can be used to transfer a polynucleotide encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 into a cell. Methods for constructing recombinant viral vectors carrying a polynucleotide encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can be found in the existing literature (Sambrook, et al.). In addition, a polynucleotide encoding a human DNA mismatch repair protein can be packaged into liposomes and transferred into cells.

Methods for introducing a polynucleotide into a tissue or cell include: directly injecting the polynucleotide into a tissue in vivo; or introducing the polynucleotide into a cell in vitro through a vector (such as a virus, phage, or plasmid), and then transplanting the cell Into the body and so on.

Oligonucleotides (including antisense RNA and DNA) and ribozymes that inhibit human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 raRNA are also within the scope of the present invention. A ribozyme is an enzyme-like RNA molecule that can specifically decompose a specific MA. Its mechanism of action is that the ribozyme molecule specifically hybridizes with a complementary target RNA for endonucleation. antonym The RNA and DNA and ribozymes can be obtained by any existing RNA or DNA synthesis technology, such as the technology for the synthesis of oligonucleotides by solid-phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis, which is widely used. Antisense RNA molecules can be obtained by in vitro or in vivo transcription of a DNA sequence encoding the MA. This DNA sequence has been integrated downstream of the RNA polymerase promoter of the vector. In order to increase the stability of a nucleic acid molecule, it can be modified in a variety of ways, such as increasing the sequence length on both sides, and the ribonucleoside linkages should use phosphate thioester or peptide bonds instead of phosphodiester bonds.

The polynucleotide encoding human DM mismatch repair protein 9 can be used for the diagnosis of diseases related to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. The polynucleotide encoding human DM mismatch repair protein 9 can be used to detect the expression of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 or the abnormal expression of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 in a disease state. For example, the DNA sequence encoding human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 can be used to hybridize biopsy specimens to determine the expression of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. Hybridization techniques include Southern blotting, Nor thern imprinting, and in situ hybridization. These techniques and methods are all mature and open technologies, and related kits are commercially available. A part or all of the polynucleotides of the present invention can be used as probes to be fixed on a micro array or a DNA chip (also called a "gene chip") for analyzing differential expression analysis and gene diagnosis of genes in tissues. Human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 specific primers for RNA-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in vitro amplification can also detect human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 transcription products.

Detection of mutations in the human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 gene can also be used to diagnose human DNA mismatch repair protein 9-related diseases. Human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 mutations include point mutations, translocations, deletions, recombinations, and any other abnormalities compared to the normal wild-type human DM mismatch repair protein 9 DNA sequence. Mutations can be detected using well-known techniques such as Southern blotting, MA sequence analysis, PCR and in situ hybridization. In addition, mutations may affect protein expression. Therefore, Nor thern blotting and Western blotting can be used to indirectly determine whether a gene is mutated.

The sequences of the invention are also valuable for chromosome identification. The sequence specifically targets a specific position on a human chromosome and can hybridize to it. Currently, specific sites for each gene on the chromosome need to be identified. Currently, only a few chromosome markers based on actual sequence data (repeating polymorphisms) are available for marking chromosome positions. According to the present invention, in order to associate these sequences with disease-related genes, an important first step is to locate these DM sequences on a chromosome.

In short, PCR primers (preferably 15-35bp) are prepared based on cDNA, and the sequences can be located on chromosomes. These primers were then used for PCR screening of somatic hybrid cells containing individual human chromosomes. Only those heterozygous cells containing the human gene corresponding to the primer will produce amplified fragments.

PCR localization of somatic hybrid cells is a quick way to localize DNA to specific chromosomes. Using the oligonucleotide primers of the present invention, by a similar method, a set of fragments from a specific chromosome can be utilized Or a large number of genomic clones to achieve sublocalization. Other similar strategies that can be used for chromosomal localization include in situ hybridization, chromosome pre-screening with labeled flow sorting, and hybrid pre-selection to construct a chromosome-specific CDM library.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of cDNA clones with metaphase chromosomes allows precise chromosomal localization in one step. For a review of this technique, see Vema et al., Human Chromosomes: a Manu l of Basic Techniques, Pergamon Pres s, New York (1988).

Once the sequence is located at the exact chromosomal location, the physical location of the sequence on the chromosome can be correlated with the genetic map data. These data can be found in, for example, V. Mckusick, Mende lian Inher i tance in Man (available online with Johns Hopkins Univer s Wetch Medical Library). Linkage analysis can then be used to determine the relationship between genes and diseases that have been mapped to chromosomal regions.

Next, the difference in cDNA or genomic sequence between the affected and unaffected individuals needs to be determined. If a mutation is observed in some or all diseased individuals and the mutation is not observed in any normal individuals, the mutation may be the cause of the disease. Comparing affected and unaffected individuals usually involves first looking for structural changes in chromosomes, such as deletions or translocations that are visible at the chromosomal level or detectable with cDNA sequence-based PCR. Based on the resolution capabilities of current physical mapping and gene mapping technologies, cDNAs that are accurately mapped to disease-related chromosomal regions can be one of 50 to 500 potentially pathogenic genes (assuming

1 megabase mapping capability and every 20kb corresponds to a gene).

The polypeptides, polynucleotides and mimetics, agonists, antagonists and inhibitors of the present invention can be used in combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. These carriers can be water, glucose, ethanol, salts, buffers, glycerol, and combinations thereof. The composition comprises a safe and effective amount of the polypeptide or antagonist, and carriers and excipients which do not affect the effect of the drug. These compositions can be used as drugs for the treatment of diseases.

The invention also provides a kit or kit containing one or more containers containing one or more ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Along with these containers, there may be instructional instructions given by government agencies that manufacture, use, or sell pharmaceuticals or biological products, which prompts permission for administration on the human body by government agencies that produce, use, or sell. In addition, the polypeptides of the invention can be used in combination with other therapeutic compounds.

The pharmaceutical composition can be administered in a convenient manner, such as by a topical, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal or intradermal route of administration. Human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 is administered in an amount effective to treat and / or prevent a specific indication. The amount and dose range of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 administered to a patient will depend on many factors, such as the mode of administration, the health conditions of the person to be treated, and the judgment of the diagnostician.

Claims

Claim

1. An isolated polypeptide-human DM mismatch repair protein 9, characterized in that it comprises: a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an active fragment, analog or derivative thereof.

2. The polypeptide according to claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, analog or derivative has the same identity as the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 at least 95¾.

3. The polypeptide according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.

4. An isolated polynucleotide, characterized in that said polynucleotide comprises one selected from the group consisting of: (a) encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment thereof, or an analog thereof; Polynucleotides of derivatives;

(b) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide; or

(c) A polynucleotide that is at least 70% identical to (a) or (b).

5. The polynucleotide according to claim 4, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.

6. The polynucleotide according to claim 4, characterized in that the sequence of the polynucleotide comprises the sequence of positions 631 to 873 in SEQ ID NO: 1 or the sequence of positions 1-1486 in SEQ ID NO: 1 .

7. A recombination vector containing an exogenous polynucleotide, characterized in that it is a recombination constructed by the polynucleotide according to any one of claims 4-6 and a plasmid, virus or a carrier expression vector Carrier.

8 A genetically engineered host cell containing an exogenous polynucleotide, characterized in that it is selected from the following host cells:

(a) a host cell transformed or transduced with the recombinant vector of claim 7; or

(b) A host cell transformed or transduced with any of the polynucleotides of claim 4-6.

9. A method for preparing a polypeptide having human DM mismatch repair protein 9 activity, characterized in that the method comprises:

(a) culturing the engineered host cell according to claim 8 under the condition of expressing human DNA mismatch repair protein 9;

(b) Isolating a polypeptide having human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 activity from the culture.

10. An antibody capable of binding to a polypeptide, characterized in that said antibody is an antibody capable of specifically binding to human DNA mismatch repair protein 9. .

11. A class of compounds that mimic or regulate the activity or expression of a polypeptide, characterized in that they are compounds that mimic, promote, antagonize or inhibit the activity of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9.

12. The compound according to claim 11, characterized in that it is an antisense sequence of a polynucleotide sequence or a fragment thereof as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

13. Use of a compound according to claim 11, characterized in that the compound is used for a method for regulating the activity of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 in vivo and in vitro.

14. A method for detecting a disease or disease susceptibility related to the polypeptide according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that it comprises detecting the expression amount of the polypeptide, or detecting the polypeptide Activity, or detecting a nucleotide variation in a polynucleotide that causes abnormal expression or activity of the polypeptide.

15. The use of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that it is used for screening mimetics, agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of human DNA mismatch repair protein 9; or Identification of peptide fingerprints.

16. The use of a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 4-6, characterized in that it is used as a primer for a nucleic acid amplification reaction, or as a probe for a hybridization reaction, or used to make a gene Chip or microarray.

17. Use of a polypeptide, polynucleotide or compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6 and 11, characterized in that said polypeptide, polynucleotide or mimetic, agonist, antagonist The agent or inhibitor is composed of a safe and effective dose with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as a pharmaceutical composition for diagnosing or treating a disease associated with a human DNA mismatch repair protein 9 abnormality.

18. Use of a polypeptide, polynucleotide or compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-6 and 11, characterized in that said polypeptide, polynucleotide or compound is used for preparing a treatment such as a malignant tumor, Hematological diseases, HIV infection and immune diseases and drugs of various inflammations.